Article(id=1149729528735510896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723478400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-13, revisedDate=1735747200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046480592, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1748707200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046480592, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046480592, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046480592, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729526025994706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='161', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479946, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780086246, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000797948039291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000797948039292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729526025994706, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729528920060280, articleId=1149729528735510896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Scope of Control and Protection Areas for Urban Rail Transit in Karst Regions, columnId=1152669335454658940, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Academic Discussion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A specific adjustment plan for the control and protection areas in karst region was proposed in response to the problem that the degree of expansion of the control and protection areas for urban rail transit in karst geology was unclear. Starting from the mechanism of karst adverse geology affecting the safety of existing structures, through the study of guiding industry standards and the mechanism of karst ground collapse, three important indicators of the scope of control and protection areas for urban rail transit in karst region were determined: the scope of influence of external operations, the scope of influence of karst ground collapse and the scope of susceptibility to influence of existing urban rail transit structures. Based on geometric analysis, the maximum scope where the existing urban rail structure suffered a safety risk caused by karst ground collapsekarst, which is induced by external operations, is determined. This maximum scope is adopted as the scope of the control and protection areas in the karst region. Finally, the control and protected areas scope calculation models of metro station and interval tunnels in two typical karst geological conditions are proposed. Calculations were carried out on Shenzhen Rail Transit Line 16 as an example, and the results can provide a reference for the operation and management of urban rail transit projects in Shenzhen and other karst regions.

, correspAuthors=Gang LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhihui YANG, Gang LEI, Shuangtian CHENG, Jiankai HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149729551309255074, articleId=1149729528735510896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区范围研究, columnId=1152669335668568445, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=学术探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对岩溶地质城市轨道交通控制保护区范围扩大程度不明确的问题,提出岩溶区域控制保护区具体调整方案。从岩溶不良地质影响既有结构安全的机理出发,通过对指导性行业标准和岩溶地面塌陷机理研究,确定岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区范围的3个重要指标:外部作业影响范围、岩溶地面塌陷影响范围和既有城市轨道交通结构易受影响范围。通过几何分析,确定外部作业诱发岩溶地面塌陷进而引发既有城轨结构安全风险的极限范围,这一范围即为岩溶区控制保护区范围。最终提出两种典型岩溶地质条件下明挖车站与盾构区间的控制保护区范围计算模型,并以深圳市轨道交通16号线为例进行计算,计算结果可以为深圳及其他岩溶区域城市轨道交通项目的运营管理提供参考。

, correspAuthors=雷刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
雷刚,男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地下结构研究,
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杨沚蕙,女,硕士,工程师,主要从事城市轨道交通研究,

男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地下结构研究

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影响分区 外部作业工程 接近程度
非常接近 接近 较接近 不接近
强烈影响区 特级 特级 一级 二级
显著影响区 特级 一级 二级 三级
一般影响区 一级 二级 三级 四级
), ArticleFig(id=1154050877171163980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729528735510896, language=CN, label=表1, caption=外部作业影响等级划分[12], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响分区 外部作业工程 接近程度
非常接近 接近 较接近 不接近
强烈影响区 特级 特级 一级 二级
显著影响区 特级 一级 二级 三级
一般影响区 一级 二级 三级 四级
), ArticleFig(id=1154050877250855759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729528735510896, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Calculation results of control and protect areas in karst areas with clay covers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地铁结构类型 区间/站点位置 覆盖层情况 区间隧道 外径 基坑开挖 深度 土洞宽度 外部作业 基坑深度 安保区范围/m
隧道 大运北站-龙城中路站 30-2-3 强风化砂岩 6.2 - 10 15 <50
龙南站-坪山站 东纵站-新屋站 8-5-3 含砾粉质黏土 6.2 - 10 15 <50
田头站-田心站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 6.2 - 10 15 <50
车站 龙城西站 8-5-3 含砾粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
回龙埔站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 16 10 15 57
回龙埔站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
龙城中路站 6-1-3 粉质黏土 - 18 10 15 61
龙南站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
龙东村站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 18 10 15 61
同乐村站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 18 10 15 61
东纵站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
), ArticleFig(id=1154050877326353233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729528735510896, language=CN, label=表2, caption=黏性土覆盖层岩溶区域地铁控制保护区计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地铁结构类型 区间/站点位置 覆盖层情况 区间隧道 外径 基坑开挖 深度 土洞宽度 外部作业 基坑深度 安保区范围/m
隧道 大运北站-龙城中路站 30-2-3 强风化砂岩 6.2 - 10 15 <50
龙南站-坪山站 东纵站-新屋站 8-5-3 含砾粉质黏土 6.2 - 10 15 <50
田头站-田心站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 6.2 - 10 15 <50
车站 龙城西站 8-5-3 含砾粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
回龙埔站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 16 10 15 57
回龙埔站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
龙城中路站 6-1-3 粉质黏土 - 18 10 15 61
龙南站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
龙东村站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 18 10 15 61
同乐村站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 18 10 15 61
东纵站 8-3-3 粉质黏土 - 17 10 15 59
), ArticleFig(id=1154050877418627924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729528735510896, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Calculation results of control and protect areas in karst areas with sandy cover layers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地铁结构 类型 区间/站点位置 覆盖层情况 区间隧道 外径 基坑开挖 深度 内摩 擦角 隧道中心至土岩结合面 距离 /覆盖层厚度 外部作业基坑 深度 安保区 范围/m
隧道 龙平站-双龙站 5-3-2 中粗砂 6.2 - 30 10 15 72.6
双龙站-龙南站 6-3-2 中粗砂 6.2 - 30 6 15 65.7
龙东村站-同乐村站 6-3-2 中粗砂 6.2 - 30 13 15 77.8
车站 双龙站 5-3-2 中粗砂 - 12 18 30 15 70
), ArticleFig(id=1154050877477348182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729528735510896, language=CN, label=表3, caption=砂性土覆盖层岩溶区域地铁控制保护区计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
地铁结构 类型 区间/站点位置 覆盖层情况 区间隧道 外径 基坑开挖 深度 内摩 擦角 隧道中心至土岩结合面 距离 /覆盖层厚度 外部作业基坑 深度 安保区 范围/m
隧道 龙平站-双龙站 5-3-2 中粗砂 6.2 - 30 10 15 72.6
双龙站-龙南站 6-3-2 中粗砂 6.2 - 30 6 15 65.7
龙东村站-同乐村站 6-3-2 中粗砂 6.2 - 30 13 15 77.8
车站 双龙站 5-3-2 中粗砂 - 12 18 30 15 70
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岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区范围研究
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杨沚蕙 1 , 雷刚 1 , 成双田 1 , 何建凯 2
都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2025,38(3): 54-60
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都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2025, 38(3): 54-60
岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区范围研究
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杨沚蕙1 , 雷刚1 , 成双田1, 何建凯2
作者信息
  • 1 北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100037
  • 2 北京城建勘测设计研究院有限责任公司 北京 100101
  • 杨沚蕙,女,硕士,工程师,主要从事城市轨道交通研究,

    男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地下结构研究

通讯作者:

雷刚,男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地下结构研究,
Scope of Control and Protection Areas for Urban Rail Transit in Karst Regions
Zhihui YANG1 , Gang LEI1 , Shuangtian CHENG1, Jiankai HE2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co., Ltd. Beijing 100037
  • 2 Beijing Urban Construction Exploration & Surveying Design Research Institute Co., Ltd. Beijing 100101
出版时间: 2025-06-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.008
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针对岩溶地质城市轨道交通控制保护区范围扩大程度不明确的问题,提出岩溶区域控制保护区具体调整方案。从岩溶不良地质影响既有结构安全的机理出发,通过对指导性行业标准和岩溶地面塌陷机理研究,确定岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区范围的3个重要指标:外部作业影响范围、岩溶地面塌陷影响范围和既有城市轨道交通结构易受影响范围。通过几何分析,确定外部作业诱发岩溶地面塌陷进而引发既有城轨结构安全风险的极限范围,这一范围即为岩溶区控制保护区范围。最终提出两种典型岩溶地质条件下明挖车站与盾构区间的控制保护区范围计算模型,并以深圳市轨道交通16号线为例进行计算,计算结果可以为深圳及其他岩溶区域城市轨道交通项目的运营管理提供参考。

城市轨道交通  /  控制保护区  /  岩溶  /  岩溶地面塌陷  /  运营管理

A specific adjustment plan for the control and protection areas in karst region was proposed in response to the problem that the degree of expansion of the control and protection areas for urban rail transit in karst geology was unclear. Starting from the mechanism of karst adverse geology affecting the safety of existing structures, through the study of guiding industry standards and the mechanism of karst ground collapse, three important indicators of the scope of control and protection areas for urban rail transit in karst region were determined: the scope of influence of external operations, the scope of influence of karst ground collapse and the scope of susceptibility to influence of existing urban rail transit structures. Based on geometric analysis, the maximum scope where the existing urban rail structure suffered a safety risk caused by karst ground collapsekarst, which is induced by external operations, is determined. This maximum scope is adopted as the scope of the control and protection areas in the karst region. Finally, the control and protected areas scope calculation models of metro station and interval tunnels in two typical karst geological conditions are proposed. Calculations were carried out on Shenzhen Rail Transit Line 16 as an example, and the results can provide a reference for the operation and management of urban rail transit projects in Shenzhen and other karst regions.

urban rail transit  /  control and protection areas  /  karst regions  /  karst ground collapse  /  operations management
杨沚蕙, 雷刚, 成双田, 何建凯. 岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区范围研究. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (3) : 54 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.008
Zhihui YANG, Gang LEI, Shuangtian CHENG, Jiankai HE. Scope of Control and Protection Areas for Urban Rail Transit in Karst Regions[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (3) : 54 -60 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.008
岩溶是一种常见的不良工程地质, 特别是覆盖型岩溶区域, 前期具有风险隐蔽的特点, 一旦发生岩溶地面塌陷, 又往往具有突发、高危的特点, 极易对地下结构造成毁灭性的破坏, 给我国的城市轨道交通建设带来了挑战。深圳市是岩溶区城轨建设代表城市之一,其东北部的龙岗、坪山和大鹏(葵涌)等区域分布有可溶岩, 且以龙岗区发育最强, 属于岩溶塌陷多发区。根据深圳市 2016-2035 年线网规划及岩溶大致分布范围, 有多条既有、在建或规划线路穿过岩溶区。 如 2022 年底开通的深圳市轨道交通 16 号线工程, 岩溶线路长约 ${13.3}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,涉及 23 个工点,田心车辆段岩溶强烈发育范围约15.2万 ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,如图1所示。
随着城市轨道交通的大规模建设, 大量学者针对岩溶不良地质条件下城轨建设进行了研究。苏茂鑫等 [1] 提出针对岩溶地质地铁隧道建设的洞内雷达加洞外高密度电法与雷达法相结合的综合预报方法; 蒋磊等 [2] 针对复杂岩溶地层特殊地质条件,考虑水下高水压等因素影响,对地铁盾构选型进行研究; 邓忠等 [3] 对覆盖型岩溶区盾构工程风险成因、地质预报手段进行分析总结, 并提出不同灾害对应的处理对策; 温忠义等 [4] 针对岩溶区地铁不均匀沉降问题,研究对地铁隧道下方溶洞灌浆提升地基承载力的关键技术, 并提出了注浆量和溶(土)洞体积的经验关系;Sun 等 [5] 提出一种包含频率与后果两个维度和四种概率模型的二维云模型来量化岩溶区地铁隧道建设风险等级;TAO 等 [6] 基于现场监测数据分析岩溶区隧道近距离下穿既有结构的施工影响;PENG [7] 和YANG [8] 等分别基于深圳、广州的项目研究岩溶区地铁深基坑涌水的原因与危害。部分学者也针对隐伏岩溶对运营阶段城轨结构的安全展开了研究 [9 - 10] ,但这些研究主要是针对运营隧道内列车动荷载导致的具体岩溶与既有结构之间的相互作用和力学响应。实际在地铁建设过程中, 沿线周边范围内的溶(土)洞都进行了填充加固处理。因此, 沿线周边岩溶引发运营期城轨结构风险的可能性较小, 一种更普遍的情况是外部工程作业引起沿线较远处的岩溶灾害进而危害城轨结构安全。吴晟堂等 [11] 以深圳市 3 个岩溶地面塌陷事件为例, 通过半定量方法得到了岩溶地下工程地质环境影响范围计算经验公式, 但这种方法主要是针对地质灾害影响范围, 没有考虑既有结构本身抗风险能力。为了进一步提升深圳地铁运营管理技术水平, 确保岩溶区轨道交通周边工程施工对既有线路运营安全风险可控, 开展岩溶地质条件下的安全保护区范围研究是迫切和必要的。
城市轨道交通控制保护区(也称 “安全保护区” ) 通常指为保护城市轨道交通结构的正常使用和安全, 在其结构及周边设置的控制和保护区域。行业标准《城市轨道交通结构安全保护技术规范》(CJJ/T 202-2013) [12] 针对不同的城轨结构分别提出了 ${50}\text{、}{30}\text{、}{10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的要求, 但以上要求均为一般条件下(非岩溶地质)的控制保护区要求。岩溶是一种典型的不良地质, 因此, 在条文说明中提到对于特殊工程地质条件应适当扩大城市轨道交通控制保护区范围。
然而目前对于控制保护区具体如何扩大的问题缺少定量的方法, 因此, 在实际执行过程中缺乏可操作性。城市轨道交通控制保护区是一种城市管理手段。 太小的控制保护区范围不利于城轨结构安全的保障, 过大的控制保护区范围不利于城轨沿线的开发建设。 因而亟须一种可量化的、在保证安全基础上最大限度保证沿线开发建设效率的控制保护区计算方法。本文从岩溶地面塌陷的机理出发, 结合规范要求, 分析外部作业、岩溶、既有结构之间的关系, 提出一种具有实操性的岩溶区域城市轨道交通地铁安全保护区计算方法, 为岩溶区地铁运营管理提供参考。
如前所述城市轨道交通控制保护区是一种城市管理手段, 主要是用于确定城轨沿线周边多大范围内新建工程需要报备。考虑到岩溶不良地质与一般地质的主要不同在于: 一般情况下, 新建的外部工程扰动了既有结构周边地层, 进而影响到既有城轨结构运营安全; 而岩溶情况下, 新建的外部工程可能扰动了某一距离既有城轨结构较远的未处理的溶(土)洞周边地层, 引发了岩溶地面塌陷, 岩溶地面塌陷又扰动了既有结构周边的地层, 从而影响到既有城轨结构运营安全。因此, 研究岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区的关键就是研究如何将岩溶地面塌陷的影响在物理力学分析模型中体现出来。
本文从城市轨道交通安全控制要求与岩溶地面塌陷机理两个方面进行分析, 研究如何在城市轨道交通控制保护区计算模型中体现岩溶地面塌陷的影响。
城市轨道交通结构的安全控制要求包括外部作业影响等级、外部作业净距控制管理指标和结构安全控制指标 [12] 。外部作业等级和外部作业净距控制管理指标反映的是外部作业与既有结构之间的空间位置关系,结构安全控制指标是具体安评后的结果指标要求。 外部作业净距控制管理指标一般针对某种施工措施或小型作业, 控制距离较短, 而外部作业等级则是针对大型工程作业, 如基坑工程、隧道工程等, 控制距离较大, 可以作为一种判断是否进行、如何进行评估的管理要求。由于一般地质条件下的控制保护区范围并没有明确的计算方法, 拟参考外部作业等级的确定方法来考虑外部作业诱发岩溶地面塌陷进而引发既有城轨结构安全风险的极限范围。
外部作业影响等级分为特级、一级、二级、三级、 四级共 5 个级别, 只有当外部作业等级为特级、一级时, 才必须进行安全评估;当等级为二级时,宜进行安全评估; 当等级低于二级时,无需进行安全评估,如表1所示 [12]
外部作业等级由外部作业的工程影响分区和既有结构的接近程度决定。这两个指标都是表示对应工程的一个 “范围”,外部作业的工程影响分区表示该工程能影响多大范围的地层, 根据影响大小不同划分为 3 种影响区; 既有结构的接近程度反映的是距离既有结构多远的扰动能对其造成影响, 根据影响程度划分为 4 种接近范围。因此, 规范中一般情况下的外部作业对既有结构造成影响的分析可以抽象为图2(a)所示的模型 (工程影响范围与结构接近范围可以重叠,此处为了表示清楚未表征重叠部分)。
如前所述, 岩溶区的特点是新建工程可能通过引发岩溶地面塌陷间接地对既有结构造成影响。基于外部作业影响等级的划分模型, 在这一模型中纳入岩溶地面塌陷物理模型来研究岩溶区域城市轨道交通控制保护区, 如图2(b)所示。外部工程的影响分区和既有结构的接近范围都与其工程类型有关, 然而外部工程对于运营管理而言是一个非自主控制的变量, 考虑到基坑工程是岩溶区域影响最为显著的外部作业之一, 以基坑工程为例进行分析。
由于本文研究的是外部作业影响到岩溶进而影响既有结构的极限工况, 且外部作业为基坑, “一般影响区+(非常)接近”与“强烈影响区+不接近”的安评组合很难实现。因此, 将显著影响区与一般影响区的分界位置作为外部作业影响到岩溶层的临界位置, 将既有结构较接近与不接近的分界位置作为既有结构受岩溶影响的临界位置, 不会过于保守影响审批效率。
岩溶地面塌陷一般分为 3 种类型, 一是土洞顶板失稳引发的土洞型塌陷, 二是砂颗粒通过岩溶通道漏失引发的沙漏型塌陷, 三是软弱土体沿通道发生流动变形的泥流型地面塌陷 [13] 。针对深圳岩溶区的地质条件,仅考虑沙漏型塌陷 [14] 和土洞型塌陷两种岩溶地面塌陷类型。
图3所示, 沙漏型地面塌陷模型与计时所用的沙钟类似, 一般发生在覆盖层为低黏聚力的砂层岩溶区。
沙漏型塌陷的影响范围可以简化为由岩溶开口边界水平对称向上延伸的两条斜线, 斜线与水平方向的夹角为砂体的内摩擦角 [15]
土洞型塌陷通常发生在覆盖层为黏聚力较高黏性土的岩溶区域, 这种黏性土在发生土颗粒漏失后往往可以自成拱。
图4所示, 由于土洞顶板的破坏形式往往是土洞拱顶土体先发生拉张破坏, 因此其塌陷型式以拱顶中部塌落, 并向上逐步切穿地表, 最终形成坑壁较陡的桶状或坛状塌陷坑 [16] 。土洞型塌陷的影响范围可以比较明确地表示为由土洞外轮廓向上延伸的竖直垂线。
第 2 章通过对行业标准解读和对两种典型岩溶地面塌陷模型研究, 确定了外部作业影响到岩溶层的临界位置、既有结构受岩溶影响的临界位置和岩溶地面塌陷影响范围。按照图2思路, 通过分情况将这些临界位置落在断面图上进行几何分析, 即可获得不同地质条件、不同城轨结构的控制保护区范围计算公式。
区间隧道的接近程度与施工方法有关, 考虑到单线区间施工方法对于控制保护区结果的影响不大,出于简便, 矿山法隧道受岩溶影响的临界位置也遵循盾构、 顶管法隧道的计算方式,取 3 倍等效洞径 $D = 2\sqrt{s/\pi }$ 。 其中, $s$ 为矿山法隧道面积。
由于沙漏型塌陷的诱因一般是外部工程作业影响到岩溶通道开口处覆盖层的稳定性,所以笔者认为当岩溶通道开口处位于外部工程作业的影响区内时, 才会发生沙漏型塌陷。因此, 将外部作业基坑、溶洞、区间隧道落到统一断面上, 其极限情况为基坑影响范围边线与岩溶通道中线重合、沙漏型岩溶地面塌陷影响范围斜线与区间隧道受影响的接近范围恰好相切, 如图5所示。
通过简单的平面几何分析, 此时基坑外边线与既有结构外边线的距离为:
$ L = {3.5D}/\sin \varphi + {H}_{2}/\tan \varphi - {0.5D} + H $
式中, $L$ 即为岩溶区域城轨结构控制保护区范围长度, $\mathrm{m};D$ 为区间隧道等效直径, $\mathrm{m};H$ 为外部作业基坑开挖深度, $\mathrm{m};{H}_{2}$ 为隧道中心到土岩界面的距离, $\mathrm{m}$ ; $\varphi$ 为覆盖砂层的内摩擦角。
由于土洞型塌陷的诱因一般是外部工程作业影响到覆盖层中土洞的稳定性, 所以笔者认为当土洞边界位于外部工程作业的影响区内时, 才会发生土洞型塌陷。 因此, 将外部作业基坑、土洞、区间隧道落到统一断面上, 其极限情况为基坑影响范围边线与土洞影响范围外边线重合、土洞型岩溶地面塌陷影响范围的另一侧边线与区间隧道受影响的接近范围恰好相切, 如图6所示。
此时覆盖层为黏土层的岩溶区域区间隧道控制保护区范围为:
$ L = {3D} + B + H $
式中, $B$ 为土洞跨度, $\mathrm{m}$
车站的接近程度与施工方法有关, 通常需要考虑矿山法车站和明挖、盖挖法车站结构抗风险能力不同。 由于深圳已建站点中没有位于覆盖层中的矿山法车站, 因此, 本文只考虑明挖、盖挖法车站的控制保护区范围计算。
将外部作业基坑、溶洞、既有明挖车站结构落到统一断面上, 其极限情况为基坑影响范围边线与岩溶通道中线重合, 沙漏型岩溶地面塌陷影响范围斜线在最远处与车站受影响的接近范围相交,如图7所示。
此时覆盖层为砂层的岩溶区域地铁车站控制保护区范围为:
$ L = {2h} + \frac{{H}_{1}}{\tan \varphi } + H $
式中, $h$ 为既有明挖车站基坑开挖深度, $\mathrm{m};{H}_{1}$ 为覆盖层厚度, $\mathrm{m}$
将外部作业基坑、土洞、既有明挖车站结构落到统一断面上, 其极限情况为基坑影响范围边线与土洞影响范围外边线重合、土洞型岩溶地面塌陷影响范围的另一侧边线与车站受影响的接近范围重合, 如图8所示。
此时覆盖层为黏土层的岩溶区域地铁车站控制保护区范围为:
$ L = {2h} + B + H $
选取深圳市城市轨道交通 16 号线部分区间及车站进行计算,取外部作业基坑深度为 ${15}\mathrm{\;m}$
根据深圳轨道交通 16 号线勘察结果, 16 号线穿越 “黏性土+可溶岩”类岩溶地质结构的站点为大运站一龙城中路站和田头站一田心站之间的车站及区间, 以及田心车辆段。通过 16 号线等工程勘察揭露, 土洞高度一般小于 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ ,且多在 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 以下。溶洞充填情况无明显规律,大部分无充填,少部分为充填溶洞,主要充填物为粉质黏土, 少量砂砾及角砾状岩块。充填物通常工程性质较差, 黏性土以软塑为主, 砂砾类土以松散为主。根据李勇峰 [17] 在深圳大运中心场地的物探结果, 土洞、溶洞直径在 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 左右,根据钻探结果,未填充土洞基本不超过 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ 。由于岩溶分布具有很强的不规律性, 实际勘测手段难以探明全部的溶(土)洞, 根据在深圳的勘察经验取土洞跨度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,计算结果如表2
根据深圳地铁 16 号线勘察结果, 16 号线穿越 “砂性土+可溶岩”类岩溶地质结构的站点为龙平站一同乐村站之间的车站及区间。由于砂层中区间的控制保护区计算与隧道中心至土岩界面的距离有关, 车站的控制保护区计算与覆盖层厚度有关, 计算采用区间、 车站里程范围内的最大 ${H}_{1}\text{、}{H}_{2}$ ,计算结果如表3
根据深圳市城市轨道交通 16 号线部分区间及车站的计算结果, 可以发现: ①覆盖层为砂层时地铁的控制保护区普遍大于覆盖层为黏土层的情况; ②覆盖层为黏土层时,深圳的区间隧道基本可以不扩大控制保护区范围; ③覆盖层为黏土层时,深圳地铁车站的计算结果基本为 ${60}\mathrm{\;m}$ 左右; ④覆盖层为砂层时,控制保护区范围计算结果对于砂层内摩擦角和覆盖层有效厚度等参数比较敏感。
覆盖层为砂层时地铁的控制保护区普遍大于覆盖层为黏土层的情况与预期相符, 通常认为沙漏型塌陷的影响与危害是大于土洞型塌陷的, 更大的控制保护区范围有利于安全风险防控。覆盖层为黏土层时, 计算简单, 对参数不敏感, 只需要对已有站点区间几何参数取包络值、对勘察获得的土洞跨度和外部作业基坑深度做统计分析, 取一个深圳土洞一般跨度和基坑作业的一般深度, 即可划分一个土洞型塌陷区的控制保护区范围。
覆盖层为砂层时, 计算结果对参数较敏感。在实际工作中需要对各区段进行相对细致的计算, 在制定标准时, 根据计算结果分情况讨论, 若同一线路差异不大可以取最大值作为统一标准, 如差异显著则建议做区段划分, 以免对周边建设开发效率造成过大的影响。
本文对岩溶地质条件下城市轨道交通控制保护区进行研究, 从规范对于城市轨道交通安全控制要求出发,阐明了外部作业基坑影响范围和既有城轨结构(地下明挖车站与区间隧道)的接近范围。通过对岩溶地面塌陷机理的研究, 确定了沙漏型塌陷与土洞型塌陷的影响范围。主要研究结论如下。
1)考虑岩溶区域控制保护区与一般情况的差别, 将岩溶区域控制保护区范围拆解为 3 个范围的叠加: 外部作业对岩溶不良地质的影响范围、岩溶地面塌陷对周边地层、结构的影响范围和既有结构本身的抗风险范围。
2)将这 3 个范围落在同一断面图内, 经过几何分析得到了 4 个岩溶区控制保护区计算模型与公式。以深圳市轨道交通 16 号线为例进行了控制保护区范围计算, 为岩溶区城轨结构控制保护区范围的划分提供了一种可行的计算方法和依据。
3)本文只针对城市轨道交通的主体结构进行了控制保护区计算方法研究, 没有考虑城轨附属结构以及高架结构。此外, 因为深圳岩溶区没有暗挖车站, 因此也没有考虑矿山法车站。另,控制保护区只是地铁运营管理的第一道手段, 未来需要对岩溶区城轨结构保护进行更深入细致的研究。一方面应补充对附属结构、高架结构以及矿山法隧道的控制保护区研究; 另一方面应对控制保护区内外部工程作业制定更详细的控制保护要求。
  • 科技部重点研发计划项目子课题(2022YFC300305)
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2025年第38卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.03.008
  • 接收时间:2024-08-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-13
  • 修回日期:2025-01-02
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科技部重点研发计划项目子课题(2022YFC300305)
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    1 北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100037
    2 北京城建勘测设计研究院有限责任公司 北京 100101

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雷刚,男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事地下结构研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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