Article(id=1149729549241467165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524209861062, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702224000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-11, revisedDate=1720281600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752046485481, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752046485481, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752046485481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752046485481, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149729524209861062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2025', volume='38', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752046479512, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780104827, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000875844653181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524209861062, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000875844653182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149729524209861062, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149729549426016560, articleId=1149729549241467165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Interconnection 2.0: Research on Synergy Mode of Rail Transit and Urban Space Based on Multi-level Network Efficiency, columnId=1153981622165689057, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=TOD, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As urban space becomes more complex through rail transit interconnectivity, this study investigates how to improve the spatial efficiency of metropolitan areas. Firstly, this article analyzes the research characteristics and shortcomings of synergy mode between interconnecting rail transit network and urban space through bibliometric methods. Secondly, by incorporating the concepts of networks and mobility into theoretical research and using multilevel network efficiency as the starting point, this study examines the key factors in synergistic development of network structure and function between rail transit and urban space. Based on this analysis, the Interconnection 2.0 model for synergistic development between rail transit and urban space is proposed, with the synergy relationship strengthened through network structure connectivity, network nodes, and element flow. Finally, combined with case analysis, this paper prospects the future development direction of interconnection at a higher stage in China. Theoretically, the study focuses on network hierarchy and nodality as well as the interaction between flows. In practice it provideds improves recommendations for improving the network connectivity and coupling of multilevel rail transit hubs. The research results provide a reference framework for the theory and practice of synergistic development between rail transit and urban space.

, correspAuthors=Haishan XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jinjin ZHU, Haishan XIA, Xiaotong LIU, Ran XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149729564659728620, articleId=1149729549241467165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=互联互通 2.0:基于多层级网络效率的轨道交通与城市空间协同模式研究, columnId=1153981622320878306, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=TOD, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

轨道交通互联互通后城市空间进入更高的网络层级发展阶段,如何提升都市圈空间效能成为研究重点。首先,通过文献计量方法对当前理论研究进行梳理,分析互联互通的轨道交通网络与城市空间协同模式的研究特点与不足。其次,将网络与流动思想纳入研究,进一步以多层级网络效率为切入点,分析轨道交通与城市空间网络结构和功能协同发展的关键要素,提出轨道交通与城市空间协同发展的互联互通2.0模式,从网络结构的联通性、网络节点的耦合性以及要素流的流动性3个方面强化协同关系。最后,结合案例提出我国互联互通更高阶段的发展方向,理论上强调网络的层级性、节点性以及流之间的相互作用,实践上提升多层次轨道交通枢纽的网络联通性与耦合性,研究成果可以为轨道交通与城市空间协同发展的理论与实践提供参考。

, correspAuthors=夏海山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
夏海山,男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事轨道交通与城市空间规划设计,
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朱金津,女,硕士研究生,主要从事轨道交通站城融合与综合开发研究,

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朱金津,女,硕士研究生,主要从事轨道交通站城融合与综合开发研究,

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模式 协同形式 联通性
互联互通 1.0 轨道交通点线构成的静态 拓扑结构 多层次轨道交通网络水平 结构的互联互通
互联互通 2.0 轨道交通网络、城市空间 网络、流网络构成的多层 级复杂网络 多层次轨道交通与城市空 间网络水平结构与垂直结 构的互联互通
), ArticleFig(id=1154051005185516255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149729549241467165, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=互联互通 1.0 与 2.0 的区别与联系, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式 协同形式 联通性
互联互通 1.0 轨道交通点线构成的静态 拓扑结构 多层次轨道交通网络水平 结构的互联互通
互联互通 2.0 轨道交通网络、城市空间 网络、流网络构成的多层 级复杂网络 多层次轨道交通与城市空 间网络水平结构与垂直结 构的互联互通
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互联互通 2.0:基于多层级网络效率的轨道交通与城市空间协同模式研究
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朱金津 1, 2 , 夏海山 1 , 刘晓彤 1 , 徐然 1
都市快轨交通 | TOD 2025,38(1): 19-29
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都市快轨交通 | TOD 2025, 38(1): 19-29
互联互通 2.0:基于多层级网络效率的轨道交通与城市空间协同模式研究
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朱金津1, 2 , 夏海山1 , 刘晓彤1, 徐然1
作者信息
  • 1 北京交通大学 建筑与艺术学院 北京 100044
  • 2 中铁上海设计院集团有限公司 上海 200070
  • 朱金津,女,硕士研究生,主要从事轨道交通站城融合与综合开发研究,

通讯作者:

夏海山,男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事轨道交通与城市空间规划设计,
Interconnection 2.0: Research on Synergy Mode of Rail Transit and Urban Space Based on Multi-level Network Efficiency
Jinjin ZHU1, 2 , Haishan XIA1 , Xiaotong LIU1, Ran XU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Architecture and Design Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
  • 2 China Railway Shanghai Design Institute Group Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200070
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.01.003
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轨道交通互联互通后城市空间进入更高的网络层级发展阶段,如何提升都市圈空间效能成为研究重点。首先,通过文献计量方法对当前理论研究进行梳理,分析互联互通的轨道交通网络与城市空间协同模式的研究特点与不足。其次,将网络与流动思想纳入研究,进一步以多层级网络效率为切入点,分析轨道交通与城市空间网络结构和功能协同发展的关键要素,提出轨道交通与城市空间协同发展的互联互通2.0模式,从网络结构的联通性、网络节点的耦合性以及要素流的流动性3个方面强化协同关系。最后,结合案例提出我国互联互通更高阶段的发展方向,理论上强调网络的层级性、节点性以及流之间的相互作用,实践上提升多层次轨道交通枢纽的网络联通性与耦合性,研究成果可以为轨道交通与城市空间协同发展的理论与实践提供参考。

轨道交通  /  多层级网络  /  互联互通  /  城市空间效率  /  文献计量分析

As urban space becomes more complex through rail transit interconnectivity, this study investigates how to improve the spatial efficiency of metropolitan areas. Firstly, this article analyzes the research characteristics and shortcomings of synergy mode between interconnecting rail transit network and urban space through bibliometric methods. Secondly, by incorporating the concepts of networks and mobility into theoretical research and using multilevel network efficiency as the starting point, this study examines the key factors in synergistic development of network structure and function between rail transit and urban space. Based on this analysis, the Interconnection 2.0 model for synergistic development between rail transit and urban space is proposed, with the synergy relationship strengthened through network structure connectivity, network nodes, and element flow. Finally, combined with case analysis, this paper prospects the future development direction of interconnection at a higher stage in China. Theoretically, the study focuses on network hierarchy and nodality as well as the interaction between flows. In practice it provideds improves recommendations for improving the network connectivity and coupling of multilevel rail transit hubs. The research results provide a reference framework for the theory and practice of synergistic development between rail transit and urban space.

rail transit  /  multi-level network  /  interconnection  /  urban spatial efficiency  /  bibliometric analysis
朱金津, 夏海山, 刘晓彤, 徐然. 互联互通 2.0:基于多层级网络效率的轨道交通与城市空间协同模式研究. 都市快轨交通, 2025 , 38 (1) : 19 -29 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.01.003
Jinjin ZHU, Haishan XIA, Xiaotong LIU, Ran XU. Interconnection 2.0: Research on Synergy Mode of Rail Transit and Urban Space Based on Multi-level Network Efficiency[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2025 , 38 (1) : 19 -29 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.01.003
我国城市化进入都市圈建设和高质量发展阶段, 轨道交通网络建设将成为加快区域一体化发展、城市空间网络化的重要支撑。《国家综合立体交通网规划纲要》明确提出增强轨道交通互联互通,重衔接、优网络、提效能,按照站城一体的原则协同发展 [ 1 ] 。因此, 轨道交通如何引领城市高质量协同发展成为目前的研究热点。
传统的轨道交通与城市空间协同发展理论主要基于交通与土地利用的分析 [ 2 ] ,它们更多的是探究物理空间层面的相互作用。然而, 随着城市空间网络化的发展, 越来越多的学者认识到城市是一个由节点、网络、场所和流组成的复杂系统 [ 3 ] ,它们之间的互动是解释城市如何运作的关键, 其中网络和流动是重点[ 4 ]。 面对城市空间网络化的新变革, 轨道交通网络作为关键的流动支撑系统, 将在引领都市圈高质量协同发展中发挥更加重要的作用 [ 5 ] ,但是,传统理论对空间网络化认识的滞后无法有效指导轨道交通网络的发展实践,亟须从网络与流动的角度研究轨道交通与城市空间的协同发展。
鉴于我国轨道交通互联互通后进入更高的网络层级, 如何提高都市圈空间网络化效能成为研究的重点。 轨道交通与城市空间协同发展的问题, 本质上是网络自身的效率与城市流动性需求间的协同, 理论上是一个复杂系统适应性问题。本文首先通过文献计量分析画像, 描述当前轨道交通与城市空间协同的研究动向;其次引入网络与流动思想, 从多层级网络效率的角度, 提炼出轨道交通与城市空间协同的关键要素, 并提出了互联互通 2.0 模式; 最后结合国际案例, 从理论与实践两个方面为我国互联互通更高阶段的发展提供建议。
本文使用 Citespace 软件进行文献分析, 选取中国知网数据库, 以 “互联互通”“直通运行”“四网融合” 为主题词检索轨道交通相关中文期刊文献, 通过关键词对得到的 486 篇文献进行图谱量化分析。其中国内学者研究时间跨度为 2003-2023 年,结合文献资料汇总, 系统综述轨道交通互联互通成网后研究的热点及发展趋势, 剖析互联互通的轨道交通与城市空间协同模式存在的问题。
2003-2023 年互联互通主题中文文献发表数量如 图 1 所示。由 图 1 可知: 学术界对于轨道交通互联互通的研究兴起于 2003 年;从文献发表的数量上看,2016- 2021 年文献数量变化幅度较大; 近 3 年的文献发表数量维持在高位数, 这表明近年来我国对互联互通的研究已成为学术研究的热点之一, 与我国轨道交通 “十三五”“十四五”发展规划密切相关。从发表的期刊上看, 主要发表在《都市快轨交通》与《城市轨道交通研究》等核心期刊上, 总体而言与建筑规划等跨学科交叉较少,具有明显的交通专业特征。
通过 Citespace 软件对关键词分析可以识别研究的热点及发展趋势 [ 6 ] 。中文文献关键词共现网络知识图谱如 图 2 所示, 由 图 2 可知, 不同层次轨道交通制式中市域(郊)、城际铁路是研究的热点, 在空间尺度上以都市圈范围为主。通过对关键词共现网络剖析, 归纳出两方面研究热点: 一方面为网络层面的互联互通, 是对不同层次、不同线网的轨道交通网络融合; 另一方面为服务层面的互联互通, 实现列车信息、列车运营的资源共享。
研究热点具有很强的时间特征, Citespace 软件中关键词突现可以表示在一定时间段内该领域研究活跃度高,即该关键词是研究热点 [ 7 ] 。本文截取关键词前 9 突现强度, 如 图 3 所示。由 图 3 可知, 从 2006 年开始, 轨道交通网络化在较长时间内都是研究热点, 四网融合、多网融合、都市圈概念的出现将在未来一段时间内对网络层面的互联互通产生重要影响。
对关键词进行聚类分析后按时间演进形成时间线图谱, 如 图 4 所示。同一水平线上关键词的变化可以反映该领域内研究的趋势, 纵向的年份划分可以反映不同阶段有影响力的成果发表情况。由 图 4 可知, 轨道交通从与网络化相耦合开始兴起, 发展建设中的不足不断被解决, 从交通层面的跨线运行到都市圈一体化发展,从单层次的市郊铁路发展到多层次四网融合的互联互通。
近年来, 我国学者就互联互通的技术层面和一体化层面展开了多维度、多角度的探讨和研究, 在线网布局 [ 8 ] 、设施设备 [ 9 ] 及多层次轨道交通体系 [ 10 ] 等方面取得了一系列成果。然而, 互联互通模式下轨道交通与都市圈空间协同发展仍存在不足, 从空间一体化发展角度, 有学者指出互联互通强调的是网络的连通性, 在满足都市圈流动性需求以及相应的设施规模方面存在不足 [ 11 ] ,因此,研究提出我国应当构建由圈层和节点组成的轨道交通网络化体系 [ 12 ] ,考虑城市空间结构、城市土地利用与客流分布的影响[ 13 ]。
由于国际都市圈轨道交通互联互通成网时间较早, 研究开始从单一的轨道交通网络层级转向轨道交通与公交等其他公共交通网络之间的互通性 [ 14 - 15 ] 。但评价指标选取上仍侧重于交通属性, 忽视了交通与城市发展的流动互动关系 [ 16 ]
实际上, 目前我国尚处于互联互通初期 1.0 阶段, 将轨道交通与都市圈协同发展视为点线的衔接, 忽视了两者网络联通与要素流动的相互作用。在网络结构方面, 互联互通 1.0 解决的是轨道交通网络水平结构的连通性, 缺乏与城市空间耦合形成垂直结构的联通, 导致在网络功能方面, 出现轨道交通自身的结构效率无法满足城市流动性需求的问题。因此, 本文从效率入手,建立了轨道交通与城市空间网络结构和功能协同的逻辑关系, 如 图 5 所示, 互联互通进阶的关键在于网络的“通达”与“流动”。
节点-场所理论强调站点是轨道交通与城市空间要素聚集的节点。在欧洲交通一体化及多中心城市兴起的背景下,1996 年,贝托里尼(Bertolini)受卡斯特尔 (Castells)的流空间理论及德马特斯(Dematteis)的城市网络理论启发, 指出火车站是交通和非交通网络的 “节点”,能够创造物质与非物质流动的潜在连接,由此提出 “节点-场所” 理论 [ 17 ] 。该理论指出只有结合站点所在的交通和空间网络分析, 才能正确地评估站点的发展机会 [ 18 ]
近年来, 相关学者在原始节点-场所模型基础上拓展出网络维度, 将站点节点层面的研究拓展至网络(系统)层面。文献[ 19 ]基于网络理论, 添加网络维度用于评估地铁网络与土地利用以及出行需求之间的协调程度。文献[ 20 ]引入复杂网络指标衡量站点在网络系统层面上的作用, 发掘具有潜在发展价值的站点。文献[ 21 ]对互联互通的轨道交通网络进行评价, 分析其站点的网络中心性。但是, 也有文献认为目前研究以公共交通为导向的开发(transit-oriented development, TOD)的节点-场所模型忽视了作为城市动态特征的人类流动模式的重要性 [ 22 ] ,因此有必要转变原有的静态网络结构认知, 将轨道交通与城市空间协同发展视为具有流动性的动态网络。
复杂网络是一种分析复杂系统中主体之间相互作用的理论与方法, 通过将主体抽象为节点, 主体之间的相互作用关系抽象为边, 从而将系统抽象为一个复杂网络 [ 23 ] ,用量化指标如节点度、聚类系数、平均路径长度等来表征网络特性 [ 24 ] ,为研究轨道交通与城市空间协同发展形成的复杂网络系统提供了新的视角与方法。
在复杂网络特性方面, 研究主要聚焦在网络的拓扑结构 [ 25 ] 及网络中心性分析。文献[ 26 ]从效率的角度, 指出复杂网络指标中度(degree)高的节点是网络中的关键节点, 这类站点在实际的轨道交通线网中通常为枢纽站点。随着城市空间大数据的发展, 复杂网络理论也逐渐应用于城市要素流动的研究, 学者们将人流、交通流作为真实的关系数据, 反映节点之间的相互作用。在区域尺度, 文献[ 27 ]将带有车站的城市作为节点, 城市之间的交通流定义为网络节点之间的链接, 从流的角度理解轨道交通与城市群发展之间的关系。在城市尺度, 文献[ 28 ]以城市分区为节点, 通过手机信令数据表征通勤人流, 论证了轨道交通对区域核心增长的重要作用。
基于复杂网络理论认知, 可以将轨道交通与城市空间之间的互动关系抽象为网络。通过建立以轨道交通为媒介的交通与人口、土地利用、城市功能等要素之间相互反馈的动态循环过程, 形成以枢纽为重要节点、以要素流为连接的复杂网络。
流空间是 CASTELLS 相对于场所空间所提出的以关系流动构成的空间形式, 它表现为人口、资本等要素在空间中的快速流动 [ 29 ] 。2013 年 Batty 在其著作 《城市新科学》中认为 “网络” 和 “流动” 的思想正在改变城市科学对于 “场所” 的侧重 [ 30 ]
在网络与流动的关系方面, 网络成为流动空间的主要空间结构形式 [ 31 ] ,在网络中,中心节点取决于其通过的流动要素与其他节点的连接关系 [ 32 ] ,流动使得城市网络分散或集中 [ 33 ] 。在流空间对场所空间的影响方面, 文献[ 34 ]发现流空间将继续使城市中心转变为分散与聚集的混合体, 空间中的各种 “流” 塑造了场所空间的发展 [ 35 ] 。因此,文献[ 36 ]认为在流空间时代, 发展是由“场所-流”两个维度共同决定的。
随着城市要素流的流动性越来越强, 流空间对场所空间的影响也越来越大。轨道交通网络作为要素流动的载体, 枢纽作为网络的重要节点成为要素流动的场所, 同时要素的流动造成网络节点之间连接关系的不同,将促使网络呈现出多层级的特征。
通过前文的理论研究梳理, 本文认为轨道交通与城市空间协同发展后将形成多层级的动态复杂网络, 其网络效率包括网络层面的网络结构效率和节点层面的节点空间效率。
目前, 网络结构效率研究主要聚焦在 3 个方面, 在网络结构方面,文献[ 37 ]认为有效率的空间结构与土地利用和交通可达性紧密相关,“空间结构-交通模式”的耦合模式是实现多中心结构效率的途径 [ 38 ] 。文献[ 39 ]利用网络的联通性衡量效率, 研究发现网络节点之间关系越紧密、联通性越好则信息流通的效率越高 [ 40 ] ,且站点在网络中的重要性对网络效率产生较大影响 [ 41 ] 。在网络节点方面,文献[ 42 ]探究了节点属性对网络效率产生的影响, 发现节点的聚集产生规模效应, 从而提高了网络效率。在要素流动方面, 文献[ 43 ] 关注流动所产生的网络节点关联度。但文献[ 44 ]提出目前轨道交通网络效率的研究指标与城市空间指标结合较少,城市空间网络协同性不足。
在节点空间效率方面, 文献[ 45 ]从社会、交通、功能、经济、环境 5 个维度建立站点枢纽空间效率评价指标。文献[ 46 ]借鉴 TOD 核心指标与客流量作为效率评价指标。文献[ 47 ]从站点与城市发展的相互作用关系切入, 将枢纽建设与城市功能的空间协同度作为效率的评价指标。
综上所述, 网络的联通性、节点的耦合性会影响网络中要素流的流动性, 从而对网络效率产生重要影响, 由此, 可从这 3 个方面提升多层级网络效率。
互联互通 1.0 模式强调的是轨道交通单一层级网络水平结构之间的互通性, 并未涉及轨道交通与城市空间之间的联通性, 该模式下城市要素流的研究范畴不能真正满足都市圈高质量发展的需要。
从网络与流动的视角, 网络的层级性与节点性是研究轨道交通与城市空间协同的关键, 网络效率的相关研究本质上是网络结构的联通、网络节点的耦合以及要素流的流动 3 个要素的协同。
基于以上认知, 本文提出了互联互通 2.0 模式, 其与 1.0 模式既有区别又有联系, 如 表 1 所示。互联互通 2.0 本质上是在多层级网络上追求更强的节点耦合性、更紧密的流动性、更高的网络效率, 实现网络水平结构和垂直结构的双重联通, 达到轨道交通与城市空间的高效协同。互联互通 2.0 模式解析如 图 6 所示, 其内涵可以进一步分解为 3 个方面:①在网络层面,轨道交通网络互联互通直连城市功能核心区或聚集区, 与城市功能节点形成垂直联通的网络, 区域之间的空间关系由网络与流决定而不是传统的距离因素。②在节点层面, 多层次轨道交通枢纽的节点特性和站域土地利用进行功能耦合, 实现枢纽的交通价值与城市功能价值的融合, 即站城一体化。③在流层面, 城市要素的分布与流动作用于多层级网络节点, 通过加快流的速度与频次,实现节点间的直接连接。
本文以东京、伦敦、巴黎 3 个都市圈为例,分析国际上互联互通的多层级轨道交通网络 [ 48 ] ,如 图 7 所示。东京都市圈作为世界上最大的通勤圈和生活区, 以完善的轨道交通网络支撑着现代城市, 其轨道交通系统总体上可以划分新干线、JR 线路、私铁和地铁 4 个层次,采用市郊铁路方式运营的 $\mathrm{{JR}}$ 线和私铁,占东京都市圈内总线网规模的 80.8% [ 49 ] ,在网络层面 JR 线通过共线运行, 在郊区进行大站距的高速运行, 抵达城市外围跨线到小站距、低速的地铁线路上, 提高轨道交通网络的效率, 同时在一些车站设置越行站实现快车越行,加速重要节点之间的流动 [ 50 ] 。在节点层面通过以 $\mathrm{{JR}}$ 线为纽带与地铁、私铁在枢纽站进行互联互通, 重要枢纽如池袋站、新宿站、涩谷站具有连接整体网络的关键作用 [ 51 ] 。巴黎都市圈内轨道交通包括地铁、RER 线和 Transilien 线 3 个层次, 其中 RER 线和 Transilien 线均为市域铁路, 占总线网规模的 80%以上, 通过枢纽站实现与各层次轨道交通的互联互通, 部分穿越城区的市郊线路在城区内不设站, 直接穿过中心城区, 实现郊区-区-市区-郊区的连接 [ 52 ] 。伦敦都市圈轨道交通网络分为地下铁、市郊铁路两个层次, 市郊铁路网络运营里程达 ${3000}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,在高峰时段前往市中心的交通近 80%选择轨道交通 [ 53 ] ,通过横贯大伦敦东西 Crossrail 线上的中央换乘站实现地下铁网与铁路网的互联互通 [ 54 ]
因此, 市域(郊)铁路的发展对互联互通的轨道交通网络具有重要影响, 国际都市圈利用市郊铁路从网络层面联通不同层次的轨道交通, 不仅为城区与郊区的居民提供便捷的交通服务, 还提高了轨道交通网络的效率, 促进人流的跨区域流动, 有力支撑了都市圈城市空间的扩展。
地铁、市域(郊)铁路等不同层次轨道交通互联互通的枢纽成为网络节点。在复杂网络视角下, 枢纽作为轨道交通与城市空间多层级网络的节点拥有巨大的分散与聚集的力量, 理论上是能级巨大的网络节点, 能够成为都市圈空间要素流动的核心与增长极。巴黎的拉德芳斯交通枢纽由地铁、市郊铁路组成,每天有 40 万人次乘客在此进行换乘, 通过 2 期规划建设平衡了工作和居住功能, 使整个区域具有综合的城市功能, 拉德芳斯成为了巴黎的副中心 [ 55 ] 。东京山手线上的涩谷站、新宿站等枢纽定位为城市的副中心和重要的交通交汇点, 经过站城一体化更新, 与商业、休闲创意产业、办公等紧密结合,承担着商业、金融、文化、 国际交流等城市功能 [ 56 ] ,汇聚了大量的人流量。伦敦的国王十字枢纽站通过区域再开发项目, 将以废弃工业与铁路导向的区域转变为包含办公、住宅、教育、娱乐的城市中心, 在都市圈内外发挥着关键作用, 也被定义为战略交通枢纽 [ 57 ]
图 8 所示, 国际都市圈通过将多层次轨道交通枢纽与不同城市功能进行耦合, 塑造功能互补的网络节点, 促使都市圈的要素流在不同层级不同节点之间加速流动, 形成功能性的城市网络。
东京都市圈轨道交通网络结构呈现出 “双环+多放射”的网络格局, 以交通带动城市空间发展, 因此都市圈人口增长与铁路网络结构重叠, 网络密集、互联互通程度高的区域, 会将轨道交通出行方式作为首要选择 [ 58 ] 。轨道交通网络的高度发达以及城市功能的分布对周边市县的经济、产业、人口分布和流动性具有极强的辐射效应, 尤其在工作日高峰时段, 交通流量表现出明显的都市圈特征 [ 55 ] 。巴黎、伦敦形成了树枝状放射的轨道交通网络格局, 与城市中心体系紧密结合。例如 2021 版伦敦大规划中以交通可达性作为都市圈城市网络分级的依据, 强调交通与城市空间的互动关系,以 “强节点强网络、重功能重联系” 作为网络特征 [ 59 ] 。这样的轨道交通与城市空间功能耦合的网络结构能够实现都市圈节点的便捷联系, 满足乘客快速、方便出行的需求。
图 9 所示, 都市圈轨道交通与城市空间多层级网络是动态、流动的网络, 其网络结构影响了城市人流等要素流流动的方向、方式以及交通-功能空间组织, 通过强化轨道交通与城市空间的功能联系, 可以实现要素流的直通。
总体而言, 轨道交通系统和城市空间系统逐渐由网络组织起来, 网络作为一个动态发展的系统具有均质化和去中心的趋势, 但作为一个运行系统或流动系统具有趋向性和中心性, 流动的结果是网络出现层级性和节点性, 轨道交通与城市空间多层级网络也是一个不断发展的矛盾体, 是一个动态平衡和演化的复杂系统。
未来可以从网络与流动的角度深入研究轨道交通与城市空间的协同发展。在网络方面, 目前关于城市网络结构的研究更多地关注单层网络的拓扑结构及节点的分布, 可以进一步深化轨道交通与城市空间多层级网络的层级性以及节点性的研究。在流动方面, 轨道交通网络的发展促使城市空间要素的加速流动, 借助数据技术的发展, 已经分析了不同类型的流在不同尺度的流动规律, 但不同类型流之间的关系还有待进一步挖掘。因此可以分析交通流与人流之间的关系, 研究轨道交通与城市空间的内在作用机制, 以期实现两者的协同发展。
长久以来我国地铁系统与国铁系统分别在两个系统内部进行规划, 导致出现都市圈范围内轨道交通系统功能不明确、层级不完善的问题。目前我国城市中心区地铁承担过多的通勤, 延伸至郊区导致停靠站数过多降低运行效率, 而且轨道交通网络与城市功能耦合度较低, 亟须填补市域(郊)层级的缺失, 增强市域(郊) 铁路连接郊区与市中心的功能, 促进都市圈范围内的人口流动, 并通过连接市域(郊)铁路与地铁, 提高多层次轨道交通枢纽网络结构的可达性。
过去多层次轨道交通枢纽站点的建设在时间与空间上缺乏与城市空间的互动, 导致轨道交通场所价值未能完全体现, 巨大的客流量未转化为区域发展的动力, 网络节点价值的认识不足。国外都市圈的发展经历证实了多层次轨道交通枢纽的开发利用能有效激发城市空间效能。因此需要强化多层次轨道交通枢纽作为网络节点的交通价值并使其与城市功能价值融合, 根据其在轨道交通网络的节点定位以及城市功能布局的需要, 进行站城一体化开发, 形成功能互补的网络节点。
我国都市圈发展进入新的阶段, 对轨道交通与城市空间协同发展提出了更高的要求。根据当前互联互通的轨道交通网络与城市空间协同模式存在的问题, 结合理论研究与案例分析, 得出以下结论:
1) 从网络与流动的视角, 轨道交通与城市空间形成了以枢纽为重要节点、以要素流为连接的多层级复杂网络, 其中网络的层级性与节点性是实现轨道交通与城市空间协同的关键。
2) 轨道交通与城市空间网络效率的研究实质上是分析网络结构、网络节点、要素流 3 个要素的协同。
3) 从多层级网络效率的角度, 互联互通 2.0 模式更强调轨道交通与城市空间不同层级网络的联通性、 节点功能的耦合性以及要素流动的直通性, 该模式能更好地应对都市圈空间网络化发展的高要求。
都市圈转向高质量发展阶段, 城市空间呈现出鲜明的空间网络化特征, 城市流动性需求发生变化, 轨道交通网络系统的发展, 提供了城市空间网络结构的支撑与要素流动的载体。基于网络与流动的认知, 如何为轨道交通引导下的都市圈高质量发展提供有力的决策支持, 尚需系统化探讨两者协同发展的方法论。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52078027)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52102386)
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2025年第38卷第1期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2025.01.003
  • 接收时间:2023-12-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-11
  • 修回日期:2024-07-07
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国家自然科学基金(52078027)
国家自然科学基金(52102386)
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    1 北京交通大学 建筑与艺术学院 北京 100044
    2 中铁上海设计院集团有限公司 上海 200070

通讯作者:

夏海山,男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事轨道交通与城市空间规划设计,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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