Article(id=1149729531977708006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714406400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-30, revisedDate=1721664000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046481365, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743436800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046481365, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046481365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046481365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729524688007450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='177', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780095764, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=171, endPage=177, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729532237754867, articleId=1149729531977708006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Challenges of Adapting the TOD Model in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Light Rail Construction in Addis Ababa, columnId=1153381644229664913, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Overseas Rapid Rail Transit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the effectiveness and impact of rail transit development in developing countries and to improve urban development experiences based on the TransitOriented Development (TOD) model, this study takes the Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit (LRT) as a case study to analyze its effects on residents' commuting and the spatial distribution of jobs and residences after its completion. Based on official city maps, resident questionnaires, and interview data, a multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the influence of different commuting methods on commuting time. The findings indicate that the light rail system has a limited effect on improving residents' commuting efficiency. Further GIS spatial analysis reveals that the overall distribution of residential and employment areas in the city is uneven, with suburban residential density being exceeding five times that of urban areas. The analysis results reflect that the failure to coordinate land use with the development of the light rail corridor is a primary reason for the low commuting efficiency. The conclusions advance the understanding of the adaptability and implementation strategies of the TransitOriented Development (TOD) model in countries with lowdensity sprawl and relatively underdeveloped economies.

, correspAuthors=Tesfay Belay Feven, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingwei LI, Qianyun JI, Tesfay Belay Feven), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149729544157966359, articleId=1149729531977708006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=TOD 模式在发展中国家的适应性挑战—亚的斯亚贝巴轻轨建设分析, columnId=1153381653834621078, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=海外快轨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究发展中国家轨道交通建设的成效和影响,完善基于TOD模式的城市开发经验,以亚的斯亚贝巴轻轨为例,分析轻轨建成后对居民通勤和城市职住空间的影响。基于城市官方地图、居民问卷调查及访谈数据,采用多元线性回归模型分析不同通勤方式对通勤时间的影响作用,发现轻轨对于提升居民通勤效率的作用较为有限。进一步通过GIS 空间分析法解读职住空间分布特征,结果显示城市整体居住和就业分布呈现不均衡状态,郊区居住密度达到市区5倍以上。分析结果反映了土地利用未能协同轻轨走廊建设进行合理的规划和开发,是导致通勤效率低效的主要原因。研究结论为TOD 模式在低密度蔓延型和经济相对落后国家的适应性及实施策略的深入理解。

, correspAuthors=Feven Tesfay Belay, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Feven Tesfay Belay,女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为城市与区域规划,
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李经纬,女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为可持续交通与土地利用、健康城市,

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李经纬,女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为可持续交通与土地利用、健康城市,

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figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本特征 样本数量 样本比例1%
性别 男性 173 57.7
女性 127 42.3
年龄 21~30 岁 8 2.6
31~40 岁 53 17.7
41~50 岁 66 22.0
51~60 岁 89 29.7
60 岁以上 84 28.0
受教育 水平 未接受过教育 177 59.0
小学 36 12.0
初中 42 14.0
高中 36 12.0
大学 9 3.0
家庭月 收入 (ETB) <2000(37 USD) 99 33.0
${2000} \sim {5000}\left( {{37} \sim {93}\mathrm{{USD}}}\right)$ 120 40.0
${5001} \sim {10000}\left( {{93} \sim {186}\mathrm{{USD}}}\right)$ 66 22.0
${10001} \sim {20000}\left( {{186} \sim {371}\mathrm{{USD}}}\right)$ 9 3.0
>20 000(371 USD) 6 2.0
通勤 方式 慢行方式(步行、自行车、摩托车) 44 14.6
轻轨 51 17.0
公交车(公共汽车、巴士、小客车) 88 29.3
小汽车(出租车、私家车) 117 38.9
职业 类型 事业单位 60 20
商业服务业 67 22.3
公司员工 153 51
自由职业 20 6.7
), ArticleFig(id=1154050910486516305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729531977708006, language=CN, label=表1, caption=社会经济特征描述性统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本特征 样本数量 样本比例1%
性别 男性 173 57.7
女性 127 42.3
年龄 21~30 岁 8 2.6
31~40 岁 53 17.7
41~50 岁 66 22.0
51~60 岁 89 29.7
60 岁以上 84 28.0
受教育 水平 未接受过教育 177 59.0
小学 36 12.0
初中 42 14.0
高中 36 12.0
大学 9 3.0
家庭月 收入 (ETB) <2000(37 USD) 99 33.0
${2000} \sim {5000}\left( {{37} \sim {93}\mathrm{{USD}}}\right)$ 120 40.0
${5001} \sim {10000}\left( {{93} \sim {186}\mathrm{{USD}}}\right)$ 66 22.0
${10001} \sim {20000}\left( {{186} \sim {371}\mathrm{{USD}}}\right)$ 9 3.0
>20 000(371 USD) 6 2.0
通勤 方式 慢行方式(步行、自行车、摩托车) 44 14.6
轻轨 51 17.0
公交车(公共汽车、巴士、小客车) 88 29.3
小汽车(出租车、私家车) 117 38.9
职业 类型 事业单位 60 20
商业服务业 67 22.3
公司员工 153 51
自由职业 20 6.7
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变量 $\beta$ $P$
常数项 158.63 ******
家庭月收入 -12.38 ******
通勤距离 6.83 ******
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公共交通(巴士) 2.95 冰冰
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职业类型 事业单位 0.32 *
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公司员工 1.86 *
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常数项 158.63 ******
家庭月收入 -12.38 ******
通勤距离 6.83 ******
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公共交通(巴士) 2.95 冰冰
慢行交通 4.53 ******
职业类型 事业单位 0.32 *
商业服务业 0.83 *
公司员工 1.86 *
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TOD 模式在发展中国家的适应性挑战—亚的斯亚贝巴轻轨建设分析
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李经纬 1 , 吉倩妘 2 , Feven Tesfay Belay 3
都市快轨交通 | 海外快轨 2025,38(2): 171-177
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都市快轨交通 | 海外快轨 2025, 38(2): 171-177
TOD 模式在发展中国家的适应性挑战—亚的斯亚贝巴轻轨建设分析
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李经纬1 , 吉倩妘2, Feven Tesfay Belay3
作者信息
  • 1 北京交通大学 建筑与艺术学院 北京 100044
  • 2 清华大学 建筑学院 北京 100044
  • 3 中国西部水泥有限公司 亚的斯亚贝巴 999047
  • 李经纬,女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为可持续交通与土地利用、健康城市,

通讯作者:

Feven Tesfay Belay,女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为城市与区域规划,
Challenges of Adapting the TOD Model in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Light Rail Construction in Addis Ababa
Jingwei LI1 , Qianyun JI2, Tesfay Belay Feven3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Architecture and Design Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
  • 2 School of Architecture Tsinghua University Beijing 100044
  • 3 West China Cement Limited Addis Ababa 999047
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.024
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为研究发展中国家轨道交通建设的成效和影响,完善基于TOD模式的城市开发经验,以亚的斯亚贝巴轻轨为例,分析轻轨建成后对居民通勤和城市职住空间的影响。基于城市官方地图、居民问卷调查及访谈数据,采用多元线性回归模型分析不同通勤方式对通勤时间的影响作用,发现轻轨对于提升居民通勤效率的作用较为有限。进一步通过GIS 空间分析法解读职住空间分布特征,结果显示城市整体居住和就业分布呈现不均衡状态,郊区居住密度达到市区5倍以上。分析结果反映了土地利用未能协同轻轨走廊建设进行合理的规划和开发,是导致通勤效率低效的主要原因。研究结论为TOD 模式在低密度蔓延型和经济相对落后国家的适应性及实施策略的深入理解。

轻轨走廊  /  居民通勤  /  职住空间  /  TOD  /  亚的斯亚贝巴

To study the effectiveness and impact of rail transit development in developing countries and to improve urban development experiences based on the TransitOriented Development (TOD) model, this study takes the Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit (LRT) as a case study to analyze its effects on residents' commuting and the spatial distribution of jobs and residences after its completion. Based on official city maps, resident questionnaires, and interview data, a multiple linear regression model was employed to analyze the influence of different commuting methods on commuting time. The findings indicate that the light rail system has a limited effect on improving residents' commuting efficiency. Further GIS spatial analysis reveals that the overall distribution of residential and employment areas in the city is uneven, with suburban residential density being exceeding five times that of urban areas. The analysis results reflect that the failure to coordinate land use with the development of the light rail corridor is a primary reason for the low commuting efficiency. The conclusions advance the understanding of the adaptability and implementation strategies of the TransitOriented Development (TOD) model in countries with lowdensity sprawl and relatively underdeveloped economies.

light rail corridor  /  resident commuting  /  job-housing spatial relationship  /  TOD  /  addis ababa
李经纬, 吉倩妘, Feven Tesfay Belay. TOD 模式在发展中国家的适应性挑战—亚的斯亚贝巴轻轨建设分析. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (2) : 171 -177 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.024
Jingwei LI, Qianyun JI, Tesfay Belay Feven. Challenges of Adapting the TOD Model in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Light Rail Construction in Addis Ababa[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (2) : 171 -177 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.024
作为大运量的快速公共交通系统, 轨道交通已经成为缓解城市交通拥堵, 提升空间可达性的重要基础设施 [ 1 ] 。在发达国家,轨道交通系统不仅增加出行便捷性, 还通过引导低碳出行, 促进沿线地区的土地开发和增值, 强化其对于城市经济、社会和环境可持续发展的影响 [ 2 ] 。然而,在大部分发展中国家,轨道交通的建设与城市化进程密切相关, 其主要目标是解决居民基本移动性需求和提升通勤效率 [ 3 ] 。因此,研究特定国家背景下轨道交通建设的成效和影响, 对于优化以公共交通为导向的城市开发模式具有积极意义。
随着轨道交通建设的逐步完善, 其与居民通勤模式、职住空间布局的关系成为城市发展的重要议题。 轨道交通建设通过提高可达性、促进多中心城市结构的发展,能够显著提升通勤效率、促进职住空间平衡 [ 4 - 6 ] 。 深圳市的研究显示, 随着轨道交通线路的扩展, 居民能够更方便地到达工作地点,平均通勤时间显著减少, 城市整体通勤效率得到优化 [ 7 ] 。东京的市郊私铁通过沿线用地开发, 推动城市向郊区发展, 将人口和经济活动分散到多个副中心, 形成多中心的城市结构 [ 8 ] , 减少了城市中心区域的职住压力 [ 9 ] 。此外,轨道交通站点周边区域的发展带来了更多的就业机会和住房选择, 使得居民可以在离工作地点更近的地方居住, 从而实现区域内部的职住平衡 [ 10 ]
轨道交通的建设也可能会加剧职住失衡和通勤问题。轨道交通的便利性使得人们更倾向于选择在市中心工作、郊区居住, 这会导致长距离通勤的增加 [ 11 ] , 也会吸引更多企业在市中心集中办公,加剧职住空间的不匹配 [ 12 ] 。美国旧金山湾区的案例表明,轨道交通沿线的房价和租金上涨会迫使低收入群体搬离交通便捷的地区, 增加这部分人群的通勤距离和时间 [ 13 ] 。在发展中国家,贫困人口的通勤时间比富人的通勤时间长约20% [ 14 ] ,其职住空间错配问题也更为严重。
亚的斯亚贝巴作为埃塞俄比亚的首都、经济和政治活动中心,近年来经历了快速的城市化过程。随着中心区域的城市更新计划实施, 大量人口涌向城市边缘。为了有效解决郊区居民的出行问题, 该市于 2015 年启动了 “轻轨交通系统” 建设项目。这是撒哈拉以南非洲地区的第一个城内有轨电车, 目前针对其建设相关的评估较少, 既有研究从轻轨建设的资金、 运营效率、服务质量等角度进行讨论 [ 2 , 15 ] ,而关于其与居民通勤、职住关系的分析十分有限。
本研究以亚的斯亚贝巴市为案例, 运用城市官方地图数据, 并辅以问卷调查和访谈, 分析轻轨建成后对居民通勤和城市职住空间关系的影响。研究结果揭示了轨道交通建设在快速发展但基础设施相对滞后城市中的作用和效果, 对于其他在特定发展阶段的城市, 建设以公共交通为导向的城市发展模式(transit-oriented development, TOD)提供实证参考与政策建议。
亚的斯亚贝巴市作为埃塞俄比亚的首都,在过去 20 多年间经历了前所未有的城市扩张和人口增长。截至 2023 年,城市人口达到 546 万人。从 2005 到 2019 年,城市建成区面积增长了 ${77}\%$ (达到 ${450}{\mathrm{\;{km}}}^{2}$ ),人口增长了 74%(达到 459 万人) [ 16 ] 。在这一时期内,城市建成区的增长率持续高于人口增长率, 呈现出低密度城市蔓延的典型特征, 特别是在城市东部和南部的郊区地带 [ 17 ] 。这些扩张的建成区主要被新建的住宅占据, 一方面, 其作为首都吸引了大量周边城市的外来人口就业;另一方面,在距离市中心 $5\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 半径范围内的旧区更新改造迫使大量居民搬迁到郊区 [ 18 ] 。但由于缺乏有效的规划, 就业岗位仍集中在城市中心, 每天有大量居民需要在城市中心区和郊区之间往返通勤,直接造成了上下班高峰时间严重的交通拥堵。
为此, 该市于 2015 年开始建设轻轨系统, 通过两条主要的轻轨走廊——南北线和东西线(见图1),连接了中心商务区与城市郊区的居住区及工业区, 旨在提升居民的出行效率, 改善生活质量。轻轨运营线路总长 ${31.26}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,共设 39 个站点。尽管每天乘客超过 10 万人次, 但仍不足其设计载客量的 20%。
调查区域主要集中在亚的斯亚贝巴市郊区, 选取了 Yeka Ayat、Bole Arabsa、Bole Bulbula 和 Ayat 四个新建社区。这些社区均位于轻轨站点附近, 且人流量相对较大, 居住于其中的居民最有可能频繁地使用轻轨, 是轻轨建设的直接受益者。问卷及访谈数据源自 2019 年进行的线上与线下结合的实地调研, 共发放问卷 350 份,有效问卷 300 份。调查内容主要包括:居民个体的社会经济特征、居住地和就业地位置信息、通勤特征、对轻轨使用的建议等。其他空间数据基于亚的斯亚贝巴的官方地理信息系统的原始地图。
表1为样本的社会经济特征描述性统计。受访者中男性多于女性,超过半数年龄为 41~60 岁,仅有不足 30% 的受访者接受过初中及以上教育,且多数为低收入群体,接近 3/4 的收入不超过 5000 ETB(93 USD)。 通勤方式上,仅有 17%的受访者选择轻轨出行,小汽车出行占比最大(38.9%)。
为评估轻轨系统建设对通勤效率的提升作用, 研究采用多元线性回归模型和 GIS 空间分析识别通勤的影响因素及职住空间特征。首先, 基于问卷结果对居民通勤特征进行分析, 包括通勤时间和通勤成本。其次, 构建多元线性回归模型, 分析不同通勤方式对通勤时间的影响。通勤时间是衡量通勤效率的重要指标 [ 19 ] ,因此将通勤时间作为因变量。主要解释变量为通勤方式(私人汽车、轨道交通、公交巴士、慢行方式), 将个体社会特征(性别、年龄、受教育水平、家庭月收入、职业类型)和通勤距离作为控制变量纳入模型,这些因素对通勤时间也会产生重要影响 [ 20 - 21 ] 。 最后,采用 GIS 空间分析法对城市职住空间分布特征进行分析, 试图从职住角度解读轻轨对通勤产生的影响。
问卷结果发现, 亚的斯亚贝巴市郊区居民的平均通勤时间为 ${144}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,已经属于极端通勤 [ 22 ] 。其中,超过 85%的受访者通勤时间超过 ${90}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,儿童及青少年从家到学校的平均出行时间也长达 ${72}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。通过访谈得知, 虽然轻轨建设提升了公共交通的使用效率, 但这些低收入居民的社区到轻轨站存在一定的距离, 往往需要乘坐小型巴士出租车(minibus taxis)到达轻轨站, 加之社区与轻轨站的主要道路只有一条, 导致上下班高峰时段产生巨大的交通量, 仅这段路程就要花费大量时间,造成了整体通勤时间较长的结果。
在通勤成本上, 受访者平均每个月花费 547 ETB (10.16 USD)。图2为受访者家庭月收入和通勤支出分布。数据显示通勤成本高于平均值的受访者大多为低收入人群, 这部分居民的家庭月收入基本在 5000 ETB (93 USD)以下。这意味着城市郊区的低收入群体不但要忍受极端通勤,还要受到高额交通成本的困扰。
在多元线性回归分析之前, 首先对问卷数据进行信度检验, Cronbach’s Alpha 系数为 0.78 , 表明问卷具有较好的内部一致性。然后进行自变量的多重共线性检验, 检验结果中方差膨胀因子 VIF 系数均低于 1.5, 不存在多重共线性。通过多元线性回归分析的参数估计可知 (见表2), 在其他变量控制不变的条件下: 通勤方式对通勤时间有显著影响, 相比小汽车通勤, 轻轨出行的受访者通勤时间略长, 说明轻轨对于提升居民通勤效率的作用有限。除了乘客到达轻轨站点之间花费的时间较长外, 轻轨系统还存在售票流程繁琐、 发车间隔长、运营时间与乘客出行需求不匹配等问题, 这也是造成通勤时间过长的原因。尽管如此, 大部分受访者表示,轻轨走廊的建设对实现亚的斯亚贝巴市的公共交通现代化、提升城市郊区居民的交通流动性还是做出了巨大贡献。
在其他所有变量中, 家庭月收入、通勤距离、职业类型对通勤时间的影响具有显著性。具体来说, 受访者家庭月收入越低、通勤距离越远, 其通勤时间越长。低收入家庭由于居住地通常远离市中心, 通勤距离较远, 导致他们的通勤时间更长。而高收入群体更倾向于使用私家车, 较少利用轻轨系统 [ 23 ] 。相比自由职业者, 有正式工作岗位的居民通勤时间更长, 其中在事业单位或商业服务业工作的人员, 由于工作地点多位于中央商务区(CBD), 与轻轨走廊的接驳性较高, 通勤时间相对较短 [ 24 ] 。问卷调查还显示,大部分公司员工的工作地位于城市南部郊区的工业区, 这些地区往往与轻轨站点有一定距离, 增加了步行或其他交通方式接驳的时间。
因此, 可考虑优化轻轨接驳服务, 增设社区、企业至轻轨站的接驳公交,减少步行和转乘时间;同时调整轻轨运营时间, 根据居民出行高峰调整轻轨发车间隔, 提升运营效率; 对于低收入群体通过提供票价补贴,减少通勤负担。
基于 GIS 的空间分析, 发现亚的斯亚贝巴市的职住空间分布呈现不均衡特征。图3为就业区域的空间分布, 大部分工作岗位集中在城市中央商务区(CBD), 部分集中在城市南部的工业区, 其他工作岗位零散分布在东西向和南北向的轻轨走廊沿线地区。图4为居住密度的空间分布, 可以发现城市外围东部、南部郊区的居住密度较高,甚至达到中心城区的 5~10 倍。 城市东部郊区的高居住密度与低就业供给, 以及中心区的低居住密度与高就业供给, 形成了人口与就业机会的空间错位。
结合调查问卷结果,发现接近 90%的受访者都随着内城更新, 从城市中心老城区迁居到城市外围新开发的大规模住宅区, 或者从周边城市迁居到亚的斯亚贝巴市寻求工作机会。这些迁移者大多因无法承担中心区高昂的住房成本而选择在郊区居住。然而, 由于郊区缺乏充足的就业岗位, 他们不得不每天长途跋涉至中心城区工作, 形成了长距离通勤的模式。访谈中, 大部分远距离通勤者常常无法忍受过长的通勤时间, 尝试更换工作地点。事实上, 超过半数(57.2%)的受访者至少更换过一次工作, 其中 10.6%的受访者甚至更换过四次工作。但受限于就业岗位空间分布的不均衡, 大多数受访者仍被远距离通勤所困扰, 目前仍有 77%的受访者表示想要更换工作以改善通勤时间过长的问题。
虽然轻轨走廊建设的初衷是为了提升居民移动性和缓解交通拥堵, 但由于其缺乏前瞻性的土地利用与交通系统协同发展规划, 且有不少开发商存在囤置土地的历史遗留问题, 导致轻轨沿线存在大量的空置和废弃土地 [ 17 ] 。同时由于城市化进程常常以无计划和非正式的方式进行, 基础设施的缺乏也使得许多规划项目难以启动, 进一步加剧了城市蔓延和土地碎片化 [ 25 ] 。 这些轻轨沿线土地的低效使用和无序开发, 是造成职住空间分布不均衡和远距离通勤模式形成的主要原因。
相比之下,中国的城市轨道交通建设得益于政府的有力支持和前瞻性规划, 能够有效促进城市土地的高效利用,提高通勤效率 [ 26 ] 。中国在基础设施建设上的大规模投资, 保障了轨道交通与其他交通设施的接驳,还为沿线区域的土地升值创造了有利条件 [ 3 ] 。这种差异主要源于中国城市在土地管理、市场机制成熟度以及城市化高质量发展方面的优势, 而亚的斯亚贝巴市则因规划科学性不足、土地利用效率低下和基础设施建设滞后等问题, 未能充分发挥轻轨系统在提升通勤效率和促进职住平衡方面的潜力。
这与以往的研究结论相似, 轨道交通建设对于创造就业机会、改变城市空间结构等方面影响有限,除非得到政府相关政策和战略层面的有力支持 [ 27 ] 。亚的斯亚贝巴市首先需要解决城市土地开发问题, 如制定适度的土地税、完善土地租赁政策、出台土地开发激励政策等, 通过盘活存量用地促进轻轨走廊沿线的土地利用再开发。其次, 鼓励开发商在轻轨沿线区域建设经济适用房, 增加低收入群体的住房选择, 并通过轻轨系统便捷地接入就业中心,减少通勤时间和距离。
研究以亚的斯亚贝巴市为案例, 基于官方地图、居民问卷调查及访谈数据, 运用多元线性回归模型和 GIS 空间分析, 探讨基于轻轨交通系统的居民通勤和职住空间关系的特征。研究结果如下:
1)问卷结果显示, 郊区居民平均单程通勤时间接近 ${2.5}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,低收入群体受高额通勤成本影响较大。
2)回归模型分析结果表明,在控制社会经济变量和通勤距离的基础上, 相比小汽车, 轻轨出行的通勤时间更长, 意味着轻轨对于提升居民通勤效率的作用较为有限。
3)GIS 空间分析结果表明, 郊区居住密度达到市区的 5 倍以上, 但就业岗位却极为缺乏。这种职住空间分布不均衡的状态, 意味着土地利用未能协同轻轨走廊建设进行合理的规划和开发, 是导致通勤效率低下的主要原因。
本研究为其他处于类似阶段的发展中国家城市提供了实证参考, 为 TOD 模式在低密度蔓延型和经济相对落后城市中的适应性和实施策略提供了新的见解。 在亚的斯亚贝巴等经济相对落后的城市实施 TOD 模式, 需要特别重视土地利用规划的前瞻性、公共交通基础设施的覆盖, 以及相关政策法规的支撑, 这是保障项目的顺利实施的基础。相比之下, 中国在 TOD 推进中将更加注重空间品质友好性和财政可持续性。因此, 实施 TOD 建设需结合城市的发展阶段和制度背景制定切实可行的策略,推动城市的可持续发展。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(2024XKRCW007)
  • 北京卓越青年科学家计划(JJWZYJH01201910003010)
  • 十四五国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3800104)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.024
  • 接收时间:2024-04-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-30
  • 修回日期:2024-07-23
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费(2024XKRCW007)
北京卓越青年科学家计划(JJWZYJH01201910003010)
十四五国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3800104)
作者信息
    1 北京交通大学 建筑与艺术学院 北京 100044
    2 清华大学 建筑学院 北京 100044
    3 中国西部水泥有限公司 亚的斯亚贝巴 999047

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Feven Tesfay Belay,女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为城市与区域规划,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
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种数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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