Article(id=1149742001094050016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709740800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-07, revisedDate=1717344000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049454233, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049454233, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049454233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049454233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741999626043609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049453884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780113622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742001291182306, articleId=1149742001094050016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=A Summary of the Development of Pure Electric Braking System and Key Technologies for Urban Rail Trains, columnId=1152669340382966151, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Forum of Rapid Rail Transit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Electropneumatic braking is the most common braking method adopted by most urban rail trains. However, the disadvantages of poor controllability and slow response of air brakes result in inaccurate parking and poor comfort. In addition, there are issues, such as greater losses. The solution to address these issues is to replace existing air braking with electric braking, which is an ideal solution. Based on the development history of full electric braking, this study elaborates on the current situation and the main problems that must be overcome in the application of full electric braking. From the perspectives of high and low speeds, this paper provides a detailed introduction to the difficulties in achieving full electric braking and their corresponding solutions. Each difficulty is analyzed and summarized, and future development directions are discussed.

, correspAuthors=Zhihong ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhihong ZHONG, Zhongping YANG, Fei LIN, Chunmin SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742010032112060, articleId=1149742001094050016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=城市轨道交通列车全电制动系统及其关键技术发展综述, columnId=1152669340680761737, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=快轨论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对空气制动可控性较差和响应速度较慢导致的停车不准、舒适度较差以及损耗较大等问题,研究列车全电制动技术。首先以全电制动的发展历程为基础,阐述全电制动应用的现状以及需要克服的主要问题,然后从高速和低速两个角度切入,详细介绍实现全电制动的难点问题及其所对应的解决思路,并针对每一个难点问题进行分析与总结,最后对全电制动未来的发展进行展望。

, correspAuthors=钟志宏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vDhUuwc2PzUu7X0P5Yf0yw==, magXml=q7mz1mij9NJYyeT2D13NUQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cnOC4plsNpwuLAowYDJ+bQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/r/bADpJV1JlW00A/rPMyw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

钟志宏,男,博士后,从事轨道交通牵引控制和节能运行,

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钟志宏,男,博士后,从事轨道交通牵引控制和节能运行,

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钟志宏,男,博士后,从事轨道交通牵引控制和节能运行,

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城市轨道交通列车全电制动系统及其关键技术发展综述
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钟志宏 1 , 杨中平 1 , 林飞 1 , 石春珉 2
都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2024,37(6): 16-26
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都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2024, 37(6): 16-26
城市轨道交通列车全电制动系统及其关键技术发展综述
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钟志宏1 , 杨中平1, 林飞1, 石春珉2
作者信息
  • 1 北京交通大学 电气工程学院 北京 100044
  • 2 中铁检验认证中心有限公司 北京 100000
  • 钟志宏,男,博士后,从事轨道交通牵引控制和节能运行,

A Summary of the Development of Pure Electric Braking System and Key Technologies for Urban Rail Trains
Zhihong ZHONG1 , Zhongping YANG1, Fei LIN1, Chunmin SHI2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
  • 2 China Railway Test & Certification Center Limited Beijing 100000
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.003
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针对空气制动可控性较差和响应速度较慢导致的停车不准、舒适度较差以及损耗较大等问题,研究列车全电制动技术。首先以全电制动的发展历程为基础,阐述全电制动应用的现状以及需要克服的主要问题,然后从高速和低速两个角度切入,详细介绍实现全电制动的难点问题及其所对应的解决思路,并针对每一个难点问题进行分析与总结,最后对全电制动未来的发展进行展望。

城市轨道交通  /  电空联合制动  /  全速域  /  全电制动

Electropneumatic braking is the most common braking method adopted by most urban rail trains. However, the disadvantages of poor controllability and slow response of air brakes result in inaccurate parking and poor comfort. In addition, there are issues, such as greater losses. The solution to address these issues is to replace existing air braking with electric braking, which is an ideal solution. Based on the development history of full electric braking, this study elaborates on the current situation and the main problems that must be overcome in the application of full electric braking. From the perspectives of high and low speeds, this paper provides a detailed introduction to the difficulties in achieving full electric braking and their corresponding solutions. Each difficulty is analyzed and summarized, and future development directions are discussed.

urban rail transit  /  electro-air combined braking  /  full-speed field  /  pure electric braking
钟志宏, 杨中平, 林飞, 石春珉. 城市轨道交通列车全电制动系统及其关键技术发展综述. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (6) : 16 -26 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.003
Zhihong ZHONG, Zhongping YANG, Fei LIN, Chunmin SHI. A Summary of the Development of Pure Electric Braking System and Key Technologies for Urban Rail Trains[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (6) : 16 -26 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.003
城轨列车运营速度的不断提高增强了运输的能力和有效性, 提升了人们出行的质量, 但同时在列车的控制系统方面也面临着许多新的挑战。由于城市轨道交通站间距较短, 列车需要频繁地加减速操作, 如何保证在列车运行舒适度的基础上, 有效地吸收制动能量已成为目前主流的研究方向。
国内城轨列车制动过程采用的常用制动方式为电空联合制动, 这是一种以电制动为主, 空气制动为辅的联合制动方式, 电制动和空气制动两者的关系是: 电制动失效时, 空气制动可以独立实施; 电制动力不足时, 空气制动开始作用, 使列车制动力达到相应的要求 [ 1 - 2 ]
全电制动停车技术目前已经在我国部分城市轨道交通项目上得到应用, 如西门子牵引系统(汉阳有轨电车, 上海地铁 18 号线)、日立牵引系统(西安地铁 2 号线)、株洲时代牵引系统(上海地铁 9 号线)等 [ 3 ] ; 但这些项目都只能做到接近零速的电制动停车, 在停车过程中还需要空气制动的介入。
与电制动相比, 空气制动存在的不足: 可控性较差、停车不准 [ 4 ] ; 响应速度较慢,导致在电空切换过程中造成列车加速度的突变,影响乘坐舒适度 [ 5 ] ; 产生闸瓦磨损和能量浪费等。若能将常用制动中的空气制动均替换为电制动,则能解决上述问题。考虑到高速区的全电制动主要受限于牵引网侧电压、变流器电流以及限流曲线等因素, 低速区全电制动则受限于转速和转矩的高精度稳定控制, 本文将分别从高速和低速两方面, 对全电制动的难点问题进行详细阐述。
为了减小制动距离以及制动时间,列车在制动时的减速度往往要大于牵引时的加速度, 列车若要实施较大的制动减速度,一方面要考虑黏着系数的限制 [ 6 ] ; 另一方面则要考虑电机输出转矩的能力。
由于供电系统、逆变器以及电机的容量有限,当电机进入自然特性区, 电机的最大输出转矩会随着转速的上升而下降;此外, 为防止牵引网压过高, 会设置再生限流曲线, 在网压超过设定值时限制再生制动功率, 防止再生制动失效。为保持全速域恒定的制动减速度, 在这两种情况下往往需要补足空气制动。因此, 为实现高速区全电制动, 需从高速区的最大转矩提升和限流曲线两方面进行优化。
加大电机功率与列车的动拖比是提升高速区最大转矩最直观的方式, 但此类方式不仅增加成本投入, 还对列车的轴重、黏着等产生影响。软件优化和拓扑优化是更为可行的方案。
软件优化方面, 非弱磁区的最大转矩电流比(maximum torque per ampere, MTPA)控制 [ 7 ] ,弱磁区充分利用电压极限圆的单电流环弱磁控制 [ 8 ] ,已被广泛应用, 且能较好地解决问题。
拓扑优化方面,在电路的不同位置串联电阻或电容, 利用电机的短时过载提升高速下的制动转矩是常用的解决方法 [ 9 - 13 ]
图 1 所示为逆变器和支撑电容之间串联滑动电阻器的方案, 保证电阻左端仍然满足正常的牵引特性曲线, 电阻右端的电压和电流通过调节滑动变阻器来改变 [ 9 ] 图 1 中, ${I}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$ 为牵引逆变器直流侧电流, ${V}_{\mathrm{{DC1}}}$ 为列车直流侧支撑电容电压, ${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}2}$ 为牵引逆变器直流侧电压, $R$ 为串联的滑动变阻器的电阻阻值。根据不同系统过电流能力的不同, 可以采用两种控制模式: 第一种控制模式利用系统的过电压能力和过电流能力, 在原恒功率区同时提升 ${I}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}2}$ ,在原自然特性区保持 ${I}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$ 不变,以不同的斜率继续提升 ${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}2}$ ; 第二种控制模式仅利用系统的过电压能力, 在原恒功率区和原自然特性区均保持电流不变,仅提升电压 ${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}2}$ 。具体的直流母线电压、直流侧电流、转差频率以及电阻值随定子频率变化的曲线如 图 2 所示 [ 9 ] 图 2 中, $T$ 为电机转矩, ${I}_{\mathrm{{AC}}}$ 为电机相电流, ${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为电机的转差频率。
两种模式均可以保持串联滑动变阻器左侧的电压 ${V}_{\mathrm{{DCl}}}$ 不变,且此时,逆变器侧电压与电流的乘积与频率成正比,即此时电机的输出转矩保持不变。
从两种控制模式下的能量利用结果来看, 传统的电空联合制动下, 再生制动回收能量占总制动能量的比例为 83%; 采用控制模式 1 后, 比例提升为 85.6%; 采用控制模式 2 后,比例提升为 90.6%。串联电阻的全电制动方式虽然不能回收全部的列车制动能量,但相较于传统的电空联合制动,其制动能量回收率明显提高。
图 3 所示为电阻串联在逆变器与电机中间的方案 [ 10 ] , 在恒转矩区闭合断路器, 不投入电阻, 在恒功率区和自然特性区断开断路器, 投入电阻, 此方式只需利用电机的过压能力, 而不需要利用变流器的过压能力。
为了进一步提升制动能量的回收率, 文献[ 11 - 12 ] 提出在直流侧串联超级电容, 利用超级电容储能以及升降压的功能, 既提升电机在高速区制动力, 又可以储存多余的再生制动能量。
图 4 (a)所示拓扑,通过调节开关管 ${Q}_{1}$${Q}_{2}$ 的占空比来控制串联超级电容的端电压 ${V}_{\mathrm{b}0}$ ,从而在保证接触网侧电压不超过最大电压的前提下, 提升逆变器直流侧的电压。该拓扑所需的电容器件较多, 控制模式较为单一[ 11 ]。在此基础上, 图 4 (b)所示拓扑通过灵活控制 ${Q}_{1}\sim {Q}_{4}$ ,也可实现提升逆变器直流侧电压的功能, 且该拓扑在牵引和制动时均可对超级电容充电或者放电,提高了节能控制优化的可能性 [ 12 ]
图 5 所示为超级电容以变压器的形式串联在逆变器与电机中间的方案 [ 13 ] 。该方式通过交流测的升压能力, 增加牵引/再生制动功率, 不仅可以达到改善列车性能的目的, 还可以改善高速区再生制动失效的问题。 但这种结构由于串联了变压器, 且要求变压器具备变频和大电流的功能, 一方面大大增加了体积和质量, 另一方面设计起来较为困难。
这类将超级电容引入牵引传动系统的方式, 不仅能提升高速区的制动能力, 而且可以与地面储能装置进行配合, 将牵引网电压抑制在再生失效临界电压以下,从根源上解决再生制动失效带来的空气制动投入问题。
近年来,新型器件发展迅速,尤其 $\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 器件发展较为成熟,使用 $\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 器件替代原 IGBT 器件的日本新干线列车 N700 也已经投入运营。SiC 器件的散热性能远优于 IGBT, 也拥有较强的过载能力。随着 SiC 器件的大规模应用、对列车制动舒适性以及对制动能量利用率要求的提升, 高速全电制动的发展和应用将迎来良好的契机。
限流曲线的目的是为防止牵引网压过高, 即在牵引网电压超过一定阈值 ${U}_{\text{lim }}$ 时,限制电机的最大再生电流,在牵引网电压达到截止电压 $\left({U}_{2}\right)$ 时,再生电流限制为 0 ,完全使用空气制动停车,如 图 6 所示。 图 6 中, ${U}_{\max }$ 为系统能承受的最大电压, ${i}_{\max }$ 为牵引电机的最大电流。
${U}_{\text{lim }}$${U}_{2}$ 越接近 ${U}_{\max }$ ,则能够回收的再生制动能量就越大,因此在实际应用中,一般设置 ${U}_{2}$ 等于 ${U}_{\max }$ [ 14 ] 。此外, 让 ${U}_{\text{lim }}$ 接近 ${U}_{\text{max }}$ ,有利于制动能量传输至牵引列车, 提升列车间能量的交互率 [ 15 ] ,但同时也会降低控制系统的稳定性, 造成电容电压和电动机电流的持续振荡等问题 [ 16 ] 。解决该振荡问题, 可以通过改变限流曲线, 使列车运行在非限流区内, 从而避免列车工作在斜线区可能出现的振荡 [ 17 ] ,也可通过改变控制参数, 减小和抑制限流曲线产生的振荡 [ 16 ]
根据 1.1 节 图 3图 4 的相关内容, 高速区的制动能力可以通过串联电阻或者电容等元件改善,串联电阻或电容元件后, 系统的限流曲线也要与之进行配合。以 图 1 的拓扑为例, 如果串联电阻在支撑电容和逆变器之间, 根据控制模式的不同, 限流曲线的变化也不同, 针对上述模式 1 和模式 2 , 其对应的限流曲线分别为 图 7(a)图 7(b)图 7 中, 蓝色曲线为原有的限流曲线, 红色曲线为采用新的模式后改变的限流曲线, ${U}_{\mathrm{{lim}}1}$${U}_{\mathrm{{lim}}2}$ 分别为调整前和调整后的阈值电压, ${U}_{\max 1}$${U}_{\max 2}$ 分别为调整前和调整后的逆变器直流侧最大电压, ${i}_{\max }$${i}_{\operatorname{max1}}$ 分别为调整前和调整后的牵引电机最大电流。
模式 1 同时利用了变流器和电机的过电流和过电压能力,原限流曲线中的 ${i}_{\max }$${U}_{\lim }$ 均需向更大值平移,相应的 ${U}_{\max }$ 也向更大值平移。模式 2 利用了变流器和电机的过电压能力,仅需将原有的 ${U}_{\lim }$${U}_{\max }$ 向更大值平移。
串联超级电容的方案, 对限流曲线的改变与串联电阻的方案类似, 不同方案的区别在于对过电压曲线和过电流曲线的设计。但电阻元件和电容元件的加入, 势必会对系统稳定性产生不同的影响, 对于限流曲线下降斜率的设置也会有不同的限制, 目前较少文献对这方面内容进行探讨, 但若要实现高速区的全电制动, 限流曲线的重新设计以及相关稳定性的探讨具有重大的研究价值。
全电制动的思想于 1997 年首次提出 [ 14 ] ,即使用全电制动替换低速下的电空联合制动, 完全使用电制动力停车。
当速度较低时, 现有的电制动系统在以下方面需要改进: ①定子频率为零及零以下时的制动力输出不足; ②受限于速度传感器的精度, $3\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 以下的速度测量精度较差;③考虑到电机参数的变化以及低速下电机参数对系统的影响较大, 低速下的电制动力输出准确性较差; ④牵引逆变器的非线性问题在低速下对控制系统影响较大。
因此, 现阶段低速区大多采用电空联合制动: 在 $5 \sim {10}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 区间开始切除电制动,在 $3 \sim 5\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 区间完全切除电制动, 只靠空气制动使列车制停。空气制动具有可控性差和响应速度慢的固有缺点, 导致停车精确度较差, 且电空制动切换时会产生较大的冲击, 即减减速度(Jerk)较大,影响乘坐舒适度。
综合考虑电制动在低速下的性能以及电制动停车的舒适度, 要实现低速区的全电制动停车, 必须解决反接制动、转速测量精度、电制动力输出精度、逆变器非线性、Jerk 等 5 个问题。
再生制动过程中, 感应电机的同步转速小于实际转速, 当列车速度降到 0 之前, 同步转速优先到 0 , 此时, 若要列车使用再生制动停车, 则需要降低转差频率,但会导致输出转矩不足 [ 18 ] 。若将极低速区的再生制动切换为反接制动, 则可以解决此问题。最早的反接制动采用外加并联电路的方式, 在同步转速接近 0 时, 改变三相电源的相序, 让电机处于反向牵引状态, 以提升在低速区的制动力,如 图 8 所示 [ 19 ]
考虑到此种反接制动方式需外加电路, 实际应用较为困难,且该方式会加重电机发热,实际应用较少。 文献[ 20 - 22 ]提出了基于自然换向的反接制动策略, 该策略在电机定子频率到达零时, 通过控制电机使其内部磁场反转, 同时保持固定的转差频率, 从而实现保持固定的输出转矩, 如 图 9(a) 所示。考虑到 图 9(a) 所示方式在列车制停时会产生较大的减减速度, 为进一步提升乘坐舒适度, 文献[ 23 ]在自然换向的基础上, 设计了定子频率的平滑过渡曲线, 如 图 9(b) 所示。
总体来说, 反接制动技术在理论上已经较为成熟。 通过改变硬件实现反接制动的方式有诸多缺点, 不适用于轨道交通牵引系统, 考虑乘坐舒适度的自然换相方式在应用过程中更为适合。
转速检测精度较低会导致转矩输出不准、停车精度降低以及停车瞬间舒适度较差等问题, 因此全电制动的实现必须保证全速度范围的高精度转速测量。
电机在低速测速时多采用 $\mathrm{T}$ 法测速,即使用速度传感器两齿度间的距离除以旋转经过的时间来计算速度, 这种方式在速度极低时会产生两类误差形式。
一类为寄存器溢出误差,由于速度过低, $\mathrm{{eQEP}}$ 测速过程中, 两个脉冲间的计数会达到上限值溢出, 导致测速存在下限限制;一类为延时误差,即平均速度与实际速度间的误差, 如 图 10 所示。
减小延时误差最直接的方式为提高测速编码器分辨率, 但由于某些条件的限制, 现有的地铁车辆中, 采用的速度传感器齿数均较少。目前, 斯柯达和 ABB 的速度传感器齿数最多,可达到 140 齿,国内的地铁车辆,一般齿数为 60~100 齿。此外,可考虑基于历史转速信息进行插值与拟合 [ 24 ] ,或基于电压、电流等信号,利用无速度传感器技术,对转速进行估计 [ 25 - 26 ] 。 当实施无速度传感器控制时, 转速识别在低速和极低速阶段的精确性和稳定性问题值得特别关注 [ 27 - 28 ]
电机的输出转矩主要受磁场定向角、激磁电感以及转子漏感的影响, 其中, 电感参数受电流大小的影响 [ 29 ] ,一般采用离线标定、在线查表的方式获取,磁场定向角则往往在线进行校正。
矢量控制中, 磁场定向角主要受转速以及转子时间常数的影响, 在转速测量准确的前提下, 转子时间常数的精度是影响转矩精度的主要因素。
在电机的运行过程中, 励磁和温度的变化均会使转子时间常数产生较大的变化, 转子时间常数的在线校正方法主要分为基于数据驱动的方法和基于电机模型的方法。
基于数据驱动的方法将神经网络模型引入电机参数辨识,这类方法对硬件的要求较高,实用性较差 [ 30 - 31 ]
基于电机模型的方法通过比较控制系统中的模型以及电机自身的模型, 选取一些参考量进行对比, 根据两个模型间参考量的差异进行校正。根据被选择的物理量不同可以分为: $q$ 轴磁链 [ 32 ] $d$ 轴电压 [ 33 ] 、电磁转矩 [ 34 ] 、有功功率 [ 34 ] 、无功功率 [ 35 - 36 ] 、磁链与电流点乘 [ 37 - 38 ] 模型等。文献[ 39 ]通过观测 ${\alpha \beta }$ 轴磁链,从而得到 ${dq}$ 轴的磁链,文献 [ 40 ] 则通过电压方程得到 ${dq}$ 轴的磁链; 为了避免磁链计算,文献[ 33 ]提出了 $d$ 轴电压补偿模型, 达到了同样的转子电阻补偿效果。文献[ 41 ] 选取电磁转矩构建模型, 并指出转矩模型更适用于电机重载工况。文献[ 29 ]将模型参考自适应的在线转子时间常数辨识方法进行了统一描述, 并指出磁链模型和电压模型在一定程度上是等效的模型。文献[ 42 ]以解析形式对不同模型的参数敏感性进行了对比分析, 指出磁链与电压模型的优点为实现简单, 收敛速度较快, 但参数依赖性也较大, 且稳定性受电流极性和定子频率极性的影响。文献[ 35 - 36 ]引入无功模型, 以波波夫超稳定理论证明了无功功率模型的稳定性并对无功功率模型的电感参数敏感性做出了分析, 但并未考虑定子频率为负值时不稳定的现象 [ 42 ] 。文献[ 37 ]在基于无功功率磁场定向校正的基础上提出了定子电流与转子磁链的点乘模型, 消除了死区的影响, 并证明了该点乘模型在全速域的稳定性。基于电机模型的策略主要关注辨识过程中的鲁棒性和稳定性问题, 策略本身的研究已经较为深入, 但在不同的应用场合, 适用的方法可能也有所区别, 需要仔细甄别。
低速下,电机的控制精度、运行性能和稳定性受逆变器非线性因素影响较大 [ 43 ] 。逆变器的非线性因素主要包括死区、开关管开通和关断延时以及寄生电容。 其中,寄生电容一般对高频(往往 ${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 以上)小电流的场合影响较大 [ 38 ] ,考虑到城轨列车中逆变器开关频率较低且制动电流较大的特点, 寄生电容的影响往往可忽略。因此, 死区效应、开关管开通和关断延时是需要解决的主要非线性问题。
考虑到死区效应、开关管开通和关断延时的存在将引起逆变器开关管有效导通时间偏差和逆变器输出电压平均偏差, 因此, 根据补偿目标的不同, 可以将逆变器非线性补偿技术划分为基于时间的补偿法和基于电压的补偿法两类 [ 44 ]
基于时间的补偿法利用逆变器非线性引起的开关管有效导通时间偏差, 调整功率开关管导通时间, 其关键在于获得准确的误差时间 ${T}_{\mathrm{{err}}}$ 和电流极性。
文献[ 45 ]利用光耦获取各相的输出脉冲, 使用数字信号处理器(digital signal processing, DSP)的脉冲捕获单元获得脉冲实际宽度, 再与指令脉冲宽度相比较获取 ${T}_{\mathrm{{err}}}$ ,该方案的优点是获得的 ${T}_{\mathrm{{err}}}$ 已包含电流极性, 但该方案需要增加硬件。文献[ 46 ]直接通过离线数据计算 ${T}_{\mathrm{{err}}}$ 、文献[ 47 ]基于扰动观测器观测出由逆变器非线性引起的 $q$ 轴电压误差,然后通过 PI 调节器输出逆变器非线性引起的 ${T}_{\mathrm{{err}}}$ ,但这两种方法均属于离线计算方法,且未讨论参数变化对 ${T}_{\text{err }}$ 观测精度的影响。文献[ 48 ]根据电流极性在开关管开通信号中加上或减去死区时间获取 ${T}_{\mathrm{{err}}}$ ,该方法依赖电流极性的准确获取, 但由于零电流钳位现象的存在, 电流极性极易误判, 从而导致获取的 ${T}_{\mathrm{{err}}}$ 存在较大误差 [ 49 ]
基于电压的补偿法通过对逆变器参考电压实施补偿来消除逆变器非线性所引起的逆变器输出电压平均偏差。
基于电压的补偿法主要可分为平均电压补偿法 [ 50 ] 和基于观测器的在线补偿法 [ 51 ] 两种。其中,平均电压补偿法实现起来较为简单, 工程上应用较多, 可以较为准确地判别出电流极性,但是 ${V}_{\text{err }}$ 的获取仍然存在偏差, 不能准确获取计及逆变器非线性特性后引起的逆变器输出电压平均偏差, 因此, 要实现更高精度的逆变器非线性补偿, 平均电压补偿法难以满足要求。 基于观测器的方法则精度较高, 与平均电压补偿法相比,基于观测器的方法可以对逆变器输出电压进行实时监控, 无需提前离线测得逆变器功率开关器件导通压降等参数, 应用前景较好。
据《地铁车辆通用技术条件》(GB/T 7928-2003) 规定 : 列车定员状态行驶在干燥平直的轨道上,半磨损状态车轮,如无特殊要求的最高速度制动到停车, 平均减速度为: 常用制动平均减速度不大于 ; 列车纵向冲动率应不大于 。
从统计的乘坐舒适度数据看, 当减速冲动率不超过 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$ 时,乘客体验到的舒适度不会有明显变化; 当减速冲动率大于 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$ 、但不超过 ${0.75}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$ ,列车乘坐的舒适度还可以接受; 当减速冲动率超过 $1\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{3}$ 时, 存在着一定的安全隐患, 那些处于无准备或者无倚靠站立的乘客存在着摔倒的可能性 [ 23 ]
Jerk 为减速冲动率, 在数学上的定义为减速度的导数。由于空气制动的可控性较差, 尽管在方法中引入 Jerk 控制, 在理论上可以调整制动时的舒适度, 但由于空气制动的可控性较差, 电空联合制动列车的 Jerk 控制效果并不理想, 全电制动为 Jerk 控制的实现提供了更好的基础。
目前常用的 Jerk 控制是将列车的减速度按斜坡函数减小, 即保证 Jerk 为一个恒定值。有研究表明, 斜坡函数的平均 Jerk 最小, 且实现较为简单, 具有较高的实用价值 [ 53 ] 。但斜坡函数下的 Jerk 形式,在 $\mathrm{S}$ 形曲线加减速中, Jerk 是分段恒定的,具有不连续性,在阶跃变化的上升沿和下降沿有不连续点, 致使 Jerk 在某时刻突变 [ 54 ] 。若要实现加减速度的柔性变化,实现更高层次的舒适性, 需要保证速度曲线在减速过程中具有无限次连续可导的性能。文献[ 54 ]提出了一种基于正弦函数的加速度曲线, 可以实现速度的无限次连续可导, 具有较高的加减速柔性, 但实现起来较为复杂, 且很难计算该速度曲线对停车时间和距离的影响, 实际应用较为困难。
本文对列车的全电制动技术进行了研究, 得出以下结论:
1) 全电制动具有控制精度高、控制响应快的优点, 通过替代电空联合制动, 可以提升停车精度以及停车舒适度;
2) 高速全电制动应用后, 列车的电制动能力能够得到改进, 进而提升制动能量的回收利用率。
目前, 基于双碳政策, 超级电容在城市轨道交通中的应用愈加广泛, 为高速全电制动的实现提供了良好的契机。此外, 电机的无速度传感器控制技术及多参数在线辨识技术愈加成熟并广泛应用, 为低速全电制动技术提供了重要的理论基础。在乘坐舒适度要求不断提升的大背景下,随着技术的进步与新型器件的成熟应用, 全速域的全电制动技术必将得到广泛的应用,助力城轨列车制动性能的进一步优化。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助(2022YFB4301203)
  • 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司基金(2022YJ037)
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2024年第37卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.003
  • 接收时间:2024-03-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-07
  • 修回日期:2024-06-03
基金
国家重点研发计划资助(2022YFB4301203)
中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司基金(2022YJ037)
作者信息
    1 北京交通大学 电气工程学院 北京 100044
    2 中铁检验认证中心有限公司 北京 100000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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