Article(id=1149729534364271222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1711555200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-28, revisedDate=1724774400000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046481934, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1743436800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046481934, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046481934, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046481934, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729524688007450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='177', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780095764, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000837835870333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524688007450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729534553014910, articleId=1149729534364271222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Thermal Modeling and Online Condition Monitoring for the Air Cooling System of Power Converters for Urban Rail Transit, columnId=1152669334582243706, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During longterm operation, the cooling system's heatsink intake can become clogged with environmental impurities and dust, reducing cooling airflow and affecting thermal dissipation efficiency. This can lead to overheating faults in the power converter, significantly reducing its operational reliability. To address the issue of dust blockage in the aircooled system, which can cause overheating faults in rail transit power converters, a realtime online monitoring method for the cooling system's thermal dissipation state is proposed. This method uses the thermal resistance of the heatsink, extracted from the power device and heatsink cooling curves, as a characteristic parameter. The GaussNewton iterative method is employed to extract these parameters, which are used to identify the degree of blockage and achieve online monitoring of the cooling system's thermal dissipation state. Simulation and experimental results validate that the proposed method effectively monitors the cooling system's operational state, demonstrating superior detection efficiency and effectiveness compared to traditional blockage detection methods.

, correspAuthors=Qian ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian ZHOU, Yanhui GUO, Yuan LIANG, Hao JIA, Jie CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149729560989713336, articleId=1149729534364271222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=城轨变流器风冷系统散热状态在线监测方法, columnId=1152669334955536763, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=机电工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

冷却系统在长期的运行过程中,环境中的杂质和灰尘会堵塞在散热器进风口处,使得冷却空气减少,影响散热效率,易引起变流器过温故障,极大地降低了变流器的运行可靠性。为解决风冷系统易被灰尘堵塞进而导致城轨变流器发生过温故障问题,提出一种实时在线式冷却系统散热状态监测方法。该方法以功率器件与散热器冷却曲线中包含的散热器热阻为特征参数,利用高斯牛顿迭代法进行特征参数的提取,之后通过特征参数对堵塞程度进行辨识,实现冷却系统散热状态在线监测。通过仿真和实验对建立的在线监测方法进行验证,结果表明,提出的冷却系统在线状态监测方法能准确监测冷却系统运行状态,与传统的冷却系统堵塞检测手段相比,在检测效率上有明显的优势。

, correspAuthors=周骞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=P4lgYstOybZnnEVfN+A7BQ==, magXml=1fGI6Wdn5SUgipY7pXRebA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cte5OxHkxgLuGVJbt6ys9A==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=H4AkASZ56cGLjzuUZOFwGw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周骞,男,本科,工程师,研究方向为车辆运维,

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周骞,男,本科,工程师,研究方向为车辆运维,

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figureFileBig=HXEF/iQgYnN2fOICSsR7Xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154050943659270964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729534364271222, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Main parameters of single-phase full-bridge DC-AC converter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流侧电压 ${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 350
基频频率 ${f}_{0}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
PWM 频率 ${f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 5
负载电流有效值 ${I}_{\text{load }}/\mathrm{A}$ 13
滤波电感 ${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1.6
IGBT 型号 F4 50R12KS4
微控制器(MCU) TMS320F28377D
), ArticleFig(id=1154050943906734905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729534364271222, language=CN, label=表1, caption=单相全桥 dc-ac 变流器主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流侧电压 ${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{V}$ 350
基频频率 ${f}_{0}/\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 50
PWM 频率 ${f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 5
负载电流有效值 ${I}_{\text{load }}/\mathrm{A}$ 13
滤波电感 ${L}_{\mathrm{f}}/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 1.6
IGBT 型号 F4 50R12KS4
微控制器(MCU) TMS320F28377D
), ArticleFig(id=1154050943986426680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729534364271222, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Main structural parameters of heatsink, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
散热器基板长度 ${L}_{hs}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 100
散热器基板宽度 ${W}_{hs}$ /mm 120
散热翅片高度 ${H}_{\text{fin}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 50
散热基板高度 ${H}_{bp}$ /mm 5
散热翅片宽度 ${W}_{\text{fin }}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1.875
风道宽度 ${W}_{ch}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 6
翅片数量 ${N}_{\text{fin }}$ /个 16
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参数 数值
散热器基板长度 ${L}_{hs}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 100
散热器基板宽度 ${W}_{hs}$ /mm 120
散热翅片高度 ${H}_{\text{fin}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 50
散热基板高度 ${H}_{bp}$ /mm 5
散热翅片宽度 ${W}_{\text{fin }}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 1.875
风道宽度 ${W}_{ch}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 6
翅片数量 ${N}_{\text{fin }}$ /个 16
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城轨变流器风冷系统散热状态在线监测方法
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周骞 1 , 郭燕辉 1 , 梁原 2 , 贾昊 2 , 陈杰 2
都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2025,38(2): 133-139
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都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2025, 38(2): 133-139
城轨变流器风冷系统散热状态在线监测方法
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周骞1 , 郭燕辉1, 梁原2, 贾昊2, 陈杰2
作者信息
  • 1 北京市地铁运营有限公司 北京 100044
  • 2 北京交通大学 电气工程学院 北京 100044
  • 周骞,男,本科,工程师,研究方向为车辆运维,

Thermal Modeling and Online Condition Monitoring for the Air Cooling System of Power Converters for Urban Rail Transit
Qian ZHOU1 , Yanhui GUO1, Yuan LIANG2, Hao JIA2, Jie CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Metro Operation Co., Ltd. Beijing 100044
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
出版时间: 2025-04-01 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.019
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冷却系统在长期的运行过程中,环境中的杂质和灰尘会堵塞在散热器进风口处,使得冷却空气减少,影响散热效率,易引起变流器过温故障,极大地降低了变流器的运行可靠性。为解决风冷系统易被灰尘堵塞进而导致城轨变流器发生过温故障问题,提出一种实时在线式冷却系统散热状态监测方法。该方法以功率器件与散热器冷却曲线中包含的散热器热阻为特征参数,利用高斯牛顿迭代法进行特征参数的提取,之后通过特征参数对堵塞程度进行辨识,实现冷却系统散热状态在线监测。通过仿真和实验对建立的在线监测方法进行验证,结果表明,提出的冷却系统在线状态监测方法能准确监测冷却系统运行状态,与传统的冷却系统堵塞检测手段相比,在检测效率上有明显的优势。

城市轨道交通  /  交流器  /  冷却系统  /  散热状态  /  热建模  /  在线监测

During longterm operation, the cooling system's heatsink intake can become clogged with environmental impurities and dust, reducing cooling airflow and affecting thermal dissipation efficiency. This can lead to overheating faults in the power converter, significantly reducing its operational reliability. To address the issue of dust blockage in the aircooled system, which can cause overheating faults in rail transit power converters, a realtime online monitoring method for the cooling system's thermal dissipation state is proposed. This method uses the thermal resistance of the heatsink, extracted from the power device and heatsink cooling curves, as a characteristic parameter. The GaussNewton iterative method is employed to extract these parameters, which are used to identify the degree of blockage and achieve online monitoring of the cooling system's thermal dissipation state. Simulation and experimental results validate that the proposed method effectively monitors the cooling system's operational state, demonstrating superior detection efficiency and effectiveness compared to traditional blockage detection methods.

urban rail transit  /  converter  /  cooling system  /  thermal dissipation state  /  thermal modeling  /  online monitoring
周骞, 郭燕辉, 梁原, 贾昊, 陈杰. 城轨变流器风冷系统散热状态在线监测方法. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (2) : 133 -139 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.019
Qian ZHOU, Yanhui GUO, Yuan LIANG, Hao JIA, Jie CHEN. Thermal Modeling and Online Condition Monitoring for the Air Cooling System of Power Converters for Urban Rail Transit[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (2) : 133 -139 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.019
根据中国城市轨道交通协会发布的中国内地城轨交通线路概况显示, 截至 2023 年 6 月 30 日,中国内地累计有 57 座城市投运城轨交通线路 ${10566.55}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 。 其中,2023 年上半年新增城轨交通运营线路 ${236.55}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ , 北京、重庆、长春、大连、西安、苏州、长沙、兰州、金华等 9 座城市均有城轨交通新线、新段或延长线开通运营。截至 2023 年底,全年新投运城轨交通线路总长度超 ${800}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 。因此,城轨交通系统的运维压力也在日益增加, 城轨交通变流器作为电气传动系统的核心部件, 其稳定性和可靠性对于轨道交通系统的安全和运行效率至关重要 [ 1 - 4 ] 。针对电力电子变流器的故障诊断和健康管理(prognostics and health management, PHM)技术也成为行业的一个重要研究领域 [ 5 - 6 ] 。在该研究领域中, 功率模块的在线监测和寿命预测、电容器的在线监测和寿命预测、冷却系统的状态监测和故障诊断技术成为研究重点。根据国内外学者的研究和工业应用数据统计显示,变流器关键器件故障的主要应力源包括稳态温度和功率循环(55%)、振动和冲击 (20%)、湿度和潮湿(19%) [ 7 ] 。由此可见,温度应力对变流器安全可靠运行至关重要。
冷却系统作为变流器散热的关键部件, 其主要作用是将变流器产生的热量及时交换到外界环境中, 是功率器件可靠运行的关键 [ 8 ] 。然而,地铁车辆仅对车箱内环境加装空气过滤装置, 因此在长期的运行过程中, 列车外界环境中的灰尘和杂质会随着冷却空气的流动堆积到散热器风道进风口处 [ 9 ] 。风道的堵塞使得通过散热器风道的空气流量不断减少, 导致散热器翅片的对流换热系数降低, 功率器件产生的热量无法高效地交换到外界空气中, 使得其温度不断上升, 给功率器件的可靠运行带来挑战 [ 10 ] 。目前对于冷却系统灰尘堵塞的检测手段包括温度阈值判断和人工离线式定期检查。温度阈值判断方法是利用温度传感器阈值设定的方式进行散热器过温报警, 无法用于散热器状态识别; 而人工定期检查是在变流器停机时检查, 存在检测效率低、检测成本高的问题。因此, 亟须研究一种冷却系统在线状态监测方法, 既可以代替离线式检测方案, 大大提高检测效率, 也可以判别散热器堵塞程度, 为散热器维护计划的制定提供数据支持。
已有学者对散热器散热性能下降的机理进行了研究, 发现灰尘对散热器进风口的堵塞是其散热性能下降的主因 [ 11 - 12 ] ,风机的空气流量主要由风机的压力- 流量特性曲线和散热器风道压降决定, 散热器风道压降变大,风机需要提供与其相同的压力, 使得空气流量减小,流量的减小使得翅片的换热系数降低,导致其散热性能的下降。目前, 国内外学者利用热介质材料的热阻参数作为特征变量来判断散热系统老化程度 [ 13 - 14 ] ,该方法是利用功率器件和散热器冷却曲线提取热阻参数以达到监测的目的, 只有在获取完整的冷却曲线的情况下才能实施, 具有一定局限性。然而, 将散热器热阻作为特征参数的做法值得借鉴, 因此本文也将散热器的热阻参数作为在线监测方法的特征量, 并通过算法模型实现冷却系统堵塞程度的在线监测。
本文提出了一种冷却系统在线监测方法, 该方法以散热器的稳态热阻为特征参数, 利用散热器堵塞程度与散热器稳态热阻的对应关系判断当前的散热性能。在该方法中, 针对散热器在常态运行时通常处于热暂态导致的稳态热阻难以获得的问题, 首次提出利用高斯-牛顿迭代法通过暂态热数据识别散热器热阻参数。
本文提出的散热器散热状态在线监测方案流程如图1所示, 包含数据采集、数据计算和状态监测 3 个部分。数据采集包括交流侧和直流侧的电压、电流数据以及散热器温度和环境温度。数据计算包括数据的滤波处理, 将滤波的数据带入功率损耗模型计算得出功率模块的功率损耗(需要耗散的热量),同时计算散热器的暂态温升数据。状态监测是依靠散热器的暂态温升模型、暂态温升数据、功率模块的发热功率, 利用高斯-牛顿法识别散热器在暂态热过程中的稳态热阻参数;然后利用稳态热阻和散热器状态(堵塞程度) 之间的对应关系来识别散热器的散热状态。
为计算功率模块的功率损耗, 建立功率器件的损耗模型。功率器件的损耗由 IGBT 和 Diode 的导通损耗和开关损耗组成, 同时由于 Diode 的关断损耗很小, 可以忽略不计。IGBT/Diode 芯片的导通损耗计算表达式为:
$ {P}_{\text{cond_T}/\mathrm{D}}\left( t\right) = {v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}/\mathrm{f}}\left( {{i}_{\mathrm{c}/\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) }\right) \cdot {i}_{\mathrm{c}/\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) \cdot {D}_{\mathrm{T}/\mathrm{D}}\left( t\right) $
式中, ${P}_{\text{cond_T }/\mathrm{D}}$ 为 IGBT/Diode 芯片的导通损耗; ${v}_{\mathrm{{ce}}/\mathrm{f}}$ 为芯片的导通压降; ${i}_{\mathrm{{ce}}/\mathrm{f}}$ 为流过芯片的平均电流; ${D}_{\mathrm{T}/\mathrm{D}}$ 为芯片的导通占空比。
IGBT/Diode 芯片的开关损耗计算表达式为:
$ {P}_{\mathrm{{sw}}\_ \mathrm{T}/\mathrm{D} - \mathrm{{Ave}}}\left( t\right) = {f}_{\mathrm{s}} \cdot {f}_{0}{\int }_{0}^{1/{f}_{0}}{E}_{\mathrm{{sw}}\_ \mathrm{T}/\mathrm{D}}\left( {{i}_{\mathrm{c}/\mathrm{f}}\left( t\right) }\right) \cdot \mathrm{d}t $
式中, ${P}_{\text{sw_T/D-Ave }}$ 为一个开关周期内 IGBT/Diode 芯片的平均开关损耗; ${E}_{\mathrm{{sw}}\_ \mathrm{T}/\mathrm{D}}$ 为芯片的开关能量,其为开关电流的函数,由开通能量和关断能量组成; ${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为变流器的开关频率; ${f}_{0}$ 为变流器的电流基本频率。
冷却系统一般由翅片散热器、风扇及两者之间的空气流通管道组成, 散热器的结构示意如图2所示。 由于热容的存在, 散热器大多数时间处于热暂态过程中, 因此本节建立了散热器的暂态热模型以描述散热器温度变化并求解其热阻值。散热器暂态热模型由热阻、热容构成,如图3所示,其中 ${R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}} = 1/\left( {{h}_{\mathrm{{fin}}} \cdot {A}_{\mathrm{{fin}}}}\right)$ 为散热器温度监测点的热阻, ${C}_{\mathrm{{hs}}} = {\rho }_{\mathrm{{hs}}} \cdot {c}_{\mathrm{{hs}}} \cdot {V}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为散热器的热容。
相应的推导过程如下: 根据能量守恒定律和物体的非稳定、有内热源导热微分方程, 可以推导出散热器的瞬态导热微分方程为:
$ {\rho }_{\mathrm{{hs}}}{c}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}{V}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left\lbrack {{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right) }\right\rbrack }{\mathrm{d}t} = - {h}_{\mathrm{{fin}}} \cdot {A}_{\mathrm{{fin}}}{T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right) + {P}_{0} $
式中, ${c}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为比热容; ${\rho }_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为散热器密度; ${V}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为散热器体积; ${h}_{\text{fin }}$ 为翅片的对流换热系数; ${A}_{\text{fin }}$ 为翅片对流换热面积; ${T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为散热器的温度; ${P}_{0}$ 为功率器件的功率损耗。
该微分方程的通解即为散热器的瞬态温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right)$ , 且满足 ${t}_{0}$ 时刻 ${T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}} = {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{0}\right)$ 的初始条件,即:
$ {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right) = {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{0}\right) + \left\lbrack {{P}_{0} \cdot {R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}} - {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{0}\right) }\right\rbrack \left( {1 - {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t - {t}_{0}}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}}}\right) $
式中, ${T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( \infty \right)$ 为散热器稳态温度; ${\tau }_{\mathrm{{hs}}} = {R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为散热器热时间常数, ${R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为散热器热阻, ${C}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为散热器热容。
散热器相对于环境的温升 $\Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right)$ 为散热器温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right)$ 与环境温度 ${T}_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right)$ 之差,即:
$ \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right) = \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{0}\right) + \left\lbrack {{P}_{0} \cdot {R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}} - \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{0}\right) }\right\rbrack \left( {1 - {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}}}\right) $
当散热器在 $t = {t}_{1}$ 时刻发生堵塞时,散热器的稳态热阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 变为 ${R}^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ ,热时间常数 ${\tau }_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 变为 ${\tau }^{\prime }{}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ ,散热器的稳态温升 $\Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( \infty \right)$ 变为 $\Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( \infty \right)$ ,因此,散热器相对于环境的温升表达式为:
$ \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}^{\prime }\left( t\right) = \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{1}\right) + \left\lbrack {{P}_{0} \cdot {R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}^{\prime } - \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{1}\right) }\right\rbrack \left( {1 - {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t - {t}_{1}}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{{hs}}}^{\prime }}}}\right) $
当散热器在 $t = {t}_{2}$ 时刻功率损耗发生变化,散热风道堵塞程度相同时, 散热器稳态热阻和时间常数未发生变化,散热器的温升表达式为:
$ \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( t\right) = \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{2}\right) + \left\lbrack {{P}_{0}^{\prime } \cdot {R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}} - \Delta {T}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}\left( {t}_{2}\right) }\right\rbrack \left( {1 - {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t - {t}_{2}}{{\tau }_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}}}\right) $
利用式(3) $\sim$ 式(7)暂态热模型,就可以描述任何时刻不同功率及不同风道堵塞程度下散热器对于环境的温升变化。
由于热容的存在, 散热器大多数时间处于热暂态过程中, 时变的热暂态参数很难作为散热器运行状态的评判参数。因此为实现对变流器风冷系统的散热状态进行在线监测, 本文将稳态热阻值作为判断散热器运行状态的特征值。然而, 由于散热器的热容比较大, 即使在发热功率不变的情况下, 散热器依然需要很长一段时间才能达到热稳态, 这就导致无法直接获取散热器的稳态热阻参数。但是散热器的暂态热模型中包含稳态热阻信息, 因此本文提出利用一种参数识别方法从暂态热数据中提取稳态热阻参数, 从而判断散热器的散热状态。
虽然 1.3 小节中提出的散热器暂态温升模型中包含稳态热阻参数, 但由于该模型为非线性方程, 利用测量的散热器温度和计算的功率损耗难以直接求解得到散热器稳态热阻。因此, 本文利用高斯-牛顿法(GN) 近似求解散热器中的稳态热阻参数, 其基本思想是利用泰勒展开代替上述非线性回归方程, 通过不断对回归系数的迭代和修正, 使得预测的散热器温度和实际测量温度的残差平方和不断变小直至达到设定的阈值, 则得到的回归系数为最优的参数, 从而达到参数识别的目的。高斯-牛顿迭代法具体流程如图4所示。
为了解释 $\mathrm{{GN}}$ 算法对散热器稳态热阻的识别,利用 ${\beta }_{1}$${\beta }_{2}$ 分别代替热阻 ${R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 和热容 ${C}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ ,可将式(5)简写为:
$ {y}_{i} = f\left( {{x}_{i},\mathbf{\beta }}\right) = {f}_{1} + \left( {{P}_{0} \cdot {\beta }_{1} - {f}_{1}}\right) \left( {1 - {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{x}_{i}}{{\beta }_{1} \cdot {\beta }_{2}}}}\right) $
式中, $\beta \left( {{\beta }_{1},{\beta }_{2}}\right)$ 为回归系数向量,其迭代优化的目标是使样本和拟合值之间残差 ${r}_{i}$ 平方和最小。假设 $m$ 个样本 $\left( {{x}_{i},{y}_{i}}\right)$ ,则样本和拟合值之间的残差平方和表达式为:
$ S = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{r}_{i}^{2} = \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{\left( {y}_{i} - f\left( {x}_{i},\mathbf{\beta }\right) \right) }^{2} $
使得残差平方和最小的条件为残差平方和 $S$ 对代求参数的偏导数为 0 , 即
$ \frac{\partial S}{\partial {\beta }_{j}} = 2\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{r}_{i}\frac{\partial {r}_{i}}{\partial {\beta }_{j}} = 0 $
式中, ${\beta }_{j}$ 代表第 $j$ 个代求参数。每次迭代的函数需是线性化的,因此需要将非线性函数 $f\left( {{x}_{i},\beta }\right)$ 用泰勒级数展开线性化, 表达式为
$ f\left( {{x}_{i},\mathbf{\beta }}\right) \approx f\left( {{x}_{i},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}\frac{\partial f\left( {{x}_{i},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{j}}\left( {{\beta }_{j} - {\beta }_{j}^{k}}\right) $
$ \approx f\left( {{x}_{i},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) + \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{J}_{ij}\Delta {\beta }_{j} $
将式(11)式带入式(9)和式(10)可表示为
$ - 2\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}{J}_{ij}\left( {\Delta {y}_{i} - \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{J}_{ij}\Delta {\beta }_{j}}\right) = 0 $
将式(12)化简并写为矩阵形式为
$ \left( {{\mathbf{J}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{J}}\right) \Delta \mathbf{\beta } = {\mathbf{J}}^{\mathrm{T}}\mathbf{r}\left( {\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}\right) $
因此, 回归系数矩阵迭代公式为
$ {\mathbf{\beta }}^{k + 1} = {\mathbf{\beta }}^{k + 1} + {\left( {\mathbf{J}}^{\left( k\right) \mathrm{T}}{\mathbf{J}}^{\left( k\right) }\right) }^{-1} \cdot {\mathbf{J}}^{\left( k\right) \mathrm{T}} \cdot \mathbf{r}\left( {\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}\right) $
其中第 $k$ 次迭代的雅克比矩阵 ${\mathbf{J}}^{\left( k\right) }$
$ {\mathbf{J}}^{\left( k\right) } = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} \frac{\partial f\left( {{x}_{1},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{1}} & \frac{\partial f\left( {{x}_{1},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{2}} \\ \frac{\partial f\left( {{x}_{2},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{1}} & \frac{\partial f\left( {{x}_{2},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{2}} \\ \vdots & \vdots \\ \frac{\partial f\left( {{x}_{m},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{m}} & \frac{\partial f\left( {{x}_{m},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{m}} \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\ \mathbf{r}\left( {\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}\right) = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {y}_{1} - f\left( {{x}_{1},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) \\ {y}_{2} - f\left( {{x}_{2},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) \\ \vdots \\ {y}_{m} - f\left( {{x}_{m},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) \end{matrix}\right\rbrack \\ \frac{\partial f\left( {x,{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{1}} = {P}_{0} \cdot \left( {1 - {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x}{{\beta }_{1} \cdot {\beta }_{2}}}}\right) - \frac{x}{{\beta }_{1}^{2} \cdot {\beta }_{2}}. \\ \left( {{P}_{0} \cdot {\beta }_{1} - {f}_{1}}\right) \cdot {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x}{{\beta }_{1} \cdot {\beta }_{2}}} \\ \frac{\partial f\left( {x,{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) }{\partial {\beta }_{2}} = - \frac{x}{{\beta }_{1} \cdot {\beta }_{2}^{2}} \cdot \left( {{P}_{0} \cdot {\beta }_{1} - {f}_{1}}\right) \cdot {\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{x}{{\beta }_{1} \cdot {\beta }_{2}}} $
$k$ 次迭代的残差矩阵 $\mathbf{r}\left( {\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}\right)$
$ \mathbf{r}\left( {\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}\right) = \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} {y}_{1} - f\left( {{x}_{1},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) \\ {y}_{2} - f\left( {{x}_{2},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) \\ \vdots \\ {y}_{m} - f\left( {{x}_{m},{\mathbf{\beta }}^{k}}\right) \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
本节对提出的散热器状态在线监测方案进行实验平台搭建, 并对功率损耗进行 PLECS 仿真, 主要的电路参数如表1所示。电路的拓扑和参数采用 PLECS 仿真同样的参数, 散热器的结构尺寸参数见表2。利用光纤测温传感器进行散热器和功率模块温度的测量, 为了保证光纤测温的准确性, 利用 Infrared 热相机对温度测量进行了双重验证。
搭建的实验平台如图5所示, 其中图5(a)为试验台整体视图,包括变流器、热相机和光纤调理设备等; 图5(b)为打开封装后的功率模块内部芯片分布图;图5(c)为功率模块移除绝缘胶并黑色喷漆喷涂后的图像, 提高热相机的测量精度, 同时在 IGBT 芯片上放置了光纤探头用于温度测量;图5(d)为热相机安装位置,位于功率模块正上方, 通过焦距的调节可以提高温度测量的精确度;图5(e)为散热器上光纤探头的安装位置。
本节对功率损耗进行仿真验证, 搭建单相全桥 dc-ac 电压源型逆变器用于功率模块功率损耗计算, 并以此作为散热器的发热源, 其电路原理如图6所示。两个电压和两个电流传感器获取交流侧和直流侧电压、电流信息, 并基于 1.3 节所建立的功率损耗模型进行功率损耗计算。计算流程如图7所示, 得到的单个 IGBT 和二极管芯片功率损耗计算结果与仿真结果对比如图8所示。
当交流电流为负时, 上桥臂第一个 IGBT 芯片 IGBT ${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$ 保持截止,而与之反并联的反并联二极管 ${\mathrm{{FWDD}}}_{1}$ 保持导通, 截止损耗较小可以忽略不计, 因此每个基波周期内只有一半的时间存在功率损耗。由于 IGBT 的导通占空比、导通压降和单次开关损耗都随电流增大而增大, 因此当交流相电流达到幅值时, IGBT 的功率损耗最高, 当交流电压增加时, IGBT 导通占空比增加, FWD 的导通占空比降低, FWD 的导通时间减少。 但随着交流电流增加, FWD 导通压降变大, 因此 FWD 的导通损耗规律比较复杂, 导致 FWD 的总功率损耗规律也比较复杂, 在功率曲线图中表现为 FWD 功率损耗最大时刻与交流电流最大时刻不同,且存在不规则拐点。从图8可以看出, 本文建立的功率损耗仿真模型求解得出的逆变器功率损耗与仿真得到的功率损耗结果相近, 表明功率损耗模型准确可靠, 能够用于功率损耗的计算。
为了验证提出的散热器散热状态在线监测方法的准确性和精度, 本节在变流器恒定功率损耗与变功率损耗的情况下设计了实验。首先, 测量变流器的电压、 电流数据用于功率损耗的计算, 并测量散热器的暂态温度数据; 其次, 利用高斯-牛顿法识别出散热器的稳态热阻, 以及稳态热阻与堵塞程度的对应关系, 评估散热器的堵塞程度。值得注意的是,刚开始的 $2\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 时间算法处于等待状态, $2\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 后数组存满时第一个识别参数产生。随着时间的推移, 暂态温升数据不断被采样数据以堆栈的方式进行更新,识别参数也以 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ 的时间间隔进行更新, 实现了散热器堵塞程度的在线监测。
变流器恒定功率损耗时, 以 20%堵塞程度为阶梯测量散热器的温升暂态数据, 散热器温升曲线如图9(a) 所示。在这些数据的基础上, 利用提出的参数识别法识别出散热器的稳态热阻, 再根据稳态热阻和堵塞程度之间的关系, 识别出散热器的堵塞程度。散热器进风口堵塞程度在线监测结果如图9(b)所示。城轨列车在运行时, 其功率是不断变化的, 因此给出变功率状态下的实验结果,分别在 $0\text{、}{60}\% \text{、}{90}\% \text{、}{30}\%$ 堵塞程度下测量了散热器的温升暂态数据, 散热器进风口堵塞程度在线监测结果如图10所示。
可以看出, 在不同工况下, 识别的散热器堵塞程度和实验设置的散热器风口堵塞程度基本一致, 并且在上一时间段高堵塞状态而下一时间段为低堵塞状态时也能够准确地识别出改变后的低堵塞程度, 因此说明提出的散热器进风口堵塞程度在线监测方法具有较高的准确度。
1)本文所提出的基于暂态热模型的散热器稳态热阻参数识别方法, 通过实验验证了在不同工况下的散热器阻塞程度, 实现根据散热器的温升暂态数据对散热器风口堵塞程度的精准预测,并支持在线预测。
2)散热器 3-D 热网络模型与基于暂态热模型的散热器稳态热阻参数识别方法为强迫风冷型翅片散热器的状态在线识别提供了一种新的可行方案。
  • 工业和信息化部(CEIEC-2024-ZM02-0043)
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2025年第38卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.02.019
  • 接收时间:2024-03-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2025-04-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-28
  • 修回日期:2024-08-28
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工业和信息化部(CEIEC-2024-ZM02-0043)
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    1 北京市地铁运营有限公司 北京 100044
    2 北京交通大学 电气工程学院 北京 100044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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