Article(id=1149729542656410603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724342400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-23, revisedDate=1728662400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046483911, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046483911, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046483911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046483911, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729526025994706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='161', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780086246, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000797948039291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000797948039292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729543059063807, articleId=1149729542656410603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Research on Design Methods for Failure Handling Plans in Fully Automatic Operation Systems, columnId=1152669334582243706, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fully automatic operation (FAO) system has become the mainstream of urban rail transit in China. Considering factors such as safety and timeliness of emergency response, at present, FAO lines in China still operate in a staffed manner, failing to give full play to the fully automatic advantage. To address the concerns of operation units and improve the efficiency of emergency response for equipment failures, this paper proposes an emergency plan framework related to FAO line directed by key equipment based on extensive survey on the current emergency plans of fully automatic operation lines in multiple cities. Aiming at the problems of insufficient completeness and poor operability of current emergency plans, a design method of emergency plans for fault handling that integrates failure mode analysis (EMEA) and entropy weight method (EWM) is proposed. Considering five factors such as the severity, occurrence probability, scope of influence, difficulty of isolation, and difficulty of operation restoration, objectively calculate the comprehensive fault impact index, combined with system design information and operation log data. Based on this impact index, operators can determine the fault handling strategy and design the emergency plans. Finally, taking the axle counter equipment as an example, the equipment fault mode is classified and an emergency plan is designed targeted with 85 months of fault log data of a certain line. The results show that the completeness and operability of the failure handling emergency plan have been effectively improved.

, correspAuthors=Qian WEN, Ru NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian WEN, Yu WANG, Kun ZHANG, Jiadi CHEN, Ru NIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149729554450792962, articleId=1149729542656410603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=全自动运行系统故障处置预案设计方法研究, columnId=1152669334955536763, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=机电工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全自动运行系统已经成为城市轨道交通的主流发展方向,但出于安全和应急响应及时性等因素考虑,目前我国全自动运行线路仍以人员值守方式运营,未能充分发挥“全自动”优势。为了解决运营单位的后顾之忧,提升设备故障应急处置效率,在广泛调研多个城市全自动运行线路应急预案的基础上,提出以行车关键设备为核心的FAO 线路设备相关应急预案框架。针对现行预案的完备性不足、流程不明确的问题,提出融合失效模式分析和熵权法的故障处置应急预案设计方法。考虑故障影响的严酷度、发生概率、影响范围、隔离处置难度、运营恢复难度五方面因素,结合系统设计信息和运营日志数据客观计算故障综合影响指标,并以此为依据确定故障处置策略,进而设计应急预案。最后,以计轴设备为案例,借助某线路85个月故障日志数据,完成设备故障模式分级并针对性设计应急预案。结果表明,故障处置预案的完备性和可操作性得到有效改善。

, correspAuthors=文乾, 牛儒, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
牛儒,女,博士,副教授,主要从事轨道交通RAMS 管理技术研究,
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文乾,男,本科,工程师,长期从事轨道交通通信信号运维管理工作,

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文乾,男,本科,工程师,长期从事轨道交通通信信号运维管理工作,

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文乾,男,本科,工程师,长期从事轨道交通通信信号运维管理工作,

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=故障模式影响), Keyword(id=1154050841796399725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=熵权法), Keyword(id=1154050841867702894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=应急处置)], refs=[Reference(id=1154050844065518221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=72, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=盛伊琳, 梁贺程, journalName=城市轨道交通研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=盛伊琳, 梁贺程. 城市轨道交通全自动运行系统中安全相关系统的确定及安全保证模式探讨[J]. 城市轨道交通研究, 2023, 26(2): 72-75., articleTitle=城市轨道交通全自动运行系统中安全相关系统的确定及安全保证模式探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154050844124238478, 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Safety science, 2017, 94: 10-16., articleTitle=The safety management of urban rail transit based on operation fault log, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154050843818054282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, awardId=L201014, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市自然基金项目(L201014), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154050843868385932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, awardId=2021–15-03-09, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市基础设施投资有限公司科研项目(2021–15-03-09), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154050835232313883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154050835240702492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, companyId=1154050835232313883, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Rail Transit Operation Management Co., Ltd. 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编号 部件 功能 故障模式 故障影响 维修操作
局部影响 设备影响 系统影响 行车影响
01 车轮 传感器 探测列车车轮轮 缘,形成模拟轴 脉冲信号 车轴通过未产生 脉冲信号 进入轴数与驶出轴 数不一致 轨道区段非正 常占用和出清 相邻两个或三个计轴 区段红光带/紫光带 (如果是尽头区域单 个计轴区段红光带) 降级列车不允 许通过故障计 轴区段 复位
02 没有车轴通过时 产生脉冲信号 脉冲虚多 轨道区段非正 常占用或出清
03 计轴 主机 接收计轴脉冲, 处理运算,控制 区间信息 单通道故障 计轴主机输出错误 下次列车进入 后,轨道区段 非正常占用 联锁区计轴区段棕光 带,或红光带,或部 分紫光带 联锁区内有降 级列车时,内部 降级列车紧急 制动,后续列车 停车或紧急制动 重启或更 换主机板
04 双通道故障 计轴主机输出占用
05 输出板 检查计轴主机输 出的一致性,车 轮传感器均为占 用时输出占用 继电器没有正常 吸起 始终输出“占用” 轨道区段 非正常占用 单个计轴区段 红光带/紫光带 降级列车不允 许通过故障计 轴区段 更换继 电器
06 继电器粘连 始终输出“空闲” 概率极低 忽略 忽略 -
07 计轴 电源 提供主机和电子 检测器电源 电压过大 设备模块损坏 系统模块失电 轨道区段非正 常占用或出清 联锁区计轴区段棕光 带,或红光带,或部 分紫光带 联锁区内有降 级列车时,内部 降级列车紧急 制动, 后续列车 停车或紧急制动 更换电源
08 电压波动 及其他损 坏部件
09 电压不足 系统模块失电 更换电源
10 无输出电压 部件
11 电缆 连接室内及室外 线缆 开路 无脉冲信号 轨道区段 非正常占用 相邻两个或三个计轴 区段棕光带/红光带 (如果是尽头区域单 个计轴区段红光带) 降级列车不允 许通过故障计 轴区段 维修电缆
12 短路 设备模块损坏无脉 冲信号
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编号 部件 功能 故障模式 故障影响 维修操作
局部影响 设备影响 系统影响 行车影响
01 车轮 传感器 探测列车车轮轮 缘,形成模拟轴 脉冲信号 车轴通过未产生 脉冲信号 进入轴数与驶出轴 数不一致 轨道区段非正 常占用和出清 相邻两个或三个计轴 区段红光带/紫光带 (如果是尽头区域单 个计轴区段红光带) 降级列车不允 许通过故障计 轴区段 复位
02 没有车轴通过时 产生脉冲信号 脉冲虚多 轨道区段非正 常占用或出清
03 计轴 主机 接收计轴脉冲, 处理运算,控制 区间信息 单通道故障 计轴主机输出错误 下次列车进入 后,轨道区段 非正常占用 联锁区计轴区段棕光 带,或红光带,或部 分紫光带 联锁区内有降 级列车时,内部 降级列车紧急 制动,后续列车 停车或紧急制动 重启或更 换主机板
04 双通道故障 计轴主机输出占用
05 输出板 检查计轴主机输 出的一致性,车 轮传感器均为占 用时输出占用 继电器没有正常 吸起 始终输出“占用” 轨道区段 非正常占用 单个计轴区段 红光带/紫光带 降级列车不允 许通过故障计 轴区段 更换继 电器
06 继电器粘连 始终输出“空闲” 概率极低 忽略 忽略 -
07 计轴 电源 提供主机和电子 检测器电源 电压过大 设备模块损坏 系统模块失电 轨道区段非正 常占用或出清 联锁区计轴区段棕光 带,或红光带,或部 分紫光带 联锁区内有降 级列车时,内部 降级列车紧急 制动, 后续列车 停车或紧急制动 更换电源
08 电压波动 及其他损 坏部件
09 电压不足 系统模块失电 更换电源
10 无输出电压 部件
11 电缆 连接室内及室外 线缆 开路 无脉冲信号 轨道区段 非正常占用 相邻两个或三个计轴 区段棕光带/红光带 (如果是尽头区域单 个计轴区段红光带) 降级列车不允 许通过故障计 轴区段 维修电缆
12 短路 设备模块损坏无脉 冲信号
), ArticleFig(id=1154050843520258696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Fault impact evaluation indicators for axle counter equipment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 故障 外部因素 评级指标 Q 故障 级别
01 车轮传感器 受扰 后续列车无降级列车 I 0.072 0 0.052 6 0.084 0 0.262 0 0.494 C
02 后续列车有降级列车 IV 0.072 0 0.052 6 0.084 0 0.590 0 1.157 C
03 主机板故障 无降级列车 I 0.000 7 1.000 0 0.718 1 0.262 0 0.685 C
04 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为 $\mathrm{{FAO}}$ 列车 IV 0.000 7 1.000 0 0.718 1 2.230 0 1.830 A
05 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为降级列车 IV 0.000 7 1.000 0 0.718 1 0.918 0 1.444 B
06 输出板故障 后续列车无降级列车 I 0.008 9 0.000 0 0.401 1 0.262 0 0.407 C
07 后续列车有降级列车 IV 0.008 9 0.000 0 0.401 1 0.590 0 1.071 C
08 计轴电源 故障 无降级列车 I 0.000 5 1.000 0 0.9295 0.262 0 0.746 C
09 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为 FAO 列车 IV 0.000 5 1.000 0 0.9295 2.230 0 1.892 A
10 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为降级列车 IV 0.000 5 1.000 0 0.929 5 0.918 0 1.506 B
11 电缆故障 后续列车无降级列车 I 0.000 2 0.052 6 3.043 4 0.262 0 1.172 C
12 后续列车有降级列车 IV 0.000 2 0.052 6 3.043 4 3.214 0 2.607 A
), ArticleFig(id=1154050843604144777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729542656410603, language=CN, label=表2, caption=计轴设备故障影响评价指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 故障 外部因素 评级指标 Q 故障 级别
01 车轮传感器 受扰 后续列车无降级列车 I 0.072 0 0.052 6 0.084 0 0.262 0 0.494 C
02 后续列车有降级列车 IV 0.072 0 0.052 6 0.084 0 0.590 0 1.157 C
03 主机板故障 无降级列车 I 0.000 7 1.000 0 0.718 1 0.262 0 0.685 C
04 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为 $\mathrm{{FAO}}$ 列车 IV 0.000 7 1.000 0 0.718 1 2.230 0 1.830 A
05 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为降级列车 IV 0.000 7 1.000 0 0.718 1 0.918 0 1.444 B
06 输出板故障 后续列车无降级列车 I 0.008 9 0.000 0 0.401 1 0.262 0 0.407 C
07 后续列车有降级列车 IV 0.008 9 0.000 0 0.401 1 0.590 0 1.071 C
08 计轴电源 故障 无降级列车 I 0.000 5 1.000 0 0.9295 0.262 0 0.746 C
09 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为 FAO 列车 IV 0.000 5 1.000 0 0.9295 2.230 0 1.892 A
10 故障区域内存在降级列车,后续列车为降级列车 IV 0.000 5 1.000 0 0.929 5 0.918 0 1.506 B
11 电缆故障 后续列车无降级列车 I 0.000 2 0.052 6 3.043 4 0.262 0 1.172 C
12 后续列车有降级列车 IV 0.000 2 0.052 6 3.043 4 3.214 0 2.607 A
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全自动运行系统故障处置预案设计方法研究
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文乾 1 , 王宇 1 , 张坤 1 , 陈嘉迪 1 , 牛儒 2
都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2025,38(3): 146-152
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都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2025, 38(3): 146-152
全自动运行系统故障处置预案设计方法研究
全屏
文乾1 , 王宇1, 张坤1, 陈嘉迪1, 牛儒2
作者信息
  • 1 北京市轨道交通运营管理有限公司 北京 100071
  • 2 北京交通大学 北京 100044
  • 文乾,男,本科,工程师,长期从事轨道交通通信信号运维管理工作,

通讯作者:

牛儒,女,博士,副教授,主要从事轨道交通RAMS 管理技术研究,
Research on Design Methods for Failure Handling Plans in Fully Automatic Operation Systems
Qian WEN1 , Yu WANG1, Kun ZHANG1, Jiadi CHEN1, Ru NIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Rail Transit Operation Management Co., Ltd. Beijing 100071
  • 2 Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.020
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全自动运行系统已经成为城市轨道交通的主流发展方向,但出于安全和应急响应及时性等因素考虑,目前我国全自动运行线路仍以人员值守方式运营,未能充分发挥“全自动”优势。为了解决运营单位的后顾之忧,提升设备故障应急处置效率,在广泛调研多个城市全自动运行线路应急预案的基础上,提出以行车关键设备为核心的FAO 线路设备相关应急预案框架。针对现行预案的完备性不足、流程不明确的问题,提出融合失效模式分析和熵权法的故障处置应急预案设计方法。考虑故障影响的严酷度、发生概率、影响范围、隔离处置难度、运营恢复难度五方面因素,结合系统设计信息和运营日志数据客观计算故障综合影响指标,并以此为依据确定故障处置策略,进而设计应急预案。最后,以计轴设备为案例,借助某线路85个月故障日志数据,完成设备故障模式分级并针对性设计应急预案。结果表明,故障处置预案的完备性和可操作性得到有效改善。

轨道交通  /  全自动运行系统  /  故障处置预案  /  故障模式影响  /  熵权法  /  应急处置

The fully automatic operation (FAO) system has become the mainstream of urban rail transit in China. Considering factors such as safety and timeliness of emergency response, at present, FAO lines in China still operate in a staffed manner, failing to give full play to the fully automatic advantage. To address the concerns of operation units and improve the efficiency of emergency response for equipment failures, this paper proposes an emergency plan framework related to FAO line directed by key equipment based on extensive survey on the current emergency plans of fully automatic operation lines in multiple cities. Aiming at the problems of insufficient completeness and poor operability of current emergency plans, a design method of emergency plans for fault handling that integrates failure mode analysis (EMEA) and entropy weight method (EWM) is proposed. Considering five factors such as the severity, occurrence probability, scope of influence, difficulty of isolation, and difficulty of operation restoration, objectively calculate the comprehensive fault impact index, combined with system design information and operation log data. Based on this impact index, operators can determine the fault handling strategy and design the emergency plans. Finally, taking the axle counter equipment as an example, the equipment fault mode is classified and an emergency plan is designed targeted with 85 months of fault log data of a certain line. The results show that the completeness and operability of the failure handling emergency plan have been effectively improved.

rail transit  /  fully automatic operation system  /  failure handling emergency plan  /  FMEA  /  EWM  /  emergency response
文乾, 王宇, 张坤, 陈嘉迪, 牛儒. 全自动运行系统故障处置预案设计方法研究. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (3) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.020
Qian WEN, Yu WANG, Kun ZHANG, Jiadi CHEN, Ru NIU. Research on Design Methods for Failure Handling Plans in Fully Automatic Operation Systems[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (3) : 146 -152 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.020
全自动运行系统(FAO)是基于现代计算机、通信、 控制和系统集成等技术实现列车运行全过程自动化的新一代城市轨道交通系统, 具有更安全、更高效、更节能等特点 [1] 。截至 2023 年年末,中国内地已运营、 在建及规划的城轨全自动运行系统线路共计 92 条, 线网规模 2 832.35 km,已经成为核心城市轨道交通的 “标配”。FAO 系统以 “无人化” 或 “少人化” 为目标, 提供列车运行全过程的(正线、车辆段、停车场)、多种运行工况(正常和异常)的自动运行功能 [2] ,显著提升了运营自动化水平。但是, 部分故障处置仍需要人员介入,人机切换过程可能导致的故障处置效率降低成为运营公司的普遍顾虑, 因此仍然采用有人值守模式运营 FAO 线路, 尚未完全发挥 FAO 线路节省人力、 组织灵活的潜力。因此, 深入研究全自动运行条件下的故障影响, 形成针对性故障处置预案是未来真正实现运营自动化、充分发挥 FAO 优势的重要基础。
然而, 轨道交通突发事件应急处置方面的研究集中在安全事故 [3] 、自然灾害 [4] 、大客流 [5] 等重大事件的应急组织 [6] 、联动机制 [7] 、网络化调度 [8] 、数字化平台建设 [9] 等方面。由于行车设备结构复杂、故障运营后果不确定性大、处置方式灵活且与系统设计紧密耦合, 应急处置研究很少向前追溯到设备故障表现。
城轨系统的故障处置预案通常基于运营单位积累的故障处置经验, 结合系统技术交底文件制定 [10] 。由于功能和结构都与传统系统存在明显差异, FAO 系统故障应急处置主要面临以下 3 个方面的问题:①完备性问题。 各运行线路在识别、分类和描述故障场景时, 存在描述散乱、分类不一致、辨识不充分等问题, 可能影响到全自动线路的运营管理, 甚至造成不必要的运营事故。②分级欠缺。 故障场景与正常运营场景不同, 设备的故障地点、故障时机、故障影响具有较大的不确定性, 应急处置流程应当有所区别, 依据设备状态以及故障影响进行分级判定, 快速启动相应级别的应急预案,避免 “过度反应” 与 “反应不足” [11] 。③应急处置流程不明确。故障发生后, 涉及车辆、调度、维修、站务、乘务等多部门协调进行应急处置,需要完整、明确的应急处置流程 [12]
本研究针对上述问题,首先提出 $\mathrm{{FAO}}$ 设备相关专项应急预案框架, 利用故障模式影响分析(failure mode and effect analysis, FMEA)对 FAO 系统故障展开系统性分析, 保证故障场景的完备性。在此基础上, 考虑故障影响严酷度、故障发生概率、故障影响范围、故障持续时间、运营恢复时间等因素,应用熵权法 (entropy weight method, EWM)客观计算综合故障影响指数, 完成故障场景等级划分。最后, 依据地铁某线的 FAO 系统关键设备故障数据和运营数据, 制定故障处置流程,并与现行故障处置预案进行比较, 说明方法的有效性。
城市轨道交通运营单位采用三级应急预案体系, 包括综合预案、专项预案、现场处置方案,如图1所示。综合预案是运营单位应对各类突发事件的纲领性文件, 主要从总体上阐述应急工作的职责。专项预案是针对某一类型或某几种类型运营突发事件或者针对重要生产设施、重大危险源、重大活动等内容而制定的应急方案。现场处置预案则主要从部门的角度出发, 侧重于具体场所、装置或设施所制定的具体应急处置措施和工作流程。
设备相关运营突发事件是应急处置的一个大类, 与客运组织及疏散类、火灾类、自然灾害类、公共治安等并列,针对性制定了专项应急预案和现场处置方案。 内容上,专项应急预案应当覆盖所有对运营安全和秩序造成重大影响的设备故障模式, 满足完备性需求; 现场处置方案应当综合考虑故障位置、影响范围、影响程度等因素确定针对性处置策略和具体处置流程。
与传统列控系统相比, FAO 系统为了实现无人驾驶和多专业联动, 增强了行车状态的远程监视和远程操控手段, 拓展了系统边界和管辖范围, 子系统间的耦合更加紧密, 系统复杂程度显著增大。
本文在 FAO 典型结构和功能的基础上, 分析设备各个失效模式的影响, 筛选出设备功能丧失、影响运营服务的失效模式, 进一步结合调度操作经验, 合并运营处置方式相同的故障模式, 得到专项应急预案框架, 如图2所示。该框架涵盖车辆故障、信号故障、 通信故障、站台门故障和其他故障,共 36 个。
故障处置流程是现场处置方案的核心内容, 与故障类型、发生位置、持续时间、车流密度密切相关。 本文提出一种故障影响主导下的故障处置流程设计方法, 综合考虑故障严酷度、发生概率、影响范围、隔离处置难度和运营恢复难度 5 个维度, 如图3所示。 在失效影响分析的基础上, 为每种失效模式的 5 方面影响因素进行评价, 基于 EWM 方法得到综合故障影响指数 ${Q}_{x}$ ,以此为依据进行处置策略的调整。
特定失效模式的影响严酷度是指设备失效模式所造成的系统功能影响, 本文中划分为 4 级: IV级影响指故障引发 SIL3~SIL4 安全关键功能失效;III级影响指故障引发 SIL1~SIL2 安全关键功能失效;II 级影响指故障引发系统降级或部分功能丧失, 可能造成轻度伤害或一定经济损失;I 级故障不足以导致伤害、经济损失或任务失败,但导致系统性能降低。
特定失效模式的发生概率通常可以出现频次代替。故障日志通常不区分失效模式, 因此通过 FMEA 分析得出的模式占比得到失效模式的频率。无量纲化计算特定设备第 $x$ 种故障模式产生危害的概率:
$ {F}_{x} = \lambda \times {\alpha }_{x} \times {t}_{\text{work }} $
式中, $\lambda$ 为故障率; ${\alpha }_{x}$ 为故障模式频数比, $\sum {\alpha }_{x} = 1;{t}_{\text{work }}$ 为工作时间, 即每次任务的工作时间或循环次数, 轨道交通一般采用每天的运营时间计算。
FAO 系统中, 部分设备由于安装位置不同或管辖范围不同, 设备故障后影响的范围也不相同。例如, 进出车辆段咽喉区的道岔一旦故障则可能影响全线列车的发车、回库和折返;而存车线的道岔故障只会影响单方向某个车站区域的行车。因此, 本文用故障影响范围 ${r}_{ex}$ 反映故障位置影响,并采用极值法无量纲化计算故障影响范围指标 ${R}_{x}$ :
$ {R}_{x} = \frac{{r}_{ex} - \min \left\{ {r}_{ex}\right\} }{\max \left\{ {r}_{ex}\right\} - \min \left\{ {r}_{ex}\right\} } $
式中, ${r}_{ex}$ 为第 $x$ 种故障模式发生在第 $e$ 种典型位置时受影响的线路里程数。
城市轨道交通线路载客运行期间发生设备故障后, 不一定需要修复故障, 而是优先进行故障隔离, 消除/减弱其影响, 待非运营时间再进行维修。本文用故障隔离标准操作耗时来表征故障隔离难度 ${k}_{x}$ ,并采用 $\mathrm{Z}$ -score 方法无量纲化计算隔离处置难度指标 ${K}_{x}$ :
$ {K}_{x} = \frac{{k}_{x} - \overline{{k}_{x}}}{\sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{x = 1}}^{n}{\left( {k}_{x} - \overline{{k}_{x}}\right) }^{2}}{n}}} $
式中, ${k}_{x}$ 为设备故障模式 $x$ 的故障处置标准操作时间; $\overline{{k}_{x}}$${k}_{x}$ 的均值; $n$ 为设备故障模式总数。
运营恢复难度是指设备故障导致车流受扰后, 恢复到列车计划间隔的困难程度, 本文以运营恢复时间作为其表征参数。运营恢复时间会受调度员个人操作影响,因此选择同类型操作的耗时中位数为参考值 ${t}_{x}$ , 同样采用 Z-score 方法无量纲化计算隔离处置难度指标 ${T}_{x}$ :
$ {T}_{x} = \frac{{t}_{x} - \overline{{t}_{x}}}{\sqrt{\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{x = 1}}^{n}{\left( {t}_{x} - \overline{{t}_{x}}\right) }^{2}}{n}}} $
式中, ${t}_{x}$ 为设备的故障模式 $x$ 的运营恢复时间中位数; $\overline{{t}_{x}}$${t}_{x}$ 的均值; $n$ 为设备故障模式总数。
熵来源于热力学, 用于度量系统的无序程度。熵权法中,用熵表示已知数据包含的信息量,并确定其权重, 能够客观反映不同指标之间的差异性和重要程度。当评价指标值相差越大时, 该指标携带的信息量越大, 则给该指标赋予较大权重。反之, 权重越小。
运用熵权法确定设备故障运营影响权重的步骤如下:
步骤 1: 建立判断矩阵 $\mathbf{A}$ 。设矩阵 $\mathbf{A} = {\left( {a}_{ij}\right) }_{p \times q}$ , $\left( {i = 1,2,\cdots p;j = 1,2,\cdots q}\right)$ 为由 $p$ 个被评价对象和 $q$ 个评价指标构成的原始数据矩阵。对原始数据进行标准化处理, 由于本文定义设备故障影响因素评价指标时已经对其进行无量纲化处理, 此处只需要进行归一化处理。当 ${a}_{ij} \leq 0$ 时,运用平移法对其进行修正:
$ {a}_{ij}^{\prime } = \frac{1 + {a}_{ij}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{p}1 + {a}_{ij}} $
步骤 2: 计算各评价指标的熵值 ${H}^{j}$
$ {H}^{j} = - \frac{1}{\ln q}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{q}{a}_{ij}\ln {a}_{ij} $
步骤 3: 计算各评价指标的权值 ${W}^{i}$
$ {W}^{i} = \frac{1 - {H}^{j}}{q - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{q}{H}^{j}} $
基于设备故障影响因素评价指标和权值, 可以得到设备失效模式 $x$ 的影响指数 ${Q}_{x}$ ,即
$ {Q}_{x} = {W}^{1} \times {C}_{x} + {W}^{2} \times {F}_{x} + {W}^{3} \times {R}_{x} + {W}^{4} \times {K}_{x} + {W}^{5} \times {T}_{x}$
故障影响可以直接映射突发故障时的紧迫程度, 依据不同的等级标准化应急处置流程, 使系统高效恢复至正常工况或保证降级模式下的安全运行。对量化分值 $Q$ 进行分类,依照不同的处置策略制定故障处置流程。可以参考帕累托原理, 分值达到前 20%的故障类型定义为 “A 级”,分值在 20%~50%的故障类型定义为 “B 级”,剩下 50%的故障类型定义为 “C 级”。 A 级故障具有危害度高、影响范围广、维修难度大等特点, 故障发生时, 应以运营保障为主要目的, 降低成本关注度, 最大程度保障行车安全和运营秩序; B 级故障的影响暂时可控, 但不及时干预也可能演变为运营事故, 应着重提升故障处置效率, 缩短响应时长, 简化响应流程; $\mathrm{C}$ 级故障为常规型故障,处置时应尽快完成故障隔离, 运营结束后及时修复, 日常加强设备维护和备品备件管理等。
以某 FAO 运营线路为例, 收集了 85 个月间运营时间段内的 FAO 系统故障数据。据统计, 累计故障次数 890 次, 故障现象 130 种。其中, 计轴设备累计故障 53 次,占比 5.96%,平均处置时间约 25 min。在无人值守模式下, 计轴故障可能需要应急人员车站登车或区间登车,处置策略多样,故本文以计轴系统为分析案例。
计轴设备集传感器, 数据传输, 故障-安全计算机等技术为一体,包括室内和室外两部分 [13] 。室外包括车轮传感器、轨旁电缆盒, 完成对信息的感应和采集传输处理。室内包括计轴主机、电源和防雷部分,完成轴数计算及所检测区段的空闲与占用判断, 输出处理等。计轴设备 FEMA 分析结果如表1所示。
首先, 对 FMEA 表中系统影响和故障处置均相同的失效模式进行合并。其次, 行车影响与外部条件密切相关, 故进行分类处理。综合设备的设计可靠性数据和故障日志数据 [14] ,依照表1和式( 1 ) $\sim$ 式( 4 )得到计轴设备的故障影响评价指标, 并应用式(5)解决非正值问题, 结果如表2所示。
对表3中 $C\text{、}F\text{、}R\text{、}K\text{、}T$ 指标的数值所组成的矩阵, 进行归一化处理。应用式(6)和式(7), 计算得客观权值 $W = \left\lbrack {{0.189},{0.192},{0.206},{0.294}}\right\rbrack$ 。应用式(8)得到计轴设备失效模式的影响指数 $Q$ ,并进一步进行定义故障级别, 如表2所示。
计轴设备故障应急处置流程如图4所示。行调或车站值班员发现计轴故障报警后, 行调分别通知电务进行故障类别判断和维修以及站务确认区间占用情况。站务员确认区间无占用后, 可以预先进行计轴复位操作, 也为电务进行故障识别提供信息。对于 A 类计轴故障, 调度应启动应急人员登车程序, 车站进行 SPKS 防护, 打开端门, 协助应急人员进入区间。应急人员登车后,根据调度命令转RM模式看信号行车。 当天运营结束后, 电务进行设备维修。如果电务维修不影响运营的,也可以并行抢修。对于 $\mathrm{B}$ 类计轴故障, 行调通知应急人员在车站预防性登车, 根据故障修复时长判断是否转人工驾驶。同时,电务进行设备抢修。 对于 $\mathrm{C}$ 类计轴故障,电务进行抢修并持续值守,故障恢复后可继续行车。
目前, 地铁运营单位通常以故障现象为依据制定设备故障处置流程。例如, 案例线路的计轴故障处置流程分为 3 种情况: ①不影响通信列车运行条件下计轴复位成功;②不影响通信列车运行条件下,计轴复位不成功;③影响通信列车条件下,计轴复位成功。 通过与本文所述方法的对比可以看出, 现行故障处置流程仅能覆盖表2中的 5 种故障类型, 存在明显的完备性问题。
由于影响故障后果的因素众多, 单纯依靠人员经验, 无法确定影响因素与运营影响的关联关系。这就导致处置流程缺少明确的处置策略,操作性有所欠缺。 FMEA-EWM 方法以历史数据为基础, 客观确定影响因素的权重, 定量计算不同故障模式的运营影响指数, 为处置策略的制定提供支撑。
本文针对 FAO 系统设备故障处置预案所存在的完备性不足、缺少分级、流程不明确的问题, 提出了研究了基于 FMEA-EWM 的故障处置预案设计方法, 主要研究结果如下:
1)提出以关键行车设备为核心的 FAO 线路设备相关专项应急预案框架。在此基础上, 对行车关键设备进行 FMEA, 建立故障影响和设备故障模式的关联, 确保现场处置方案能够覆盖左右设备故障模式, 解决了完备性问题。
2)为了准确定量评价设备故障的运营影响, 建立了运营影响评价指标体系, 确立 5 个评价指标: 影响严酷度(C)、发生概率(F)、影响范围(R)、隔离处置难度(K)、运营恢复难度(T),并提出计算方法。
3)引入EWM方法完成运营影响评价指标体系客观构权, 克服了传统经验方法主观性强的问题, 为故障处置策略的确定提供依据。并且, 指标权重可以随着故障日志数据的积累, 周期性更新, 确保故障处置流程的适用性。
基于综合影响指数的故障模式分级, 有助于优化故障处置流程, 提高响应效率, 合理配置人力、物力等资源, 对保障行车安全和效率意义重大。与现行预案相比, 具有更好的完备性, 分级的客观性和流程的可操作性也有较大提升。
  • 北京市自然基金项目(L201014)
  • 北京市基础设施投资有限公司科研项目(2021–15-03-09)
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.020
  • 接收时间:2024-08-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-23
  • 修回日期:2024-10-12
基金
北京市自然基金项目(L201014)
北京市基础设施投资有限公司科研项目(2021–15-03-09)
作者信息
    1 北京市轨道交通运营管理有限公司 北京 100071
    2 北京交通大学 北京 100044

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牛儒,女,博士,副教授,主要从事轨道交通RAMS 管理技术研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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