Article(id=1149729531759608373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710777600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-19, revisedDate=1718035200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046481312, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743436800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046481312, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046481312, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046481312, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729524688007450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='177', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780095764, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729532141290044, articleId=1149729531759608373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Development of Driving Simulation Platform for Virtual Track Train, columnId=1152669340382966151, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Forum of Rapid Rail Transit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Virtual track train (VTT) has been put into commercial operation as a new type of urban rail transport in China in recent years. To further understand VTT's operational performance, it is essential to develop a specific driving simulation platform to simulate VTT's unique hybrid autonomous/manual driving mode. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: First, a vehicle system dynamics (VSD) model of VTT was established using SIMPACK. Additionally, the control module for simulating the hybrid autonomous/manual driving mode of VTT was developed based on model predictive control and Logitech driving simulation hardware. Furthermore, a driving scene visualization interface was established using Unreal Engine and Blender to simulate the real driving environment. These components form a comprehensive simulation platform for the VTT. Simulation results demonstrate that the developed platform can effectively and accurately simulate the operational performance of the VTT under various driving modes, highlighting its significant engineering value.

, correspAuthors=Zhengyang WAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhengyang WAN, Hechao ZHOU, Jimin ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149729556283703903, articleId=1149729531759608373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真平台开发, columnId=1152669340680761737, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=快轨论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

虚拟轨道列车作为一种全新的城市轨道交通工具,近年来已经在我国株洲、宜宾等城市有了广泛的商业化运用。为了深入研究其行驶特性,需要针对其独有的无人、有人混合驾驶模式开发驾驶仿真平台。本文在SIMPACK 中建立3节编组的虚拟轨道列车系统动力学模型,针对不同驾驶模式分别开发模型预测控制算法和基于 Logitech 驾驶仿真硬件的驾驶员控制仿真模块,并结合 Unreal Engine 和 Blender 开发驾驶场景可视化界面,从而构成可以仿真虚拟轨道列车真实驾驶情况的仿真平台。仿真结果表明,开发的平台可以有效准确地仿真虚拟轨道列车不同驾驶模式下的行驶表现,具有较强的工程意义。

, correspAuthors=万正阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=2rw2XETwl4AXrEEr8Qr2JQ==, magXml=/1UPlCogQRNwt1FTAblERw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3ea2h2NlZYeVRZq48U19xQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=54MUv5/nR8mu943T3RSJ9g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

万正阳,男,硕士研究生,从事车辆动力学与最优化控制研究,

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万正阳,男,硕士研究生,从事车辆动力学与最优化控制研究,

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万正阳,男,硕士研究生,从事车辆动力学与最优化控制研究,

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IET electrical systems in transportation, 2021, 11(3): 227-240., articleTitle=Development and validation of an automatic all-wheel steering system for multiple-articulated rubber-tire transit, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154050940236718765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531759608373, awardId=52275124, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52275124), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154050934482133511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531759608373, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154050934490522120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531759608373, companyId=1154050934482133511, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Rail Transit Tongji University Shanghai 201804), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154050934494716425, 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journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531759608373, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Simulation results of VTT operating in manned mode, figureFileSmall=OIMzSkFCn6wH9qa4tVSyxw==, figureFileBig=0QurlJwhzTjIs67iyIBLVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154050939955700387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531759608373, language=CN, label=图9, caption=有人驾驶模式下虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真效果, figureFileSmall=OIMzSkFCn6wH9qa4tVSyxw==, figureFileBig=0QurlJwhzTjIs67iyIBLVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154050940010226341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531759608373, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Parameters of VTT, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
AW0 工况单节列车质量/kg 9 660
AW2 工况单节列车质量/kg 13 980
AW3 工况单节列车质量/kg 15 060
轴距/m 5.2
带司机室列车长度/m 9.5
中间车长度/m 7.9
单节列车宽度/m 2.65
单节列车高度/m 3.2
空气弹簧纵向刚度/(N/m) $3 \times {10}^{5}$
空气弹簧横向刚度/(N/m) $3 \times {10}^{5}$
空气弹簧垂向刚度/(N/m) $7 \times {10}^{5}$
横向拉杆刚度/(N/m) $1 \times {10}^{9}$
横向拉杆阻尼/(N・s/m) $1 \times {10}^{5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154050940073140904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531759608373, language=CN, label=表1, caption=虚拟轨道列车车体参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
AW0 工况单节列车质量/kg 9 660
AW2 工况单节列车质量/kg 13 980
AW3 工况单节列车质量/kg 15 060
轴距/m 5.2
带司机室列车长度/m 9.5
中间车长度/m 7.9
单节列车宽度/m 2.65
单节列车高度/m 3.2
空气弹簧纵向刚度/(N/m) $3 \times {10}^{5}$
空气弹簧横向刚度/(N/m) $3 \times {10}^{5}$
空气弹簧垂向刚度/(N/m) $7 \times {10}^{5}$
横向拉杆刚度/(N/m) $1 \times {10}^{9}$
横向拉杆阻尼/(N・s/m) $1 \times {10}^{5}$
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虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真平台开发
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万正阳 , 周和超 , 张济民
都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2025,38(2): 31-38
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都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2025, 38(2): 31-38
虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真平台开发
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万正阳 , 周和超, 张济民
作者信息
  • 同济大学 铁道与城市轨道交通研究院 上海 201804
  • 万正阳,男,硕士研究生,从事车辆动力学与最优化控制研究,

Development of Driving Simulation Platform for Virtual Track Train
Zhengyang WAN , Hechao ZHOU, Jimin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Institute of Rail Transit Tongji University Shanghai 201804
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.005
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虚拟轨道列车作为一种全新的城市轨道交通工具,近年来已经在我国株洲、宜宾等城市有了广泛的商业化运用。为了深入研究其行驶特性,需要针对其独有的无人、有人混合驾驶模式开发驾驶仿真平台。本文在SIMPACK 中建立3节编组的虚拟轨道列车系统动力学模型,针对不同驾驶模式分别开发模型预测控制算法和基于 Logitech 驾驶仿真硬件的驾驶员控制仿真模块,并结合 Unreal Engine 和 Blender 开发驾驶场景可视化界面,从而构成可以仿真虚拟轨道列车真实驾驶情况的仿真平台。仿真结果表明,开发的平台可以有效准确地仿真虚拟轨道列车不同驾驶模式下的行驶表现,具有较强的工程意义。

虚拟轨道列车  /  动力学模型  /  预测控制  /  驾驶仿真平台  /  混合驾驶模式

The Virtual track train (VTT) has been put into commercial operation as a new type of urban rail transport in China in recent years. To further understand VTT's operational performance, it is essential to develop a specific driving simulation platform to simulate VTT's unique hybrid autonomous/manual driving mode. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: First, a vehicle system dynamics (VSD) model of VTT was established using SIMPACK. Additionally, the control module for simulating the hybrid autonomous/manual driving mode of VTT was developed based on model predictive control and Logitech driving simulation hardware. Furthermore, a driving scene visualization interface was established using Unreal Engine and Blender to simulate the real driving environment. These components form a comprehensive simulation platform for the VTT. Simulation results demonstrate that the developed platform can effectively and accurately simulate the operational performance of the VTT under various driving modes, highlighting its significant engineering value.

virtual track train  /  dynamics model  /  model predictive control  /  driving simulation platform  /  hybrid driving mode
万正阳, 周和超, 张济民. 虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真平台开发. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (2) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.005
Zhengyang WAN, Hechao ZHOU, Jimin ZHANG. Development of Driving Simulation Platform for Virtual Track Train[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (2) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.005
近年来, 虚拟轨道列车(virtual track train, VTT) 作为缓解市内交通压力的新型解决方案, 已经在四川宜宾、湖南株洲等地建立示范运营线路 [ 1 - 2 ] ,并逐渐受到研究人员的关注。其车辆特征为: 采用胶轮走行部, 无需建设独立封闭线路, 有效减少地面资源占用, 并采用智能化驾驶模式和超级电容, 提高了运营效率, 满足绿色出行需要 [ 3 ] 。虚拟轨道列车可采用 $3 \sim 5$ 辆编组 [ 4 ] ,最高时速可达 ${70}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$
相较传统车辆, 虚拟轨道列车最主要的技术特点在于其独特的有人、无人混合驾驶模式。列车一般情况下为无人驾驶模式, 通过识别路面铺设的虚拟轨道线路, 利用循迹控制算法控制列车沿着既定的路线运行。而有人驾驶模式则是采用驾驶员控制的方式进行方向和速度的控制。
无人驾驶模式下的循迹控制算法在近年来受到研究者的关注。彭京等分析了多轴轨迹跟随控制原理, 建立了智轨电车转向系统模型 [ 5 ] 。孙帮成等设计了协同循迹控制策略,控制列车通过曲线 [ 6 ] 。LENG 等针对新型龙门虚拟轨道列车(G-VTT)提出了一种基于预览和跟踪控制器的可扩展级联模块化路径跟随控制策略, 通过阻尼调整因子和时滞稳定因子提高控制精确性 [ 7 - 8 ] 。WANG 等提出了一种基于分层框架的路径跟踪策略, 实现可重构的控制方法 [ 9 ]
除此以外, 有人驾驶模式也是需要重点关注的研究内容, 因为在当前的技术水平下, 虚拟轨道列车运行在复杂城市道路中, 在个别工况下仍需要人工驾驶的介入 [ 10 ] ,且其控制方式与无人驾驶模式存在区别。但目前有关有人驾驶仿真的研究还主要集中在传统汽车领域 [ 11 - 12 ] ,还没有特别针对虚拟轨道列车的仿真研究, 影响了虚拟轨道列车的推广应用。
针对以上问题, 本文主要的研究内容为: 建立完整的列车动力学模型,研究有人/无人 2 种不同驾驶模式下对应的控制方法, 并开发可视化界面, 构建虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真平台, 实现对虚拟轨道列车不同驾驶模式下的全面仿真。
根据以上对驾驶模式的分析, 首先提出针对虚拟轨道列车混合驾驶模式的驾驶仿真平台总体架构, 采用模块化设计的思想, 如图1所示。 其中, 核心部分是由基于模型预测控制算法(model predictive control, MPC)开发的无人模式下循迹控制算法和有人模式下的由 Logitech 驾驶仿真硬件实现控制输入的驾驶员控制模块。其工作逻辑为:混合驾驶仿真模块从列车动力学模型中获取列车的位置、速度等状态信息,将计算得到的轮胎转角和速度反馈至动力学模型, 实现对列车状态的更新。本文提出的驾驶仿真平台的一大亮点为所有控制参数均使用列车动力学模型进行联合仿真计算,提高了仿真的准确性。
此外, 驾驶可视化模块也从动力学模型中获取列车当前的状态信息, 完成驾驶场景的实时更新。其中, 虚拟轨道列车的三维建模采用 Blender 完成, 驾驶场景可视化则利用 Unreal Engine 开发。 MATLAB 和 SIMPACK 间采用 SIMAT 联合仿真模块进行数据交互, 而 MATLAB 和 Unreal Engine 间的列车状态信息更新则是利用 Mathwork 的联合开发功能予以实现。
本文研究对象为 3 模块 6 轴架构形式的虚拟轨道列车, 其主要参数见表1
基于达朗贝尔原理,构建 7 个自由度虚拟轨道列车整车动力学微分方程。列车车体的浮沉运动微分方程为
$ {m}_{b1}{\ddot{z}}_{b1} + {C}_{s1}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t1} - {\dot{z}}_{b2}l - {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ {k}_{s1}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t1} - {z}_{b2}l - {z}_{b3}d}\right) + {C}_{s2}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t2} + {\dot{z}}_{b2}l - {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ {k}_{s2}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t2} + {z}_{b2}l - {z}_{b3}d}\right) + {C}_{s3}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t3} - {\dot{z}}_{b2}l + {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ {k}_{s3}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t3} - {z}_{b2}l + {z}_{b3}d}\right) + {C}_{s4}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t4} + {\dot{z}}_{b2}l + {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ {k}_{s4}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t4} + {z}_{b2}l + {z}_{b3}d}\right) = 0 $
式中,
车体点头运动微分方程为
$ {m}_{b2}{\ddot{z}}_{b2} - l{C}_{s1}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t1} - {\dot{z}}_{b2}l - {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ l{k}_{s1}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t1} - {z}_{b2}l - {z}_{b3}d}\right) + l{C}_{s2}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t2} + {\dot{z}}_{b2}l - {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ l{k}_{s2}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t2} + {z}_{b2}l - {z}_{b3}d}\right) - l{C}_{s3}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t3} - {\dot{z}}_{b2}l + {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ l{k}_{s3}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t3} - {z}_{b2}l + {z}_{b3}d}\right) + l{C}_{s4}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t4} + {\dot{z}}_{b2}l + {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ l{k}_{s4}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t4} + {z}_{b2}l + {z}_{b3}d}\right) = 0 $
车体侧滚运动微分方程为
$ {m}_{b3}{\ddot{z}}_{b} - d{C}_{s1}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t1} - {\dot{z}}_{b2}l - {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ d{k}_{s1}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t1} - {z}_{b2}l - {z}_{b3}d}\right) - d{C}_{s2}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t2} + {\dot{z}}_{b2}l - {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ d{k}_{s2}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t2} + {z}_{b2}l - {z}_{b3}d}\right) + d{C}_{s3}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t3} - {\dot{z}}_{b2}l + {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ d{k}_{s3}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t3} - {z}_{b2}l + {z}_{b3}d}\right) + d{C}_{s4}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t4} + {\dot{z}}_{b2}l + {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) + \\ d{k}_{s4}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t4} + {z}_{b2}l + {z}_{b3}d}\right) = 0 $
单节车厢上车轮垂向振动微分方程为
$ {m}_{ti}{\ddot{z}}_{ti} - {C}_{si}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{b1} - {\dot{z}}_{t1} - {\dot{z}}_{b2}l - {\dot{z}}_{b3}d}\right) - $
$ {k}_{si}\left( {{z}_{b1} - {z}_{t1} - {z}_{b2}l - {z}_{b3}d}\right) + {F}_{ti} = 0\;i = 1,2,3,4 $
式中, $i$$1\text{、}2\text{、}3\text{、}4$ 时分别表示列车右前轮、右后轮、左前轮和左后轮; ${m}_{b1},{m}_{b2}$${m}_{b3}$ 分别为车体绕 $x$ , $y, z$ 轴的转动惯量; ${m}_{ti}$ 为第 1 辆列车上 $i$ 车轮的质量; ${z}_{b1},{z}_{b2}$${z}_{b3}$ 表示列车车体浮沉位移、点头位移、侧滚位移; ${z}_{ti}$$i$ 车轮的垂向位移; ${c}_{si}$$i$ 车轮的二系阻尼参数; ${k}_{si}$$i$ 车轮的二系弹簧刚度参数; $d$ 为轮距的一半; $l$ 为车体质心与前后轴的距离; ${F}_{ti}$$i$ 车轮-道路耦合动态作用力。
车体间的纵向、横向和垂向动力学方程为
$ \left\{ {\begin{matrix} {F}_{\mathrm{x}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{j}\left( {j + 1}\right) } = {K}_{\mathrm{{cx}}}\left( {{X}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{j}1} - {X}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{j}} - 2{L}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}}\right) + {C}_{\mathrm{{cx}}}\left( {{\dot{X}}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{j}1} - {\dot{X}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{j}}}\right) \\ {F}_{\mathrm{y}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{j}\left( {j + 1}\right) } = {K}_{\mathrm{{cy}}}\left\lbrack {{Y}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{j}1} - {Y}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{j}} - {L}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\left( {{z}_{\mathrm{b}2} + {z}_{\mathrm{b}2\left( {j + 1}\right) }}\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ {C}_{\mathrm{{cy}}}\left\lbrack {{\dot{Y}}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{j}} - {\dot{Y}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{j}} - {L}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\left( {{\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{b}2} + {\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{b}2\left( {j + 1}\right) }}\right) }\right\rbrack \\ {F}_{\mathrm{z}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{j}\left( {j + 1}\right) } = {K}_{\mathrm{{cz}}}\left\lbrack {{Z}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{j}} - {Z}_{\mathrm{{cj}}} - {L}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\left( {{z}_{\mathrm{b}3} + {z}_{\mathrm{b}3\left( {j + 1}\right) }}\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ {C}_{\mathrm{{cy}}}\left\lbrack {{\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{j}} - {\dot{Z}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{j}} - {L}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\left( {{z}_{\mathrm{a}3\mathrm{\;j}} + {\dot{z}}_{\mathrm{a}3\mathrm{\;j}} + {z}_{\mathrm{a}3\mathrm{\;j}} + {z}_{\mathrm{b}3\left( {j + 1}\right) }}\right) }\right\rbrack + \\ \end{matrix}\;j = 1,2}\right. $
(5)式中, ${F}_{x\mathrm{{ca}}},{F}_{y\mathrm{{ca}}}$${F}_{z\mathrm{{ca}}}$ 分别为车间纵向、横向和垂向力; ${K}_{\mathrm{c}x},{K}_{\mathrm{c}y}$${K}_{\mathrm{c}z}$ 分别为车间纵向、横向、垂向刚度参数; ${C}_{\mathrm{c}x},{C}_{\mathrm{c}y}$${C}_{\mathrm{c}z}$ 分别为车间纵向、横向、垂向阻尼参数; ${L}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}$ 为相邻 2 节车质心间距离的一半; ${X}_{\mathrm{w}},{Y}_{\mathrm{w}}$${Z}_{\mathrm{w}}$ 分别为轮胎的纵向、横向和垂向位移; ${X}_{\mathrm{c}},{Y}_{\mathrm{c}}$${Z}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为车体的纵向、横向和垂向位移。
根据以上列车结构参数和动力学微分方程, 在 SIMPACK 软件中构建出虚拟轨道列车动力学模型。 SIMPACK 可以自动生成每个物体和关节相应的运动微分方程。之后, SIMPACK 采用数值积分方法求解运动微分方程, 从而进一步计算系统的动力学性能指标。 列车动力学模型如图2所示。
模型预测控制算法的开发采用简化的虚拟轨道列车运动学模型, 如图3所示, 且不考虑轮胎因受力而引起的侧偏。
本文主要讨论第 1 根轴的转角控制方法, 其余轴则采用列车的多轴液压转向控制系统进行跟随控制, 不在本文的讨论范围之内 [ 13 - 14 ] ,而这种跟随转向控制方法已被先前的研究证明是有效的。参考文献[ 14 ]中给出了一种具体的多轴跟随控制方法, 基于不同轴与首轴间的距离对各轴实行跟随控制, 可以有效控制列车通过预定曲线 [ 14 ] 。相关解释可参考文献[ 14 - 15 ]。
根据图中几何关系, 可推导得到列车运动学方程
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \dot{X} = V\cos \left( {\psi + \beta }\right) \\ \dot{Y} = V\sin \left( {\psi + \beta }\right) \\ \dot{\psi } = \frac{V\cos \beta }{{l}_{\mathrm{B}} + {l}_{\mathrm{R}}}\left( {\tan {\delta }_{\mathrm{F}} - \tan {\delta }_{\mathrm{R}}}\right) \end{array}\right. $
其中,
$ \beta = \arctan \left( \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{F}}\tan {\delta }_{\mathrm{R}} - {l}_{\mathrm{R}}\tan {\delta }_{\mathrm{F}}}{{l}_{\mathrm{F}} + {l}_{\mathrm{R}}}\right) $
式中, $V$ 表示车体质心处速度, ${l}_{F}$ 表示车体前轴到车体质心距离, ${l}_{R}$ 表示车体后轴到车体质心距离, ${\delta }_{F}$ 表示前轴转角, ${\delta }_{R}$ 表示后轴转角, $\psi$ 代表车辆的横摆角; $\beta$ 代表车辆质心侧偏角。
定义列车状态量 $\chi = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} X \\ Y \\ \psi \end{array}\right\rbrack$ ,控制量 $u = \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l} V \\ {\delta }_{F} \end{array}\right\rbrack$ ,二者关系可表达为
$ \dot{\chi } = f\left( {\chi , u}\right) $
同理, 对于虚拟轨道列车在参考点处状态也可表达为类似的形式
$ {\dot{\chi }}_{\text{ref }} = f\left( {{\chi }_{\text{ref }},{u}_{\text{ref }}}\right) $
将式(7)在参考点处进行泰勒展开, 忽略高阶项, 并与式(8)相减, 得到
$ \dot{\widetilde{\chi }}\left( k\right) = A\widetilde{\chi }\left( k\right) + B\widetilde{u}\left( k\right) $
其中,
$ A = \frac{\partial f\left( {\chi , u}\right) }{\partial \chi } = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 & 0 & - {V}_{\text{ref }}\sin \left( {{\psi }_{\text{ref }} + \beta }\right) \\ 0 & 0 & {V}_{\text{ref }}\cos \left( {{\psi }_{\text{ref }} + \beta }\right) \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\ B = \frac{\partial f\left( {\chi , u}\right) }{\partial u} = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} \cos \left( {{\psi }_{ref} + \beta }\right) & 0 \\ \sin \left( {{\psi }_{ref} + \beta }\right) & 0 \\ \frac{\cos \beta }{{l}_{F} + {l}_{R}}\left( {\tan {\delta }_{ref} - \tan {\delta }_{R}}\right) \frac{{V}_{ref}\cos \beta }{\left( {{l}_{F} + {l}_{R}}\right) {\cos }^{2}{\delta }_{ref}} & \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中, ${\chi }_{\text{ref }}$ 表示参考点处列车状态, ${u}_{\text{ref }}$ 表示参考点处控制输入, ${V}_{ref}$ 表示参考点处车体速度, ${\psi }_{ref}$ 表示参考点处车体横摆角, $k$ 表示 $k$ 时刻, $\widetilde{A} = {TA} + I, p$ 表示预测时域。
对式(9)进行离散化处理, 可得
$ \widetilde{\chi }\left( {k + 1}\right) = \left( {{TA} + I}\right) \widetilde{\chi }\left( k\right) + {TB}\widetilde{u}\left( k\right) = \widetilde{A}\widetilde{\chi }\left( k\right) + \widetilde{B}\widetilde{u}\left( k\right) $
式中, $\mathbf{I}$ 为单位矩阵; $T$ 为离散时间间隔。 由式(10)可得任意时刻的列车状态表达式
$ \widetilde{\chi }\left( {k + p}\right) = {\widetilde{A}}^{p}\widetilde{\chi }\left( k\right) + {\widetilde{A}}^{p - 1}\widetilde{B}\widetilde{u}\left( k\right) + \cdots \cdots + $
$ \widetilde{A}\widetilde{B}\widetilde{u}\left( {k + p - 2}\right) + \widetilde{B}\widetilde{u}\left( {k + p - 1}\right) $
将各个时刻的状态表达式写为紧凑的矩阵形式, 即
$ \left( \begin{matrix} \widetilde{\chi }\left( {k + 1}\right) \\ \vdots \\ \widetilde{\chi }\left( {k + p}\right) \end{matrix}\right) = \left( \begin{matrix} \widetilde{A} \\ \vdots \\ {\widetilde{A}}^{p} \end{matrix}\right) \widetilde{\chi }\left( k\right) + \left( \begin{matrix} \widetilde{B} & 0 & \ldots & 0 \\ \widetilde{A}\widetilde{B} & \widetilde{B} & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ {\widetilde{A}}^{p - 1}\widetilde{B} & {\widetilde{A}}^{p - 2}\widetilde{B} & \cdots & \widetilde{B} \end{matrix}\right) \left( \begin{matrix} \widetilde{u}\left( k\right) \\ \vdots \\ \widetilde{u}\left( {k + p}\right) \end{matrix}\right) \\ = \Psi \widetilde{\chi }\left( k\right) + {\theta U}\left( k\right) $
$\mathbf{Z} = \left( \begin{matrix} \widetilde{\chi }\left( {k + 1}\right) \\ \vdots \\ \widetilde{\chi }\left( {k + p}\right) \end{matrix}\right)$ ,为了使虚拟轨道列车可以合理准确跟随目标路径, 设计考虑状态偏差和控制增量的目标函数
$ J = {\mathbf{Z}}^{\mathrm{T}}Q\mathbf{Z} + {U}^{\mathrm{T}}{RU} $
式中: $Q$$R$ 为权重矩阵。
联立式(12)和式(13),化简为二次规划标准形式, 即
$ J = \widetilde{\chi }{\left( k\right) }^{\mathrm{T}}{\Psi }^{\mathrm{T}}{Q\Psi }\widetilde{\chi }\left( k\right) + 2\widetilde{\chi }{\left( k\right) }^{\mathrm{T}}{\Psi }^{\mathrm{T}}{Q\theta U}\left( k\right) + $
$ U{\left( k\right) }^{\mathrm{T}}\left( {{\theta }^{\mathrm{T}}{Q\theta } + R}\right) U\left( k\right) $
可得最优控制序列
$ U{\left( k\right) }^{ * } = {\left( \begin{matrix} \widetilde{u}{\left( k\right) }^{ * } \\ \vdots \\ \widetilde{u}{\left( k + p\right) }^{ * } \end{matrix}\right) }_{p \times 1} $
将以上最优控制序列中的第 1 个元素通过 SIMAT 联合仿真接口传递至 SIMPACK 中的列车动力学模型进行计算, 得到列车状态反馈。在随后的控制循环中重复该过程, 如式(16), 从而实现利用模型预测控制算法对虚拟轨道列车进行循迹控制。
$ u\left( k\right) = u\left( {k - 1}\right) + \widetilde{u}{\left( k\right) }^{ * } $
在驾驶员控制的有人驾驶模式下,虚拟轨道列车驾驶系统的基本控制原理为司机通过观察地面上的轨迹标识线调整方向盘, 使得车辆第 1 轴沿轨迹标识线路径行驶,而第 $2 \sim 5$ 轴的中心点按照同样的轨迹路径跟随第 1 轴行驶, 确保整辆车按预定轨迹行驶。
与传统车辆的有人驾驶模式相比,虚拟轨道列车可依靠标识线在明确的路径上行驶, 其路径是预先规划好的, 具有一定的固定性和可预测性。这种约束类似于传统有轨电车系统, 使其在运行中表现出类似于轨道交通的高效性和稳定性; 而普通人工自由驾驶车辆的行驶路径是灵活和动态的, 没有固定的路线, 司机完全依靠自身判断决定行驶路线。
基于虚拟轨道列车的行驶特点, 本文采用如图4所示的 Logitech G29 驾驶器仿真硬件, 用于仿真驾驶员对第 1 根轴转角和加减速的输入控制量, 其余轴采取跟随转向的控制方式。
驾驶员控制模块的主要开发过程如下:首先将驾驶器硬件通过 SIMULINK 中的 G29 Steering Wheel 连接至控制模块, 并进行信号标定以确认对应的通信接口。随后, 根据文献[ 10 ]中的技术规范及仿真需求, 设置方向盘左右转角和油门、刹车的比例系数, 从而实现对列车的控制。最后,将对应的控制信号传递至车体动力学模型上预留的数据接口。
车体动力学模块在接收到来自驾驶器硬件的信号后, 将以上控制输入, 结合车体动力学模型进行实时计算, 输出车体位置、速度等信息, 实现对列车第 1 轴的转向控制和对速度的控制。其余轴则采用和无人驾驶模式中一样的方式进行跟随。
此外, 为了模仿真实的驾驶情况, 本文开发的驾驶仿真平台设置了信号互锁功能, 即当检测到驾驶器硬件所代表的驾驶员控制信号输入时, 无人驾驶模式下的 MPC 控制就会自动停止向动力学模块发送控制信号,从而实现驾驶模式间的自动切换。
为了全面仿真虚拟轨道列车运行的真实情况, 本文使用 Unreal Engine 和 SIMULINK 联合开发功能, 开发虚拟轨道列车驾驶可视化界面。
利用 Blender 建立虚拟轨道列车的三维模型, 如图5所示。该模型是按照本文研究的 3 辆编组虚拟轨道列车结构进行建模的。为了保证运算速度和减小模型复杂度, 没有建立转向架、受电弓等较为复杂的构件, 并使用 Blender 自带的素材库自动生成部分车体细节, 提高建模效率。
在 Blender 中建立车体模型后, 通过 MATLAB 的联合开发功能将模型作为骨架网格导入到 Unreal Engine 中, 在 Unreal Engine 中为其分配骨骼属性, 本平台采用 SK_PassengenerVehicle_Skeleton 这一属性,得到的分配骨骼属性后的列车模型如图6所示。
基于 MATLAB&SIMULINK 自动驾驶工具箱中提供的协同仿真框架, 实现 Unreal Engine 和 MATLAB 间的共同仿真, 并从动力学模型中获取列车状态信息进行实时更新。可视化模块中的车体模型只负责完成驾驶场景的可视化, 动力学计算全部在 SIMPACK 中完成。因此, Unreal Engine 只接受动力学模块输出的第 1 辆车的车体状态信息(车体位置、车体横摆角等)S 以进行可视化, 忽略后 2 辆车的信息。仿真的结果表明, 采用此种省略算法不会对平台的实用性造成影响。
这一协同仿真框架可以在运行控制模块进行建模仿真的同时可视化其驾驶过程。可视化引擎采用 Epic Games 开发的 Unreal Engine 4.26, 并设置车顶、车右侧和车头 3 个方位的可视化视角, 如图7所示, 可以在仿真过程中实时查看列车周围环境和运行情况。
基于开发的驾驶仿真平台, 对虚拟轨道列车进行驾驶仿真, 验证平台对于列车驾驶仿真的准确性。分为无人驾驶模式仿真和有人驾驶模式仿真 2 个部分。研究指标为: 不同控制方式下虚拟轨道列车经过 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ 半径曲线的横向偏差(以各辆车前轴中心为参考点)、轮胎转角和各辆车间铰接角。列车初始速度设置为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ , 负载工况为 AW2。
图8为在无人驾驶模式下使用模型预测控制算法得到的虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真结果。由图8可见, 最大横向偏差出现在第 3 轴,为 ${0.205}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 而轮胎转角的变化较为一致,在过曲线时保持在 $\pm {0.15}\mathrm{{rad}}$ (左转为正, 右转为负), 保证了较好的驾驶平稳性; 车间铰接角的最大绝对值为 ${0.349}\mathrm{{rad}}$ ,变化较为平稳,说明列车运行状态比较稳定。根据仿真结果, 可以证明本文开发的驾驶仿真平台可以较好地实现对无人驾驶模式的仿真, 达到了预期的效果。
图9给出了本文开发的驾驶仿真平台对于有人驾驶模式下循迹横向误差、轮胎转角及车间铰接角的仿真结果。从仿真结果可以看出, 本文开发的驾驶平台也可以较好地完成对于列车有人驾驶情况下的仿真研究, 达到了预期的效果; 有人驾驶模式下的横向偏差较无人模式下并没有出现明显的增加, 最大值依旧为 ${0.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,证明有人模式的仿真可以控制列车沿预定路径行驶; 轮胎转角和车间铰接角的变化范围也与无人驾驶模式下基本保持一致, 最大绝对值为 0.309 rad, 波动频次较无人驾驶模式略有上升, 但总体保持平稳, 验证了驾驶平台仿真的有效性。
值得注意的是, 在有人驾驶的仿真中, 轮胎转角的变化相较无人驾驶模式出现了更多的微调。经过分析研究, 课题组认为这主要由两方面原因引起的, 硬件输入存在的时延会导致各轴的转向响应速度和跟踪精度有所降低, 因此需要更为频繁的调整; 在真实的驾驶场景中, 有人驾驶模式也会因为驾驶员的反应时间、 环境感知能力不同而比自动驾驶模式更为频繁地调整轮胎转角等控制参数。这一差异也凸显了本文开发的驾驶仿真平台对于研究虚拟轨道列车行驶表现的重要性。
本文提出的虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真平台可以通过对比分析全面评估虚拟轨道列车不同驾驶模式的优缺点。在无人驾驶模式下, 仿真平台能够详细记录无人驾驶模式下每个转弯和直线路段的轨迹数据, 帮助研究人员分析其控制算法精度和稳定性; 在有人模式下, 其驾驶方式的灵活性和响应速度与控制算法均有所不同, 同时司机的操作会引入更多的变量, 导致轨迹可能更为灵活和多样。通过仿真平台, 可以记录和分析不同司机操作下的轨迹差异, 评估人为因素对列车运行的影响。
通过仿真平台的模拟, 可以预先发现和解决在实际应用中可能遇到的问题。例如, 某些路径可能对无人驾驶模式提出更高的要求, 而有人驾驶模式在特定情况下(如紧急避让、绕行等)可能更有效,这些结论可以为工程技术人员优化控制算法和开展驾驶培训提供参考, 提高不同驾驶模式下的整体运行效率和安全性, 从而可以更为全面地帮助研究人员计算分析虚拟轨道列车在不同驾驶模式下的运行情况和不同参数表现, 而不仅仅局限于对循迹算法控制下的虚拟轨道列车行驶研究,拓宽了研究的深度和广度。
针对虚拟轨道列车的无人驾驶仿真已经取得了许多成果, 但针对有人驾驶模式的仿真研究尚未取得明显进展, 也没有开发结合 2 种不同模式的驾驶仿真平台。基于此, 本文开发虚拟轨道列车动力学模型, 针对虚拟轨道列车开发模型预测控制算法和驾驶员输入仿真模块, 并建立可视化界面, 构成可以综合仿真虚拟轨道列车不同运行模式的驾驶仿真平台, 填补了相关研究的空缺。研究结果表明, 利用本文所开发的驾驶仿真平台可以有效仿真无人、有人 2 种不同驾驶模式下的虚拟轨道列车行驶情况, 各项参数均在合理区间内变化,验证了开发平台的有效性和准确性。本文开发的驾驶仿真平台对于研究虚拟轨道列车的行驶表现有一定的工程价值, 对于进一步推广虚拟轨道列车在我国的商业应用也具有重大意义。未来, 本课题组还将继续进行相关研究, 构建更为完善的虚拟轨道列车驾驶仿真体系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52275124)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.005
  • 接收时间:2024-03-19
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-19
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
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国家自然科学基金(52275124)
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    同济大学 铁道与城市轨道交通研究院 上海 201804
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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