Article(id=1149744602413970330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689436800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-16, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050074437, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050074437, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050074437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050074437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149744590489568247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='145', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050071594, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780157843, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=99, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149744603403826079, articleId=1149744602413970330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Force and Deformation of Shield Tunnel under the Influence of Pre-Dewatering in Adjacent Foundation Pit, columnId=1152669336394183038, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Civil Engineering Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the stress and deformation characteristics of an existing tunnel caused by foundation pit dewatering, a threedimensional numerical model was established based on an actual project. Taking the maximum vertical displacement of the tunnel as the evaluation index, an orthogonal table is used to screen the optimal combination and the main influencing factors. Then, the main influencing factors are analyzed via univariate analysis to study the stress and deformation law of the tunnel. The results of the range and variance analyses showed that the insertion depth of the diaphragm wall was the main factor affecting the maximum vertical displacement of the tunnel outside the pit. Therefore, when a new foundation pit project adjacent to an existing tunnel has a dewatering demand, this factor can be selected first to control tunnel deformation. As the insertion depth of the diaphragm wall increases, the bending moment and deformation of the tunnel decrease. After the insertion depth of the diaphragm wall reaches a soil layer with poor water permeability, the tunnel deformation decreases significantly. At this time, the deformation of the tunnel can be effectively controlled; however, controlling the deformation of the tunnel by increasing the insertion depth is of little significance. The dewatering causes the adjacent tunnel outside the pit to produce "horizontal duck egg" settlement deformation toward the pit, obliquely downward, and the deformation of the tunnel vault and the side arch waist of the adjacent foundation pit should be emphasized during the construction process.

, correspAuthors=Cheng LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cheng LUO, Xueqin XIA, Yunrong ZENG, Anhua WANG, Lingxiao GUAN, Changjie XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149744628062139048, articleId=1149744602413970330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=邻近基坑预降水影响下既有隧道受力变形分析, columnId=1152669336603898239, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=土建技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探讨基坑降水引起的既有隧道受力变形特性,依托实际工程建立三维数值模型,以隧道的最大竖向位移为评价指标,使用正交表筛选最优组合和主要影响因素,而后对主要影响因素进行单变量分析,研究隧道受力变形规律。研究表明:通过极差分析和方差分析发现,连续墙插入深度是影响坑外隧道最大竖向位移的主要因素,故邻近既有隧道的新建基坑工程有降水需求时,可先选取该因素进行隧道变形控制;随着连续墙插入深度的增加,隧道弯矩和变形均会随之减少,当连续墙插入深度到达透水性较差的土层后隧道变形显著减小,此时隧道变形能得到有效控制,而继续增加插入深度对于控制隧道变形意义不大;降水使坑外邻近隧道产生朝向坑内斜向下的“横鸭蛋”沉降变形,施工过程中应重点关注隧道拱顶和邻近基坑侧拱腰的变形情况。

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罗程,男,学士,高级工程师,主要从事基坑工程与隧道工程研究,

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figureFileBig=hmHV5c6w4xPuWVxWRCD8Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040334704169357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Variation of cross-sectional bending moments at the central axis of the tunnel, figureFileSmall=gqIkUHYw0y5GqsLVGJUZbA==, figureFileBig=jEj5ndx5fhPGZWyOVMFMMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040334834192784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=隧道中轴线处横截面弯矩变化, figureFileSmall=gqIkUHYw0y5GqsLVGJUZbA==, figureFileBig=jEj5ndx5fhPGZWyOVMFMMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040334901301650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Soil physical and mechanical parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层名称 厚度/m 重度/(kN/m3) 黏聚力/ kPa 内摩擦角/(°) 剪胀角/(°) 渗透系数/ (m/d) $E_{s_{0}}^{\kappa^{\text {ef }}} / \mathrm{MPa}$ $E_{\text {ocd }}^{\text {nf }} / \mathrm{MPa}$ $E_{w}^{\text {nef }} / \mathrm{MPa}$ m K0
素填土 3 18.5 12 10 0 1 9.6 7.2 28.8 0.5 0.86
粉质黏土 9 19.0 33 12 0 0.035 5 5 20 0.9 0.42
粗砾砂 12 19.8 8 34 4 5 15 20 60 0.5 0.39
中风化泥质粉砂岩 26 23.0 350 32 2 0.8 55 55 165 0.6 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154040334985187733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=土层物理力学参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土层名称 厚度/m 重度/(kN/m3) 黏聚力/ kPa 内摩擦角/(°) 剪胀角/(°) 渗透系数/ (m/d) $E_{s_{0}}^{\kappa^{\text {ef }}} / \mathrm{MPa}$ $E_{\text {ocd }}^{\text {nf }} / \mathrm{MPa}$ $E_{w}^{\text {nef }} / \mathrm{MPa}$ m K0
素填土 3 18.5 12 10 0 1 9.6 7.2 28.8 0.5 0.86
粉质黏土 9 19.0 33 12 0 0.035 5 5 20 0.9 0.42
粗砾砂 12 19.8 8 34 4 5 15 20 60 0.5 0.39
中风化泥质粉砂岩 26 23.0 350 32 2 0.8 55 55 165 0.6 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335052296599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Construction sequence, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
施工步骤 步骤名称
第 1 步 初始渗流场分析
第 2 步 初始应力场分析
第 3 步 既有隧道施工
第 4 步 连续墙施工
第 5 步 基坑降水至-7 m(2 d)
第 6 步 应力分析
第 7 步 重复第 5 步和第 6 步的操作直到水位降至-19 m
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335111016857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=施工步骤设置, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
施工步骤 步骤名称
第 1 步 初始渗流场分析
第 2 步 初始应力场分析
第 3 步 既有隧道施工
第 4 步 连续墙施工
第 5 步 基坑降水至-7 m(2 d)
第 6 步 应力分析
第 7 步 重复第 5 步和第 6 步的操作直到水位降至-19 m
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335178125723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Statistics of numerical calculation results of orthogonal tests, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况 A B C D 隧道最大竖向位移/mm
工况 1 22 4 10 0 9.17
工况 2 22 7 14 0 10.4
工况 3 22 10 18 0 7.13
工况 4 26 4 14 0 5.65
工况 5 26 7 18 0 5.41
工况 6 26 10 10 0 5.86
工况 7 30 4 18 0 3.95
工况 8 30 7 10 0 4.74
工况 9 30 10 14 0 4.67
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335241040285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=正交试验数值计算结果统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验工况 A B C D 隧道最大竖向位移/mm
工况 1 22 4 10 0 9.17
工况 2 22 7 14 0 10.4
工况 3 22 10 18 0 7.13
工况 4 26 4 14 0 5.65
工况 5 26 7 18 0 5.41
工况 6 26 10 10 0 5.86
工况 7 30 4 18 0 3.95
工况 8 30 7 10 0 4.74
工况 9 30 10 14 0 4.67
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335320732063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Results of the analysis of extremes of variance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
考核指标 因素 A B C D
隧道最大 竖向位移 ${k}_{1}$ 8.97 6.32 6.66 6.48
${k}_{2}$ 5.64 6.85 6.91 6.74
${k}_{3}$ 4.45 5.89 5.49 5.84
R 4.51 0.96 1.41 0.89
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335413006753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=极差分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
考核指标 因素 A B C D
隧道最大 竖向位移 ${k}_{1}$ 8.97 6.32 6.66 6.48
${k}_{2}$ 5.64 6.85 6.91 6.74
${k}_{3}$ 4.45 5.89 5.49 5.84
R 4.51 0.96 1.41 0.89
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335484309922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Analysis of variance results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 显著性
A 32.85 2 16.42 25.61 0.038 $P < {0.05}$
B 1.39 2 0.69 1.08 0.48 $P > {0.05}$
C 3.39 2 1.69 2.65 0.27 $P > {0.05}$
D 1.28 2 0.641
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335555613091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=方差分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方差来源 平方和 自由度 均方 显著性
A 32.85 2 16.42 25.61 0.038 $P < {0.05}$
B 1.39 2 0.69 1.08 0.48 $P > {0.05}$
C 3.39 2 1.69 2.65 0.27 $P > {0.05}$
D 1.28 2 0.641
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335618527652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Calculated cases with different embedded depths of the diaphragm wall, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况 隧道净埋深 隧道与连续墙净距 连续墙插入深度
工况 1 14 7 16
工况 2 19
工况 3 22
工况 4 25
工况 5 28
), ArticleFig(id=1154040335685636518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744602413970330, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=不同连续墙插入深度计算工况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况 隧道净埋深 隧道与连续墙净距 连续墙插入深度
工况 1 14 7 16
工况 2 19
工况 3 22
工况 4 25
工况 5 28
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邻近基坑预降水影响下既有隧道受力变形分析
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罗程 1, 2 , 夏雪勤 3 , 曾云嵘 1 , 王安华 1 , 管凌霄 3 , 徐长节 3
都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024,37(2): 99-106
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都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024, 37(2): 99-106
邻近基坑预降水影响下既有隧道受力变形分析
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罗程1, 2 , 夏雪勤3, 曾云嵘1, 王安华1, 管凌霄3, 徐长节3
作者信息
  • 1 南昌轨道交通集团有限公司 南昌 330038
  • 2 南昌轨道交通集团工程建设有限公司 南昌 330199
  • 3 华东交通大学 江西省岩土工程基础设施安全与控制重点实验室 南昌 330013
  • 罗程,男,学士,高级工程师,主要从事基坑工程与隧道工程研究,

Force and Deformation of Shield Tunnel under the Influence of Pre-Dewatering in Adjacent Foundation Pit
Cheng LUO1, 2 , Xueqin XIA3, Yunrong ZENG1, Anhua WANG1, Lingxiao GUAN3, Changjie XU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Nanchang Rail Transit Group Co., Ltd. Nanchang 330038
  • 2 Nanchang Rail Transit Group Engineering Construction Co., Ltd. Nanchang 330199
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture East China Jiaotong University Nanchang 330013
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.015
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为探讨基坑降水引起的既有隧道受力变形特性,依托实际工程建立三维数值模型,以隧道的最大竖向位移为评价指标,使用正交表筛选最优组合和主要影响因素,而后对主要影响因素进行单变量分析,研究隧道受力变形规律。研究表明:通过极差分析和方差分析发现,连续墙插入深度是影响坑外隧道最大竖向位移的主要因素,故邻近既有隧道的新建基坑工程有降水需求时,可先选取该因素进行隧道变形控制;随着连续墙插入深度的增加,隧道弯矩和变形均会随之减少,当连续墙插入深度到达透水性较差的土层后隧道变形显著减小,此时隧道变形能得到有效控制,而继续增加插入深度对于控制隧道变形意义不大;降水使坑外邻近隧道产生朝向坑内斜向下的“横鸭蛋”沉降变形,施工过程中应重点关注隧道拱顶和邻近基坑侧拱腰的变形情况。

城市轨道交通  /  盾构隧道  /  基坑降水  /  隧道变形  /  数值模拟  /  正交分析

To explore the stress and deformation characteristics of an existing tunnel caused by foundation pit dewatering, a threedimensional numerical model was established based on an actual project. Taking the maximum vertical displacement of the tunnel as the evaluation index, an orthogonal table is used to screen the optimal combination and the main influencing factors. Then, the main influencing factors are analyzed via univariate analysis to study the stress and deformation law of the tunnel. The results of the range and variance analyses showed that the insertion depth of the diaphragm wall was the main factor affecting the maximum vertical displacement of the tunnel outside the pit. Therefore, when a new foundation pit project adjacent to an existing tunnel has a dewatering demand, this factor can be selected first to control tunnel deformation. As the insertion depth of the diaphragm wall increases, the bending moment and deformation of the tunnel decrease. After the insertion depth of the diaphragm wall reaches a soil layer with poor water permeability, the tunnel deformation decreases significantly. At this time, the deformation of the tunnel can be effectively controlled; however, controlling the deformation of the tunnel by increasing the insertion depth is of little significance. The dewatering causes the adjacent tunnel outside the pit to produce "horizontal duck egg" settlement deformation toward the pit, obliquely downward, and the deformation of the tunnel vault and the side arch waist of the adjacent foundation pit should be emphasized during the construction process.

urban rail transit  /  shield tunnel  /  foundation pit dewatering  /  tunnel deformation  /  numerical simulation  /  orthogonal analysis
罗程, 夏雪勤, 曾云嵘, 王安华, 管凌霄, 徐长节. 邻近基坑预降水影响下既有隧道受力变形分析. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (2) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.015
Cheng LUO, Xueqin XIA, Yunrong ZENG, Anhua WANG, Lingxiao GUAN, Changjie XU. Force and Deformation of Shield Tunnel under the Influence of Pre-Dewatering in Adjacent Foundation Pit[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (2) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.015
在地下空间建设中, 基坑开挖会对周围环境和邻近建筑物造成显著影响。而基坑降水作为开挖的前一步骤, 会导致原水位以下土体的有效应力增加, 对邻近隧道造成不利影响 [ 1 ] ,是引起隧道产生沉降的主要原因之一 [ 2 ]
近年来, 学者们开始注意到预降水影响的重要性, 并在围护结构变形、地面沉降等方面取得了一些研究成果。曾超峰等 [ 3 - 4 ] 通过室内试验的方法发现内隔墙是一种可以控制降水引起基坑变形的结构, 并探讨其控制效果和实用性; ZENG 等 [ 5 ] 在进一步研究中得到,横隔墙间距约为基坑宽度的 3 倍时, 对围护结构的变形控制效果最好, 同时墙体运动会随着横隔墙长度的增加而减少 [ 6 ] ; 张钦喜等 [ 7 ] 以涌水量和水位降深等评判悬挂式止水帷幕插入深度的控水效果, 并分析讨论帷幕插入深度的影响;XU 等 [ 8 ] 通过模型试验得出上海含水砂层中连续墙的有效插入深度比约为 70%。
在实际工程中, 隧道和新建工程的位置关系通常是多变的, 可能存在下卧、斜交等多种位置关系。欧雪峰等 [ 9 ] 运用两阶段法计算下卧隧道在基坑施工条件下的变形情况, 并分析了降水在整个施工过程中的影响作用; 为了区分降水与开挖对于变形的贡献度, 任印文 [ 10 ] 分析了有无地下水的基坑开挖对下卧隧道产生的变形影响;陈凌铜等 [ 11 ] 研究了稳态渗流下隔水帷幕插入深度不同时基坑及邻近管线的变形响应;周守强等 [ 12 ] 发现在潜水地区进行基坑降水开挖时,下卧隧道在围护结构处容易发生脆性破坏; 黄春晖等 [ 13 ] 发现人工湖水位上升是引起下卧盾构隧道沉降的主要原因。
基坑预降水引起周围环境变化是一个相当复杂的过程, 此过程会引起坑内外的渗流场和应力场发生重分布, 而后通过孔压变化、地下水的渗流作用、应力重分布等现象再逐步地影响周边环境。随着地下空间建设的发展, 基坑紧邻既有隧道的情况已屡见不鲜, 而针对降水引起平行于基坑的邻近隧道变形研究却鲜有报道, 在此种情况下既有隧道产生的受力变形特性尚不清晰。
本文依托实际工程,借助 Midas GTS NX 软件建立降水条件下邻近既有隧道平行于基坑的三维数值模型, 通过现场实测数据验证了模型参数的正确性, 并以隧道的最大竖向位移作为评价指标, 使用正交表筛选最大影响因素, 探讨连续墙插入深度、隧道与连续墙的净距、隧道净埋深等因素的影响程度, 然后对主要影响因素进行单变量分析, 研究其对隧道受力变形的影响程度,为同地区类似工程提供借鉴。
南昌地铁 4 号线火炬站位于高新大道与民园路的交叉路口, 沿东西向布置, 为地下双层两柱三跨岛式站台车站,采用明挖法施工。车站总长 ${282.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,标准段主体结构外轮廓宽度为 ${24}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,端头井处主体结构宽度为 ${26.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,主基坑开挖深度 ${16.4}\sim {18.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。工程所在场地土层以素填土、粉质黏土、粗砾砂和中风化泥质粉砂岩为主,大部分处在地下水位以下,饱和状态, 富水性好, 为中等~强渗透性。
初详勘时测得各钻孔中潜水稳定水位埋深 4.10~ ${7.04}\mathrm{\;m}$ (高程为 ${10.79}\sim {14.20}\mathrm{\;m}$ ),根据涌水量计算,总共设置了 16 口降水井,降水井深度为 ${23}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。因受场地周边环境限制, 基坑降水只能在坑内进行, 严禁坑外降水, 且必须在降水漏斗范围内的基坑外围设置一定数量的回灌井, 并加强对地面及周边建(构)筑物的沉降及水平位移监测。
工程选用地下连续墙与内支撑结合的支护形式, 并以稳定的中风化岩⑤-1-3、⑤-4-2 作为连续墙基础持力层。连续墙厚度为 ${0.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,深度为 ${26}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,采用 $\mathrm{C}{35}$ 混凝土。坑内设有直径为 ${900}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的立柱桩,并设置 3 道支撑,第 1 道支撑为 ${800}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的 C30 钢筋混凝土支撑,第2、3道支撑均为 $\phi$ 609 mm、壁厚 ${16}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 钢支撑。
基坑周围管线分布杂乱, 如供水管、供电管、燃气管、电讯光缆和排污管(沟)等管线密布, 但本文研究重点在于邻近隧道, 因此忽略管线的存在。既有隧道位于基坑西侧, 平行于基坑的短边方向, 隧道净埋深(即隧道拱顶至地表的距离)14m,拱腰距连续墙外侧的距离为 $7\mathrm{\;m}$ ,相对位置关系见 图 1 。盾构隧道外径为 ${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,厚度为 ${0.35}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,材质为 $\mathrm{C}{50}$ 混凝土,弹性模量为 ${34.5}\mathrm{{GPa}}$ ,泊松比为 0.2 。
本文取基坑标准段进行研究, 即基坑长、宽分别为 ${240}\mathrm{\;m}\text{、}{24}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。将模型边界至墙体的距离设置为 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,是最大降水深度的 6.7 倍,该距离满足 Sichardt 公式 [ 14 ] 所计算出的抽水影响半径,充分考虑了模型边界对计算结果的影响, 建立模型时将基坑内部网格划分较细,坑外土体网格较粗糙,见 图 2
修正摩尔-库伦本构可以充分考虑剪切变形和压缩变形, 是非线弹性与塑性的再结合, 适用于黏土。 因此本文采用该本构进行模拟, 同时忽略土层不平整以及出现个别透镜体的情况, 将土体简化为成层土, 相关参数如 表 1 所示,其中 ${E}_{50}^{ref}$ 为割线模量、 ${E}_{\text{oed }}^{ref}$ 为剪切模量、 ${E}_{ur}^{ref}$ 为卸载弹性模量、 $m$ 为应力水平相关幂指数、 ${K}_{0}$ 为正常固结条件下的侧压力系数。
隧道管片材质为 C50 混凝土, 采用错缝拼接, 用弹性本构的板单元进行模拟。因为隧道在各管片接头处和各环接头处的螺栓连接, 会使得隧道在纵向和横向的刚度受到一定影响, 因此模拟时采用刚度等效的方法进行考虑, 并进行一定程度的折减考虑接头处的影响。根据郑刚等 [ 15 ] 的研究,将隧道的横向刚度按 75%折减后为 25.875 GPa,将隧道的纵向刚度按 20% 折减后为 ${6.9}\mathrm{{GPa}}$ ,其厚度为 ${0.35}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,泊松比为 0.2 ,重度为 ${25}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 。围护结构采用板单元进行模拟,弹性模量为 ${31.5}\mathrm{{GPa}}$ ,泊松比为 0.2,重度为 ${30}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
在模型四周设置法向位移约束, 模型底部需要进行 3 个方向的位移约束; 另外在模型四周 $- 4\mathrm{\;m}$ 的位置需设置定水头边界(即把水位一直保持在初始水位处) 以模拟初始水位, 底面为不透水边界, 顶面不作任何设置; 选取 图 2 中降水井位置的节点, 通过在该节点设置渗流函数以模拟真实降水过程。
本文研究重点在于判断基坑预降水(不考虑后续基坑开挖)对邻近既有隧道的影响, 因此邻近既有隧道和连续墙的施工影响应进行位移清零, 预降水总深度为 ${15}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,分 5 次进行,采用瞬态分析将每次降水天数设置为 2 ,施工阶段类型为应力渗流边坡,具体的施工步骤设置见 表 2
为验证模型中土体和各材料参数的正确性, 以及本构模型选取的合理性, 将实际工程监测到的连续墙侧移值( 图 2 中沿 $\mathrm{A}$ 点深度方向)和地表沉降值( 图 2 中地表沉降监测线)分别与其计算结果进行对比见 图 3
图 3 可知, 两种结果的监测值均略小于模拟值, 这说明数值模型中取值相对于保守。 图 3 (a)中墙趾处出现一个偏向坑内的位移, 这主要是由于连续墙插入基岩较浅, 降水会引起坑内外出现较大水位差, 因此在墙趾处坑外的水会因渗流作用流向坑内, 使得坑内土体也出现朝向坑内方向的位移, 而连续墙受到牵引作用也朝向坑内偏移。总的来说, 模拟值与监测值变形规律一致, 最大值出现位置一致, 说明此模型土体本构和参数取值合理, 能较好地模拟基坑预降水情况下的变形情况。
在基坑降水引起邻近既有盾构隧道的受力变形过程中, 影响因素是多方面的, 减少工作量的同时尽可能多地分析不同因素的影响能力, 采用正交试验的方法对此过程的隧道变形进行研究。实际工程中既有隧道与基坑的位置关系是多变的, 而连续墙插入深度可以有效控制基坑降水带来的影响, 因此本文选择连续墙插入深度 $s$ 、隧道与基坑净距 $d$ 、拱顶净埋深 ${h}_{1}$ 等 3 个因素,分别用 $\mathrm{A}\text{、}\mathrm{\;B}\text{、}\mathrm{C}$ 代替。每个因素均选取 3 个水平值,连续墙插入深度 $s$ 选值为 ${22}\text{、}{26}\text{、}{30}\mathrm{\;m}$ ; 隧道与基坑净距 $d$ 选值为4、7、 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ ;拱顶净埋深 ${h}_{1}$ 选值为10、14、 ${18}\mathrm{\;m}$
针对本次试验的主要目的是为确定基坑预降水对邻近隧道的变形影响, 将隧道拱顶的竖向位移作为本次试验的评价指标,正交表用 ${L}_{t}\left({m}^{n}\right)$ 表示,其中:
$ t = n\left({m - 1}\right)+ 1 $
式中, $L$ 为正交表; $t$ 为试验次数; $m$ 为因素水平数; $n$ 为试验因素数。
因本次只有 3 个影响因素, 故将第 4 个影响因素看作 0,用 $\mathrm{D}$ 代替,采用三因素四水平的正交表格, 将原本的 27 次数值模拟过程缩减为 9 次,即 ${L}_{9}\left({3}^{4}\right)$ , 进而分析 3 种因素对邻近隧道的影响能力。
根据 3.1 节方法建立 9 种工况的数值模型, 并提取各工况下隧道拱顶的最大竖向位移, 正交试验设计及各工况结果统计如 表 3 所示。
为更清晰地判断各影响因素对邻近隧道竖向位移的影响能力, 本文选用极差分析和方差分析进行结果处理, 具体流程如下。
1) 极差分析。极差就是平均效果中最大值和最小值
的差,分析结果见 表4 $,{k}_{1}\text{、}{k}_{2}\text{、}{k}_{3}$ 为各因素的统计参数。
$R$ 为评价指标的变动幅度,其值越大,表明该因素对于评价指标的影响程度也就越大, 因此可以把各因素对隧道最大竖向位移的影响能力进行排序, 即影响能力从大到小依次是: 连续墙插入深度、隧道净埋深、隧道与基坑净距。由此可知, 连续墙插入深度是主要影响因素,对竖向位移的最小值参数组合是 ${\mathrm{A}}_{3}{\mathrm{B}}_{1}{\mathrm{C}}_{3}$ ,最大值参数组合是 ${\mathrm{A}}_{1}{\mathrm{\;B}}_{2}{\mathrm{C}}_{2}$ 。因此,当邻近隧道距离基坑较近且埋深较浅时, 应格外注意基坑连续墙的设计深度。
①偏差平方和
$ P =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\left({y}_{i}- \bar{y}\right)}^{2}$
式中, $P$ 为试验数据分散程度; $y$ 为试验结果总平均值。
②平均偏差值平方
$ E =\frac{P}{f}= \frac{P}{t - 1}$
式中, $E$ 为不同因素分散程度; $t$ 为试验次数; $f$ 为自由度。
$F$ 检验
$ F =\frac{{E}_{\text{因 }}}{{E}_{\text{因 }}}= \frac{{P}_{\text{因 }}/{f}_{\text{因 }}}{{P}_{\text{误 }}/{f}_{\text{误 }}}$
式中, $F$ 为因素水平改变对评价指标的影响能力。
方差分析可以准确分析各因素对评价指标的影响能力, $P$ 是用以判断假定检验结果的一个参数, $F$ 的值越大表明该因素的影响能力越强, 从 表 5 可知, 各因素对邻近既有隧道沉降变形的影响程度由大到小是: 连续墙插入深度、隧道净埋深、隧道与基坑净距。此顺序与极差分析得出的影响顺序一致, 因此下面以连续墙插入深度进行单因素分析。
通过 3.2 节的分析结果表明,连续墙插入深度是 3 种因素中最主要的影响因素, 故此节选取 5 种不同的连续墙插入深度 $s\left({{16}\text{、}{19}\text{、}{22}\text{、}{25}\text{、}{28}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)$ ,分析不同插入深度条件下基坑预降水对邻近隧道变形的影响。
以 2.1 节模型为基础,仅改变连续墙的插入深度, 其余结构的相对位置、边界条件设置、施工步骤不做改动, 计算工况见 表 6
选取降水深度为 ${15}\mathrm{\;m}$ 后的结果进行分析,为方便起见,将隧道按横断面不同部位进行命名, ${0}^{\circ }$ 为隧道拱顶,90°邻近基坑侧为右拱腰,依次顺时针旋转。另外,选取基坑中轴线上的隧道横截面 $\left({Y ={12}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)$ 分析各点的受力变形, 选取沿隧道纵向的拱顶、右拱腰分析隧道纵向变形规律,如 图 4 所示。
图 5(a) 为连续墙不同插入深度条件下,隧道中轴线截面处拱顶降深随降水井降深的变化曲线, 当预降水深度一致时, 随着连续墙插入深度的增加, 使得坑内外的水力联系减弱, 因此坑外隧道拱顶处的水位降深在不断减小。可以注意到,连续墙插入深度 $s <{22}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时, 坑内降水对于隧道拱顶处的水位降深影响差别不大, 而当连续墙插入深度 $s >{25}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,拱顶处的降深值大幅度减小。
图 5(b) 为连续墙不同插入深度条件下沿隧道纵向的拱顶孔压变化, 随着连续墙插入深度的减小, 隧道拱顶处的孔压减小值也随之减小。这是因为连续墙插入深度越短, 对于坑内外土体水力联系的阻隔作用越小, 因此坑内进行抽水时, 基坑周围的水会因为压力差的原因产生大面积渗流现象, 此时坑外的水位必定大幅度下降, 孔压也同样大幅度减小。同样也是在连续墙插入深度 $s$${25}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,孔压减小值呈大幅度下降。
图 4 中基坑中轴线上 $\left({Y ={12}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)$ 的隧道截面进行分析,其中水平位移的正值代表发生指向坑内的位移、 反之为负;竖向位移的负值代表发生沉降变形、正值表示发生隆起。
图 6 是隧道截面处水平位移和竖向位移, 随着连续墙插入深度的增加, 隧道截面各位置处的水平和竖向位移均减小,同时隧道的水平和竖向位移呈现左拱腰略小于右拱腰,拱底小于拱顶的规律。当降水深度一致时, 随着连续墙插入深度的增加, 隧道截面各位置处的水平和竖向位移均减小,在连续墙插入深度 $s >{25}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时水平和竖向位移迅速减小,而当插入深度继续增加至 ${28}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,虽然位移仍会减小,但变化量不大。 这是因为此时连续墙已经插入透水性较差的中风化泥质粉砂岩层中, 承压含水层已被完全截断, 故对坑外隧道能产生一个较好的变形控制作用。
图 7 是隧道横截面的收敛变形, 可以发现降水过程会使坑外邻近隧道产生朝向坑内斜向下的 “横鸭蛋” 沉降变形, 并且随着地连墙插入深度的减小, 隧道的这种收敛变形更加明显,施工过程中应重点关注隧道拱顶和邻近基坑侧拱腰的变形情况。
图 8(a) 为连续墙不同插入深度条件下沿隧道纵向的右拱腰水平位移, 可以发现右拱腰的水平位移呈现多峰值的变形规律, 但总体还是呈现 “中间大两边小” 的变形规律。当连续墙插入深度 $s <{22}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,水平位移的最大值出现在基坑中轴线处, 在连续墙位置处隧道的水平位移值有减小现象。这是因为连续墙发生的是朝向坑内的 “悬臂型” 侧移, 最大值发生在中轴线处, 坑外土体会因牵连作用也发生朝向坑内的位移, 使得隧道水平位移最大值也发生在该处, 同时由于坑角效应, 此处的连续墙阻挡作用较强, 因此隧道的水平位移在此处会减小。而当连续墙插入深度 $s >{25}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时, 水平位移的最大值出现在坑外一定位置处。当预降水深度一致时, 随着连续墙插入深度的增加, 隧道右拱腰的水平位移在不断减小。
图 8(b) 为沿隧道纵向的拱顶竖向位移, 观察得知: 降水引起隧道拱顶发生 “凹” 形的竖向位移, 并且当降水深度一致时, 随着连续墙插入深度的增加, 隧道拱顶竖向位移在不断减小, 位移最大值出现在基坑中轴线处, 应在施工过程中着重观察此处的隧道变形, 以保证既有隧道的安全性和稳定性。
图 9 为连续墙不同插入深度条件下隧道中轴线横截面处的弯矩变化,隧道内侧受拉则弯矩为正值,反之为负, 为零的线代表隧道的初始状态, 可以发现隧道的拱顶和拱底为正弯矩, 左右两侧的拱腰为负弯矩, 最大正弯矩出现在拱顶,最大负弯矩出现在右拱腰。 这说明隧道的竖向直径减小, 水平向直径增大, 隧道呈现竖向压扁、水平拉伸的 “横鸭蛋” 变形, 弯矩变化与前面分析的隧道位移变化一致。当降水深度一致时, 连续墙插入深度对于左右拱腰的弯矩几乎没有影响, 仅在隧道拱顶和拱底有细微差别, 即随着连续墙插入深度的增加, 隧道拱顶和拱底的弯矩值会减小。
本文针对基坑预降水对邻近隧道受力变形的影响进行分析, 借助正交试验寻找最大影响因素和最优影响组合, 并对主要影响因素进行详细分析, 得出以下结论。
1) 正交试验以隧道的最大竖向位移为评价指标, 通过极差分析发现连续墙插入深度的影响能力最大; 通过方差分析也发现连续墙插入深度是隧道竖向位移的主要影响因素。故邻近既有隧道的新建基坑工程有降水需求时, 建议将连续墙的插入深度作为控制隧道变形的首要因素。
2) 连续墙插入深度 $s <{22}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,坑内降水对于隧道周边的水位降深及隧道水平、竖向位移影响差别不大; 当连续墙插入深度 $s >{25}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,即连续墙插入至透水性较差的土层时, 变形控制效果显著提高, 此过程中坑外邻近隧道产生朝向坑内斜向下的 “横鸭蛋” 沉降变形。因此, 对于南昌等富水地层区域, 可以将连续墙深度设计为插入到透水性较差的土层, 此时隧道变形能得到有效控制, 而继续增加插入深度对于控制隧道变形意义不大。
3) 本文研究针对工程中短期降水(2 d)条件下的隧道受力变形情况, 而实际施工过程中基坑开挖时降水也持续进行, 是一个长期降水的过程, 其引起的隧道变形也势必会增大。因此, 本文研究成果对隧道变形范围预测具有一定指导意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52238009)
  • 江西省自然科学基金项目(20224BAB214068)
  • 江西省自然科学基金项目(20223BBG71018)
  • 江西省研究生创新资金(YC2021-S433)
  • 南昌轨道交通集团科研项目(2020HGKYB008)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.015
  • 接收时间:2023-07-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-16
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52238009)
江西省自然科学基金项目(20224BAB214068)
江西省自然科学基金项目(20223BBG71018)
江西省研究生创新资金(YC2021-S433)
南昌轨道交通集团科研项目(2020HGKYB008)
作者信息
    1 南昌轨道交通集团有限公司 南昌 330038
    2 南昌轨道交通集团工程建设有限公司 南昌 330199
    3 华东交通大学 江西省岩土工程基础设施安全与控制重点实验室 南昌 330013
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dskgjt/CN/10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.015
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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