Article(id=1149729536675328707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723132800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-09, revisedDate=1729785600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046482484, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046482484, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046482484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046482484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729526025994706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='161', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780086246, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000797948039291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000797948039292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729536968930002, articleId=1149729536675328707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics of Urban Trains Passing through Most Unfavorable Length Tunnels, columnId=1152669335454658940, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Academic Discussion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigates the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of urban trains passing through most criticallength tunnels through numerical simulations. The threedimensional unsteady Reynoldsaveraged NavierStokes (RANS) equations coupled with the Renormalization Group (RNG) kɛ turbulence model were employed to analyze the aerodynamic behavior of an urban train operating at 160 km/h. The results reveal that train operation significantly modifies the flow field structure and pressure distribution within the tunnel, characterized by distinct regional patterns. These modifications are primarily attributed to two factors: the propagation and reflection of traininduced pressure waves, and the compression effect of the train body on the tunnel air. Significant differences are observed between pressure variations on the train surface and tunnel wall monitoring points. While the train surface pressure is predominantly influenced by the arrival timing of compression and expansion waves, the tunnel wall pressure exhibits more complex evolution patterns due to the combined effects of train disturbances, pressure waves, and lowpressure regions. The aerodynamic drag is mainly pressureinduced and significantly affected by both blockage effects and pressure waves. Furthermore, distinct unsteady aerodynamic responses are observed among different car bodies: the first three cars are primarily affected by entrance and exit disturbances, while the rear five cars experience additional pressure wave effects, resulting in substantial fluctuations in lateral force, rolling moment, and yawing moment.

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为探明市域列车通过最不利长度隧道的非定常气动特性,运用三维、非稳态、黏性雷诺平均(reynoldsaveraged navierstokes,RANS)方程和重整化群(renormalization group,RNG)kɛ 两方程湍流模型开展时速 160 km/h 市域列车隧道空气动力学的数值模拟研究。结果表明:列车的运行显著改变了隧道内的流场结构与压力分布,表现出明显的区域化特征。这种变化主要源于列车引发的压力波传播与反射,以及本体对隧道内空气的挤压作用。车体表面与隧道壁面测点的压力变化存在明显差异,车体表面压力主要受到压缩波和膨胀波到达时间的影响,而壁面压力则受到列车扰动、压力波以及低压区的共同作用,呈现出更复杂的演化规律。列车气动阻力以压差阻力为主,并受到阻塞效应及压力波影响。此外,不同车体在非定常气动响应上差异明显,前三辆车体在出入隧道时的气动力变化主要由隧道进出口扰动引起,而后五辆车体还受到压力波作用,导致侧力、侧滚力矩及摇头力矩等非定常气动力发生剧烈波动。

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付至晨,男,硕士研究生,专业为载运工具运用工程,

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付至晨,男,硕士研究生,专业为载运工具运用工程,

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付至晨,男,硕士研究生,专业为载运工具运用工程,

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keyword=最不利长度隧道), Keyword(id=1154050908817183289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729536675328707, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=压力波), Keyword(id=1154050908867514938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729536675328707, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=非定常气动特性), Keyword(id=1154050908934623803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729536675328707, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=数值模拟)], refs=[Reference(id=1154050914047480532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729536675328707, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=韩宝明, 余怡然, 习喆, journalName=都市快轨交通, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩宝明, 余怡然, 习喆, 等. 2023 年世界城市轨道交通运营统计与分析综述[J]. 都市快轨交通, 2024, 37(1): 1-9., articleTitle=2023 年世界城市轨道交通运营统计与分析综述, refAbstract=null), 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市域列车通过最不利长度隧道的非定常气动特性研究
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付至晨 , 李田 , 李一凡 , 张继业
都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2025,38(3): 61-70
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都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2025, 38(3): 61-70
市域列车通过最不利长度隧道的非定常气动特性研究
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付至晨 , 李田, 李一凡, 张继业
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学 轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室 成都 610031
  • 付至晨,男,硕士研究生,专业为载运工具运用工程,

Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics of Urban Trains Passing through Most Unfavorable Length Tunnels
Zhichen FU , Tian LI, Yifan LI, Jiye ZHANG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Transit Vehicle System Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.009
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为探明市域列车通过最不利长度隧道的非定常气动特性,运用三维、非稳态、黏性雷诺平均(reynoldsaveraged navierstokes,RANS)方程和重整化群(renormalization group,RNG)kɛ 两方程湍流模型开展时速 160 km/h 市域列车隧道空气动力学的数值模拟研究。结果表明:列车的运行显著改变了隧道内的流场结构与压力分布,表现出明显的区域化特征。这种变化主要源于列车引发的压力波传播与反射,以及本体对隧道内空气的挤压作用。车体表面与隧道壁面测点的压力变化存在明显差异,车体表面压力主要受到压缩波和膨胀波到达时间的影响,而壁面压力则受到列车扰动、压力波以及低压区的共同作用,呈现出更复杂的演化规律。列车气动阻力以压差阻力为主,并受到阻塞效应及压力波影响。此外,不同车体在非定常气动响应上差异明显,前三辆车体在出入隧道时的气动力变化主要由隧道进出口扰动引起,而后五辆车体还受到压力波作用,导致侧力、侧滚力矩及摇头力矩等非定常气动力发生剧烈波动。

轨道交通  /  市域列车  /  最不利长度隧道  /  压力波  /  非定常气动特性  /  数值模拟

This study investigates the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of urban trains passing through most criticallength tunnels through numerical simulations. The threedimensional unsteady Reynoldsaveraged NavierStokes (RANS) equations coupled with the Renormalization Group (RNG) kɛ turbulence model were employed to analyze the aerodynamic behavior of an urban train operating at 160 km/h. The results reveal that train operation significantly modifies the flow field structure and pressure distribution within the tunnel, characterized by distinct regional patterns. These modifications are primarily attributed to two factors: the propagation and reflection of traininduced pressure waves, and the compression effect of the train body on the tunnel air. Significant differences are observed between pressure variations on the train surface and tunnel wall monitoring points. While the train surface pressure is predominantly influenced by the arrival timing of compression and expansion waves, the tunnel wall pressure exhibits more complex evolution patterns due to the combined effects of train disturbances, pressure waves, and lowpressure regions. The aerodynamic drag is mainly pressureinduced and significantly affected by both blockage effects and pressure waves. Furthermore, distinct unsteady aerodynamic responses are observed among different car bodies: the first three cars are primarily affected by entrance and exit disturbances, while the rear five cars experience additional pressure wave effects, resulting in substantial fluctuations in lateral force, rolling moment, and yawing moment.

rail transit  /  urban train  /  the most unfavorable length tunnel  /  pressure wave  /  unsteady aerodynamic performance  /  numerical simulation
付至晨, 李田, 李一凡, 张继业. 市域列车通过最不利长度隧道的非定常气动特性研究. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (3) : 61 -70 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.009
Zhichen FU, Tian LI, Yifan LI, Jiye ZHANG. Unsteady Aerodynamic Characteristics of Urban Trains Passing through Most Unfavorable Length Tunnels[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (3) : 61 -70 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.009
轨道交通线网与城市深度协同发展, 城市轨道交通逐渐从快速到高速,再从高速向高质量发展 [1] 。2023 年新投入运营的市域快轨线路占城轨交通线路的 26.35%, 其占比持续上升 [2] 。相较于传统的地下轨道交通系统, 市域列车在运行过程中频繁穿越具有典型山区特征的短隧道群, 这种特殊线网条件会诱发显著的列车隧道耦合空气动力学效应。特别是在最不利隧道中, 列车和隧道将产生多重气动效应叠加现象。因此探明市域列车在最不利长度隧道中的气动特性对市域快轨的建设和运行安全具有十分重要的意义。
国内外学者运用多种方法对列车通过最不利隧道的空气动力学问题进行研究, 得出最不利隧道长度和压力波幅值的计算方法、隧道参数对压力波的影响。 王建宇等 [3] 发现除了列车速度和阻塞比对隧道内的压力变化起主导作用, 隧道长度也会对隧道内压力变化产生影响。实车试验方面, 主要通过在车体与隧道壁面布置传感器测得压力变化规律 [4] 。杨永刚等 [5] 通过分析压力波和列车表面压力分布得出单车通过隧道的气动阻力变化机理; 李人宪等 [6] 通过数值模拟推出隧道壁面最大正压和最大负压可能出现的位置并得出压力与速度的关系;向新桃 [7] 阐明了隧道壁面和列车表面压力变化机理;NAKADE 等 [8] 采用三维数值模拟方法将列车明线运行和单车通过隧道气动力幅值进行对比,阐明列车气动力波动的原因、气动力的变化规律及阻力变化特性。
目前,列车通过最不利隧道的空气动力学研究主要集中在列车隧道空气动力学问题与哪些参数有关、 如何缓解 [9] 。对于最不利隧道中典型位置的压力分布和非定常气动特性研究较少, 而最不利隧道中头车与尾车产生的压力波相互叠加, 造成列车表面压力急剧变化,使得隧道空气动力学效应更为复杂。因此, 以市域快轨列车为计算模型, 利用动网格方法对列车通过头车压力下降最不利长度隧道进行三维数值模拟, 研究单车通过隧道时典型位置隧道内流场与压力分布、车体与隧道表面压力、气动力与力矩特性。
采用某型 8 辆编组市域列车进行数值模拟。列车模型如图1所示。列车长 ${186.7}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、宽 ${3.28}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、高 ${3.81}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。 头车和尾车的长度为 ${24.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,流线型长度为 ${3.28}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 中间车长度为 ${22}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,风挡长度为 ${0.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。车体的横截面积约为 ${11.78}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$
列车通过隧道时, 头车进入隧道时产生压缩波, 尾车进入隧道时产生膨胀波。压力波在隧道中传播、 反射和叠加, 压力波在车体处叠加导致列车表面压力急剧变化。头车产生的压缩波第一次从隧道出口反射回膨胀波与尾车产生的膨胀波在列车处叠加时会使列车表面压力急剧下降, 列车表面的瞬变压力最大。头车压力下降的最不利长度隧道的计算公式为 [3] :
$ {L}_{\mathrm{t}} = \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( {1 + M}\right) }{{2M}\left( {1 - M}\right) } $
式中, ${L}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为隧道长度; ${L}_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为列车长度; $M$ 为列车马赫数。通过计算得出列车以 ${160}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的速度通过隧道时, 头车压力下降的最不利隧道长度约为 ${929}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。计算域及边界条件如图2所示。
隧道外区域长度为 ${400}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,宽度为 ${60}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,高度为 ${40}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。隧道采用盾构施工的圆形断面单线隧道,半径为 ${3.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,底部宽度为 ${4.46}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,净空面积为 ${43.2}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ , 阻塞比为 0.273。头车鼻尖距隧道入口的距离为 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 为列车到达隧道入口之前的湍流提供发展空间 [10] 。采用滑移网格模拟列车通过隧道的过程, 把整个流场区域划分为移动区域和静止区域, 移动区域以列车速度运动, 固定区域和移动区域的重叠界面设置为交界面, 入口端面设置为压力入口;出口端面设置为压力出口; 流场开阔区域的顶面和侧面设置为对称边界; 地面等设置为壁面。
对流场的固定区域和移动区域进行网格划分, 固定域采用六面体结构化网格进行空间离散, 移动域采用四面体网格进行空间离散。网格划分如图3所示。
在车体表面和隧道壁面布置测点监测压力变化。头车的测点位于司机室侧窗处和头车车体中间处; 车体 2 测点位于车体中间侧窗处; 车体 3~ 7 的测点与车体 2 测点位置一致; 同样, 尾车测点的位置与头车保持一致。 隧道测点分别位于距离隧道口 1 倍流线型长度位置、1 倍列车编组长度位置、1/3 隧道长度位置、 $1/2$ 隧道长度位置 [11] 。隧道壁面测点在隧道中心线 ${6.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处。以头车与车体 2 为例,说明车体
为开展网格独立性检验,划分粗、中和细 3 套网格, 对应的网格数量分别为 2129 万、 2606 万和 3 196 万。 测点分布情况。车体测点分布和隧道测点分布如图4所示。
隧道内列车周围的空气流动是非定常可压缩的三维湍流。采用 RNG $k - \varepsilon$ 湍流模型对列车通过隧道的流场求解。相较于标准 $k - \varepsilon$ 模型, RNG $k - \varepsilon$ 湍流模型在湍流动能耗散率中增加了一项, 提高了对高速流动计算的准确性, 并考虑涡流的影响, 提高对涡旋流动计算的精度。这些改进使得 RNG $k - \varepsilon$ 湍流模型在更广泛的流动类型中表现出更高的准确性和可靠性 [12] 。气压为标准大气压,温度为 ${300}\mathrm{\;K}$ 。车体表面粗糙度对隧道内瞬变压力的影响显著, 车体设置为粗糙壁面, 摩擦系数(Cs)设置为 1,摩擦高度(Ks)设置为0.5 mm[7] 。 壁面函数为标准壁面函数。采用二阶隐式格式对时间进行离散、二阶迎风格式对空间进行离散。 中网格静止区域的体网格最大尺寸为 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ ,移动区域的体网格最大尺寸为 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,列车表面最小网格尺寸为 ${0.03}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,固定区域的网格数量约为 501 万,移动区域的网格数量约为 2105 万, 网格总数约为 2606 万。选取头车侧窗和隧道中间处测点压力进行对比。由图5可知, 不同网格数量计算得出的列车表面测点和隧道表面测点压力时程曲线基本一致。不同网格之间的压力变化幅值相对误差不超过 2%。综合考虑计算效率和准确性, 选取中网格进行后续计算。
计算结果将从流场特性、压力特性、气动力与力矩特性 3 个方面讨论。
选取列车通过隧道的 10 个典型位置, 如图6所示。 由于列车的头车与尾车为钝型、车顶空调外凸和车底转向架外露, 列车通过最不利长度隧道时周围流场呈现多分离和高强度湍流和区域化特征。典型位置的速度分布如图7所示。将列车周围的流场划分为 5 个区域: 车前区域、头车流线型环隙、等截面车身环隙、 尾车流线型环隙、尾流区域。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ 位置,隧道内的空气受到车头的挤压较小, 空气从头车流线型环隙间流出。车底结构复杂流速较高, 气流对车底有强烈冲击。 在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{3}$ 位置,列车前方的空气持续受到压缩,同时由于车体与隧道之间的环形间隙横截面积逐渐减小, 导致列车前方的气流速度明显增加。向后运动的空气在进入开阔空间后,其速度逐渐减缓。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置,列车尾部与尾车流线段之间的环隙横截面积增大, 空气在通过尾车流线段时流速进一步降低。当列车完全进入隧道后, 隧道外部的空气开始流入列车尾部区域, 从而对隧道内空气向外排出的过程形成阻碍。同时, 隧道壁面对气流的约束作用使得尾流区域的气动特性变得更加复杂。当压力波沿车体传播时, 列车周围的气流速度变化不明显, 说明压力波对隧道内局部气流速度的影响较小。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{5}$ 位置,尾流区域的气流速度出现上升。列车驶出隧道后, 列车周围的流场分布逐渐恢复至明线流状态。
隧道中的压力分布同样呈现区域化特征。典型位置压力分布如图8所示。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ 位置,由于阻塞效应导致车前压力增大产生压缩波, 压缩波以接近声速的速度向列车运行方向传播。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{3}$ 位置,阻塞效应增强和压缩波共同作用在车前产生大范围的高压区。空调迎风面受到空气的强烈冲击形成高压区, 而背风面则因气流绕流过程中发生流动分离, 形成低压区。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置,列车对前方空气的压缩效应逐渐减弱,且随着尾车进入隧道, 产生膨胀波, 导致隧道内压力下降。 此时, 由列车进入隧道产生的压缩波在到达隧道出口后反射生成的膨胀波,与尾车进入隧道产生的膨胀波在头车附近叠加, 引发头车压力的剧烈下降, 体现了头车压力下降的最不利长度隧道特征。列车与隧道之间的等截面段由于环形间隙较小, 造成空气流速加快, 进而在车体周围形成低压区。当压缩波达到车体时, 车体周围的压力上升; 当膨胀波达到车体时, 车体周围的压力降低。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{5}$ 位置,头车离开隧道产生压缩波, 在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{7}$ 位置,尾车离开隧道产生膨胀波。列车完全驶出隧道后, 车体表面的压力分布逐渐恢复至明线流状态, 但隧道内的压力分布仍受此前传播的压力波影响, 尚未完全恢复稳定。
车体表面压力具有强瞬变性, 不同测点的压力差异明显。车体测点压力时程曲线如图9所示。测点压力正峰值出现在头车侧窗,幅值为 ${1.14}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ ,压力负峰值出现在尾车侧窗,幅值为 $- {1.47}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 。头车挤压前方的空气形成正压区, 叠加压缩波的作用出现压力正峰值, 尾车空气流速快形成负压区, 叠加膨胀波的作用出现压力负峰值。
${\mathrm{P}}_{1}$ 位置,尾车侧窗的测点压力为负值,其他测点压力都为正值。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ 位置,列车挤压隧道内的空气, 头车侧窗测点压力急剧升高。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{3}$ 位置,空气作用于列车表面和隧道壁面的摩擦也在逐渐增大, 车体表面测点压力继续缓慢上升直到等截面车体全部进入隧道,并且叠加压缩波的作用,形成压力正峰值。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置, 尾车产生膨胀波, 阻塞效应减弱与两个膨胀波叠加作用导致测点压力急剧下降。列车完全进入隧道后,测点压力出现多次波动。
车体表面不同位置测点的压力时程曲线在变化趋势上具有一致性, 但各测点的压力数值存在差异, 主要原因在于各测点进入隧道的时间不同, 从而导致压力开始上升的时刻有所滞后。随着测点位置逐渐靠后, 其进入隧道的时间延后, 对应的压力正峰值也呈逐渐减小的趋势。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置,膨胀波沿隧道向出口方向传播, 导致尾部测点的压力最先开始下降, 而靠近车头的测点由于膨胀波到达较晚, 压力下降表现出明显的滞后性。列车运行过程中, 压力波在隧道内不断传播与反射, 引起车体各测点多次压力波动。由于压力波抵达不同测点的时间存在差异, 导致各测点的压力变化时间不一致。此外, 压力波在传播过程中及其在隧道口反射时会发生能量衰减, 致使车体表面各测点的压力波动幅值存在一定差异。同时, 尾车尾部涡旋脱落引发局部流动扰动, 导致尾车侧窗附近的测点压力出现小幅波动。
压力波会对列车表面测点压力产生影响。压力波在隧道内的传播与头车侧窗表面压力变化如图10所示。 图中红色虚线表示压缩波;蓝色点划线表示膨胀波; 淡蓝色实线表示头车;绿色实线表示尾车。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ 位置, 头车前方空气的流动受到车体和隧道壁面的限制与阻滞,使空气在隧道中被压缩,产生压缩波。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置, 尾车排开的空气多于流入尾部空间的空气, 导致尾部压力下降。因此, 压力波会对列车表面测点压力变化产生显著影响。膨胀波使测点表面压力下降, 压缩波则相反,使测点表面压力上升。
隧道壁面测点压力变化更复杂, 不同位置的隧道壁面测点压力变化趋势不同。隧道壁面测点压力时程曲线如图11所示。测点压力正峰值出现在 $x = {186}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的测点,为 ${1.64}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ ,负峰值出现在 $x = {310}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的测点, 幅值为 $- {1.51}\mathrm{{kPa}}$ 。隧道壁面各测点的压力变化曲线存在显著差异, 主要原因在于压力波到达各测点的时间不同, 且壁面测点的压力变化不仅受压力波的影响, 还受到列车周围低压区的影响。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置之后,列车前方的空气在车体与隧道之间狭窄的环形间隙中加速流动, 由于该处横截面积减小, 气流速度增大, 在列车周围形成低压区。当列车通过测点位置时, 该低压区作用于隧道壁面, 引起壁面测点压力下降。由于列车与压力波传播速度和到达时刻的不同, 壁面测点所经历的气动作用更为复杂, 相较于车体表面测点, 其压力变化还会受到列车的扰动。沿隧道布设的不同测点之间, 压力变化存在明显差异, 其幅值与所处位置距离隧道入口的远近密切相关。随着压力波在隧道中传播及其在隧道口的反射过程发生能量衰减,压力波的强度逐渐减弱, 导致距离隧道入口越远的测点, 其压力上升幅值越小。此外, 头车进出隧道所产生的压缩波与尾车进出隧道所激发的膨胀波相互叠加,共同作用于隧道壁面, 从而进一步影响各测点的压力变化特性。
压力波传播与隧道入口 $x = {186}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处隧道壁面测点压力变化如图12所示。头车对前方空气的挤压和压缩波共同作用使测点压力急剧上升, 在列车逐渐进入隧道的过程中, 压力上升变缓并达到最大正压。尾车产生的膨胀波到达测点时压力下降。在压缩波、膨胀波的作用下, 隧道壁面测点压力多次发生改变。列车周围的负压区到达测点时测点压力下降, 测点负峰值是头车产生压缩波反射回膨胀波、尾车产生的膨胀波和列车周围负压区叠加导致的。
列车通过最不利长度隧道时, 气动阻力多次发生变化。气动阻力时程曲线如图13所示。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{2}$ 位置, 由于隧道内空气流动受到车体与隧道壁面的阻碍, 导致车头压力增大,从而使得气动阻力增大。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{3}$ 位置, 隧道中空气与隧道壁面和车体摩擦加剧, 头车表面的高压区范围和压力显著增大,所以整车气动阻力急剧增大。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置,尾车的低压区增大,导致压差阻力增大。整车进入隧道后整车气动阻力达到正峰值。压力波在隧道内的传播和反射是整车气动阻力出现波动的原因, 但总体呈下降趋势。
头车与尾车的气动阻力在整车气动阻力中占据较大比重。为深入分析隧道内头车气动阻力变化与压力波之间的关系, 将压力波与头车气动阻力的时程曲线进行对比分析。在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ 位置之后,头车气动阻力达到峰值, 表明压力波显著改变了头车表面的压力分布, 从而引起其气动阻力变化。尾车的气动阻力受尾部涡旋脱落以及压力波的共同影响。在尾车尚未进入隧道前, 头车的气动阻力显著高于尾车。然而在 ${\mathrm{P}}_{5}$ 位置之后, 尾车受到膨胀波的作用, 气动阻力迅速上升, 而头车在膨胀波影响下气动阻力则迅速下降, 导致此时尾车气动阻力反超头车。列车完全驶出隧道后, 头车与尾车的气动阻力逐渐趋于接近。
整车气动阻力主要由压差阻力与摩擦阻力构成。 为探讨气动阻力的构成及变化机理,图14展示了典型车体位置的压差阻力与摩擦阻力占比。在线路明线状态下, 压差阻力占整车气动阻力的 84.4%, 摩擦阻力占比为 15.6%。当压缩波作用于列车时, 压差阻力比重增至 90.0%,摩擦阻力相应下降至 10.0%;而在膨胀波作用下,压差阻力占比下降至 85.9%,摩擦阻力上升至 14.1%。列车进入隧道时, 车体表面的边界层速度梯度增大, 空气与车体表面间的剪切应力增强, 导致摩擦阻力显著上升。同时, 压差阻力对压力波极为敏感: 压缩波抵达时压差阻力迅速增大, 膨胀波抵达时则明显减小。整车压差阻力在列车进入隧道初期出现增大, 随后随着流场逐渐稳定, 摩擦阻力占比呈缓慢下降趋势。整体来看, 隧道内的摩擦阻力占气动阻力的比重略低于明线状态。综上, 压差阻力在列车气动阻力中始终占据主导地位,而摩擦阻力受流场边界层特性影响较大, 虽占比较小, 但在进出隧道阶段其变化对总阻力有贡献。
车体侧力在隧道中表现出较强的非定常特性。当列车进入隧道后, 由于列车与壁面间的环隙变化, 车体周围流场受到隧道壁面的约束、阻塞效应和压力波的作用导致复杂的非定常气动效应。同时边界层分离使得在列车尾流区域产生复杂湍流, 涡旋与隧道壁面相互作用使得涡流能够在尾部长时间维持自旋, 导致车体表面压力分布不均,因此各车体受到的侧力不同 [13] 。 车体侧力时程曲线如图15所示。前三辆车体仅在进入隧道和离开隧道的过程中侧力幅值出现显著变化, 而在压力波通过车体期间, 侧力幅值变化较小, 表明压力波对前三辆车体侧力的影响有限。从车体 4 开始, 在进出隧道过程中, 侧力幅值迅速增大; 同时, 当压力波作用于车体时, 侧力幅值也随之增加。各车体在进入隧道瞬间, 其侧力幅值普遍达到正峰值, 随后随着列车完全进入隧道, 侧力幅值呈逐渐衰减趋势。
车体气动侧力极值如图16所示。沿列车长度方向, 侧力的正峰值逐节递增, 负峰值则逐节递减。车体 6 的侧力正峰值和峰峰值最大, 表明其受非定常气动力影响最为显著; 车体 8 的负峰值最大。整体来看, 后 3 辆车体的侧力峰-峰值明显高于前 3 辆车体, 说明尾部车体在隧道流场中的气动侧力波动更为剧烈。
列车通过最不利长度隧道时, 各车体侧滚力矩幅值存在显著差异。各车体侧滚力矩时程曲线如图17所示。同样, 前 3 辆车体在进出隧道时, 侧滚力矩幅值发生一定程度的变化, 但在压力波作用过程中, 其侧滚力矩变化较小, 表明压力波对头部车体侧滚力矩影响有限。自车体 4 起, 侧滚力矩在列车进出隧道期间发生剧烈波动。压力波抵达车体时, 侧力增加, 进而引发侧滚力矩幅值的显著变化。各车体在进入隧道瞬间普遍达到侧滚力矩的正峰值, 随后侧滚力矩呈递减趋势。摇头力矩幅值也表现出明显的动态响应, 车体摇头力矩时程曲线如图18所示。前 3 辆车体仅在列车进出隧道期间出现摇头力矩变化, 而在压力波作用下,变化不明显。与侧滚力矩相似,自车体 4 开始,摇头力矩在进出隧道过程中出现连续剧烈波动。压力波作用时, 车体受力不均, 导致摇头力矩幅值升高。各车体进入隧道时均出现摇头力矩正峰值, 其中车体 7 的负峰值最大,而尾车则具有最显著的摇头力矩负峰值。 列车完全进入隧道后, 各车体的摇头力矩幅值呈逐渐减小趋势。
图19展示了列车通过隧道过程中各车体气动力矩的极值变化情况。沿列车长度方向, 气动力矩的正峰值逐节增大,而负峰值逐渐减小。其中, 车体 6 的侧滚力矩和摇头力矩正峰值及峰峰值最大, 车体 8 的负峰值最大。总体来看, 后 3 辆车体的侧滚力矩与摇头力矩的波动幅度显著大于前 3 辆车体, 表明尾部车体在隧道内受气动扰动的影响更加显著。
通过对速度为 ${160}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的市域列车通过最不利长度隧道进行气动数值模拟, 研究了隧道内流场与压力分布、车体与隧道表面测点压力变化、气动力与力矩特性, 主要得出以下结论。
1)列车在隧道内的运行显著改变了隧道内的流场结构和压力分布特征。受列车运动及其诱导压力波的共同作用, 隧道内部的流场和压力分布呈现出明显的区域性特征。
2)隧道内复杂的流动结构和压力波对车体表面和壁面压力变化具有不同影响。车体表面测点压力变化主要受压缩波与膨胀波作用时间的不同所致, 而隧道壁面测点的压力变化则同时受到列车挤压空气、压力波传播与反射以及低压区等多重因素影响, 呈现出更复杂的变化规律。
3)气动阻力的变化与阻塞效应和压力波密切相关, 压差主力占主导地位。列车进入隧道后, 压缩波和膨胀波的作用导致压差阻力发生剧烈变化, 压差阻力在压缩波作用下增强, 在膨胀波作用下减弱; 相比之下,摩擦阻力受车体边界层速度梯度影响, 整体占比相对较小。
4)前 3 辆车体与后 5 辆车体在列车通过隧道的过程中非定常气动侧力和力矩存在显著差异。列车进入或离开隧道时, 前 3 辆车体的侧力、侧滚力矩和摇头力矩主要受到进出口扰动影响,压力波对其影响较小; 而从车体 4 起,压力波作用显著,导致各气动力量发生剧烈波动, 尾部的车体受影响尤为显著。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(12372049)
  • 轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室自主课题(2023RVL-T06)
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.009
  • 接收时间:2024-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-09
  • 修回日期:2024-10-25
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(12372049)
轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室自主课题(2023RVL-T06)
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    西南交通大学 轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室 成都 610031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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