Article(id=1149742006701830975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1715097600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049455570, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049455570, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049455570, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049455570, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741999626043609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049453884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780113622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742006932517696, articleId=1149742006701830975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Modal Analysis of Subway Bogie Frame Based on Environmental Excitation, columnId=1152669334582243706, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rail vehicles may experience abnormal vibrations, noise, and structural fatigue failure because of the unreasonable modal mismatch between an entire vehicle, equipment, and bogie. To investigate the modal parameters of bogies, experimental and simulation analyses were conducted. Initially, a modal identification method was employed, utilizing the running state environment as excitation. The crosscorrelation function of the structure's vibration response signal output was used to replace the frequency response function, in conjunction with the PolyMax modal identification method, to effectively identify modes that are easily excited during the structure's operation. Next, the effects of wheel turning and variations in vehicle load on the operating modes of the structure were examined to gain a comprehensive understanding of the bogie structure's modal parameters. Finally, a finite element simulation method was used to calculate the modal frequencies of the bogie structure in the free and constrained states. The results showed that wheel turning had little effect on the modal parameters of the structure. However, with increasing load, the modal frequencies at all orders generally increased. This was related to the increase in the air spring stiffness of the bogie owing to the increased vehicle load, even if the boundary constraint state of the structure changed. By comparing the test results with the simulation analysis results of the bogie structure in the free and constrained states, it was concluded that it is necessary to simulate the actual boundary constraint conditions as much as possible to ensure the accuracy of the finite element model. These findings can provide a reference for subsequent studies on modal mistuning designs.

, correspAuthors=Bilong BIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bilong BIE, Shaodong LI, Yanling PAN, Yonggang JU, Yao SHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742013274304524, articleId=1149742006701830975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=环境激励下地铁转向架构架模态分析, columnId=1152669334955536763, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=机电工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对整车与设备和转向架的模态不合理匹配,轨道车辆可能出现异常振动和噪声,甚至发生结构疲劳失效等问题,对转向架模态参数进行试验与仿真分析研究。首先,采用车辆在运行状态环境激励下模态识别方法,通过构架输出振动响应信号的互相关函数替换频响函数,再结合模态识别 PolyMax方法,有效辨识出构架在运行状态下易被激发出的模态。然后,探究转向架车轮进行镟修或车辆载重发生变化时对构架运行模态产生的影响,以便于全面掌握转向架构架的模态参数。最后,采用有限元仿真方法计算转向架构架在自由状态和约束状态下的模态频率。研究结果表明:镟轮前后基本不影响构架的模态参数,但随着载重增大,各阶模态频率普遍升高,这与车辆载重增大使转向架空气弹簧刚度变大,即使构架的边界约束状态发生改变有关;对比自由状态和约束状态下的转向架构架的仿真分析结果可知,不同约束条件下,有限元模态计算结果存在较大的差异,为保证有限元模型的准确性,应尽可能模拟实际的边界条件约束状态。研究成果以期为模态错频设计提供参考。

, correspAuthors=别必龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xTWjO3dhVFW9xpIImtgzDg==, magXml=tKZASwX1KdNhdHXe9MjzHg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hhpsKqpVr2ikp3Of3jkOzw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=x4HIvzlVYEse9o34mgDciA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

别必龙,男,学士,工程师,从事电客车维保研究

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别必龙,男,学士,工程师,从事电客车维保研究

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别必龙,男,学士,工程师,从事电客车维保研究

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振型描述 AW0 锭轮前 AW0 锭轮后 AW3 锁轮前 AW3 锭轮后
构架扭转 43.829 44.369 46.158 45.257
侧梁横向弯曲 79.269 79.781 81.124 82.017
横梁垂向弯曲 80.579 82.014 83.157 81.278
侧梁水平面八字变形 93.667 92.357 95.458 94.285
), ArticleFig(id=1153991634262938178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742006701830975, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同测试工况下构架工作模态统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振型描述 AW0 锭轮前 AW0 锭轮后 AW3 锁轮前 AW3 锭轮后
构架扭转 43.829 44.369 46.158 45.257
侧梁横向弯曲 79.269 79.781 81.124 82.017
横梁垂向弯曲 80.579 82.014 83.157 81.278
侧梁水平面八字变形 93.667 92.357 95.458 94.285
), ArticleFig(id=1153991634342629955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742006701830975, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Modal frequencies of the bogie frame under readiness and free state, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数 整备状态下 模态频率/Hz 自由状态下 模态频率/Hz 振型描述
1 48.98 36.92 构架扭转
2 82.80 64.44 横梁垂向弯曲
3 84.17 64.97 侧梁横向弯曲
4 102.57 76.69 侧梁水平面八字变形
), ArticleFig(id=1153991634405544516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742006701830975, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=转向架构架整备状态与自由状态模态频率, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶数 整备状态下 模态频率/Hz 自由状态下 模态频率/Hz 振型描述
1 48.98 36.92 构架扭转
2 82.80 64.44 横梁垂向弯曲
3 84.17 64.97 侧梁横向弯曲
4 102.57 76.69 侧梁水平面八字变形
), ArticleFig(id=1153991634502013509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742006701830975, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Modal statistics of the bogie frame under different test conditions and finite element calculation $\mathrm{{Hz}}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振型描述 AW0 镜轮前 AW0 镜轮后 AW3 锁轮前 AW3 锁轮后 整备 状态 自由 状态
构架扭转 43.829 44.369 46.158 45.257 48.98 36.92
侧梁横向弯曲 79.269 79.781 81.124 82.017 84.17 64.44
横梁垂向弯曲 80.579 82.014 83.157 81.278 82.80 64.97
侧梁水平面 八字变形 93.667 92.357 95.458 94.285 102.57 76.69
), ArticleFig(id=1153991634560733766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742006701830975, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同工况测试与有限元仿真计算模态统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
振型描述 AW0 镜轮前 AW0 镜轮后 AW3 锁轮前 AW3 锁轮后 整备 状态 自由 状态
构架扭转 43.829 44.369 46.158 45.257 48.98 36.92
侧梁横向弯曲 79.269 79.781 81.124 82.017 84.17 64.44
横梁垂向弯曲 80.579 82.014 83.157 81.278 82.80 64.97
侧梁水平面 八字变形 93.667 92.357 95.458 94.285 102.57 76.69
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环境激励下地铁转向架构架模态分析
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别必龙 1 , 黎少东 1 , 潘彥凌 1 , 琚永刚 1 , 舒瑶 2
都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024,37(6): 130-135
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都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024, 37(6): 130-135
环境激励下地铁转向架构架模态分析
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别必龙1 , 黎少东1, 潘彥凌1, 琚永刚1, 舒瑶2
作者信息
  • 1 宁波市轨道交通集团有限公司 智慧运营分公司 浙江宁波 315000
  • 2 中车株洲电力机车有限公司 湖南株洲 412000
  • 别必龙,男,学士,工程师,从事电客车维保研究

Modal Analysis of Subway Bogie Frame Based on Environmental Excitation
Bilong BIE1 , Shaodong LI1, Yanling PAN1, Yonggang JU1, Yao SHU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Smart Operation Branch Ningbo Rail Transit Group Co., Ltd. Ningbo Zhejiang 315000
  • 2 CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., Ltd. Zhuzhou Hunan 412000
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.018
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针对整车与设备和转向架的模态不合理匹配,轨道车辆可能出现异常振动和噪声,甚至发生结构疲劳失效等问题,对转向架模态参数进行试验与仿真分析研究。首先,采用车辆在运行状态环境激励下模态识别方法,通过构架输出振动响应信号的互相关函数替换频响函数,再结合模态识别 PolyMax方法,有效辨识出构架在运行状态下易被激发出的模态。然后,探究转向架车轮进行镟修或车辆载重发生变化时对构架运行模态产生的影响,以便于全面掌握转向架构架的模态参数。最后,采用有限元仿真方法计算转向架构架在自由状态和约束状态下的模态频率。研究结果表明:镟轮前后基本不影响构架的模态参数,但随着载重增大,各阶模态频率普遍升高,这与车辆载重增大使转向架空气弹簧刚度变大,即使构架的边界约束状态发生改变有关;对比自由状态和约束状态下的转向架构架的仿真分析结果可知,不同约束条件下,有限元模态计算结果存在较大的差异,为保证有限元模型的准确性,应尽可能模拟实际的边界条件约束状态。研究成果以期为模态错频设计提供参考。

地铁  /  转向架  /  环境激励  /  模态试验  /  有限元分析

Rail vehicles may experience abnormal vibrations, noise, and structural fatigue failure because of the unreasonable modal mismatch between an entire vehicle, equipment, and bogie. To investigate the modal parameters of bogies, experimental and simulation analyses were conducted. Initially, a modal identification method was employed, utilizing the running state environment as excitation. The crosscorrelation function of the structure's vibration response signal output was used to replace the frequency response function, in conjunction with the PolyMax modal identification method, to effectively identify modes that are easily excited during the structure's operation. Next, the effects of wheel turning and variations in vehicle load on the operating modes of the structure were examined to gain a comprehensive understanding of the bogie structure's modal parameters. Finally, a finite element simulation method was used to calculate the modal frequencies of the bogie structure in the free and constrained states. The results showed that wheel turning had little effect on the modal parameters of the structure. However, with increasing load, the modal frequencies at all orders generally increased. This was related to the increase in the air spring stiffness of the bogie owing to the increased vehicle load, even if the boundary constraint state of the structure changed. By comparing the test results with the simulation analysis results of the bogie structure in the free and constrained states, it was concluded that it is necessary to simulate the actual boundary constraint conditions as much as possible to ensure the accuracy of the finite element model. These findings can provide a reference for subsequent studies on modal mistuning designs.

subway  /  bogie  /  environmental excitation  /  modal experiment  /  finite element analysis
别必龙, 黎少东, 潘彥凌, 琚永刚, 舒瑶. 环境激励下地铁转向架构架模态分析. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (6) : 130 -135 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.018
Bilong BIE, Shaodong LI, Yanling PAN, Yonggang JU, Yao SHU. Modal Analysis of Subway Bogie Frame Based on Environmental Excitation[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (6) : 130 -135 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.018
在地铁车辆的实际运营中, 列车会面临着各种不同类型的振动环境, 包括周期性激励、随机性激励、 瞬态激励以及多种激励组合的环境等。这些不同类型的环境激励对车辆装备产生的破坏程度和影响机理不尽相同。当列车设备在振动环境中存在共振放大和系统间频率耦合时, 容易导致功能故障、疲劳损伤、强度破坏等问题, 甚至对行车安全产生威胁。因此, 为了提升列车对振动环境的适应能力, 保证列车运行的安全可靠, 应尽量避免列车发生共振现象或遭受放大系数较大的振动。
转向架作为保证车辆安全和运行品质的关键部件, 承担了车辆的支承、导向、牵引、制动等重要作用 [ 1 ] 。在车辆的服役期间,列车会频频出现电机吊座与横梁连接处裂纹、构架端部天线梁开裂、转向架轴箱吊耳断裂等问题。大量实际案例表明, 地铁转向架部分的疲劳失效问题主要是结构的模态共振导致的。 此外, 在车辆运行时, 若整车与设备和转向架等的模态不能合理匹配时, 轨道车辆会产生异常振动、噪声等现象。因此, 对地铁车辆转向架进行模态分析与错频设计至关重要, 这对于确保地铁运行的平稳性、减少结构振动和噪声, 以及提高地铁车辆的安全性和乘坐舒适性都具有重要意义。
通过测试技术与仿真技术掌握转向架的模态信息作为开展错频设计的基础,越来越受到学者们重视。 彭爱林等 采用实验模态分析方法,参照《机车转向架构架标准》(TB/T3312- 2013 ) ,使用激振器对 型机车转向架构架进行激振, 并对响应与激励数据进行分析与处理, 再结合模态识别方法, 辨识转向架构架的固有频率等模态参数, 研究结果表明, 仿真计算的结果与测试分析得到的构架前四阶模态的固有频率和振型具有一致性。王秋实等 使用力锤进行了地铁转向架构架在自由状态下的实验模态测试, 并与有限元仿真结果进行了对比, 研究结果表明, 试验所选取布置的传感器测点可以分析得到构架典型的模态振型以及模态频率, 根据试验获得构架典型的模态参数与在有限元软件中未缩减自由度计算的模态参数有较好的一致性, 说明转向架模态试验所选取的自由度合理。 李建等 探究构架有限元模型在不同约束条件下的模态计算结果与试验测试辨识构架模态结果间的关系, 建议在进行构架模态有限元分析时应充分考虑构架在实际工况下边界条件的约束。
综上, 目前对转向架构架的测试方法主要集中在实验模态测试, 该方法通常在实验室内进行, 试验所需的人力与物力成本较高, 且难以准确模拟结构实际运行状态下所处的边界条件, 并且少有学者探究转向架车轮进行镟修或车辆载重发生变化时对构架运行模态产生的影响。因此, 本文在车辆运行状态下基于环境激励对构架模态参数进行辨识, 再对比考虑构架一系、二系约束以及大附属件电机和齿轮箱影响的仿真模态分析结果, 并重点探究车辆鏇修前后以及车辆载重对转向架构架试验模态分析结果的影响, 以期为转向架构架的频率规划提供研究基础。
试验模态分析是对研究对象在实验室条件下或运行工作条件下进行模态辨识的过程。根据辨识过程中外界激励信号是否可测,将试验模态分析方法归纳为两类 [ 6 ] : 一是实验模态分析方法(experimental modal analysis, EMA), 其对系统的输入激励信号是可控且可测量的, 基于响应与激励数据进行分析与处理, 求得结构的频响函数曲线, 再结合模态识别方法, 辨识结构的固有频率、模态振型、模态阻尼比等动态特性参数;二是运行模态分析方法(operational modal analysis, OMA), 无需测试系统的输入信号, 仅基于环境激励下的输出响应, 通过信号的互相关函数替换频响函数, 再结合模态识别方法, 辨识结构的模态参数。相比 EMA 方法, OMA 方法可以只使用实测响应信号在线分析, 使用设备更简单, 且可辨识出系统在运行工况下易被激起的模态。
本文采用 PolyMax 算法对转向架运行模态进行辨识。模态辨识主要基于以下假设 [ 7 ] ,简单概括为线性假设、系统时不变假设、状态量可观测性假设以及互异性假设。
PolyMax 法是一种多参考点最小二乘复频域法的扩展, 其采用输出响应的功率谱密度近似代替频响函数, 并通过使用极大似然估计法使得误差最小化, 从而实现全局模态的识别。该方法可以生成更清晰的稳态图, 具有良好的抗干扰能力, 且参数识别的精度相对较高 [ 8 ] 。对系统多个输出通道信号,当选择一个通道为参考点时, 各通道与参考通道间互相关函数具体的数学模型可表示为
${R}_{m,1}\left(\tau \right)= \frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 0}}^{{N - 1}}{y}_{m}\left({k +\tau }\right){y}_{1}\left( k\right)$
式中, $k$ 为测试信号数值索引; ${y}_{1}$ 为被选择参考点; $m$ 为测点编号; $N$ 为每个通道的数据长度; $\tau$ 为时间延迟; ${R}_{m \cdot 1}\left(\tau \right)$ 为信号 ${y}_{1}\left( k\right)$ 与信号 ${y}_{m}\left({k +\tau }\right)$ 的互相关函数。对式 (1)通过快速傅里叶变换获得功率谱密度函数后,结合 PolyMax 算法对式(2)进行求解
$\mathbf{H}\left(\omega \right)= \mathbf{M}\left(\omega \right)\mathbf{N}{\left(\omega \right)}^{-1}$
式中, $H\left(\omega \right)$ 为功率谱密度函数代替的频响函数; $M\left(\omega \right)$ 为分子矩阵多项式; $N\left(\omega \right)$ 为分母矩阵多项式,其中
$\mathbf{M}\left(\omega \right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{r = 0}}^{p}{\mathbf{Z}}^{r}{\mathbf{\beta }}_{r}$
$\mathbf{N}\left(\omega \right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{r = 0}}^{p}{\mathbf{Z}}^{r}{\mathbf{\alpha }}_{r}$
若系统有 $m$ 维输入, $l$ 维输出,则其中 ${\mathbf{\beta }}_{r\left({l \times m}\right)}(r = 0$ , $1,\cdots , p)$ 为分子矩阵多项式系数, ${\alpha }_{r\left({m \times m}\right)}(r = 0,1,\cdots$ , $p)$ 为分母矩阵多项式系数,定义 $p$ 为数学模型的设定阶次, $Z$ 为多项式基函数 ${e}^{-\mathrm{j}{\omega \Delta t}},{\Delta t}$ 为采样时间。在取不同的频率后, 可以通过最小二乘法近似求解系数矩阵 ${\left\lbrack {\mathbf{\beta }}_{r},{\mathbf{\alpha }}_{r}\right\rbrack }$ [ 9 ] 。在已经求得的分母矩阵系数 ${\mathbf{\alpha }}_{r}$ 基础上, 构建扩展酉矩阵, 再对酉矩阵进行分解获得特征值, 最终可以得到系统的极点以及模态参与因子。系统极点 ${p}_{i}$ , ${p}_{i}^{* }$ 和对角元素 ${\lambda }_{i}\left({i = 1,2,\cdots ,{mp}}\right)$ 之间存在如下关系
${\lambda }_{i}= {\mathrm{e}}^{-{p}_{i}{\Delta t}}\text{ 或 }{\mathrm{e}}^{-{p}_{i}^{* }{\Delta t}}$
${p}_{i},{p}_{i}^{* }= -{\sigma }_{i}\pm \mathrm{j}{\omega }_{\mathrm{d}i}$
模态阻尼比的计算式为
${\xi }_{i}= \frac{{\sigma }_{i}}{{\omega }_{i}}= \frac{{\sigma }_{i}}{\sqrt{{\sigma }_{i}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{d}i}^{2}}}$
式中, ${\omega }_{i}$ 为无阻尼固有频率; ${\omega }_{\mathrm{d}i}$ 为有阻尼固有频率; ${\sigma }_{i}$ 为系统极点的实部。
对地铁车辆动车转向架构架进行了 4 次不同工况下的运行模态试验, 包括镟轮前 AW0 工况, 镟轮前 AW3 工况, 镟轮后 AW0 工况, 镟轮后 AW3 工况。识别分析转向架构架在不同工况下的运行模态结果, 与后续有限元模态计算结果进行校验比对。
对动车转向架构架两侧侧梁各布置 6 个加速度传感器, 连接两侧侧梁的横梁各布置 2 个加速传感器, 其中一个位于横梁中部, 另一个位于电机与横梁连接位置, 两侧电机端部各布置 1 个加速度传感器, 总计 18 个加速度传感器, 试验测点示意如 图 1 所示, 现场测点布置如 图 2 所示,选用的加速度传感器量程为 $\pm {50}\mathrm{g}$
在相同线路区间下, 对转向架构架进行运行工况模态测试, 测试工况分别为 AW0 镟轮前、AW0 鏇轮后、AW3 鏇轮前、AW3 鏇轮后 4 种工况。以构架端部某一测点为例, 其在不同测试工况下垂向与横向的振动频谱如 图 3 所示, 由 图 3 可知, 无论在哪种测试工况下,线路只要存在不平顺就可以有效激励出构架的工作模态。
基于 Polymax 方法, 采用恒定速度运行条件下, 样本长度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;s}$ 的测试数据进行模态辨识。以 AW0 镟轮前测试工况为例, 辨识得到的转向架构架模态振型如 图 4 所示。
地铁车辆动车转向架构架在 4 种工况下的工作模态识别结果如 表 1 所示。由 表 1 可知, 对于动车转向架构架, 车辆在镟轮前与镟轮后, 转向架构架扭转、 侧梁横向弯曲、横梁垂弯弯曲以及侧梁水平面八字变形振型所对应的模态频率相差不大,变化在 $\pm 2\%$ 以内。车辆在不同载重工况下, 其 AW3 工况下转向架构架模态振型所对应的模态频率普遍高于 AW0 工况下, 这与车辆载重增大使转向架空簧刚度变大边界约束状态有关。
有限元模态分析是一种基于有限元计算的结构振动分析方法, 通过采用离散化结构并结合有限元法的原理和技术, 研究结构的振动特性, 包括固有频率、 模态振型、模态阻尼比等模态参数。
一般而言, 有限元模态分析包括如下技术流程: 首先建立研究对象的几何模型,再依次设定模型材料、 生成接触关系、进行网格划分、施加边界条件等,最终进行仿真分析和仿真结果的输出 [ 10 ] 。因此,基于地铁转向架构架的几何模型, 通过进行有限元模态分析, 考虑构架的不同约束条件, 计算不同约束状态下的模态结果。
本次模态分析所用软件为 Hypermesh。该软件提供了 3 种主要的实特征值提取方法: 跟踪法、变换法和 Lanczos 方法。其中, Lanczos 方法是前两种方法的结合, 性能较好, 具有变换法不易丢根和跟踪法高效求解的优势, 因此大多数有限元软件默认使用该方法进行实特征值计算。
对于计算复杂大型的装配体模态时, 可以考虑对几何模型进行合理的简化, 在保证得到准确的仿真分析结果的同时提高计算机的计算效率。因此, 对于地铁转向架构架这种由侧梁、横梁且焊接了如电机座、 制动吊座等多种结构的复杂大型装配体, 可采用如下的简化处理方法: ①忽略构架的附属零碎部件, 例如螺栓、螺母等零件;②忽略因考虑安全、工艺等原因产生的小圆角、倒角等结构;③忽略设计中的非承载结构及其他无关紧要的小尺寸结构、小孔结构。
这些小结构不但增加网格划分的难度和影响网格质量,也增加网格数量进而增大计算机的工作量,因此可以考虑删除简化。
组成转向架构架主体结构的侧梁及横梁等采用无缝焊接的方式连接,主要采用碳钢 Q345E 制造,因此其材料密度为 ${7850}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,材料弹性模量为 ${210000}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ , 泊松比为 0.3 。
考虑到转向架构架为大型复杂的装配体, 其形状不规则且多样化, 若采用通用的自动划分网格的方法难以保证网格的质量, 可能造成仿真模态结果与实际偏差过大情况。因此采用手动划分的方式对转向架构架进行网格划分。为保证划分的网格质量, 根据每个零件的实际尺寸确定合适的划分网格方法和网格大小, 优先使用六面体网格进行实体单元的网格划分。 当划分对象为规则的简单结构时采用扫掠方法。当划分对象是长宽尺寸远大于厚度尺寸的筋板件时, 采用抽中面的方法并结合壳单元进行划分。当划分对象由多个规则体组成时, 采用多区域方法结合四面体网格进行划分。按照上述网格划分方法, 最终转向架构架整体模型离散为 312793 个单元,节点数为 668101, 已完成网格划分的构架有限元模型如 图 5 所示。
在地铁车辆的实际运行中, 转向架构架受到一系列约束的影响, 包括一系悬挂、二系悬挂、车体、电机、齿轮箱等。因此, 实际工作模态与自由模态计算结果可能存在一定偏差。为了获得更准确的模态仿真计算结果, 必须确定转向架构架的边界约束条件。
对于一系悬挂, 仅模拟一系钢弹簧的实际约束情况, 不考虑一系横向、垂向减振器等结构。在相应位置采用一系列并联的弹簧单元, 模拟构架在实际工作中的约束状态。弹簧单元的一侧与构架相连接, 另一侧直接施加位移全约束, 弹簧单元的刚度参数与实际设计值一致。
对于二系悬挂, 仅模拟二系空气弹簧的实际约束情况, 不考虑二系横向、垂向减振器等结构。在二系空气弹簧对应位置采用弹簧单元, 模拟构架在实际工作中的约束状态。弹簧单元的一侧与构架相连接, 另一侧直接施加位移全约束,弹簧单元的刚度参数与实际设计值一致, 并且在此位置施加实际中车体传递至构架的垂向载荷力。
关于转向架构架附属设备的约束情况, 仅考虑质量较大的电机和齿轮箱与构架间的约束, 不考虑其他附属件及支座等结构。将电机简化为质心结构, 采用质量单元近似电机实际结构, 并添加弹簧单元连接电机质量单元和构架电机吊座, 设置较大刚度值来模拟电机与构架间的刚性连接。同理, 采用质心简化的方法模拟齿轮箱与构架之间的约束, 添加大刚度值的弹簧单元模拟齿轮箱与构架间的刚性连接。
因此, 按照上述边界约束方法, 采用 Lanczos 方法对转向架构架进行模态分析, 并对模态振型进行质量归一化处理, 最终转向架构架在整备状态下的模态仿真计算模态频率如 表 2 所示, 模态振型如 图 6 所示。为了探究有限元模型中构架约束条件对模态计算结果的影响, 对构架进行自由模态计算, 其结果如 表 2 所示。
该构架在不同工况下的工作模态识别结果与不同约束条件的有限元仿真模态计算结果如 表 3 所示。
表 3 可知, 动车转向架构架在车辆不同载重工况、镟轮工况下,约束整备状态下的仿真结果与不同工况下的测试结果都较接近, 结果偏差都在 10%左右, 最大偏差为 13%,平均偏差为 6.7%,自由状态下的结果与不同工况下的测试结果偏差较大, 偏差都在 20% 左右,最大偏差为 28%,平均偏差为 23.7%。由此说明,不同约束条件下,有限元模态计算结果存在较大的差异, 应该尽可能模拟实际的边界条件约束状态, 以保证有限元模型的准确性。
1) 对于动车转向架构架, 车辆在镟轮前与镟轮后, 转向架构架的侧梁反剪、侧梁同向弯曲、横梁垂弯以及侧梁水平面八字变形振型所对应的模态频率相差不大,变化在 $\pm 2\%$ 以内,这说明镟轮基本不影响转向架构架的模态特性; 车辆在不同载重工况下, 其 AW3 工况下转向架构架模态振型所对应的模态频率普遍高于 AW0 , 这与车辆载重增大使转向架空气弹簧刚度变大,即使构架的边界约束状态发生改变有关。因此, 在进行模态错频设计时, 应注意转向架构架不同载重工况下的模态频率差异性。
2) 在车辆不同载重工况、镟轮工况下, 动车转向架构架约束整备状态下的仿真结果与不同工况下的测试结果都较接近, 结果偏差都在 10%左右, 最大偏差为 13%,平均偏差为 6.7%;但是,自由状态下的结果与不同工况下的测试结构偏差较大, 偏差都在 20%左右,最大偏差为 28%,平均偏差为 23.7%。由此可知, 不同约束条件下,有限元模态计算结果存在较大的差异, 应该尽可能模拟实际的边界条件约束状态, 以保证有限元模型的准确性。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目资助(2023JJ50210)
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2024年第37卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.018
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 修回日期:2024-05-08
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湖南省自然科学基金项目资助(2023JJ50210)
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    1 宁波市轨道交通集团有限公司 智慧运营分公司 浙江宁波 315000
    2 中车株洲电力机车有限公司 湖南株洲 412000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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