Article(id=1149742080790016595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703001600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-20, revisedDate=1715788800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049473235, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049473235, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049473235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049473235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149742076708962589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049472262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780124752, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=61, endPage=67, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742081003926100, articleId=1149742080790016595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Noise Reduction Effectiveness of Diffusion Type Sound Barriers in Metro Access Lines, columnId=1152669335454658940, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Academic Discussion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Concerning the noise pollution caused by the operation of the ground line of urban rail transit, the access line of the Zhongzhou Avenue depot in Zhengzhou Metro Line 5 is taken as an engineering example. The noise is tested in situ before and after the installation of sound barriers, and the noise reduction process is simulated with Virtual Lab software. The simulation results are in good agreement with the tested sound pressure level changing with the sound source frequency, and the accuracy of the acoustic simulation model and calculation method is verified. The insertion loss of sound pressure level is adopted to characterize the noise reduction effectiveness of the sound barrier, and further research are conducted on the noise reduction effectiveness of triangular wedge, QRD (Quadratic Residue Diffuser) sequence, PRD (Prime Root Diffuser) sequence and micro perforated panel PRD I composite sound barrier, and the results reveal that the wedge angle significantly impacts the noise reduction effectiveness of the triangular wedge sound barrier; greater irregularity enhances the diffusion effect for diffracted sound in PRD sound barriers, and PRD sound barriers exhibit better noise reduction effectiveness than QRD sound barriers; the overall noise reduction effectiveness of PRD type I sound barrier is slightly higher than that of PRD type II sound barrier, to reduce appropriately the design frequency of the diffusion body, increase the order, and expand the slot width can advance the noise reduction performance of the PRD type I sound barrier; to add micro perforated plate resonance sound absorption structure in the diffuser end groove of micro perforated panel PRD I composite can further improve the noise reduction of the end structure of diffuser, which would have an ideal application prospect for improving the noise environment of metro access lines.

, correspAuthors=Ping XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ping XU, Xuanqi DU, Kuang HE, Yanfeng YANG, Xiangming LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742094878683136, articleId=1149742080790016595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=地铁出入线扩散体型声屏障降噪效果研究, columnId=1152669335668568445, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=学术探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对城市轨道交通地上线运营引起的噪声污染问题,以郑州地铁5号线中州大道车辆段出入线为工程实例,对加装声屏障前后的噪声进行现场测试,采用Virtual Lab 软件对声屏障的降噪过程进行仿真模拟,仿真模拟与实测声压级随声源频率的变化曲线具有较好的吻合性,验证了声学仿真模型与计算方法的准确性。采用声压级插入损失表征声屏障的降噪效果,进一步研究三角尖劈型、QRD序列和PRD序列、微穿孔板PRDI型复合结构等类型声屏障的降噪效果。结果表明:尖劈角度对三角尖劈型声屏障降噪效果的影响较为显著;较高不规则度有利于提高 PRD 型声屏障对绕射声的扩散作用,降噪效果比QRD 型声屏障更佳;PRDI型声屏障的整体降噪效果略高于PRD II型声屏障,主要是因为原根不同引起槽深排列方式的差异,最终导致了噪声的传播路径和声程的差异。适当降低扩散体设计频率f、增加阶数 N、扩大槽宽w均能提升 PRD I型声屏障的降噪效果。在微穿孔板PRDI型复合声屏障扩散体端部凹槽中附加声阻抗频谱模拟了微穿孔板PRDI型复合声屏障的吸声和扩散性能,在20~1000Hz的整个声源频率范围内,微穿孔板PRDI型复合声屏障的平均插入损失相较于直立型声屏障增加6.13 dB,增幅68.50%,通过在扩散体端部凹槽中添加微穿孔板共振吸音结构,能进一步增大扩散体端部结构所带来的降噪增益,对改善地铁出入线噪声环境具有理想的应用前景。

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徐平,男,博士,教授,长期从事轨道减振隔振方面的教学和科研工作,

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徐平,男,博士,教授,长期从事轨道减振隔振方面的教学和科研工作,

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徐平,男,博士,教授,长期从事轨道减振隔振方面的教学和科研工作,

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ArticleFig(id=1154000608039260213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Insertion loss of triangular wedge sound barrier dB, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尖劈型声屏障参数 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
$s = {0.5}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {45}^{ \circ }$ 11.68 2.73
$s = {0.75}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {45}^{ \circ }$ 11.23 2.28
$s = {1.0}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {45}^{ \circ }$ 10.99 2.04
$s = {0.5}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {30}^{ \circ }$ 10.45 1.50
$s = {0.5}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {60}^{ \circ }$ 12.53 3.58
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608102174776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=三角尖劈型声屏障插入损失, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
尖劈型声屏障参数 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
$s = {0.5}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {45}^{ \circ }$ 11.68 2.73
$s = {0.75}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {45}^{ \circ }$ 11.23 2.28
$s = {1.0}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {45}^{ \circ }$ 10.99 2.04
$s = {0.5}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {30}^{ \circ }$ 10.45 1.50
$s = {0.5}\mathrm{\;m},\alpha = {60}^{ \circ }$ 12.53 3.58
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608160895035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Insertion loss of diffuser end structure sound barrier with different ${S}_{n}$ dB, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体端部结构声屏障 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
QRD 12.37 3.42
PRD I 13.24 4.29
PRD II 12.91 3.96
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608215420990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=不同 ${S}_{n}$ 的扩散体端部结构声屏障插入损失, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体端部结构声屏障 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
QRD 12.37 3.42
PRD I 13.24 4.29
PRD II 12.91 3.96
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608290918465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Insertion loss of PRD structural sound barrier with different $N$ dB, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体阶数 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
$N = 3, r = 2$ 10.67 1.72
$N = 5, r = 2$ 11.78 2.83
$N = 5, r = 3$ 11.74 2.79
$N = 7, r = 3$ 13.23 4.28
$N = 7, r = 5$ 12.91 3.96
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608345444420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同 $N$ 的 PRD 型声屏障插入损失, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体阶数 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
$N = 3, r = 2$ 10.67 1.72
$N = 5, r = 2$ 11.78 2.83
$N = 5, r = 3$ 11.74 2.79
$N = 7, r = 3$ 13.23 4.28
$N = 7, r = 5$ 12.91 3.96
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608404164679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Insertion loss of PRD I structural sound barrier with different ${f}_{r}$ dB, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体设计频率 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
${400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 13.23 4.28
${600}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 12.70 3.75
${800}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 11.64 2.69
1000 Hz 11.47 2.52
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608475467849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同 ${f}_{r}$ 的 PRD I 型声屏障插入损失, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体设计频率 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
${400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 13.23 4.28
${600}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 12.70 3.75
${800}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 11.64 2.69
1000 Hz 11.47 2.52
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608534188107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Insertion loss of PRD I structural sound barrier with different $w$ dB, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体槽宽 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
8 cm 12.46 3.51
10 cm 12.90 3.95
12 cm 13.23 4.28
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608584519757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同 $w$ 的 PRD I 型声屏障插入损失, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
扩散体槽宽 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
8 cm 12.46 3.51
10 cm 12.90 3.95
12 cm 13.23 4.28
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608660017231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Insertion loss of micro-perforated panel - PRD I composite sound barrier, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
声屏障类型 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
PRD I 型 13.24 4.29
微穿孔板-PRD I 型复合结构 15.08 6.13
), ArticleFig(id=1154000608727126096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080790016595, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=微穿孔板-PRD I 型复合声屏障插入损失, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
声屏障类型 均值 增量
直立型 8.95 -
PRD I 型 13.24 4.29
微穿孔板-PRD I 型复合结构 15.08 6.13
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地铁出入线扩散体型声屏障降噪效果研究
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徐平 1 , 杜炫錡 1 , 何况 2 , 杨延峰 3 , 刘向明 4
都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024,37(5): 61-67
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都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024, 37(5): 61-67
地铁出入线扩散体型声屏障降噪效果研究
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徐平1 , 杜炫錡1, 何况2, 杨延峰3, 刘向明4
作者信息
  • 1 郑州大学 水利与交通学院 郑州 450001
  • 2 郑州地铁集团有限公司 郑州 450054
  • 3 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 北京 100081
  • 4 铁科院(深圳)研究设计院有限公司 广东深圳 518050
  • 徐平,男,博士,教授,长期从事轨道减振隔振方面的教学和科研工作,

Noise Reduction Effectiveness of Diffusion Type Sound Barriers in Metro Access Lines
Ping XU1 , Xuanqi DU1, Kuang HE2, Yanfeng YANG3, Xiangming LIU4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Water and Transportation Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001
  • 2 Zhengzhou Metro Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou 450054
  • 3 China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd. Beijing 100081
  • 4 China Academy of Railway Sciences (Shenzhen) Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd. Guangdong Shenzhen 518050
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.010
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针对城市轨道交通地上线运营引起的噪声污染问题,以郑州地铁5号线中州大道车辆段出入线为工程实例,对加装声屏障前后的噪声进行现场测试,采用Virtual Lab 软件对声屏障的降噪过程进行仿真模拟,仿真模拟与实测声压级随声源频率的变化曲线具有较好的吻合性,验证了声学仿真模型与计算方法的准确性。采用声压级插入损失表征声屏障的降噪效果,进一步研究三角尖劈型、QRD序列和PRD序列、微穿孔板PRDI型复合结构等类型声屏障的降噪效果。结果表明:尖劈角度对三角尖劈型声屏障降噪效果的影响较为显著;较高不规则度有利于提高 PRD 型声屏障对绕射声的扩散作用,降噪效果比QRD 型声屏障更佳;PRDI型声屏障的整体降噪效果略高于PRD II型声屏障,主要是因为原根不同引起槽深排列方式的差异,最终导致了噪声的传播路径和声程的差异。适当降低扩散体设计频率f、增加阶数 N、扩大槽宽w均能提升 PRD I型声屏障的降噪效果。在微穿孔板PRDI型复合声屏障扩散体端部凹槽中附加声阻抗频谱模拟了微穿孔板PRDI型复合声屏障的吸声和扩散性能,在20~1000Hz的整个声源频率范围内,微穿孔板PRDI型复合声屏障的平均插入损失相较于直立型声屏障增加6.13 dB,增幅68.50%,通过在扩散体端部凹槽中添加微穿孔板共振吸音结构,能进一步增大扩散体端部结构所带来的降噪增益,对改善地铁出入线噪声环境具有理想的应用前景。

城市轨道交通  /  地铁出入线  /  扩散体型  /  声屏障  /  插入损失  /  降噪效果

Concerning the noise pollution caused by the operation of the ground line of urban rail transit, the access line of the Zhongzhou Avenue depot in Zhengzhou Metro Line 5 is taken as an engineering example. The noise is tested in situ before and after the installation of sound barriers, and the noise reduction process is simulated with Virtual Lab software. The simulation results are in good agreement with the tested sound pressure level changing with the sound source frequency, and the accuracy of the acoustic simulation model and calculation method is verified. The insertion loss of sound pressure level is adopted to characterize the noise reduction effectiveness of the sound barrier, and further research are conducted on the noise reduction effectiveness of triangular wedge, QRD (Quadratic Residue Diffuser) sequence, PRD (Prime Root Diffuser) sequence and micro perforated panel PRD I composite sound barrier, and the results reveal that the wedge angle significantly impacts the noise reduction effectiveness of the triangular wedge sound barrier; greater irregularity enhances the diffusion effect for diffracted sound in PRD sound barriers, and PRD sound barriers exhibit better noise reduction effectiveness than QRD sound barriers; the overall noise reduction effectiveness of PRD type I sound barrier is slightly higher than that of PRD type II sound barrier, to reduce appropriately the design frequency of the diffusion body, increase the order, and expand the slot width can advance the noise reduction performance of the PRD type I sound barrier; to add micro perforated plate resonance sound absorption structure in the diffuser end groove of micro perforated panel PRD I composite can further improve the noise reduction of the end structure of diffuser, which would have an ideal application prospect for improving the noise environment of metro access lines.

urban rail transit  /  metro access line  /  diffusion type  /  sound barrier  /  insertion loss  /  noise reduction
徐平, 杜炫錡, 何况, 杨延峰, 刘向明. 地铁出入线扩散体型声屏障降噪效果研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (5) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.010
Ping XU, Xuanqi DU, Kuang HE, Yanfeng YANG, Xiangming LIU. Noise Reduction Effectiveness of Diffusion Type Sound Barriers in Metro Access Lines[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (5) : 61 -67 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.010
城市轨道交通的快速发展给城市居民带来交通便利的同时, 也产生了较大的噪声污染, 已经影响沿线居民的正常生活和健康状况 [ 1 ] 。在噪声源和保护区域之间设置声屏障, 可以衰减声音的传播, 进而减少保护区域的声污染 [ 2 - 3 ]
近年来, 众多学者和工程技术人员借助理论分析、 数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方式, 对高速公路、高架桥和高速铁路的声屏障降噪技术进行了研究。何宾等 [ 4 ] 分析了顶部倾斜、 $\mathrm{T}$ 型、多重绕射边型、 $\mathrm{Y}$ 型和圆柱型等几何形状结构参数对高架桥铁路声屏障降噪效果的影响;张琛良等 [ 5 ] 研究了扩散体宽度、间隔和角度对表面带有三角形扩散体的声屏障降噪效果的影响;吴小萍等 [ 6 ] 从列车速度、声屏障-列车距离和声屏障折板角度等因素研究了 $\mathrm{Y}$ 型声屏障的动态响应特性; 吴佳康等 [ 7 ] 构建了微穿孔板多边形穿孔截面、穿孔率、 空腔厚度和多孔材料类型为变量的复合层声学结构模型;王飞萌等 [ 8 ] 分析了三聚氰胺吸音海绵不同填充方式形成的复合结构的吸声性能; 吴越等 [ 9 ] 提出了泡沫铝板-二次余数扩散体(QRD)复合吸声体的吸声结构。
目前针对地铁出入线的中低频噪声, 未开展扩散体面板结构和扩散体顶端结构声屏障降噪的系统性研究。本文以郑州地铁 5 号线中州大道车辆段出入线为工程实例, 对加装声屏障前后的噪声进行现场测试, 利用 Virtual Lab 声学仿真软件, 研究了三角尖劈型、 QRD 序列和 PRD 序列、微穿孔板-PRD I 型复合结构等类型的声屏障的降噪效果(QRD、PRD 分别为二次余数序列与素根序列的缩写, 根据序列排列顺序决定扩散体端部的凹槽深度), 引入声压级插入损失来表征声屏障的降噪效果, 分析了结构参数对插入损失变化规律的影响, 相关研究结果为地铁出入线声屏障选型和设计提供一定的参考依据。
郑州地铁 5 号线为环线,正线长约 ${40.43}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,均为地下线, 全线设中州大道车辆段和五龙口停车场各 1 座,出入线长分别约 ${4.46}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${6.25}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,出入线均为地上线, 其中, 中州大道车辆段出入线周边建筑比较密集, 为减小地铁列车运行产生的噪声, 在出入线邻近建筑一侧设置 $\mathrm{Y}$ 型全反射直立声屏障,相关参数如下: 声屏障高 $4\mathrm{\;m}$ 、厚 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,与地铁列车双点声源中心的距离 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 。在声影区内布设测点(受声点) $\mathrm{M}$ ,与双声源中心的距离 ${7.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,距离地面高 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,现场测点布置如 图 1 所示。
使用多通道噪声采集设备在地铁列车行驶过测试断面时进行时域声波采集, 测试时段自地铁列车车头到达测点所在测试断面开始, 至车尾完全离开测试断面后截止。共测试了 20 组数据,测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 的典型实测声压时程曲线如 图 2 所示, 列车通过测点断面的速度 ${43}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$
地铁列车在出入线驶入或驶出时的运行速度较低, 相关研究表明, 低速列车所引起的噪声主要以轮轨噪声为主 [ 10 ] ,在数值模拟时将其等效为双点声源, 间距 ${1.435}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,参照地铁轨道布置,设置声源高于地面 ${0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。采用 Virtual Lab 声学仿真软件,并基于快速多极边界元方法, 建立直立型声屏障仿真模型, 如 图 3 所示。
为了确保声学模拟的准确性, 单元网格的最大边长应小于声波最小波长的 $1/6$ (即最大频率对应波长的1/6)[5] ,本文的计算频率为 ${20}\sim {1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,经计算单元网格的最大边长应小于 ${56.67}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。郑州地铁 5 号线中州大道车辆段出入线为单线运行, 在二维平面上将列车声源简化为单侧双点声源, 为避免噪声绕射影响降噪效果,经多次仿真验算,当声屏障长度超过 ${40}\mathrm{\;m}$ 后, 可忽略噪声的绕射, 综合考虑计算精度和仿真计算时长,设置声屏障长度 ${40}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、网格尺寸为 ${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,声屏障厚度取实际值 ${0.1}\mathrm{m}$ ;在声暗区插入高 ${30}\mathrm{m}\times$${40}\mathrm{m}$ 的面场点栅格, 以研究声场在声屏障后方不同距离和高度上的分布情况, 将空气视为理想状态下气体, 在温度 ${20}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,声音传播速度 $v ={340}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,空气密度 $\rho =$ ${1.225}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ; 将地面视为全反射地面,插入障板模拟刚性地面。
测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 的现场实测和仿真模拟的声压级对比如 图 4 所示, 其中, 实测声压级为 20 组测试数据的平均值。
图 4 可以看出, 仿真模拟与现场实测声压级随声源频率的变化曲线具有较好的吻合性, 最大相对误差 6.18%,验证了声学仿真模型与计算方法的准确性。
在一些特定的降噪环境中, 传统结构的声屏障并不能达到足够的降噪水平, 经学者研究提出了扩散体结构声屏障 [ 11 ] 。以地铁出入线为工程背景,主要研究以三角尖劈结构为代表的面板结构与以 QRD 序列、 PRD 序列为代表的扩散体端部结构的降噪性能, 并与直立型声屏障进行对比分析, 旨在为地铁出入线的声屏障选型与设计提供参考。
三角尖劈型面板结构可通过反射与散射叠加作用, 增强声屏障于中低频段的降噪效果, 二维平面和三维仿真模型如 图 5 所示。取尖劈宽度 $b ={0.28}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、角度 $\alpha ={45}^{\circ }$ ,间距 $s$ 分别取 ${0.5}\text{、}{0.75}$${1.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,声屏障的整体高度 $H = 3\mathrm{\;m}$ ,不同尖劈间距 $s$ 的三角尖劈型声屏障在测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 的插入损失对比如 图 6 所示。
图 6 可以看出, 三角尖劈型声屏障的插入损失优于直立型屏障,此外,不同尖劈间距 $s$ 的插入损失随声源频率的变化趋势基本一致, 而且对于相同的声源频率,插入损失的数值基本相等,即尖劈间距 $s$ 对三角尖劈型声屏障的降噪效果影响较小。
取尖劈宽度 $b ={0.28}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、间距 $s ={0.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,角度 $\alpha$ 分别取 ${30}^{\circ }$${45}^{\circ }$${60}^{\circ }$ ,不同尖劈角度 $\alpha$ 的三角尖劈型声屏障在测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 的插入损失对比如 图 7 所示。
图 7 可以看出,随着尖劈角度 $\alpha$ 增加,插入损失有所提高,从总体上来看,尖劈角度 $\alpha ={60}^{\circ }$ 时插入损失增量最大。
根据 图 6图 7 ,得到了三角尖劈参数的平均插入损失及相较于直立型声屏障的增量, 见 表 1
综合 图 6图 7表 1 可以看出, 适当增加尖劈角度 $\alpha$ 可以提高三角尖劈型声屏障的降噪性能。
扩散吸声体每个槽的深度由伪随机序列的数值决定, 当噪声穿过扩散体槽表面并在槽底反射时, 噪声传播的路径长度和相位差异决定了声波的相位变化, 常见的序列包括以下几种: 最大长度序列(MLS)、二次余数序列(QRD)和素根序列(PRD), 其中 QRD 序列应用最为广泛,其各凹槽深度 $d$ 是由二次余数序列排列顺序决定, 二次余数序列是一种数学序列, 扩散体槽深序列 ${d}_{n}$ 可由下式计算 [ 10 ] :
${d}_{n}= \frac{{S}_{n}c}{{2N}{f}_{r}}$
${S}_{n}= {n}^{2}{\;\operatorname{mod}\;N}$
式中, $n$ 为整数 $\left({n = 1,2,3,\cdots , N - 1}\right), N$ 为奇数; $c$ 为声波在空气中的传播速度, $\mathrm{{cm}}/\mathrm{s};{f}_{r}$ 为扩散体设计频率, Hz; ${S}_{n}$ 为原根序列。
PRD 扩散体结构的原根序列计算公式如下:
${S}_{n}= {r}^{n}{\;\operatorname{mod}\;N}$
式中, $r$$\mathrm{{PRD}}$ 序列 $N$ 对应的原根,以 $N = 7\text{、}r = 3\text{、}{f}_{r}=$ 400 为例,对应的序列 ${S}_{n}= \{ 3,2,6,4,5,1\}\text{、}{d}_{n}= \{{18}$ , ${12},{36},{24},{30},6\}\left(\mathrm{{cm}}\right)$ 。需要注意的是,若保持 $N$${f}_{r}$ 不变,改变 $r$ 的值仅引起 ${S}_{n}$${d}_{n}$ 的序列重新排列, 而不会改变具体数值。
扩散体序列 ${S}_{n}$ 、设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 、阶数 $N$ 和槽宽 $w$ 是扩散体端部结构型声屏障的重要结构参数。
QRD 序列和 PRD 序列的扩散体端部声屏障分别简称为 “QRD 型声屏障” 和 “PRD 型声屏障”。取 $N =$ $7\text{、}w ={12}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,其中, QRD 序列 ${d}_{n}= \{ 0,6,{24},{12},{12}$ , ${24},6\}\left(\mathrm{{cm}}\right)$ 。由于 PRD 序列原根不同,其序列排序不同, 为充分考虑序列排列顺序降噪效果的影响, 原根 $r$ 取 3 和 5,分别记为 PRD I 型和 PRD II 型,对应的 ${d}_{n}$ 序列分别为: ${d}_{n\mathrm{I}}= \{{18},{12},{36},{24},{30},6\}\left(\mathrm{{cm}}\right)$ , ${d}_{n\mathrm{{II}}}= \{{20},{24},{36},{12},{18},6\}\left(\mathrm{{cm}}\right)$ 。设置 $\mathrm{{QRD}}$$\mathrm{{PRD}}$ I 和 PRD II型声屏障的整体尺寸相同:端部高度 ${0.4}\mathrm{m}$ , 声屏障整体高度 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 。以 $\mathrm{{QRD}}$ 序列为例,二维平面和三维仿真模型如 图 8 所示。
不同序列 ${S}_{n}$ 的扩散体端部结构声屏障在测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 的插入损失对比如 图 9 所示, 平均插入损失及相较于直立型声屏障的增量见 表 2
图 9 可以看出,不同序列 ${S}_{n}$ 的扩散体端部结构声屏障的插入损失比直立型声屏障明显提高, 当声源频率处于扩散体设计频率 ${400}\sim {600}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 附近时,测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 的插入损失显著增大。
表 2 可知, 不同序列的扩散体端部结构声屏障的插入损失均值相对于直立型声屏障的增量超过 ${3.4}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ , 总体来讲, PRD 型结构的较高不规则度对绕射声有更好的扩散作用,降噪效果优于 QRD 序列,此外, PRD I 型声屏障的整体插入损失略高于 PRD II 型声屏障, 主要是因为原根不同引起了槽深排列方式的差异, 并最终导致了噪声传播路径和声程的差异。
阶数 $N$ 是影响扩散体槽深的因素之一,而槽深是扩散体扩散效应的重要影响因素。以 ${f}_{r}= {400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 和槽宽 $w ={12}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 的 PRD 型声屏障为例,取 5 组数据: $N = 3$$r = 2, N = 5$$r = 2, N = 5$$r = 3, N = 7$$r = 3$$N = 7$$r = 5$ , 不同阶数 $N$ 的 PRD 型声屏障在测点 $M$ 的插入损失对比如 图 10 所示, 平均插入损失及相较于直立型声屏障的增量见 表 3
图 10表 3 可以看出,当声源频率超过 ${300}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 后,随着阶数 $N$ 的增加, PRD 型声屏障插入损失随声源频率的变化曲线大致呈上移的变化趋势, 插入损失均值呈明显的增大趋势,因此,适当增大阶数 $N$ 可以增强 PRD 型声屏障的降噪性能,但阶数 $N$ 越大则凹槽越深, 会降低扩散体端部结构的整体强度和抗弯折能力。
$N = 7\text{、}r = 3$ ,即以 PRD I 型声屏障为例,设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 分别取 ${400}\text{、}{600}\text{、}{800}$${1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,对应的槽深序列分别为 $\{{18},{12},{36},{24},{30},6\}\text{、}\{{12},8,{24}$ , ${16},{20},4\}\text{、}\{ 9,6,{18},{12},{15},3\}$$\{{7.2},{4.8},{14.4}$ , ${9.6},{12},{2.4}\}\left(\mathrm{{cm}}\right),{f}_{r}$ 增大会减小槽深序列 ${d}_{n}$ ,即降低最大槽深 ${d}_{\max }$ ,当 ${f}_{r}$${400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 分别增大至 ${600}\text{、}{800}$${1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时, ${d}_{\max }$ 分别减小 ${12.0}\text{、}{6.0}$${3.6}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,减小幅度有所减缓。
不同设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 的 PRD I 型声屏障在测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 插入损失对比如 图 11 所示, 平均插入损失及相较于直立型声屏障的增量见 表 4 。从 图 11表 4 可以看出, 随着设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 的增加,即最大槽深 ${d}_{\max }$ 的降低,插入损失均值呈降低的变化趋势,而当设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 超过 ${800}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 后,插入损失均值基本保持不变。此外, 从 图 11 还可以看出,当设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 分别取 400 和 ${600}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时,插入损失的最大值出现在对应设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 的声源频率附近, 即扩散体结构的共振吸声效应能有效地损耗噪声能量的传播, 因此, 可以根据地铁出入线的声源频率,有针对性地设定设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 来提高降噪性能。
以 PRD I 型结构为例,取 ${f}_{r}= {400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,槽宽 $w$ 分别取 $8\text{、}{10}$${12}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,不同 $w$ 的 PRD I 型声屏障在测点 $\mathrm{M}$ 的插入损失对比如 图 12 所示,平均插入损失及相较于直立型声屏障的增量见 表 5
图 12表 5 可以看出,随着槽宽 $w$ 的增加, PRD I 型声屏障插入损失随声源频率的变化曲线整体有所上升, 增加槽宽有利于提高声屏障的整体降噪效果。
在狂风、暴雨、大雪等恶劣天气时, 槽宽过大的声屏障端部会承受较大的外部荷载, 容易产生局部裂纹、损伤等病害, 影响声屏障的耐久性和降噪效果, 因此, 应结合实际工程条件和当地气候条件选择合适的槽宽。
在 PRD I 型声屏障端部扩散体凹槽底部设置微穿孔板, 通过合理调整微穿孔板参数, 以达到对中低频地铁出入线环境噪声重点降噪的目的, 微穿孔板的参数取值如下: 孔径 $d ={0.8}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 、空腔深度 $D ={20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 、 板厚 $t ={0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,基于 PRD I 型声屏障模型,在其端部扩散体凹槽中提取面网格, 在 Virtual Lab 软件材料属性中输入对应的微穿孔板声阻抗频谱, 并将其赋予到凹槽中的面网格处, 以模拟微穿孔板的吸声性能, 在凹槽共设置 6 块微穿孔板声阻抗板, 二维平面和三维仿真模型如 图 13 所示。
微穿孔板-PRD I 型复合声屏障在测点 $M$ 的插入损失对比如 图 14 所示, 平均插入损失及相较于直立型声屏障的增量见 表 6
图 14表 6 可以看出,当频率超过 ${300}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 后, PRD I 型声屏障和微穿孔板-PRD I 型复合声屏障插入损失均明显增大,其中在声源频率 ${400}\sim {600}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 区域的增幅最大;在 ${20}\sim {1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的整个声源频率区域内, 微穿孔板-PRD I型复合声屏障的平均插入损失相较于直立型声屏障增大 ${6.13}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ ,增幅 ${68.50}\%$ ,因此,通过在扩散体端部凹槽中添加微穿孔板共振吸音结构, 能进一步增大扩散体端部结构所带来的降噪增益, 对改善地铁出入线噪声环境具有较理想的应用前景。但实际工程中, 对于户外应用微穿孔板复合结构的声屏障,为避免脏堵对微穿孔板降噪性能的影响,应定期进行清理维护。
1) 以郑州地铁 5 号线中州大道车辆段出入线为工程实例, 对加装声屏障前后噪声进行了现场测试与分析, 采用 Virtual Lab 声学仿真软件进行仿真计算, 仿真模拟与现场实测声压级随声源频率的变化曲线具有较好的吻合性,最大相对误差 ${6.18}\%$ ,验证了声学仿真模型与计算方法的准确性。
2) 噪声在传播时由地面反射的声波能够被三角尖劈型声屏障上凸起的尖劈结构所阻挡, 从而提高降噪效果, 尖劈角度对三角尖劈型声屏障插入损失的影响较为显著,而尖劈间距则不明显。
3) 相比于 QRD 型声屏障, PRD 型声屏障的插入损失增量更大,主要是因为较高不规则度有利于 PRD 型声屏障端部结构对绕射声的抑制作用, 降噪效果更佳,此外, PRD I 型声屏障的整体插入损失略高于 PRD II 型声屏障, 主要是因为原根不同引起槽深排列方式的差异, 最终导致了噪声的传播路径和声程的差异。适当降低扩散体设计频率 ${f}_{r}$ 、增加阶数 $N$ 、扩大槽宽 $w$ 均能提升 PRD I 型声屏障的降噪效果。
4) 在 PRD I 型声屏障端部扩散体凹槽中附加声阻抗频谱模拟了微穿孔板-PRD I 型复合声屏障的吸声和扩散性能,在 ${20}\sim {1000}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 的整个声源频率范围内, 微穿孔板-PRD I型复合声屏障的平均插入损失相较于直立型声屏障增加 ${6.13}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$ ,增幅 ${68.50}\%$ ,通过在扩散体端部凹槽中添加微穿孔板共振吸音结构, 能进一步增大扩散体端部结构所带来的降噪增益, 对改善地铁出入线噪声环境具有理想的应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51278467)
  • 中国铁道科学研究院基金项目(2022YJ280)
  • 河南省科技攻关(242102240019)
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2024年第37卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.010
  • 接收时间:2023-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-20
  • 修回日期:2024-05-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(51278467)
中国铁道科学研究院基金项目(2022YJ280)
河南省科技攻关(242102240019)
作者信息
    1 郑州大学 水利与交通学院 郑州 450001
    2 郑州地铁集团有限公司 郑州 450054
    3 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司 北京 100081
    4 铁科院(深圳)研究设计院有限公司 广东深圳 518050
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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