Article(id=1149729525367488969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736092800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-06, revisedDate=1742227200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046479788, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743436800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046479788, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046479788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046479788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729524688007450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='177', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780095764, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729525552038347, articleId=1149729525367488969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Technological Pathways and Application Prospects of Low-Altitude Economy and Rail Transit Integration, columnId=1152669340382966151, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Forum of Rapid Rail Transit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With accelerating global urbanization, traditional rail transportation faces challenges in capacity bottlenecks and the need for efficiency improvements. The development of the lowaltitude economy, particularly Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing aircraft (eVTOLs), provides new solutions for rail transportation systems. This paper explores the integration of the lowaltitude economy with rail transportation, analyzing its potential in improving urban traffic efficiency and promoting the development of smart cities. The paper discusses the key technologies and practical applications of the integration f perspectives: integration motivation, technological foundations, and application scenarios. By introducing visual perception, communication, control, multisensor fusion, and safety technologies, the lowaltitude economy can enhance inspection efficiency, construction monitoring, and emergency response capabilities within rail transportation systems. This paper aims to provide a practical discussion on the integration of the lowaltitude economy and rail transportation, further advancing the development of smart city transportation systems.

, correspAuthors=Li ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chunhai GAO, Li ZHU, Jia MIAO, Lei CHEN, Yue MING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149729537690354440, articleId=1149729525367488969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=低空经济与城市轨道交通融合的技术路径与应用前景, columnId=1152669340680761737, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=快轨论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着全球城市化进程的加快,传统轨道交通面临运力瓶颈和效率提升的挑战。低空经济,尤其是无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle, UAVs)和电动垂直起降飞行器(electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft,eVTOLs)的发展,为轨道交通系统提供了新的解决方案。探讨低空经济与轨道交通的融合应用,分析低空经济在提升城市交通效率和推动智慧城市建设中的潜力。从融合动机、技术和应用场景3个层面,探讨低空经济与城市轨道交通融合的关键技术与实际应用,通过引入视觉感知、通信、控制、多传感器融合及安全技术,低空经济可在轨道交通系统中提升巡检效率、施工监控和应急响应能力。本文旨在为低空经济与轨道交通融合提供实务性探讨,推动智慧城市交通体系的进一步发展。

, correspAuthors=朱力, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
朱力,男,博士,教授,从事轨道交通列车运行控制系统研究,
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郜春海,男,硕士,正高级工程师,从事轨道交通列车运行控制系统研究,

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技术名称 主要功能 技术特点 使用场景
智能感知 环境感知,目标 识别 人工智能赋能高精 度视觉传感器,实 现自动任务识别 轨道巡检、设施 监控
可靠通信 数据传输、远程 控制 高带宽、低延迟、 动态连接 无人机在复杂环 境内飞行
多传感器 融合定位 复杂环境,隧道 环境无人机定位 无卫星条件下的 高精度定位 隧道内等无卫星定 位自主飞行场景
空地协同 调度 无人机飞行与列 车运行协同调度 无人机飞行与列车 运行的联动控制 无人机在运营轨 道区域飞行作业
), ArticleFig(id=1154050934717010082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729525367488969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=关键技术功能与应用总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术名称 主要功能 技术特点 使用场景
智能感知 环境感知,目标 识别 人工智能赋能高精 度视觉传感器,实 现自动任务识别 轨道巡检、设施 监控
可靠通信 数据传输、远程 控制 高带宽、低延迟、 动态连接 无人机在复杂环 境内飞行
多传感器 融合定位 复杂环境,隧道 环境无人机定位 无卫星条件下的 高精度定位 隧道内等无卫星定 位自主飞行场景
空地协同 调度 无人机飞行与列 车运行协同调度 无人机飞行与列车 运行的联动控制 无人机在运营轨 道区域飞行作业
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低空经济与城市轨道交通融合的技术路径与应用前景
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郜春海 1 , 朱力 2 , 苗佳 2 , 陈磊 3 , 明悦 4
都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2025,38(2): 14-21
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都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2025, 38(2): 14-21
低空经济与城市轨道交通融合的技术路径与应用前景
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郜春海1 , 朱力2 , 苗佳2, 陈磊3, 明悦4
作者信息
  • 1 交控科技股份有限公司 北京 100071
  • 2 北京交通大学 自主运行技术研究所 北京 100044
  • 3 交控航空科技(深圳)有限公司 深圳 518000
  • 4 北京邮电大学 北京 100876
  • 郜春海,男,硕士,正高级工程师,从事轨道交通列车运行控制系统研究,

通讯作者:

朱力,男,博士,教授,从事轨道交通列车运行控制系统研究,
Technological Pathways and Application Prospects of Low-Altitude Economy and Rail Transit Integration
Chunhai GAO1 , Li ZHU2 , Jia MIAO2, Lei CHEN3, Yue MING4
Affiliations
  • 1 Traffic Control Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing 100071
  • 2 Institute of Autonomous Operation Technology Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
  • 3 Jiaokong Aviation Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Shenzhen 518000
  • 4 Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing 100876
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.003
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随着全球城市化进程的加快,传统轨道交通面临运力瓶颈和效率提升的挑战。低空经济,尤其是无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle, UAVs)和电动垂直起降飞行器(electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft,eVTOLs)的发展,为轨道交通系统提供了新的解决方案。探讨低空经济与轨道交通的融合应用,分析低空经济在提升城市交通效率和推动智慧城市建设中的潜力。从融合动机、技术和应用场景3个层面,探讨低空经济与城市轨道交通融合的关键技术与实际应用,通过引入视觉感知、通信、控制、多传感器融合及安全技术,低空经济可在轨道交通系统中提升巡检效率、施工监控和应急响应能力。本文旨在为低空经济与轨道交通融合提供实务性探讨,推动智慧城市交通体系的进一步发展。

低空经济  /  轨道交通  /  融合应用

With accelerating global urbanization, traditional rail transportation faces challenges in capacity bottlenecks and the need for efficiency improvements. The development of the lowaltitude economy, particularly Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and electric Vertical TakeOff and Landing aircraft (eVTOLs), provides new solutions for rail transportation systems. This paper explores the integration of the lowaltitude economy with rail transportation, analyzing its potential in improving urban traffic efficiency and promoting the development of smart cities. The paper discusses the key technologies and practical applications of the integration f perspectives: integration motivation, technological foundations, and application scenarios. By introducing visual perception, communication, control, multisensor fusion, and safety technologies, the lowaltitude economy can enhance inspection efficiency, construction monitoring, and emergency response capabilities within rail transportation systems. This paper aims to provide a practical discussion on the integration of the lowaltitude economy and rail transportation, further advancing the development of smart city transportation systems.

low-altitude economy  /  rail transportation  /  integrated applications
郜春海, 朱力, 苗佳, 陈磊, 明悦. 低空经济与城市轨道交通融合的技术路径与应用前景. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (2) : 14 -21 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.003
Chunhai GAO, Li ZHU, Jia MIAO, Lei CHEN, Yue MING. Technological Pathways and Application Prospects of Low-Altitude Economy and Rail Transit Integration[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (2) : 14 -21 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.003
随着全球城市化进程的加速, 城市交通面临越来越严峻的挑战。轨道交通作为现代城市交通的重要组成部分, 凭借其高效、低碳和可持续的特点, 广泛应用于大规模人员流动和货物运输。尤其在地下轨道交通系统的建设和发展上,轨道交通能够有效缓解城市的交通拥堵问题,提高运输效率,并优化资源配置。 然而, 随着城市人口的增加和交通需求的急剧增长, 轨道交通在高峰时段的运力瓶颈、运营效率的提升以及基础设施维护的难度, 逐渐显现出一些局限性, 亟待通过技术创新来解决这些问题。
低空经济的快速崛起为这一问题提供了全新的解决方案。低空经济指的是在低空空域内(通常为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以下,具体可根据需求扩展至 ${3000}\mathrm{\;m}$ )开展的经济活动 [ 1 ] ,以无人驾驶和有人驾驶航空器为载体,涵盖载人、载货及其他多种作业应用,推动商业和公共服务领域的融合与发展。这一新兴经济形态在《交通强国建设纲要》和《通用航空发展 “十四五” 规划》等政策的支持, 以及相关区域性低空经济发展条例的出台下,得到了快速发展。目前,低空经济在城市空中物流 [ 2 - 5 ] 、紧急救援 [ 6 - 8 ] 、基础设施巡检 [ 9 - 10 ] 、环境监测 [ 11 - 13 ] 等方面,正逐步改变传统的运输和服务方式,带来全新的产业模式。
尽管低空经济在多个领域得到了广泛应用, 但关于低空与城市轨道交通(简称 “轨道交通” )系统融合的研究仍相对较少。现有文献多集中于低空经济在物流、空中出行等单一领域的应用, 如无人机配送、电动垂直起降飞行器(eVTOLs)的城市空中出行 [ 14 ] 等。这些研究虽然有助于理解低空经济的基本应用, 但缺乏对低空与轨道交通相结合的系统性研究。对于低空应用场景如何与轨道交通系统互补, 提升轨道交通的效率、优化资源配置、解决高峰期交通压力等方面的探讨仍然十分有限。
目前, 轨道交通的研究主要集中在智能化、自动化的技术实施 [ 15 - 16 ] 方面。例如,研究主要集中在智能调度和自动化系统的设计 [ 17 ] 。然而,低空与轨道交通系统的协同研究仍处于初步阶段, 尤其是在如何通过低空应用提升轨道交通的运营效率、降低交通瓶颈、 提高资源利用效率等方面,相关的综合性研究几乎没有系统性总结。
因此, 低空与轨道交通的融合是一个新兴且亟待深入探讨的重要课题。现有研究多集中于低空经济或轨道交通的独立发展, 缺乏对两者协同优化城市交通的全面分析。在城市智能交通系统建设中, 低空与轨道交通的结合至关重要。通过融合, 不仅能解决轨道交通的瓶颈问题, 还能借助智能化调度、数据共享和实时监控等手段,提升城市综合交通的效率与安全性。
本文将深入探讨低空经济与轨道交通系统的融合, 分析其在提升城市交通效率和推动智慧城市建设中的潜力。低空经济为轨道交通提供有力补充, 尤其在物流运输、基础设施巡检和应急响应等领域, 二者的融合有望实现更智能高效的交通管理。此外, 协同发展还能催生低空物流、智能出行等新业态, 优化城市交通环境, 提升资源利用效率, 促进经济与社会的可持续发展。
随着城市化进程的加快, 城市人口的激增和交通需求的迅猛增长使得轨道交通系统在高峰时段遭遇严峻的运力瓶颈 [ 18 ] 。为了突破这些限制, UAVs 和 eVTOLs 等低空应用技术被引入, 为轨道交通系统的优化和发展提供了创新的解决方案。
在提高运营效率和安全性方面, 低空应用技术展现出巨大潜力。传统人工巡检效率低且存在安全风险, 而无人机搭载高清摄像头和图像识别系统, 可快速覆盖广泛区域, 实时采集轨道设施数据并自动识别故障隐患。在隧道、桥梁等复杂环境中, 无人机可安全高效地完成巡检任务, 提升管理精度, 降低人工风险, 实现更主动的预防性维护, 减少故障和事故发生。
在施工和维护管理方面, 无人机能实时监控施工现场, 识别人员违规行为(如未佩戴安全帽、未经授权进入运营线路)及设备侵限(如吊车超越安全范围), 确保施工活动不影响运营。通过空中监管, 无人机为施工管理提供新视角, 增强控制能力, 提升施工安全和运营效率。
在拓展轨道交通服务边界方面, 低空应用能够解决 “最后一公里” 配送等问题,提高城市物流的效率。 尽管轨道交通在尝试使用既有线路进行物流运输以缓解对地面交通的压力, 但传统轨道交通系统存在着 “最后一公里”服务的空白。无人机可以与轨道交通系统协同合作,快速将货物从轨道交通站点配送到社区, 有效减轻地面交通的压力, 提高配送时效, 优化城市物流网络。
在提升应急响应和抗风险能力方面, 无人机提供了灵活高效的解决方案。在传统应急模式中, 事故或灾害发生时,现场评估和决策往往滞后。无人机的快速部署能力使其在应急管理中具有独特优势, 可迅速飞抵事故现场, 采集关键数据并实时传输至指挥中心, 及时为决策者提供信息支持, 助力快速响应。通过与轨道交通系统的协同, 无人机能在灾害发生后加速恢复运营, 减少损失, 提升系统抗风险能力。
综上所述, 低空应用有效应对了轨道交通在运力瓶颈、安全巡检、施工维护和服务拓展等方面的挑战, 填补了技术空白, 为城市交通系统创新提供了新视角和解决方案,具有重要的理论与实践意义。
低空与轨道交通融合应用, 依靠智能感知、可靠通信、多传感器融合定位及空轨协调调度等技术, 可提升轨道交通效率、降低风险, 推动其智能化、自动化发展, 如表1所示。
智能感知技术在无人机应用于轨道交通系统中发挥着至关重要的作用, 主要应用于轨道巡检和设施监控中的实时环境感知和精准目标识别。通过高精度的视觉识别技术, 无人机可以帮助提升轨道交通系统的安全水平,并对设施状态进行全面监控。
无人机配备高清可见光相机和红外相机, 能够实时将照片或视频传输至数据中心,数据中心采用人工智能目标检测与图像处理算法(如 YOLO、Mask R-CNN), 对轨道线路、桥梁、隧道等设施进行精准隐患检测, 如裂缝、腐蚀、异物侵入等。这种方式相比传统人工巡检提高了 50%以上的效率,尤其在高危或复杂区域 (如隧道内部和桥梁底部)能够覆盖人工难以触及的部位, 为轨道设施提供更全面的安全评估。
智能感知实时反馈关键数据至轨道交通管理系统,助力发现缺陷、提供依据并支持应急维护。视觉感知技术可精确定位裂纹或结构异常, 自动生成报告, 缩短排查时间,提升维护效率。
轨道交通环境复杂, 城市内电磁干扰多, 传统无人机射频通信易受阻, 移动信号覆盖不稳定。为确保无人机高效协同与安全运行, 需建立更可靠的融合通信机制 [ 19 ]
可靠融合通信机制结合了 5G 通信、卫星通信、Mesh 自组网以及轨道交通特有的 EUHT 网络等多种通信技术,形成多层次、全方位的通信保障体系。 $5\mathrm{G}$ 通信技术因其高速率和低延迟特性, 特别适用于动态环境中的实时数据交换; 卫星通信则在广域覆盖和偏远地区具有重要作用, 确保无人机在远离城市中心或存在通信盲区的环境中仍能稳定连接;Mesh 自组网具有高度的灵活性和鲁棒性, 能够在复杂环境下灵活组网, 并支持应急通信。
除了传统通信技术的融合, 引入边缘计算能力 [ 20 ] ,无人机在轨道交通系统中可本地处理数据,减少回传依赖,提升实时性和响应速度,增强智能感知效率, 保障网络不稳定时自主执行任务。
在轨道交通复杂环境中, 卫星导航定位技术受限, 无法满足无人机精确作业需求。多传感器融合定位技术通过整合激光雷达、视觉传感器、里程计和惯性导航系统等, 可以有效提升无人机在复杂环境中的定位精度和可靠性 [ 21 - 22 ]
激光雷达提供高精度三维环境数据, 帮助无人机识别障碍物、更新地图, 尤其在视距受限或光照不良时优势明显;视觉传感器补充细节信息,提升感知准确性; 里程计和惯性导航系统提供短期稳定定位数据。 融合这些传感器数据, 可解决无人机在复杂环境中的高精度定位问题, 保障其精准完成自动化巡检任务。
此外, 无人机在进行复杂任务时, 还需在卫星导航提供的地球坐标系与激光雷达等融合定位提供的相对坐标系之间进行无缝切换, 确保无人机在全局与局部坐标系下的定位信息始终保持一致, 避免因坐标系统差异而导致的定位误差。
无人机巡检需在列车限界内进行, 必须解决与列车的安全协同问题, 确保互不干扰。空地协同调度技术至关重要, 需实现无人机作业与列车运行的统一调度, 在列车进入作业区时及时调整无人机飞行轨迹, 避免碰撞和干扰 [ 23 - 24 ]
空地协同调度技术实时监控协调无人机飞行路径与列车运行路径。无人机依列车位置、速度及作业区域自动调整飞行时间和轨迹, 避免交集。通过精确通信与控制系统实现实时数据交换, 确保作业安全。无人机与列车调度系统需形成联锁机制: 无人机作业时, 列车不进入作业区;列车运行时,无人机禁入限界作业区, 保障列车安全。
此外, 在特殊情况下, 无人机作业与列车运行的调度还需要实现自动化的避让机制 [ 25 ] 。列车接近作业区时, 无人机自动启动避让程序, 飞至安全区域。无人机与列车控制系统需保持一致性和协调性, 及时响应状态变化, 保障作业安全高效。空地协同调度技术保障列车安全,支持无人机轨道巡检任务。
随着 UAVs、eVTOLs 和其他低空技术的成熟,低空技术在轨道交通中的应用场景愈发广泛, 并且展现了巨大的潜力。以下介绍低空与轨道交通融合的几个未来应用场景, 这些场景将极大提升轨道交通系统的管理效率、服务质量和安全性。
在管理赋能方面(见图1),构建 “AI+无人机” 系统, 通过多机协同作业, 结合人工智能、大数据等技术, 实现空地协同巡检、异物侵限监控等功能, 深度融入轨道交通管理体系, 解决安全、效率和管理痛点, 推动行业从人工作业向智能化转型, 开创 “低空+轨道”融合新模式。
在轨道交通系统中,定期的设施巡检 [ 26 ] 和异物侵限监控 [ 27 ] 一直是保障安全和效率的关键任务。传统人工巡检费时费力, 难以全面覆盖, 尤其在难以到达的区域存在安全风险和效率瓶颈。全自动无人机搭载高清摄像头、激光雷达和红外传感器, 可实时监控设施状态, 快速发现损坏、裂纹等问题, 自动生成巡检报告并预警故障,克服人工巡检的滞后性。
在异物侵限监控方面, 无人机技术的引入极大地提升了监控的精度和反应速度。相比传统的地面巡逻和固定摄像头,无人机通过实时飞行巡查,尤其在偏远或复杂地形区域, 可快速识别树枝、垃圾、车辆等威胁列车运行的异物。搭载智能算法的无人机能自动标记侵限物体并触发报警, 迅速通知控制中心处理, 大幅提高巡检效率和准确性, 降低人工巡检的风险与误差。
无人机技术革新了轨道交通施工安全管理。通过高清摄像头和高精度传感器, 无人机可全面监控施工现场, 精准追踪人员活动, 实时识别违章行为(如未佩戴安全装备、高空作业不规范等)(见图2),并将数据即时传输至管理人员, 确保及时处理, 有效降低安全风险。
同时, 结合高精度 GIS 技术, 无人机可精确监控施工现场区域, 确保施工活动不超范围, 避免安全隐患和法律纠纷。无人机按预定路径定期或不定期巡查, 实时捕捉施工进展,发现超范围施工并及时上报。同时, 无人机还能监控施工现场周边环境, 检测不合规活动或外来物体, 保障内部和周边安全, 避免外部干扰风险。
无人机让施工现场管理更精细智能, 实时全面监控助力管理人员快速发现问题,提升施工效率与安全。 其记录的数据和画面为工程审计、纠纷解决和安全评估提供重要依据, 确保施工过程透明规范。
轨道交通保护区对环境监控要求高, 尤其在高密度城市或复杂地质环境。低空技术如 UAVs 和 eVTOLs 结合 $\mathrm{{AI}}$ 算法和实时数据分析,凭借机动性和空中视角, 成为智能化巡检重要工具, 提升保护区管理效率和响应速度, 保护区巡检场景如图3所示。
无人机技术在异常生产活动和环境监控中的应用至关重要 [ 28 - 29 ] 。通过定期巡检,无人机可实时识别未授权的施工活动, 如非法建筑或破坏性施工, 利用高清摄像头和传感器捕捉图像,通过智能算法分析并及时报警, 防止安全事故发生。同时, 无人机监控保护区内的堆积物和环境污染, 精准检测建筑废料或杂物堆积, 防止其影响轨道设施安全。搭载多光谱传感器、红外成像和激光雷达等设备, 无人机可在低能见度下监测非法入侵、设备过热等异常情况, 并检测地质变化(如土壤沉降、岩体滑移),提前预警, 保障轨道交通安全运行。
无人机技术集成应用使轨道交通保护区巡检从人工模式转变为高效、精准、智能的监控模式, 大幅提升巡检效率,及时发现并处理异常活动和潜在威胁。
隧道作为轨道交通中最复杂的环境之一, 具有空间狭小、作业环境复杂等特点, 传统巡检方式效率低且存在安全风险。无人机技术的应用显著提升了隧道巡检的效率和安全性(见图4)。通过集成人员识别技术, 无人机可实时监控隧道内人员活动, 自动检测未经授权进入危险区域的行为, 保障施工安全。同时, 配备红外成像仪和高清摄像头, 无人机能精准巡检接触网、 照明系统、通风设备等关键设施。红外成像技术实时监测设备温度变化, 发现过热或故障; 高清摄像头捕捉微小裂纹、腐蚀等隐患, 实现设备早期检测与及时维护, 提升隧道安全管理水平。
无人机实时监控与数据反馈, 提升巡检效率与精度, 覆盖了传统方法难以到达的隧道角落, 全面监控每个环节。
在轨道交通系统中, 尤其是秋冬季节, 落叶会显著影响列车的制动性能, 降低轨道摩擦力, 增加行车风险。传统的人工清理方法效率低,且受天气和作业时间的限制。为了解决这一问题, 无人机技术提供了高效的解决方案(见图5)。
无人机利用智能识别技术实时监测轨道落叶, 并将数据回传至控制中心。系统根据落叶附着程度分级处理: 轻度附着区域启动下洗气流装置快速吹扫, 重度附着区域触发预警并实时调整列车运行参数。这种智能清理模式显著提升了轨道维护效率, 减少了人工清理的成本和时间。特别是在需要频繁清理的区域, 无人机能够快速高效地完成任务,确保轨道的安全性。 通过这种智能化清理方式, 轨道交通系统的安全性得到了显著提升,特别是在易积累落叶的季节和区域。
轨道交通系统具有覆盖面广、运力充足等优势, 但在城市内部物流, 尤其是 “最后一公里” 配送上, 传统地面运输效率低下。为此, 无人机与轨道交通系统结合,有效弥补了这一不足(见图6)。
低空飞行技术凭借灵活高效的优势, 可实现物流站点至车站的精准配送, 尤其适合城市中心区域。无人机在交通拥堵时通过空中通道完成 “最后一公里” 配送,显著提升效率。轨道交通与低空飞行器协同运作, 构建 “轨道+低空” 联运体系, 轨道交通负责长途运输, 低空飞行器承担短途配送, 形成高效物流网络。这一创新物流模式融合轨道交通的覆盖优势与低空飞行的高效性, 构建 “一网多用” 的轨道物流体系, 显著提升配送效率并缓解交通拥堵。同时, 低空物流可减少环境污染, 推动绿色低碳发展, 助力城市可持续建设。
通过结合轨道交通和低空物流, 不仅能够实现高效的 “最后一公里” 配送, 还能够优化城市物流体系, 推动物流行业向智能化、绿色化发展迈进。
低空经济不仅可以在物流领域提供解决方案, 还能在出行方面带来革新。轨道+载人的模式结合了轨道交通的高效性与低空的灵活性, 能够为市民提供立体化、快捷化的出行服务(见图7)。
结合轨道交通的站场空间资源及各地丰富的自然旅游资源, 通过数字化起降场与轨道交通站点结合, 打造轨道+低空融合出行经济业态, 构建主要站点至旅游景区或其他交通枢纽的空中交通线路, 探索空轨联运出行应用新业态。
通过低空载人飞行器(如 eVTOLs),市民可以在城市内快速、便捷地进行短途出行, 避免地面交通的拥堵, 提升出行效率。这种新型出行方式不仅能改善城市交通的拥堵问题, 还能为居民提供更加灵活、多样的出行选择,推动城市出行方式的创新和升级。
低空与轨道交通的融合应用虽然为城市交通带来了显著的潜力, 但在实际实施过程中, 依然面临诸多挑战。这些挑战涉及产业链、政策、管理、经济和社会多个方面, 需要在未来的研究和实践中持续解决和优化。以下是低空与轨道交通融合应用中所面临的主要挑战。
低空经济与轨道交通融合面临多重产业链挑战。 在制造端, 缺乏高可靠性、高安全性和高适应性的行业级无人机系统 [ 30 ] 。同时,现有设备难以满足隧道、 桥下等复杂环境的自主飞行需求, 且高性能感知设备在无照明环境下的精度不足。通信基础设施支持有限, 难以实现无人机与轨道交通系统的高效实时通信, 飞行监视体系也无法覆盖隧道等复杂区域。此外, 轨道交通基础设施在无人机起降平台规划上存在不足,需要为无人机提供安全、高效的起降空间。
在低空运行产业方面, 缺乏无人机与列车协同调度机制, 任务执行效率与安全性亟待提升。在低空运营产业中, 低空技术应用场景开发尚不成熟, 主要集中在巡检和监控领域, 未能覆盖更多轨道交通运营任务,需进一步拓展场景并积累产业化经验。这些挑战需要通过技术创新和跨领域合作逐步解决。
低空经济与轨道交通的融合应用面临显著的政策与管理挑战, 尤其是在空域管理和轨道交通管理的协调上。
轨道交通的应用涉及开放空域和隧道内空域的飞行任务。对于开放空域, 空域管控已有明确的规范和管理主体 [ 31 ] 。然而,隧道内空间的飞行管理仍未形成统一的管理主体和规范。隧道内的无人机飞行任务不同于开放空域, 它要求更加精细化的管理和协调, 但当前在此方面的管理框架尚不成熟, 需要进一步明确相关政策和管理机制。
另外, 城市轨道交通大多数线路位于城市核心区域, 这些区域通常存在大规模的禁飞或限制飞行空域, 这对无人机在轨道交通中的应用构成了挑战。为了确保低空经济与轨道交通的有效融合, 相关主管部门需要依据具体的应用场景进行详细的风险分析, 制定更加精确的管理规定和飞行规则。这些规定不仅要确保空域安全, 还需考虑无人机与城市其他交通工具的协同运行。
在经济与社会层面, 低空与轨道交通融合应用面临的主要挑战体现在高成本投入与社会公众的接受度上。首先, 低空技术和基础设施的初期投资较为昂贵 [ 32 ] 。无人机技术的研发、生产、运营维护及其与轨道交通系统的融合, 涉及数据接口、通信系统和智能调度系统等,需要大量资金投入。尽管低空经济的长期经济效益可观, 但初期高投资成本和较长回报周期仍是技术普及的主要障碍。通过政策扶持、公私合作或市场化手段降低初期投入,加速技术推广,是推动低空经济与轨道交通融合的关键议题。
其次, 社会公众对无人机的接受度以及使用场景的限制也是低空飞行与轨道交通融合面临的一个重要挑战。尽管无人机技术已在部分领域广泛应用, 但公众对其隐私侵犯、空中安全和噪声污染等问题仍存担忧,尤其是在人口密集区或关键设施附近。提升公众对无人机技术的理解和信任, 需通过科普教育、透明化运营和政府监管, 缓解负面影响, 为低空应用与轨道交通融合创造社会基础。
低空与轨道交通的融合是智慧城市交通系统的重要创新, 具有巨大发展潜力。通过提升运营效率、优化维护管理、推动绿色出行和低空物流, 低空技术为轨道交通注入了新活力, 助力城市交通向智能化、自动化和绿色化转型。随着 UAVs、eVTOLs 等技术的成熟, 融合模式有望解决 “最后一公里” 配送、轨道巡检等传统交通难题。
然而, 深度融合仍面临技术协同、空域管理、经济与社会接受度等挑战, 需要技术开发者、政策制定者和社会各界通力合作, 通过跨领域创新逐步突破障碍。未来, 这一融合将优化城市交通效率, 为构建智能、绿色、可持续的交通网络提供新思路。随着技术进步和政策完善, 低空经济有望成为推动城市交通变革的关键力量,引领全球交通系统迈向更高效、安全、 可持续的新时代。
  • 北京市自然科学基金(L241011)
  • 北京市基础设施投资有限公司(2024-JT-06)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.003
  • 接收时间:2025-01-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-06
  • 修回日期:2025-03-18
基金
北京市自然科学基金(L241011)
北京市基础设施投资有限公司(2024-JT-06)
作者信息
    1 交控科技股份有限公司 北京 100071
    2 北京交通大学 自主运行技术研究所 北京 100044
    3 交控航空科技(深圳)有限公司 深圳 518000
    4 北京邮电大学 北京 100876

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朱力,男,博士,教授,从事轨道交通列车运行控制系统研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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