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Metro traction current changes dynamically during train operation, resulting in magneticinduced voltage in the peripheral grid circuit, which is one of the key challenges that cause transformers to undergo DC demagnetization. The generation of magnetic induction voltage is affected by various factors. To quantitatively analyze the size of the contribution of different influencing factors, this paper uses the magnetic induction voltage formula to derive the main influencing factors of the magnetic induction voltage of the subway. Subsequently, the “subway linetransmission line” magnetic coupling boundary element model is established to simulate and analyze the influence of the key factors on the induction voltage. The influence of the key factors on the induction voltage is analyzed. During the smooth running of the train, the induced voltage is not significantly affected, and at 1000 m, the induced voltage is attenuated by 90%. We constructed the backpropagation (BP) neural network to generate the magnetically induced voltage and analyzed the contribution of each influencing factor to the magnetically induced voltage using the mean impact value (MIV). The results show that the main influencing factors in the equivalent loop of the subway are the same as those in the grid, and the magnetically induced voltage in the equivalent loop is the same as that in the grid. The results show that the magnetic induction voltage in the equivalent loop is more likely to be influenced by the equivalent loop length, the contribution of which is 44.38%, and the relative distance has the smallest contribution of 21.31%. Therefore, the area of the power system constituting the equivalent loop is the most important factor affecting the magnetic induction voltage.

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地铁牵引电流在列车运行中动态变化,导致周边电网回路中产生磁感应电压,由此产生的感应电流是致使变压器发生直流偏磁的关键因素之一。磁感应电压的产生受多种因素影响,为定量分析不同影响因素对其贡献度的大小,首先利用磁感应电压公式推导出地铁磁感应电压的主要影响因素,其次建立“地铁线路输电线”磁耦合边界元模型,仿真分析关键因素对感应电压的影响,在列车平稳运行阶段,感应电压受影响很小,在1000 m处,感应电压已衰减了 90%,继而构建了产生磁感应电压的反向(back propagation,BP)神经网络,并采用平均影响值(mean impact value,MIV)解析各个影响因素对磁感应电压的贡献度。结果表明,等效回路中磁感应电压更易被等效回路长度影响,其贡献度为44.38%,相对距离的贡献度最小,仅为21.31%。因此,电力系统构成等效回路的面积是影响最终在闭合回路中产生磁感应电压值的最重要因素。

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刘江涛,男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划及地铁杂散电流对电网的影响机制,

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刘江涛,男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划及地铁杂散电流对电网的影响机制,

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刘江涛,男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划及地铁杂散电流对电网的影响机制,

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IEEE transactions on industry applications, 2015, 51(6): 5421-5430., articleTitle=Impact of photovoltaic-oriented DC stray current corrosion on large-scale solar farms' grounding and third-party infrastructure: modeling and assessment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154040288310976770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149745441186689414, awardId=J2022089, language=CN, fundingSource=国网江苏省电力有限公司科技项目(J2022089), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154040280924807232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149745441186689414, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154040280929001537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149745441186689414, companyId=1154040280924807232, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Nanjing Power Supply Branch of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company 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导体类型 型号 相对 电导率 相对 磁导率 等效 半径/mm
架空高压线路 LGJ-300/25 2.235 1 11.88
接触线 CTAH150 0.672 0.99 6.91
钢轨 CHN60 5.190 300 49.6
), ArticleFig(id=1154040288113844479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149745441186689414, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=主要导体参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
导体类型 型号 相对 电导率 相对 磁导率 等效 半径/mm
架空高压线路 LGJ-300/25 2.235 1 11.88
接触线 CTAH150 0.672 0.99 6.91
钢轨 CHN60 5.190 300 49.6
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基于BP-MIV的地铁磁感应电压影响因素贡献度分析
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刘江涛 , 高海洋 , 卫茹 , 陈庭记 , 杨莲 , 延巧娜 , 孔维君
都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024,37(3): 149-158
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都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024, 37(3): 149-158
基于BP-MIV的地铁磁感应电压影响因素贡献度分析
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刘江涛 , 高海洋, 卫茹, 陈庭记, 杨莲, 延巧娜, 孔维君
作者信息
  • 国网江苏省电力有限公司 南京供电分公司 南京 210019
  • 刘江涛,男,本科,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电网规划及地铁杂散电流对电网的影响机制,

Contribution Analysis of Factors Affecting Magnetic Induction Voltage in Subways Using the BP-MIV
Jiangtao LIU , Haiyang GAO, Ru WEI, Tingji CHEN, Lian YANG, Qiaona YAN, Weijun KONG
Affiliations
  • Nanjing Power Supply Branch of State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Limited Nanjing 210019
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.020
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地铁牵引电流在列车运行中动态变化,导致周边电网回路中产生磁感应电压,由此产生的感应电流是致使变压器发生直流偏磁的关键因素之一。磁感应电压的产生受多种因素影响,为定量分析不同影响因素对其贡献度的大小,首先利用磁感应电压公式推导出地铁磁感应电压的主要影响因素,其次建立“地铁线路输电线”磁耦合边界元模型,仿真分析关键因素对感应电压的影响,在列车平稳运行阶段,感应电压受影响很小,在1000 m处,感应电压已衰减了 90%,继而构建了产生磁感应电压的反向(back propagation,BP)神经网络,并采用平均影响值(mean impact value,MIV)解析各个影响因素对磁感应电压的贡献度。结果表明,等效回路中磁感应电压更易被等效回路长度影响,其贡献度为44.38%,相对距离的贡献度最小,仅为21.31%。因此,电力系统构成等效回路的面积是影响最终在闭合回路中产生磁感应电压值的最重要因素。

地铁  /  磁感应电压  /  BP神经网络  /  MIV算法  /  电力系统  /  贡献度

Metro traction current changes dynamically during train operation, resulting in magneticinduced voltage in the peripheral grid circuit, which is one of the key challenges that cause transformers to undergo DC demagnetization. The generation of magnetic induction voltage is affected by various factors. To quantitatively analyze the size of the contribution of different influencing factors, this paper uses the magnetic induction voltage formula to derive the main influencing factors of the magnetic induction voltage of the subway. Subsequently, the “subway linetransmission line” magnetic coupling boundary element model is established to simulate and analyze the influence of the key factors on the induction voltage. The influence of the key factors on the induction voltage is analyzed. During the smooth running of the train, the induced voltage is not significantly affected, and at 1000 m, the induced voltage is attenuated by 90%. We constructed the backpropagation (BP) neural network to generate the magnetically induced voltage and analyzed the contribution of each influencing factor to the magnetically induced voltage using the mean impact value (MIV). The results show that the main influencing factors in the equivalent loop of the subway are the same as those in the grid, and the magnetically induced voltage in the equivalent loop is the same as that in the grid. The results show that the magnetic induction voltage in the equivalent loop is more likely to be influenced by the equivalent loop length, the contribution of which is 44.38%, and the relative distance has the smallest contribution of 21.31%. Therefore, the area of the power system constituting the equivalent loop is the most important factor affecting the magnetic induction voltage.

metro  /  magnetic induction voltage  /  BP neural network  /  MIV algorithm  /  power system  /  degree of contribution
刘江涛, 高海洋, 卫茹, 陈庭记, 杨莲, 延巧娜, 孔维君. 基于BP-MIV的地铁磁感应电压影响因素贡献度分析. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (3) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.020
Jiangtao LIU, Haiyang GAO, Ru WEI, Tingji CHEN, Lian YANG, Qiaona YAN, Weijun KONG. Contribution Analysis of Factors Affecting Magnetic Induction Voltage in Subways Using the BP-MIV[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (3) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.020
在探寻与城市发展相适应的交通体系时, 地铁因其具有快速、准时、安全、污染小、运输量大、运输效率高等特点,成为城市公共交通主干。地铁牵引供电系统是城市轨道交通车辆正常运行的重要保障,不仅为地铁列车提供牵引供电,同时供电接触网和回流钢轨产生的电磁场也会对周边电磁环境及设备造成较大的影响。随着地铁列车在国内广泛运行, 地铁周边电力变压器出现直流偏磁的现象越来越严重 [ 1 - 6 ]
根据时变电磁场理论, 地铁供电接触网和回流钢轨会在地铁隧道内产生时变磁场 [ 7 - 12 ] 。这是由于地铁列车在运行过程中, 牵引电流随列车牵引状态动态变化, 牵引电流路径随列车位置动态变化。由电磁感应定律可知, 空间中变化的磁场会在闭合的导体线框产生感应电压, 因此地铁接触网等裸导线中幅值和位置变化的牵引电流会在周边并行的输电线路中产生感应电压。李继生认为如果在地铁隧道中铺设了纵向导体例如结构钢筋时, 地铁隧道内部产生的磁场频率越低,磁场的衰减率越低,传播距离越远 [ 13 ] 。WANG 等在芬兰地铁站进行磁场实测, 采用的测试频率为 $5 \sim {400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,发现测试到的值很小,推测地铁产生磁场频率为低频, 接近直流[ 14 ]。结合上述研究, 地铁牵引供电系统产生的低频磁场有可能穿透隧道并传播到空气中, 最终耦合至电力变压器、输电线路, 与大地构成等效闭合回路, 在输电线路中产生感应电势和电流, 威胁电力变压器安全稳定运行。
目前对接触网电磁耦合的研究主要是交流大铁路接触网对邻近通信线路的影响, 关于地铁接触网与输电线路的电磁耦合的研究几乎没有, 对直流偏磁的产生原因局限于地铁杂散电流引起的电位变化, 缺乏地铁接触网空间电磁场感应引起直流偏磁的机理研究。 直流输电系统同样会对附近电网系统产生直流偏磁, 但直流输电系统运行状态较为稳定, 而地铁的运行状态随着时间、列车位置不断变化, 所以地铁对输电线路直流偏磁的影响规律不同于直流输电系统 [ 15 - 21 ] 。因此, 有必要针对地铁接触网和电网之间的电磁耦合关系展开研究。
基于上述情况, 本文提出一种基于 BP-MIV 的磁感应电压影响因素的贡献度分析方法。首先, 从理论上分析地铁磁感应电压的影响因素;其次, 利用 CDEGS 仿真分析各影响因素对磁感应电压特性的影响; 最后, 运用 BP-MIV 分析各影响因素对磁感应电压变化的贡献度。研究可对电网和地铁的系统设计提供参考, 降低地铁对附近线路直流偏磁的影响。
地铁牵引电流在时间的变化上具有规律性, 其主要由列车发车间隔和牵引策略的规律性所决定。列车运行按照时刻表进行,列车牵引策略主要包括启动、 加速、惰行、减速和制动,这几种方式在地铁运行时交替重复。列车启动时电流增大,到达一定速度后牵引功率降低, 电流迅速减小, 直到惰性时再停止从接触网取流 [ 22 ] ,当列车接近站点时,采取再生制动措施, 此时, 列车将电流馈送至接触网中。因此, 在列车运行过程中, 接触网和列车轨道上会产生变化的电流, 峰值可达 2000~3000 A。根据电磁感应定律,导体中变化的电流会激发感应磁场, 闭合导体线位于磁场中时, 导体由于磁通量的变化会产生感应电压, 且随着时间的变化磁通量越大,感应电压越大 [ 23 ]
根据列车运行区间的不同, 接触网与电网的耦合可分为静态耦合和动态耦合。静态耦合是指当列车未进入接触网与电网的并行区间时, 接触网电流的变化造成空间磁场的变化,在电网内造成感应电压 [ 24 ] 。动态耦合是指当列车进入接触网与电网的并行区间内, 在列车的运动下会产生空间运动磁场, 空间运动磁场会在电网的输电线路内产生感应电压 [ 25 ] 图 1 为感生电势及电流产生原理。
建立地铁 DC 750 V 和 DC 1500 V 的电磁场拓扑模型, $\mathrm{{XU}}$ 等认为地铁隧道中磁场分布仅与接触网中的牵引电流和钢轨中的回流有关 [ 26 ] 。因此建模时地铁侧仅考虑接触网和钢轨的等效模型, 电力系统侧仅考虑由两接地电力变压器、输电线路与大地构成的等效闭合回路。 图 2(a)${\mathrm{L}}_{1}$ 表示接触网, ${\mathrm{L}}_{2}$${\mathrm{L}}_{3}$ 表示轨道上的左右两根回流钢轨, ${\mathrm{L}}_{1}$ 在等效闭合回路中产生垂直平面向里的磁场, ${\mathrm{L}}_{2}$${\mathrm{L}}_{3}$ 在等效闭合回路中产生垂直平面向外的磁场; $i$ 为忽略杂散电流情况下接触网和钢轨流过的瞬时电流; 电力系统等效闭合回路 abcd 中, $h$ 为回路高度, $L$ 为回路并行长度, ${d}_{1}\text{、}{d}_{2}$ 分别为接触线和钢轨与闭合回路的最近距离。
依据 Biot-Savart 定律,距离无限长的载流为 $i$ 的导线 $r$ 处的磁感应强度为
$ B =\frac{{\mu }_{0}i}{2\pi r}$
式中, ${\mu }_{0}$ 为空气的磁导率。
接触网 ${\mathrm{L}}_{1}$ 在区域 abcd 内产生的磁通量为
${\Phi }_{1}= {BS}= {\int }_{\sqrt{\left({x}_{1}^{2}+ {d}_{1}^{2}\right)}}^{\sqrt{\left({x}_{1}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{1}+ h\right)}^{2}\right)}}\frac{{\mu }_{0}i}{2\pi r}L\mathrm{\;d}r =\frac{{\mu }_{0}{iL}}{2\pi }\ln \frac{\sqrt{\left({x}_{1}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{1}+ h\right)}^{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{\left({x}_{1}^{2}+ {d}_{1}^{2}\right)}}$
钢轨 ${\mathrm{L}}_{2}$${\mathrm{L}}_{3}$ 在区域 abcd 内产生的磁通量为
${\Phi }_{2}= {BS}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}{iL}}{2\pi }\ln \left({\frac{\sqrt{\left({x}_{2}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{2}+ h\right)}^{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{\left({x}_{2}^{2}+ {d}_{2}^{2}\right)}}\times \frac{\sqrt{\left({x}_{3}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{2}+ h\right)}^{2}\right)}}{\sqrt{\left({x}_{3}^{2}+ {d}_{2}^{2}\right)}}}\right)$
因此, 区域 abcd 内产生的总磁通量为
$\Phi ={\Phi }_{1}- {\Phi }_{2}= \\\frac{{\mu }_{0}{iL}}{2\pi }\ln \frac{\sqrt{{x}_{1}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{1}+ h\right)}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{2}^{2}+ {d}_{2}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{3}^{2}+ {d}_{2}^{2}}}{\sqrt{{x}_{1}^{2}+ {d}_{1}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{2}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{2}+ h\right)}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{3}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{3}+ h\right)}^{2}}}$
磁通量的变化会在闭合区域 abcd 内产生感应电压 $U$ ,由电磁感应定律可知
$ U = n\frac{\mathrm{d}\Phi }{\mathrm{d}t}= \\\frac{n{\mu }_{0}L}{2\pi }\ln \frac{\sqrt{{x}_{1}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{1}+ h\right)}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{2}^{2}+ {d}_{2}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{3}^{2}+ {d}_{2}^{2}}}{\sqrt{{x}_{1}^{2}+ {d}_{1}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{2}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{2}+ h\right)}^{2}}\times \sqrt{{x}_{3}^{2}+ {\left({d}_{3}+ h\right)}^{2}}}\times \frac{\mathrm{d}i}{\mathrm{\;d}t}$
由式(1) $\sim$ (5)可知,牵引电流变化值 $\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 、线路长度 $L$ 、相对距离 $x$$d$ 、线路高度 $h$ 为影响感应电压的主要因素。
BP 神经网络是一种信号前向传播、误差反向传播的多层前馈神经网络, 具有良好的多维函数映射能力。 该神经网络可仅通过自身数据的训练, 学习某种规则, 在给定输入值时得到最接近期望输出值的结果。各影响因素的贡献度定义为: 采用定量的方式评估某一因素对产生磁感应电压影响程度的大小。平均影响值 MIV 能够反映神经网络模型中各参数权重的变化情况,可以用来评价各影响因素的相关性 [ 27 ] 。该值的大小可反映参量对于输出的影响程度, 正负可以反映方向(正代表正相关,负代表负相关)。
基于 BP-MIV 的影响因素贡献度计算的具体步骤如下:
1) 获取在各影响因素下磁感应电压数据, 并构建影响因素矩阵和磁感应电压矩阵。
2) 将影响因素矩阵 $\mathbf{P}$ 作为输入量,表达式为 $\mathbf{P}=$ $\left\lbrack {{X}_{1},{X}_{2},\cdots ,{X}_{n}}\right\rbrack ,{X}_{1},{X}_{2},\cdots ,{X}_{n}$ 对应 $n$ 个磁感应电压的影响因素, $n$ 为影响因素的个数。将磁感应电压矩阵 $\mathbf{A}$ 作为输出量, $\mathbf{A}= {\left\lbrack {Y}_{1},{Y}_{2},\cdots ,{Y}_{n}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}},{Y}_{1},{Y}_{2},\cdots$ , ${Y}_{n}$ 表示 ${X}_{1},{X}_{2},\cdots ,{X}_{n}$ 分别取某一组确定值后对应的磁感应电压值, 构建 BP 神经网络训练模型。
3) 利用 BP 神经网络训练模型生成最新影响因素矩阵 ${\mathbf{P}}_{i +} =\left({{X}_{1},{X}_{2},\cdots ,\left({1 + a}\right){X}_{i},\cdots ,{X}_{n}}\right)$${\mathbf{P}}_{i -} =\left({X}_{1}\right.$ , $\left.{{X}_{2},\cdots ,\left({1 - a}\right){X}_{i},\cdots ,{X}_{n}}\right)$ ,并根据最新影响因素矩阵生成最新磁感应电压矩阵 ${\mathbf{A}}_{i +}$${\mathbf{A}}_{i -}$
4) 根据最新磁感应电压矩阵, 计算各影响因素的 MIV 值, 并根据计算各影响因素的 MIV 值计算对应的贡献度, 完成地铁磁感应电压影响因素贡献度分析。
各影响因素的 MIV 值的计算公式为
${\mathrm{{MIV}}}_{i}= \frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left({{Y}_{i +} -{Y}_{i -}}\right)$
式中, $n$ 为影响因素的个数; ${MI}{V}_{i}$ 的绝对值表示影响因素的相对权重, 符合表示影响因素与磁感应的电压的相关方向, ${Y}_{i +}$ 为磁感应电压输出矩阵元素。
$i$ 个影响因素的贡献度即为各影响因素的 MIV 值与所有影响因素 MIV 值总和的比例, 其具体的计算公式为
${C}_{i}= \frac{\left| MI{V}_{i}\right|}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left|{{MI}{V}_{i}}\right|} \times {100}\%$
CDEGS 是解决电力系统接地、电磁场和电磁干扰等工程问题的强大工具软件。其中 Right-of-Way 软件包是专门用于处理电路干扰的工具, 它是基于 TRALIN 和 SPLITS 计算模块构建的, 对于共用走廊的多系统可以快速进行仿真计算。根据共用走廊的电路模型, Right-of-Way 可以在考虑磁场感应耦合和电场电容耦合的基础上, 计算走廊内的全部电路和平行金属导体的电流、电压, 其可以针对输电电路在正常负载和故障的情况下的数值进行计算。
地铁牵引供电系统主要由接触网和钢轨构成, 建模时采用定长平行载流导线进行等效,主要导体参数 (见 表 1 ) 参考地铁线路真实值。某地地铁工程的接触网导线参数接触网选取 CTAH150, 回流轨选择 CHN60。
选取 LGJ-300/25,根据《110 kV~750 kV 架空输电线路设计规范方案》(GB 50545-2010)5.0.12 当导线在 LGJ-185/45 CLGJ400/35 范围内时避雷线可以选取镀锌钢绞线 50 mm。
实际测得单个地铁列车在整条地铁线路中运行时的牵引供电电流波形随时间变化曲线如 图 3 所示。因地铁牵引变电站间距不同, 地铁牵引供电电流周期不等, 但是电流特征大体相同。在列车运行过程中, 牵引电流主要可以划分为 3 个状态: 刚进地铁牵引变电站时地铁列车的停站状态, 地铁列车加速运行时的牵引状态及地铁列车减速运行时的制动状态。仿真模型激励电流采用实际测试电流中一个周期 ${120}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,波形如 图 4 所示。
实验所测试的电力变压器与地铁线路相对位置的实际情况如 图 5 所示,变压器 $\mathrm{A}\text{、}\mathrm{\;B}$ 和地铁线路之间的距离均为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,变压器 $\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 的中性点均采用直接接地的方式, 所构成的等效回路与地铁线路相对平行。
通过对实际地铁线路的考察, 搭建出符合实际考察结果的仿真模型。在仿真模型中, 设置地铁线路部分为上、下行列车运行, 整个机车供电区间设置为 ${2000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;等效的闭合回路总长度设置为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;设置该回路的总高度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ (通常情况下,在 ${220}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 及以上的输电线路的杆塔高度范围为 ${25}\sim {40}\mathrm{\;m}$ ); 接地网部分的建模设置是采用相同阻抗的电阻所构成的 “田字形”等效。在系统初始状态时, 等效闭合回路距离地铁列车为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,并且位于地铁线路的中心段, 在后续的仿真建模过程中, 依据分析要求微调模型布局以达到符合实际的建模结果(由于 $\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{B}$$\mathrm{C}$ 型车的高度均为 ${3.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,三种型号的列车只是长度和宽度略有差别,因此设置接触网和钢轨的垂直高度差为 ${3.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 此外,上、下行车站一般都采用 ${14}\mathrm{\;m}$ 宽站台)。根据以上分析, 可以得到具体的导线位置初始排布情况, 如 图 6 所示。
在仿真模块中, 磁感应电压的仿真结果如 图 7 所示,磁感应电压的最大值接近 ${0.002}\mathrm{\;V}$ 。对感应电压波形分别采用傅里叶分析和功率谱估计, 傅里叶分析的结果如 图 8(a) 所示, 周期图法功率谱估计结果如 图 8(b) 所示, 图中 PSD(power spectral density)为功率谱密度。
磁感应电压的频域分析结果显示, 其主要频率范围为 $0 \sim {0.1}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,其中, $0\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率分量极少,仅占 0.843%, 感应电压的频域主要集中在0.02521和 ${0.04202}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ , 占比分别为 35.887%和 28.099%。
变压器 $\mathrm{A}$ 中性点电流实测波形如 图 9 所示,对其采用傅里叶分析和周期图法谱估计,结果如 图 10 所示。
变压器 $\mathrm{A}$ 中性点电流实测波形结果显示,电流的主要频率范围为 $0 \sim {0.1}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,计算在该范围内各频率的周期图法谱估计结果及其占比情况,其中 $0\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频率分量占比达 36.43%。实测变压器中性点电流主要集中在 0 和 ${0.0016807}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,占比分别为 ${36.43}\%$${41.12}\%$ 。 由于以下的原因, 会导致仿真偏磁电流结果与实测变压器中性点电流结果的时域波形相差较大。
在工程实际中, 同一地铁线路并非只有一个牵引供电区间; 同一牵引供电区间内可能存在多辆列车同时运行; 变压器 $\mathrm{A}\text{、}\mathrm{\;B}$ 还与其他变压器构成等效回路; 变压器 $\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 附近还存在其他地铁线路影响。
以上因素会导致无法直接从时域角度验证仿真模型, 因此考虑从频域角度间接验证仿真模型。实测结果和仿真结果的主要频率均为 $0 \sim {0.1}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,进一步对比实测结果和仿真电流结果的周期图法 $0 \sim {0.1}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 频段内情况如下: 两者在 $0\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 时占比分别为 ${27.83}\%\text{、}{36.43}\%$ , 差值为 8.6%;实测结果主要频率为 0.016807、0 及 ${0.008403}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,仿真结果主要频率为 ${0.01399}\text{、}0$${0.00699}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,两者主要频率相似。因此,可以认为仿真模型是正确的。
由公式 (1) $\sim \left( 5\right)$ 可知,牵引电流变化值 $\left({\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t}\right)$ 、线路长度 $L$ 、相对距离 $x$$d$ 、线路高度(h)为影响感应电压的主要因素。仿真以此为变量通过 BP-MIV 研究地铁磁感应电压影响因素贡献度。
为分析相对距离对等效回路中磁感应电压的影响, 对磁耦合仿真模型中电力系统等效回路与地铁线路之间相对位置布局进行调整, 依次设置模型中等效闭合回路与地铁列车行对距离为 ${200}\sim {2000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,设定间距 ${\Delta x}= {200}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。设定等效回路与地铁线路相对距离分别为 200、400、600、800、1000、1200、1400、1600、 ${1800}\text{、}{2000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。模型中等效回路长度为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,所有导体参数和激励等设置不变。
在不同相对距离情况下,等效闭合回路中产生的感应电压波形如 图 11(a) 所示,图中不同相对距离情况下, 等效闭合回路中产生的感应电压波形变化趋势一致; 选取 $t ={19}\mathrm{\;s}$ (列车启动阶段)、 $t ={55}\mathrm{\;s}$ (列车平稳运行阶段)、 $t =$ 99 s(列车制动阶段)电压数据变化情况如 图11(b) 所示。
在列车启动和制动阶段, 随着等效闭合回路与轨道之间相对距离的增大, 感应电压的数值迅速减小; 在列车平稳运行阶段, 轨道与等效闭合回路之间的相对距离对产生的感应电压影响很小, 整体也呈现递减的趋势。在 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,感应电压已衰减了 ${90}\%$ ; 在 ${1400}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,电压衰减了 ${95}\%$ 。因此可以认为,对于线路长度为 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ (高度为 ${30}\mathrm{\;m}$ )的等效闭合回路,只有在线路附近 ${1400}\mathrm{\;m}$ 内的地铁列车运行时才会在回路中产生感应电压。
${220}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 输电线路的塔高一般为 ${25}\sim {40}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,因此设置塔高差值为 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ (即等效闭合回路总高度 $h$ 依次为 25、 ${30}\text{、}{35}\text{、}{40}\mathrm{\;m}$ ),其余参数与初始模型设置一致。仿真结果 图 12(a) 所示。
选取 $t ={19}\mathrm{\;s}$ (列车启动阶段)、 $t ={55}\mathrm{\;s}$ (列车平稳运行阶段)、 $t ={99}\mathrm{\;s}$ (列车制动阶段)电压数据变化情况如 图 12 (b)所示。随着线路高度的增大, 等效闭合回路受影响面积增大, 任意时刻回路中产生的感应电压数值也增大。
研究不同等效回路长度对于回路中产生的磁感应电压的影响, 对仿真模型中电力系统等效回路部分进行调整。将等效回路向两边延伸长度, 高度保持不变, 设置模型中等效闭合回路长度分别为 ${1000}\text{、}{2000}$${3000}\text{、}{4000}\text{、}{5000}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,闭合回路与轨道同轴对称分布,相对距离固定为 ${1400}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,其余设置不变。不同线路长度情况下, 在回路中产生的感应电压仿真结果如 图 13 所示。
图 13 可知, 不同线路长度情况下, 等效闭合回路中产生的感应电压整体波形变化一致; 随着线路长度的增加, 回路中产生的感应电压增加, 但电压增加量不断减小。线路长度达到 ${4000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时对距离及感应电压的影响较小。
进一步地,依据 $t ={84}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时仿真模型中地铁列车设置, 研究不同等效回路长度情况下, 回路中产生的磁感应电压随输电线路和地铁线路相对距离的变化情况, 结果如 图 14 所示, 图中显示不同等效回路长度下, 回路中产生的磁感应电压衰减特性不同。
随着线路长度的增加, 回路中感应电压衰减至 95%以下的相对距离增大。因此, 可以推测出不同线路长度的等效闭合回路易受地铁磁场影响范围。
基于上述分析已知, 等效回路中产生的磁感应电压值与相对距离成反比, 与等效回路长度和高度成正比。以( $L ={1000}\mathrm{\;m}, h ={25}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,输电线路与地铁水平距离 $x ={200}\mathrm{\;m}$ )变化至 $\left({L ={2000}\mathrm{\;m}, h ={30}\mathrm{\;m}, x ={400}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)$ 为例探究 3 个影响因素对磁感应电压变化的贡献情况。 假定 3 个影响因素不论先后变化顺序, 最终变化的感应电压总量都是一致的, 因此存在多种变化路径, 各变化路径下磁感应电压变化量及情况如 图 15 所示。
基于此, 利用 BP-MIV 方法对 3 个影响因素的贡献度进行分析各影响因素的 MIV 值如下:
${I}_{{MIV}, L}= {1.0011},{I}_{{MIV}, h}= {0.77404},{I}_{{MIV}, x}= -{0.48066}$
各影响因素的贡献度为
${C}_{L}= \frac{1.0011}{2.2558}\times {100}\%= {44.38}\%\\{C}_{h}= \frac{0.77404}{2.2558}\times {100}\%= {34.31}\%\\{C}_{x}= \frac{0.48066}{2.2558}\times {100}\%= {21.31}\%$
结合计算结果可知, 等效回路中磁感应电压更易被等效回路长度影响, 其次是等效回路高度, 最后是相对距离;但三者的贡献度计算结果较为接近。而且, 等效回路长度及高度共同构成电力系统中受时变磁场影响的面积, 这也说明, 输电线路构成的等效回路的面积才是影响最终在闭合回路中产生磁感应电压值的最重要因素。
基于对电网等效闭合回路中地铁磁感应电压的理论分析, 本文采用 CDEGS 边界元软件对由地铁列车产生的动态磁感应电压进行了分析, 探究了不同相对距离、线路长度及线路高度情况下,等效闭合回路中磁感应电压变化, 并基于 BP-MIV 对影响因素进行贡献度分析, 研究发现:
1) 不同相对距离情况下, 等效闭合回路中产生的感应电压波形变化趋势一致, 在列车启动和制动阶段, 感应电压数值随着等效闭合回路与轨道之间的相对距离的增大而减小;在列车平稳运行阶段,感应电压受影响很小, 整体也呈现递减的趋势。在 ${1000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处, 感应电压已衰减了 90%。
2) 随着线路高度的增大,等效闭合回路受影响面积增大,任意时刻回路中产生的感应电压数值也增大; 不同线路长度情况下, 等效闭合回路中产生的感应电压整体波形变化一致;随着线路长度的增加, 回路中产生的感应电压增加,但电压增加量不断减小。线路长度达到 ${4000}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以后,相对距离对感应电压的影响较小。
3) 等效回路中磁感应电压更易被等效回路长度影响, 电力系统侧构成等效回路的面积才是影响最终在闭合回路中产生磁感应电压值的最重要因素。
  • 国网江苏省电力有限公司科技项目(J2022089)
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.020
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 修回日期:2024-01-11
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国网江苏省电力有限公司科技项目(J2022089)
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    国网江苏省电力有限公司 南京供电分公司 南京 210019
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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