Article(id=1309584940078040052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026II0346, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026II0346, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=1746460800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158980626, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158980626, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158980626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158980626, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=405, endPage=427, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584940291949557, articleId=1309584940078040052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Progress in the identification and quantitative research of submarine mud volcanoes based on acoustic detection methods, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Submarine mud volcanoes are uplifted landforms formed by the escape of submarine fluids. Studying their evolution process is of great significance for the exploration of marine oil and gas resources, the protection of marine biodiversity, and the prevention of marine geological disasters. Based on the existing research, this paper systematically reviews and summarizes the identification characteristics of submarine mud volcanoes under different acoustic detection methods using submarine acoustic instruments and platforms. It also summarizes the morphological features, causes, and evolution stages of submarine mud volcanoes, and analyzes and discusses the progress of quantitative research on the morphology of submarine mud volcanoes. The investigation results show that theacoustic data obtained by combining multiple acoustic methods can not only be used to obtain the morphological and profile characteristics of submarine mud volcanoes, but also serve as supporting data for quantitative research on the morphology of submarine mud volcanoes. Due to the low detection resolution and narrow detection range, the submarine mud volcanoes identified in China at present are mainly large and medium-scale and dome-shaped. Small-scale and complex-shaped submarine mud volcanoes are difficult to identify. The morphological parameters of submarine mud volcanoes are mainly water depth, diameter and slope. There is less research on other parameters such as the slope of the two wings and the depth of the depression. It is suggested to continuously improve the detection technology to enhance the detection resolution, and to use multiple carrier platforms to expand the detection range of the seabed to obtain higher-resolution and more abundant seabed topographic and geomorphic data. At the same time, on the basis of the existing detection technology and detection resolution, the quantitative research on the morphology of submarine mud volcanoes should be deepened to obtain rich morphological quantitative parameters and achieve precise quantitative research. Automatic identification methods such as deep learning should be introduced to realize the automatic identification of submarine mud volcanoes and improve the efficiency of identifying submarine mud volcanoes.

, authors=TianGui YANG1, 2, 3, JiangXin CHEN2, 3, *, NengYou WU4, HuaNing XU2, 3, DongXu LUO2, 3, 5, Kai LU2, 3, TongGang HAN2, 3, Yu FU6, XinXin LIU2, 3, HaiLong LI2, 3, authorsList=TianGui YANG, JiangXin CHEN, NengYou WU, HuaNing XU, DongXu LUO, Kai LU, TongGang HAN, Yu FU, XinXin LIU, HaiLong LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=JiangXin CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584944544972806, articleId=1309584940078040052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=基于声学探测方法的海底泥火山识别特征和定量研究进展, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海底泥火山是由海底流体逸散形成的隆起地貌, 研究其演化过程对寻找海洋油气资源、保护海洋生物多样性和预防海洋地质灾害等方面具有重要意义.在现有研究的基础上, 系统梳理并总结了海底声学仪器、平台及不同声学探测方法下海底泥火山的识别特征, 对海底泥火山的形态特征、成因及其演化阶段进行归纳总结, 并分析和讨论了海底泥火山形态上的定量研究进展.调查结果表明, 联合多种声学方法所获得的声学数据不仅可用于获取海底泥火山的形态特征和剖面特征, 还能作为海底泥火山形态上定量研究的支撑数据.由于探测分辨率偏低及探测范围较窄, 目前国内识别到的海底泥火山以大、中尺度和圆丘状为主, 小尺度和复杂形态的海底泥火山较难识别, 海底泥火山的形态参数以水深、直径和坡度为主, 对于两翼坡度、凹陷深度等其他参数的研究较少.建议不断提升探测技术来达到更高的探测分辨率, 运用多种搭载平台来拓宽海底探测范围, 以获得更高分辨率、更丰富的海底地形地貌数据, 同时, 在现有的探测技术和探测分辨率的基础上, 深化海底泥火山形态的定量研究以获取丰富的形态量化参数, 实现精确量化研究, 引入深度学习等自动识别方法实现海底泥火山的自动识别, 提升识别海底泥火山的工作效率.

, authors=杨添贵1, 2, 3, 陈江欣2, 3, *, 吴能友4, 徐华宁2, 3, 罗东旭2, 3, 5, 陆凯2, 3, 韩同刚2, 3, 傅钰6, 刘欣欣2, 3, 李海龙2, 3, authorsList=杨添贵, 陈江欣, 吴能友, 徐华宁, 罗东旭, 陆凯, 韩同刚, 傅钰, 刘欣欣, 李海龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈江欣, authorNote=

杨添贵, 女, 1996年生, 硕士研究生, 主要从事海洋地球物理学研究.E-mail:

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陈江欣, 男, 1987年生, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事海洋地球物理与地震海洋学研究.E-mail:
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(a)中国台湾西南部近海的多道地震剖面,黄色图为侧扫声呐剖面;(b)浅地层剖面图,顶部为羽状流;(c)经过Bortoluzzi MV上的Line241单道chrip地震剖面.

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(a)侧扫声呐图像上识别到的Malishev泥火山;(b)单波束测深图像上识别到的海底泥火山.

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(a)加第斯湾的喷口型Henriet泥火山;(b)(c)冲绳海槽的圆丘状和烟囱状泥火山;(d)加第斯湾的中央隆起型AI Idrissi泥火山;(e)地中海的具明显环形凹陷的Napoli泥火山.

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(a)地震剖面图;(b)浅地层剖面图;(c)多波束地形图.

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(a)圆锥型;(b)长条型;(c)饼型;(d)多凹陷型;(e)生长辟型;(f)长管型;(g)扇型;(h)高原型;(i)撞击坑型;(j)沉降构造型;(k)下沉侧翼型;(l)下陷型.

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(a)南海北部三个区域泥火山的直径-高度关系图;(b)Kioka and Ashi区域632座泥火山的直径D-高度H关系图;(c)为(b)的红色框线部分的放大图;(d)Kioka and Ashi区域632座泥火山的H/R-V关系图(R为泥火山的基底半径,V为体积,红色三角形为Bortoluzzi泥火山).

, figureFileSmall=Yi2X97eo1zDPEmxTytyqdA==, figureFileBig=X9IsQbNo1NvE/dlqnAB+Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584954636468335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584940078040052, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Different platforms for acoustic instruments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器搭载平台垂直分辨率/m水平分辨率/m下潜深度/m测深数据的网格间距/m携带仪器参考文献
Aster AUV在AUV航迹附近 < 0.5, 在50°波束入射处 < 1—海底以上70 m2多波束系统EM2000系统(200 kHz)Dupré et al., 2008
AUV,MBARI0.15—海底以上50 m1一台多波束声呐系统(200 kHz,1°×1°)、一台chirp浅地层剖面仪(1~6 kHz)和一台侧扫声呐(110 kHz)Paull et al., 2015
AUV,MARUM-SEAL5000分米级1.6—50Kongsberg ME2040(300 kHz)Loher et al., 2018
ROV0.6—海底以上60 m—多波束系统EM2040Fallati et al., 2023
船载Kongsberg EM122米级25—50多波束系统EM122Loher et al., 2018
), ArticleFig(id=1309584954737131632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584940078040052, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

声学仪器的不同搭载平台

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器搭载平台垂直分辨率/m水平分辨率/m下潜深度/m测深数据的网格间距/m携带仪器参考文献
Aster AUV在AUV航迹附近 < 0.5, 在50°波束入射处 < 1—海底以上70 m2多波束系统EM2000系统(200 kHz)Dupré et al., 2008
AUV,MBARI0.15—海底以上50 m1一台多波束声呐系统(200 kHz,1°×1°)、一台chirp浅地层剖面仪(1~6 kHz)和一台侧扫声呐(110 kHz)Paull et al., 2015
AUV,MARUM-SEAL5000分米级1.6—50Kongsberg ME2040(300 kHz)Loher et al., 2018
ROV0.6—海底以上60 m—多波束系统EM2040Fallati et al., 2023
船载Kongsberg EM122米级25—50多波束系统EM122Loher et al., 2018
), ArticleFig(id=1309584954825212017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584940078040052, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Different acoustic detection methods for identifying submarine mud volcanoes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测方法声波频率范围适用水深/m地层穿透深度/m垂直分辨率/水平分辨率传感器安装方式仪器适用范围参考文献
浅地层剖面探测几百Hz至十几kHz,低频,穿透深度较大0~3000几十米至几百米厘米级、分米级拖曳式/船载型/AUV/ROV浅层剖面仪基底和浅层、特殊目标、浅表层王方旗等,2017;宋帅等,2019
高分辨率单道地震探测100 Hz~10 kHz—0~几千米米级拖曳式电火花、GI枪和水枪等震源中浅地层结构和构造杨国明等,2021
高分辨率多道地震探测10~800 Hz—0~10 km米级、十米级拖曳式电火花、GI枪和水枪等震源中深层地层结构和构造王威等,2019
侧扫声呐探测100 Hz~900 kHz,分辨率高,穿透地层能力较弱300~600—米级拖曳式/AUV/ROV侧扫声呐系统海底地形地貌、海底底质、海底目标孙丽平,2017;谢健辉,2023
单波束声呐探测10 Hz~400 kHz,0~1000无法穿透海底地层米级船载单波束声呐仪浅水杜永胜,2020
多波束声呐探测几十kHz至几百kHz,20~11000无法穿透海底地层米级船载/AUV/ROV多波束声呐探测系统中水、深水袁伟家,2023
), ArticleFig(id=1309584954934263922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584940078040052, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

识别海底泥火山的不同声学探测方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测方法声波频率范围适用水深/m地层穿透深度/m垂直分辨率/水平分辨率传感器安装方式仪器适用范围参考文献
浅地层剖面探测几百Hz至十几kHz,低频,穿透深度较大0~3000几十米至几百米厘米级、分米级拖曳式/船载型/AUV/ROV浅层剖面仪基底和浅层、特殊目标、浅表层王方旗等,2017;宋帅等,2019
高分辨率单道地震探测100 Hz~10 kHz—0~几千米米级拖曳式电火花、GI枪和水枪等震源中浅地层结构和构造杨国明等,2021
高分辨率多道地震探测10~800 Hz—0~10 km米级、十米级拖曳式电火花、GI枪和水枪等震源中深层地层结构和构造王威等,2019
侧扫声呐探测100 Hz~900 kHz,分辨率高,穿透地层能力较弱300~600—米级拖曳式/AUV/ROV侧扫声呐系统海底地形地貌、海底底质、海底目标孙丽平,2017;谢健辉,2023
单波束声呐探测10 Hz~400 kHz,0~1000无法穿透海底地层米级船载单波束声呐仪浅水杜永胜,2020
多波束声呐探测几十kHz至几百kHz,20~11000无法穿透海底地层米级船载/AUV/ROV多波束声呐探测系统中水、深水袁伟家,2023
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基于声学探测方法的海底泥火山识别特征和定量研究进展
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杨添贵 1, 2, 3 , 陈江欣 2, 3, * , 吴能友 4 , 徐华宁 2, 3 , 罗东旭 2, 3, 5 , 陆凯 2, 3 , 韩同刚 2, 3 , 傅钰 6 , 刘欣欣 2, 3 , 李海龙 2, 3
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 405-427
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 405 -427
基于声学探测方法的海底泥火山识别特征和定量研究进展
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杨添贵1, 2, 3 , 陈江欣2, 3, * , 吴能友4, 徐华宁2, 3, 罗东旭2, 3, 5, 陆凯2, 3, 韩同刚2, 3, 傅钰6, 刘欣欣2, 3, 李海龙2, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国地质科学院, 北京 100037
  • 2中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所, 青岛 266237
  • 3青岛海洋科技中心海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室, 青岛 266237
  • 4崂山实验室, 青岛 266237
  • 5中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院, 武汉 430074
  • 6中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院, 青岛 266100
通讯作者:
陈江欣, 男, 1987年生, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事海洋地球物理与地震海洋学研究.E-mail:
作者简介:

杨添贵, 女, 1996年生, 硕士研究生, 主要从事海洋地球物理学研究.E-mail:

Progress in the identification and quantitative research of submarine mud volcanoes based on acoustic detection methods
TianGui YANG1, 2, 3 , JiangXin CHEN2, 3, * , NengYou WU4, HuaNing XU2, 3, DongXu LUO2, 3, 5, Kai LU2, 3, TongGang HAN2, 3, Yu FU6, XinXin LIU2, 3, HaiLong LI2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
  • 2Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4Laoshan laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 5Faculty of Engineeing, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 6College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0346
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海底泥火山是由海底流体逸散形成的隆起地貌, 研究其演化过程对寻找海洋油气资源、保护海洋生物多样性和预防海洋地质灾害等方面具有重要意义.在现有研究的基础上, 系统梳理并总结了海底声学仪器、平台及不同声学探测方法下海底泥火山的识别特征, 对海底泥火山的形态特征、成因及其演化阶段进行归纳总结, 并分析和讨论了海底泥火山形态上的定量研究进展.调查结果表明, 联合多种声学方法所获得的声学数据不仅可用于获取海底泥火山的形态特征和剖面特征, 还能作为海底泥火山形态上定量研究的支撑数据.由于探测分辨率偏低及探测范围较窄, 目前国内识别到的海底泥火山以大、中尺度和圆丘状为主, 小尺度和复杂形态的海底泥火山较难识别, 海底泥火山的形态参数以水深、直径和坡度为主, 对于两翼坡度、凹陷深度等其他参数的研究较少.建议不断提升探测技术来达到更高的探测分辨率, 运用多种搭载平台来拓宽海底探测范围, 以获得更高分辨率、更丰富的海底地形地貌数据, 同时, 在现有的探测技术和探测分辨率的基础上, 深化海底泥火山形态的定量研究以获取丰富的形态量化参数, 实现精确量化研究, 引入深度学习等自动识别方法实现海底泥火山的自动识别, 提升识别海底泥火山的工作效率.

海底泥火山  /  油气勘探  /  多波束  /  定量研究  /  海底探测方法

Submarine mud volcanoes are uplifted landforms formed by the escape of submarine fluids. Studying their evolution process is of great significance for the exploration of marine oil and gas resources, the protection of marine biodiversity, and the prevention of marine geological disasters. Based on the existing research, this paper systematically reviews and summarizes the identification characteristics of submarine mud volcanoes under different acoustic detection methods using submarine acoustic instruments and platforms. It also summarizes the morphological features, causes, and evolution stages of submarine mud volcanoes, and analyzes and discusses the progress of quantitative research on the morphology of submarine mud volcanoes. The investigation results show that theacoustic data obtained by combining multiple acoustic methods can not only be used to obtain the morphological and profile characteristics of submarine mud volcanoes, but also serve as supporting data for quantitative research on the morphology of submarine mud volcanoes. Due to the low detection resolution and narrow detection range, the submarine mud volcanoes identified in China at present are mainly large and medium-scale and dome-shaped. Small-scale and complex-shaped submarine mud volcanoes are difficult to identify. The morphological parameters of submarine mud volcanoes are mainly water depth, diameter and slope. There is less research on other parameters such as the slope of the two wings and the depth of the depression. It is suggested to continuously improve the detection technology to enhance the detection resolution, and to use multiple carrier platforms to expand the detection range of the seabed to obtain higher-resolution and more abundant seabed topographic and geomorphic data. At the same time, on the basis of the existing detection technology and detection resolution, the quantitative research on the morphology of submarine mud volcanoes should be deepened to obtain rich morphological quantitative parameters and achieve precise quantitative research. Automatic identification methods such as deep learning should be introduced to realize the automatic identification of submarine mud volcanoes and improve the efficiency of identifying submarine mud volcanoes.

Submarine mud volcano  /  Oil and gas exploration  /  Multibeam  /  Quantitative research  /  Seabed exploration method
杨添贵, 陈江欣, 吴能友, 徐华宁, 罗东旭, 陆凯, 韩同刚, 傅钰, 刘欣欣, 李海龙. 基于声学探测方法的海底泥火山识别特征和定量研究进展. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 405 -427 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0346
TianGui YANG, JiangXin CHEN, NengYou WU, HuaNing XU, DongXu LUO, Kai LU, TongGang HAN, Yu FU, XinXin LIU, HaiLong LI. Progress in the identification and quantitative research of submarine mud volcanoes based on acoustic detection methods[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 405 -427 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0346
海底泥火山又称为泥丘、圆丘,是海底深部泥页岩在地层超压作用下向上运移并刺穿海底形成的地质现象,其形成过程中可喷溢出大量泥角砾岩和气体等物质混合而成的流体(Judd and Hovland, 2009).20世纪80年代首次利用侧扫声呐测量获得第一个海底泥火山活动的证据(Stride et al., 1982),之后随着声学探测技术的发展,在加第斯湾(Somoza et al., 2003)、尼日尔三角洲(Benjamin and Huuse, 2017)、中国南海(Wan et al., 2019)、黑海(Wu et al., 2019)和墨西哥湾(O'Reilly et al., 2022)等海域发现越来越多的海底泥火山.海底泥火山主要分布在300~2000 m的水深范围内,形态上多为圆丘状、锥状或圆饼状,大小各不相同,规模较大者高度数百米,直径达数十公里(何家雄等,2010),近年来,探测到的海底泥火山规模更大、分布在更深的海域(耿明会等,2019).
海底泥火山作为深部油气向上运移的重要通道,其演化过程伴随深部流体喷溢、气体释放等现象,是海底油气渗漏的重要指示标志(Milkov,2000;陈林和宋海斌,2006).海底天然气水合物的勘探实例表明,海底泥火山从深部携带的气体为天然气水合物成藏提供重要的气体来源,在海底浅表层的取样中发现,海底泥火山活动喷溢的油气供养了深水珊瑚、海绵、苔藓虫和贻贝等多种生物,海底泥火山形成的地形和底质为多种生物提供了良好的定居场所(Joye,2020;阎贫等,2021).此外,海底泥火山排放的甲烷气体加剧了温室效应,喷发的大量流体物质改变了海底局部地貌和温度场,可能引发海底滑坡等地质灾害,导致海洋平台沉降、气体泄漏和管道破裂,对海底的基础设施造成严重的损害(Milkov et al., 2003;Etiope and Milkov, 2004;Baloglanov et al., 2018;徐昕等,2022;Zhu et al., 2023). 因此,深入研究海底泥火山对勘探海洋油气资源、保护海洋生物多样性和预防海洋地质灾害等方面具有重要作用.
海底探测技术和仪器的发展为海底地貌测绘提供基础.海洋声学探测技术主要包括声呐探测和地震探测,其利用声波在水下具有穿透力强、传播距离远和传播损失小的特点,常常被应用于与海底泥火山相关的海底地形测量工作(Tsai and Lin, 2022).目前,用于识别海底泥火山的四个地球物理证据包括:海底泥火山的特殊形态、高后向散射、连续的海底震相和水柱中的水声异常(Ceramicola et al., 2020),其中,海底泥火山的形态、后向散射特点和水声异常可以通过声呐探测方法获取,而海底泥火山的海底震相是否连续可以通过地震探测技术方法进行判断.声呐探测方法利用回波测深原理获得的二维和三维图像可用于呈现海底泥火山的形态特征、底质类型和喷溢的流体等信息,具有分辨率高、覆盖面积广和作业高效等特点(Igbinenikaro et al., 2024).近海海域通常使用船载声呐系统进行海底地形的测量;而在深海或海底峡谷等极端环境可通过AUV或ROV搭载声呐系统对无人区或极端环境等特定区域进行水深测量和地形绘制(Sánchez-Guillamón et al., 2016;Huvenne et al., 2018).地震探测方法通过发射低频声波脉冲获得的垂直地震剖面可识别出海底泥火山及与之有关的泥底辟、断层和似海底反射等特征(Marsset et al., 2014;刘伯然等,2015a;韩同刚等,2018),运用不同主频和频宽的地震声波脉冲可实现对不同水深海底地层的探测,具有成本低、效率高及可全天候探测等特点(万芃等,2015;王威等,2019).在实际工作中,常根据探测成本和实际任务的需求联合不同的探测方法作为识别海底泥火山的主要手段来进行地震探测和地形绘制,以实现对海底泥火山的识别和解释(Kitada et al., 2018;Osorio-Granada et al., 2023).
声呐探测系统在探测过程中获取的海底地形数据,不仅能够应用于测量海底地貌、寻找水体中的目标,还能够应用于定量研究海底泥火山等天然地貌形态(丁继胜等,2014;Viala et al., 2021).海底地形数据包括水深数据、水体数据及海底反射强度数据(丁继胜等,2014).水体数据为水体中的目标定位提供了很好的数据支撑,如鱼群、沉船和海上平台等,海底反射强度数据可生成海底声呐影像图,多应用于海底电缆检测等实际工程项目(毕继鑫等,2022).水深数据可生成声呐图像,但由于声呐图像只能通过色彩渲染在视觉上呈现出海底泥火山的形态和相对大小,难以准确地估算其实际规模(Lecours et al., 2016),而水深数据可以通过提取海底泥火山的形态参数来反映其形态上的空间分布,正好弥补了声呐图像的劣势.然而,单一的形态参数很难完整地描述其形态特征,因此,在实际工作中,一般结合直径、高、坡度、体积等不同参数对海底泥火山的形态进行综合表征(Maestro et al., 2019).另外,定位系统获得的经纬度信息可用于定位海底目标的位置,便于对海底目标及其分布区域开展进一步调查或取样等研究工作.
迄今,随着对海底泥火山研究的不断深入,识别海底泥火山的声学探测方法、形态特征和演化规律及其定量分析等方面研究受到越来越多的关注.本文系统归纳了常见的海底声学探测仪器和平台、海底泥火山在不同声学探测方法下的识别特征,梳理了海底泥火山的形态特征、成因及其不同演化阶段的变化特点,并通过探讨分析海底泥火山形态参数的定量研究进展,为海底泥火山的探测、自动识别及形态参数的量化研究等方面提供一些思路和启发.
在识别海底泥火山之前,需要先对海底地形地貌进行调查研究,过去通常以调查船为基础,通过搭载多种声学遥感技术来获取地震数据、高分辨率的测深数据和海底后向散射数据(Judd and Hovland, 2009;Savini et al., 2018;Fallati et al., 2023).然而,传统的船载声学探测系统受限于海面作业,大多数情况下只能获取浅海域的海底地形地貌数据,大大限制了对深海域的海底地形探测.另一方面,由于仪器与海底泥火山相距数百至数千米而无法观测到海底泥火山的微地貌,也无法长时间监测活跃泥火山的渗漏等活动.这些问题直接导致了高分辨率的深海域海底泥火山数据及其他资料非常匮乏,为了解决这些难题,研究者们将无人潜水器(UUV)引入到海底地形地貌的调查工作中来获取更高精度的数据(Foucher et al., 2009;Feseker et al., 2014;Wynn et al., 2014).
波束测深仪、侧扫声呐、浅地层剖面仪和地震采集系统根据声学原理研制而成,主要应用于探测海底地形地貌和海底浅地层结构.近年来,随着我国对海洋油气资源的勘探力度加大、海洋工程建设增多以及海洋灾害频发,因此,国内许多单位引进多种声学仪器并将它们应用到海洋领域(王方旗等,2017).
20世纪初,单波束测深技术作为一种主流的水深测量方法应用在水下勘察领域.单波束测深仪由换能器和记录器两大部分组成,通过换能器向水下发射和接收声波信号并将测量的水深显示在记录器上,具有价格低廉、操作简单和适用于浅水测量的优点(陈超,2021).经过产品的不断迭代和更新,至今单波束测深仪仍然是中、小单位获取湖泊和河流等浅水数据的主要声学仪器.
目前,单波束测深仪的生产商主要来自美国和加拿大,如:美国Reson公司的Navisound单波束测深仪、加拿大Knudsen公司的320MJr单波束测深仪(杜永胜,2020).
多波束测深声呐是目前获取海底地貌水深数据的主要测量手段.多波束测深声呐由多个子系统组成,包括多波束测深声呐系统、软件系统和辅助信息设备三大部分.根据发射信号频率的不同,多波束测深声呐可以满足不同的探测需求,高频多波束测深声呐用于精细化探测,而低频多波束测深声呐用于较深水域探测(袁伟家,2023).对于接收到的不同强度的回波信号,较强的反射信号会被多波束测深仪记录为水深数据,而较弱的信号则被记录为散射强度数据(张俊,2023).
多波束测深声呐应用的水深范围较广,一般分为浅水型多波束声呐、中水型多波束声呐和深水型多波束声呐(路晓磊等,2018).具有代表性的多波束测深型号包括挪威Kongsberg公司的EM系列、丹麦Reson公司的Seabat系列、美国R2 Sonic公司的SONIC系列、德国ATLAS公司的Hydrosweep系列和L3 ELAC公司的Sea Beam系列,其中丹麦Reson公司和德国L3 ELAC公司生产有适应浅、中、深水海域的多种仪器型号(耿家营,2022).
尽管与单波束声呐相比,多波束测深声呐实现了从点线测量到宽覆盖面状测量的跨越,然而,对于船只无法到达的深海、高危环境,以传统船只为载体的多波束测深声呐已无法满足任务的需求.因此,以海洋无人平台为载体的新兴搭载方式逐步发展起来.
侧扫声呐通过接收回波强度来反映海底地形地貌,利用侧扫声呐数据可实现海底底质的分类.侧扫声呐在探测海底地形地貌、沉积物类型及水下目标等方面优于传统单波束测深仪,并且采集的后向散射数据质量比多波束探测仪高得多(丁继胜等,2014).侧扫声呐可分为船载型和拖体型2种方式,前者将换能器安装于船体两侧,具有扫幅较宽的特点,后者更为常见,并且根据拖体和海底的距离,可以进一步分为高位拖曳型和深拖型2类(路晓磊等,2018).
目前,侧扫声呐仪主流的型号包括Klein 3000系列、Edge Tech系列和Shark S450系列等,主要应用于海洋地质调查、海洋测绘、海洋工程勘探及寻找水下沉船等方面(耿家营,2022).近年来,为了提高侧扫声呐图像的分辨率,提出了合成孔径声呐技术和多波束侧扫声呐融合技术(房旭东和钟贵才,2016;黄海宁等,2024).
浅地层剖面仪,利用线性调频(Chirp)声呐作为声源,通过连续走航式探测来获取海底浅部的地层结构、构造和底质等信息,主要应用于海底管线检测等海洋工程和海底底质研究等领域(李平和杜军,2011).
浅层剖面仪的型号众多,可通过搭载于船体或UUV方式工作(何良等,2024).按类型的不同,浅地层剖面仪的震源可分为电火花、压电换能器、电磁式和参量阵四种.调研发现,电火花震源的穿透力最强,电磁式震源的穿透深度和分辨率适中,压电换能器的分辨率较高,但穿透能力较弱,而参量阵同时包含低频和高频信号,能够同时获得较大的穿透深度和较高的分辨率(杨国明等,2021).目前,应用较为广泛的浅地层剖面仪由Kongsberg、Edgetech和Teledyne等生产厂商提供.
海上地震探测系统由地震震源系统和地震信号接收系统两部分组成,同时配备导航定位系统(裴彦良等,2010).海上作业时,勘探船拖曳着震源和检波器,通过震源激发声波信号,由检波器接收反射波信号来获取海底地层信息.主流的震源有气枪、水枪和电火花等,其中,气枪震源因具有频带宽、信噪比高、可重复性高和勘探成本低等特点,在海上地震勘探作业中应用广泛(杜万兴,2024).根据不同的作业方式,地震接收系统可分为单船拖缆地震、双船拖缆地震、深拖曳多道地震、海底地震仪、海底电缆(OBC)和海底节点(OBN)等方式(柴祎和曾宪军,2014).拖缆勘探的成本较低、效率较高且周期短,是当前海洋地震勘探的主要方法,但该方法以接收高频信号为主,受限于拖缆偏移距较小,难以接收低频信号(林腾飞等,2023).与之相比,OBN的布设较为灵活,能够实现长偏移距采集,同时能够接收更多低频信号,但OBN的布设成本高昂.在实际工作中,稀疏海底节点和拖缆常常联合使用,有利于实现数据的高效采集(戚宾,2020;谢玉洪等,2024).
根据采集方式不同,海上地震探测方法分为单道地震探测和多道地震探测(林腾飞等,2023).单道地震探测方法采用自激自收的方式采集数据,目前使用较广的单道地震仪是法国的TEI Delphi.单道地震探测系统具有配置灵活、操作简单和价格低廉等特点,但是获得的地震资料的信噪比和分辨率不高.而多道地震探测系统采用共深度点多次叠加技术,通过使用多个检波器接收地震信号获得高信噪比和高分辨率的地震数据,常与多波束等声呐设备联合使用(王尓觉等,2016).然而,与声呐探测技术相比,海上地震探测技术相对成本更高、生产周期更长.此外,单道地震和多道地震探测系统在探测过程中容易受到多次波的干扰,使得地震信息无法识别甚至错误识别,需要对多次波进行压制处理.为了提高地震数据的分辨率,近年来出现了高分辨率单道和多道地震探测技术,通过改进信号的主频和频宽使其具有高尖峰主频和宽幅频宽的特点,来获取更清晰的海底地震数据(王威等,2019).
随着声学探测技术、卫星遥感及计算机等技术的不断进步,海底地形地貌的探测方式更加多样化,近年来,逐渐发展成包括飞机、卫星、无人船、水下机器人和水下观测网等多种探测平台,并应用在浅层、中层和深层等水深范围(宋帅等,2019).声学探测仪器的搭载平台经历了从调查船到载人潜水器(HOV),再到水下无人潜水器(UUV)的历程(Dupré et al., 2008).综合海底泥火山的探测历程来看,海底地形地貌探测的声学搭载平台从最初的在浅水域采用调查船,到后来在中深水域采用AUV和ROV等无人潜水器,实现了不同水域海底地形地貌的精细探测.常规船载探测方式基于海面向下发射声波,无法最大限度地发挥探测设备的性能和优势,在中深层水域中,劣势更为突出.为了探测到更宽和更深海域中海底泥火山分布的地形地貌,各国陆续将有缆遥控潜水器(ROV)和无缆自主潜水器(AUV)等无人潜水器应用到实际调查工作中,通过发展适应中深层的声学探测平台来扩大声学探测范围和实现更宽领域的海底探测(张淏酥等,2023).
海洋调查船,也称为海洋考察船,作为最基础的海上探测平台,通过搭载多种仪器设备和建立船上专用实验室可为海洋资源开发、海洋工程技术和海洋环境保护等方面提供诸如研究所需的数据和样品等重要信息,在海底地形地貌的调查工作中应用广泛(徐昕等,2022).因此,常用于完成海底观测、海洋地形测量、样品采集和数据初步处理等任务.根据调查任务的不同,海洋调查船分为专业调查船、综合调查船和特种调查船,用于满足不同的海洋勘探需求(李尉尉等,2012).根据不同的调查区域,海洋调查船可分为近海调查船和远洋调查船.近海调查船的船体相对较小,吃水浅,一般只配备浅水所需的探测设备,续航能力较差,航区较窄;而远洋调查船的船体较大,配备深水所需的探测设备,续航能力强,航区更广.在实际调查工作中,两者一般不兼用(阮锐,2009).
海洋调查船由船体、搭载的调查设备和辅助设备三部分组成(阮锐,2009).对于船体,考虑到海洋环境对调查船在海上作业的影响,一般要求船体具备良好的抗风浪能力和适航性,并且保证作业期间船只的稳定性和噪声控制,以及能够在使用仪器时提供足够的供电能力和充足的作业空间(孙月明等,2022).在海底地形探测任务中,调查船一般会在深拖系统上搭载多波束探测仪、侧扫声呐系统、浅地层剖面仪和地震数据采集系统等声学设备,通过将深拖系统拖曳至海底一定高度上完成探测任务(冯湘子,2015).此外,调查船上还会配备一些辅助设备,主要包括各种类型的绞车和门吊等.
多波束系统常用于海底地形地貌的探测任务,以海洋调查船搭载方式为主.然而,传统的船载多波束系统测量方法存在船体不稳定、采集数据的质量受海况条件影响较大,且设备和船上人员很难得到完全的安全保障等问题.为了克服这些问题,近年来,出现了无人船搭载多波束测深系统(米仁欢,2023).
无人潜水器作为新型的仪器搭载平台,由于受调查船约束小、航行轨迹灵活、并且能潜入不同水深作业,因此被广泛应用于中深海域及其他特殊作业中.无人潜水器主要分为载人潜水器(HOV)、无人遥感潜水器(ROV)和自主水下潜水器(AUV)三种,其中ROV和AUV在海底地貌的探测工作中运用最广泛(封锡盛,2000).
自主水下潜水器(AUV)是无人驾驶、无缆机器人潜艇(图 1a、c、d),可以通过预设编程自主完成海底操作和调查工作(Griffiths,2002).随着技术的快速发展,AUV的续航时间从最初的几小时延长至几周甚至几个月,小型AUV的可操作深度大约几百米,而中、大型AUV可以探测到几千米深的海底.按照功能的不同,AUV可以分为巡航(cruising)和悬停(hovering)两种,前者的特点是只有单一的螺旋桨,移动速度快,可以沿着预设的轨迹探测到大面积海底;后者有多个螺旋桨或助推器,允许自身向任何方向移动,主要应用于热液喷口等海底地貌和其他精细测量工作(Wynn et al., 2014;Huvenne et al., 2018).
无人遥感潜水器(ROV)是一种海底有缆机器人,常用于海底勘探作业.典型的ROV(如图 1b)由一个坚固的外框架、一个提供浮力的浮力单元、若干个推进器和一条连接ROV和母船的缆绳组成.ROV通常会携带一个或多个摄像机,用于获取高清的海底影像资料.另外,还会配备若干个不同功能的操纵臂和储物篮,用于取样、存储样品或操作工具.对于海底地形地貌调查作业,ROV还会携带侧扫声呐系统和多波束测深仪器(Huvenne et al., 2018).
与传统调查船相比,AUV的突出优势主要体现在不需要依赖母船供电,以无人、无缆自主控制为主等方面,可实现不同水深领域的海底探测作业(封锡盛等,2021);而ROV可携带机械臂和摄像头等设备,可实现海底微地貌的测绘、近海底观测、操作和取样等多种探测任务,为多学科交叉研究海底泥火山提供了综合性的证据和可能.另外,无人潜水器脱离了海面作业,受恶劣的海面环境影响较小,采集到的水深数据质量更高.综合来看,无人潜水器大大拓宽了海底探测范围,提高了测深数据的精度和分辨率,同时为海底泥火山的相关研究提供了更全面和更多样化的证据.然而,无人潜水器也存在一些不足,比如续航能力有限,回收任务难度大等(赵涛等,2010).
从获取数据的精度上看,相较于船载声学仪器,无人潜水器载声学仪器的优势在于,获取海底数据的分辨率达到了米级或分米级,可以完成海底微地貌的测绘工作(表 1).除此之外,通过搭载无人潜水器,摄影仪器能够直观地拍摄到气体渗漏活动、从裂缝中连续排出的泥浆流及生物群落等证明海底泥火山存在和海底泥火山活动的直接证据(Fallati et al., 2023).
海底泥火山在声学上表现为低密度和低速度的物理特征,与周围沉积层相比有较明显的声速异常,并且海底泥火山的形成会改变海底地形的局部地貌,同时喷溢到海底的泥角砾岩增加了海底泥火山表面的粗糙度(郭建卫等,2011;孟祥君等,2012).因此,根据海底泥火山内部流体物质和喷出物具有显著声学响应的特性,可利用地震和声呐等声学方法来识别海底泥火山.
地震探测方法通过发射声波和接收反射波来获取海底地层的剖面信息,可较好地识别出海底泥火山的内部通道和隆起形态.常见的地震勘探方法有浅地层剖面探测法、单道地震探测法和多道地震探测法(MacDonald and Peccini, 2009).
浅地层剖面探测法利用声波信号在水下传播和反射的特性来探测海底地层,可以直观地反映海底浅层的结构特征(林海文等,2023).在浅地层剖面图上,海底泥火山被识别为向上凸起的穹隆构造,其顶部高出周围海底几十米至上百米,隆起处伴有浊反射、帘式反射和显著的反射增强等现象(Chiu et al., 2006;刘伯然等,2015a;赵旭等,2016).此外,处于活动阶段的海底泥火山沿顶部喷出气体,在声学特征上表现为羽状流,可作为识别海底泥火山的声学证据(图 2a).
浅地层剖面探测法的优势在于,其分辨率可达到厘米级,能够获取高分辨率的海底底质和浅部沉积层信息,但探测深度较浅,在海底坡度较大时会因无法找到海底而导致图像模糊(杨国明等,2021).
高分辨率单道地震探测法采用自激自收的方式采集数据,具有配置灵活、操作简单和作业高效的特点(王尔觉等,2016).海底泥火山的识别特征在单道地震剖面上较为明显,如图 2b所示,海底泥火山的隆起处振幅增强,隆起以下出现空白区,但两翼反射较为杂乱,并伴随局部双曲线的出现.相比于其他声学探测方法,单道地震探测法的分辨率不够高,在地形复杂条件下容易导致地形失真,从而降低了识别海底泥火山的准确率(刘玉萍等,2023).
高分辨率多道地震探测法采用声波激发、并由多个检波器同时接收声波的方式采集数据,其特点是声波频率低、穿透力较强,得到的反射界面较清晰(王威等,2019).在多道地震剖面上,如图 2c所示,除隆起处的反射增强外,还可以明显的识别出海底泥火山隆起内部出现近乎垂直、宽度与隆起直径相当的空白带或反射模糊带,周围伴随同相轴上拉或下拉等特征(Chen et al., 2014;刘伯然等,2015b;赵旭等,2016;Benjamin and Huuse, 2017;骆迪等,2021).在大多数区域,可以识别出海底泥火山的内部通道为“烟囱”状或“圣诞树”状空白带(Ivanov et al., 1996;Asada et al., 2023).此外,在海底泥火山的发育区域,多道地震剖面能够识别出与天然气水合物有关的似海底反射(BSR)、断层和泥底辟等相关特征(Krastel et al., 2003;刘伯然等,2015a;Wan et al., 2019;Wu et al., 2021).然而,由于多道地震探测中海底全程多次波的反射能量较强,可能会在泥火山的隆起处出现多次波干扰,需要进行压制处理(赵旭等,2016).
与单道地震探测方法相比,多道地震探测方法分辨率更高、可探测更深的海底地层,较多应用于地形坡度较大等复杂地质条件的区域,而且识别特征更为明显(王尔觉等,2016).与单/多道地震探测方法相比,浅地层剖面探测法具有不可比拟的优势:浅地层剖面仪接收的是近乎垂直的反射数据,能够获取发射源正下方的地层信息,同时垂向分辨率达到厘米级(陈森等,2016;杨国明等,2021).因此,实际工作中,常常联合多种地震探测方法进行综合探测,来实现地震资料的相互补充(赵旭等,2016).
声呐探测法通过发射和接收波束来探测海底地形,因探测效率高、覆盖范围广而被广泛应用于海底地形探测(孙丽平,2017).常见的声呐探测方法有侧扫声呐探测法、单波束声呐探测法和多波束声呐探测法,侧扫声呐可用于在大范围内快速获取地貌性质并对地貌形状进行准确判断,而多波束声呐可获取精确的水深数据,实现对海底地形的高分辨率成像和精准定位,因此,常综合使用这两种探测方法来识别海底泥火山(郑晖,2020).
侧扫声呐探测法通过回波强度来反映海底地形,可获取海底水深数据和背向散射数据,常应用于海底地貌调查和海底目标包括天然目标(海底热液、麻坑、冷泉、泥火山等)和人工目标(落水者、飞机残骸等)的识别(陈江欣等,2015;Wu et al., 2019;赵文宇等,2021;王芳等,2024;谢健辉,2023).如图 3a所示,与周围的局部地形相比,海底泥火山表层的泥质角砾岩显著增多,导致表层的地表粗糙度明显增大,因此当声波到达海底泥火山的表层时会产生较强的背向散射,在图像中被明显识别为深色斑块(Zitter et al., 2005;孟祥君等,2012).背向散射强度能够反映出海底泥火山的喷发状态和活动阶段,新喷发出的泥浆流,其背向散射强度比旧泥浆流更高,而被掩埋的海底泥火山,背向散射程度比处于活动期的海底泥火山低(Dimitrov,2002;Zitter et al., 2005).
侧扫声呐的横向分辨率高,可以获得清晰的二维图像,图像上凸出海底的泥火山在斜距方向上形成了明显的阴影,能够识别泥火山表层的泥角砾岩并反映泥火山的高度,相对于其他探测方法具有更易部署,成本更低的特点(Lecours et al., 2016).然而,侧扫声呐探测法易出现速度失真、目标距离和真实距离不完全一致及水底坡度偏离真实值等问题,造成图像变形或出现盲区,从而使识别结果出现偏差(郑晖,2020).
单波束声呐探测法具有安装便捷、易于携带、成本较低等特点,可用于获取浅层地形和水柱剖面,适用于浅水区域测量;但单波束覆盖范围较窄、测量时容易偏离测线(张文强等,2018).如图 3b所示,单波束图像能够明显地识别出海底泥火山的隆起形态及沿顶部渗漏出的气泡羽状流(Ceramicola et al., 2018).但与多波束声呐相比,单波束声呐采集的数据较为稀疏、测量水深更浅,得到图像的分辨率不够高,识别效率较低(Khomsin et al., 2021).
多波束声呐探测法通过发射多束声波并由换能器接收反射波实现条带式探测和宽扇面的覆盖探测,可获取高分辨率水深数据,具有覆盖范围广、采集效率高,能够实现对海底地形精细测量的特点,在海底地形地貌的测绘中应用广泛(路晓磊等,2018;宋帅等,2019;Mohammadloo et al., 2019).多波束数据可用于生成高精度的三维地形图,如图 4所示,在图像上能够直观地识别出海底泥火山的隆起和凹陷等形态特征,隆起一般为丘状、锥状或圆饼状,凹陷一般呈环形、半月形和花瓣状等,从地形的起伏来看,海底泥火山的隆起和凹陷特征与周围的平坦地形明显不同(van Rensbergen et al., 2005;Mascle et al., 2014;骆迪等,2021;Guillamón et al., 2023).除了用于获取高分辨率的三维图像,多波束数据中包含的测深和位置信息还可用于测量海底泥火山的形态参数和精确定位.
受调查船航行较慢的影响,多波束声呐测深法在采集过程中耗时较长,遇到恶劣海况时,还会造成采集的波束不连续、质量差,甚至在起伏较大的区域无法跟踪中央波束,但其采集的测深数据和位置信息精度较高(龚旭东等,2020).而侧扫声呐节约船时、价格低廉,同时,所获得的二维图像分辨率相对更高,但是,在速度失真等情况下容易引起图像变形或出现盲区,并且适用的水深范围较小,位置信息和水深数据精度不足,两者有一定的互补性(房旭东和钟贵才,2016;蔺岩等,2021;谢健辉,2023).因此,出于实际应用的需求,一般会结合侧扫声呐和多波束探测方法实现侧扫声呐图像和多波束测深地形的叠加,作为综合判断海底地形地貌中是否存在具备地球物理特征的海底泥火山的探测手段,但这种组合方式的成本较高(宋帅等,2019;Li et al., 2023).
综合来看,地震探测方法和声呐探测方法各有优势和不足(表 2),地震探测方法主要用于成像,而声呐探测方法除了成图之外,还可用于水深测量,因此,两种探测方法常联合使用.探测方法的联合使用有多种组合方式,如Chen等(2014)综合高分辨率多道地震、侧扫声呐和浅地层剖面数据来识别海底泥火山;骆迪等(2021)将多道地震、浅地层剖面和多波束探测方法三者综合使用,如图 5中,运用高分辨率多道地震和浅地层剖面获取海底泥火山的内部通道和隆起构造信息,同时运用多波束地形图获取海底泥火山的三维构造形态,通过综合性信息来识别海底泥火山.综合多种声学方法来识别海底泥火山,究其原因,一方面是,不同的探测方法各有其优势,可以显著的呈现海底泥火山的某些特征.另一方面是,不同的探测方法都有其不足,需要用其他方法补短.具体来讲,地震探测方法能够从获得的二维垂直剖面图像中较为完整地识别出了海底泥火山内部的流体运移通道及剖面形态.声呐探测方法可获取测深数据、高强度的后向散射数据和经纬度信息,测深数据不仅能够用于呈现宏观的三维海底泥火山图像,还为后续海底泥火山的定量研究提供了数据支撑,而后向散射数据可呈现出海底泥火山隆起表层和喷口处的泥角砾岩,同时其经纬度信息提供了海底泥火山的定位信息,极大地方便了海底原位采样等后续研究工作的开展.然而,地震方法无法获得三维信息,从而无法观察到海底泥火山的三维形态和准确估计其实际规模;声呐方法的探测分辨率较低,而难以准确识别出小尺度的海底泥火山.因此,为了降低单一信息识别海底泥火山造成的不确定性和较低的准确性所带来的风险,需要综合多种探测方法加以判断.而多道地震探测方法和多波束探测方法探测效率高、获得的海底数据互补性强,因此,两者的联合使用在综合性的海底地形地貌探测作业中十分常见.
值得一提的是,目前海底泥火山的识别工作主要靠人工解译完成,需要具备一定专业知识和经验的人员对海量的海底地貌数据逐一识别,需要付出极大的时间成本和经济成本,这种识别方式造成了海底泥火山的研究进展十分缓慢,越来越无法满足国家对于海洋勘探开发的需求.因此,将自动识别技术,如声呐图像目标检测,引入到海底泥火山的识别工作中在未来将成为一种发展趋势.实际上,近年来已有相关文献将传统机器学习和深度学习等自动识别方法运用到海底目标的自动识别中,如陈亚楠(2021)基于AUV搭载多波束测深声呐采集的数据,运用支持向量机和Faster R-CNN模型自动识别海底渗漏气体;方俊和邱春荣(2022)基于侧扫声呐图像运用Cascade-rcnn模型实现海参、海胆、扇贝和海星四类生物的自动识别.但是,声呐图像存在分辨率受海洋环境噪声和声呐设备影响导致分辨率较低,图像中的目标多为小目标,目标占图像的像素比例小等问题,造成声呐图像中的目标不好识别(罗逸豪等,2023).为了提高模型识别目标的准确性,一些学者根据声呐图像和数据集特点对模型作出了改进,如:陈启北等(2023)在YOLOv5模型中加入了C3MHSA模块和SE注意机制,使得水下人体的识别准确率提升了4.8%;王芳等(2024)对PP-YOLOv2模型的基础上引入注意力机制和解耦头,最终的识别准确率提升了4.4%.同时,为了解决声呐数据集匮乏的问题,周秋如(2023)和周昕(2024)等人采用生成对抗网络和不同数据增强方式进行数据扩充,识别效果有所提升.整体上看,由于将自动识别技术引入到海底目标的识别研究工作还未成熟,为了适应声学图像,在模型改进和数据集等方面还有很大的提升空间,若将该技术运用到海底泥火山的自动识别工作,可以一定程度上提高识别效率,降低识别成本,加快推进识别速度.
海底泥火山的形态特征既有共性,也有差异,形态的变化不仅与海底泥火山的形成过程有关,其演化阶段也在一定程度上塑造了海底泥火山的形态.通过调研,总结了海底泥火山的形态特征,并分析了海底泥火山形态差异上的成因及海底泥火山在不同演化阶段的变化特点.
海底泥火山的结构具有高度一致性,一般由隆起构造、凹陷、内部流体通道三部分组成(Dimitrov,2002;Somoza et al., 2012).根据规模大小和发育阶段的不同,海底泥火山的隆起高度可分为略高于海底(1~10 m)、高于海底(10~50 m)和显著高于海底(>50 m)三种,大多数海底泥火山的高度和直径成正相关,即泥火山的高度越高,规模越大(van Rensbergen et al,2005;陈江欣等,2015;耿明会等,2019).从整体的形态上看,泥火山的隆起构造一般呈丘状、圆锥状、圆饼状或发育有麻坑的复合形态,其中大部分隆起构造为圆丘状,处于活动期且大型的海底泥火山,其顶部一般会有圆形喷口,相对于其他泥火山而言,顶部有一个或数个喷口和喷口内有中央隆起被认为是锥状泥火山的特殊形态特征(León et al., 2012;Benjamin and Huuse, 2017).对于隆起周围的凹陷,一般成环形、半月形和花瓣状等不规则形态,凹陷内部的深度不一,凹陷边缘略高于周围的平坦区域.研究结果表明,从隆起和凹陷的关系上看,隆起的规模越大,凹陷也越大;隆起的高度越高,凹陷的坑深也更深(van Rensbergen et al., 2005;陈江欣等,2015).对于活跃的巨型海底泥火山,喷口内还会出现由内部流体向外喷涌的沉积物,这些沉积物在喷口内部形成了圆丘状的隆起(Somoza et al., 2003).从分布上看,海底泥火山可以由单个泥火山、两个或多个共生基底泥火山或泥火山群组成(Chen et al., 2014).
Mazzini和Etiope(2017)将具有不同形态特征的泥火山分为12类(图 6),认为海底泥火山形成过程的不同造就了不同的形态类型,而这些形态的变化可以认为是海底泥火山作用包括泥角砾岩、气体渗漏、喷口沉降和环形断裂的结果(Loher et al., 2018).例如:活动泥火山喷溢出大量气体引起顶部塌陷时,形成了具有喷口的海底泥火山(图 6a—l),周围地层的挤压较强烈和喷溢的泥角砾岩较坚硬时,形成了隆起规模较大的海底泥火山(图 6a、b、e、h、k),而有的泥火山在喷溢活动结束后,其流体物质会迅速向周围扩散,则容易形成平坦状海底泥火山(图 6g、j),当流体沿两翼或内壁塌陷时,多形成具有圆台状隆起或凹陷型喷口的海底泥火山(图 6k、l).
从形态特征上看,不同海域泥火山的形态各异,但具有相似的结构特点.在地震剖面图上,海底泥火山的形态一般可分为凸型、凹型、平型和埋藏型(Yusifov and Rabinowitz, 2004).从多波束地形图上看,海底泥火山的形态一般包括丘状隆起和环形凹陷,隆起的顶部一般为平坦状、喷口状及伴有翼部塌陷的不对称状(Collins et al., 2011),对于构造复杂的海底泥火山,可能会有多个喷口(Crater)、喷口内的流体堆积成小型隆起(Crater's central dome)及溢出喷口的大面积泥浆流(Somoza et al., 2003;Wu et al., 2019;Guillamón et al., 2023).
大多数学者认为,海底泥火山的形态特征与孔隙流体的压力、泥火山的活动频率、喷出泥浆的黏度及海底地貌的坡度和形态等多种因素有关(Dimitrov,2002;Evans et al., 2008;陈江欣等,2015;Guillamón et al., 2023).对于海底泥火山的隆起高度,Paull等(2015)认为,可能与其分布区域的海底超压和浅层沉积物受到的阻力有关,海底超压越高、浅层沉积物受到的阻力越大,则泥火山的隆起高度越高.此外,海底泥火山的隆起高度还与其内部的流体来源和演化阶段有关.对于海底泥火山的隆起形态,León等(2012)认为泥火山的锥状和不对称状构造与泥浆的多次喷出、重力作用引起的崩塌和海底滑坡、海底水流的长期作用这三种因素有关.Chen等(2014)认为海底泥火山隆起的“高平”状由其底部泥底辟的发育所控制.Paull等(2015)的想法与之相似,认为海底泥火山由海底圆丘刺穿海底形成,而圆丘的隆起构造是周围沉积物经侧翼向隆起处聚拢而成,使得隆起及两翼明显高于海底.与两位学者想法不同的是,Odonne等(2021)则认为泥火山顶部的圆饼状是由侧翼的径向膨胀和垂向上的收缩形成,而锥状是由顶部火山口内的流体向上堆叠而成(Evans et al., 2008).对于隆起周围的凹陷,Paull等(2015)认为可能是由于隆起内部出现收缩、流体流出后经历脱水,导致隆起局部坍塌,使得局部地形下沉,从而形成凹陷;而Cartwright等(2023)认为环形凹陷的几何形状与枯竭向斜(Depletion syncline)的几何形状有关.
不仅如此,海底泥火山的形态特征还随其演化阶段而变化.按不同演化阶段,海底泥火山可分为早期泥火山、活动期泥火山、静止期泥火山和休眠期泥火山(闫大伟等,2022).有研究认为,相同形态的海底泥火山,其根部及其物质来源相同,由此推测,形态不同的海底泥火山可能反映了两个不同的演化阶段(Wu et al., 2019).Paull等(2015)认为,海底泥火山隆起形态的差异反映了海底泥火山的相对年龄,最年轻的泥火山呈圆丘状,可能处于早期阶段,而平顶状泥火山是在丘状泥火山的基础上由不断向上喷出的泥浆最终堆积而成,可能处于静止阶段.在早期形成阶段,泥火山未刺穿海底,为泥底辟构造(Xing et al., 2016).静止期的泥火山相对于活动期要平静的多,以孔隙水和自由气体渗漏为主,其形态保持相对稳定(Sahling et al., 2009).泥火山在形成之后,若长期处于静止阶段,即长时间没有流体喷出时,则容易被快速沉降的沉积物掩埋,成为休眠泥火山(Benjamin and Huuse, 2017).大多数泥火山处于间歇性活动阶段,黑海、日本等多地发现泥火山内部的流体通道呈“圣诞树”状,表明流体活动具有间歇性,推测泥火山具有幕式喷发的特点(Ivanov et al., 1996;Asada et al., 2023).在实际的海底地形地貌探测中,处于活动期的海底泥火山在顶部出现水声异常,该特征在声学图像中表现明显,因此相对于其他阶段的泥火山更容易探测到(Paull et al,2015).具体来讲,处于活动期的泥火山会喷发出大量的泥浆和流体,其形态和周围环境会随着泥浆的喷出量和喷出速率而变化.在喷发的初始阶段,泥火山的顶部边缘发生崩塌并形成向下凹的喷口,喷出海底的泥角砾岩裸露于表层或形成很薄的覆盖层,喷口处可能会出现较活跃的气体排放和渗漏现象,造成泥火山喷口变形或进一步塌陷(Ivanov et al., 1996).有的泥火山会在活动期会释放出大量甲烷(Etiope and Milkov, 2004),因此,长期的气体和流体活动可能在一定程度上造就不同形态的海底泥火山.
然而,海底泥火山的演化阶段该如何划分仍颇有争议,闫大伟等(2022)将其分为以上四个阶段,而徐翠玲等(2020)并没有把早期阶段考虑其中,刘晓艳等(2024)则将其演化阶段分为上拱阶段、刺穿阶段和泥火山发育阶段,没有将海底泥火山形成之后可能存在的演化过程展开划分.原因可能是,目前对于海底泥火山的形成过程尚未形成统一的观点,故从不同角度出发划分的演化阶段不完全一致.相比于其他学者的划分方式,闫大伟等(2022)的方法将海底泥火山从萌芽到消亡的过程作为完整的演化阶段去划分更具有信服力.
近些年来,随着海洋探测技术的不断发展,海底泥火山的定量研究逐渐增多.目前受制于探测技术的发展,难以通过估计泥角砾岩和气体等流体物质的排放速率对海底泥火山的规模和大小等方面进行准确的定量评估(Wallmann et al., 2006;Chen et al., 2020),而多波束声呐探测方法在地形探测中获得的测深数据为其定量研究提供了基础,因此利用测深数据从形态方面着手对海底泥火山的规模和大小进行定量研究受到国内外学者的重点关注.
前人研究表明,已发现的海底泥火山在多多巴斯近海、墨西哥湾、尼日利亚近海和加勒比海等海域广泛发育,主要分布于内陆海的深海区、被动边缘的大陆斜坡和活动大陆边缘(图 7,Milkov, 2000, 2005).在不同海域,泥火山发育区域的泥质层厚度、压力条件和构造活动程度不同使得泥火山形成的规模和数量差异较大,并且分布于不同海域泥火山的形态具有较强的区域特点.如León等(2012)在大西洋大陆边缘的加第斯湾海域发现的10座海底泥火山呈不对称状、近圆形和平顶锥形等形态,平均直径大于1000 m,平均高度大于100 m;Wu等(2021)在巴基斯坦近海的马克兰大陆边缘发现的12座泥火山,其顶部可分为有喷口和无明显喷口两种类型,直径在600 m以上,高度在12~121 m;Sullivan等(2004)在特立尼达近海不同区域发现的161座泥火山,呈不规则状、锥形、顶部无明显喷口和有喷口等多种形态,直径在400 m以上,平均高度大于40 m.由此可见,海底泥火山形成的形态、规模和数量与其分布区域的地质条件有较大的相关性,研究不同海域泥火山的形态特点为其定量研究获取丰富的参数提供了基础.
近年来,研究者们通过不同的参数对海底泥火山的形态进行量化分析,并估算其规模大小和位置.形态参数作为确定海底泥火山形态的主要量化手段,主要包括高、直径、坡度等基本参数和体积、坑深、水深及经纬度等其他参数.根据参数的不同,可分为形态参数和位置参数两种.海底泥火山形态参数的量化涉及到单个泥火山的隆起形态特点和凹陷形态特点,针对其隆起形态,主要的参数包括高度、直径、坡度和体积,而对于凹陷形态,主要的参数为坑深、直径和体积等.另外,对于含有喷口的大型海底泥火山,还可以测量其高度和直径,甚至对喷口内的隆起也做测量.位置参数主要用于描述海底泥火山分布的地理位置,多用经纬度和水深表示.通过调研发现,学者们常通过测量高和直径参数确定海底泥火山的隆起规模大小,而坡度则用于反映海底泥火山的隆起形态;为了对海底泥火山周围的环境和位置进行定量分析,常常用水深和经纬度来表示其分布位置,而由于大多数海底泥火山形态上的不规则,用体积对其规模进行量化有一定难度,同时,有些海底泥火山不发育环形凹坑和喷口等形态,因此,体积、坑深和喷口直径等参数无法作为必须测量的量化参数去研究.
尽管不同形态的海底泥火山在定量研究中所需要测量的参数不完全相同,但总体上,不同形态的海底泥火山隆起构造都能够通过对基本参数进行量化统计、分析和探讨参数之间的量化关系来开展定量研究工作.陈江欣等(2015)对南海北部泥火山的直径和高度的关系进行定量研究,发现同一区域泥火山的直径和高度呈正相关(图 8a)(Kirkham et al., 2017;Cuffaro et al., 2019).Benjamin和Huuse(2017)根据圆台公式对尼日尔三角洲中33个泥火山的高和侧面积(Lateral suface area)进行估算和分析,发现两者成线性关系.Cuffaro等(2019)对意大利Ionian海632座泥火山高度H和半径R的关系进行统计分析,验证了泥火山直径和高度呈线性关系的规律,发现该区域的H/R值小于0.4,即泥火山的直径远大于高度(图 8b、c),并运用圆锥体公式V=πR2/3计算出大多数泥火山的体积在106~109 m3(图 8d).然而,包括Bortoluzzi泥火山在内的有些海底泥火山虽然从整体上看呈锥状,但顶部较为扁平,应用圆锥公式计算该泥火山的体积会存在一定偏差.在大多数海域,泥火山的坡度在几度到十几度之间,如耿明会等(2019)统计了44个不同海域的泥火山,侧翼坡度在4.9° ~17°之间.但也有的泥火山两翼坡度较大,如加第斯湾海域的泥火山坡度达26.8°, 日本近海的泥火山坡度达30°(Asada et al., 2023;Guillamón et al., 2023).除了隆起构造之外,对于高度达数百米的海底泥火山,其隆起外的环形凹陷较大,坑深在几米到几十米不等,部分海底泥火山隆起的顶部还有向下塌陷的喷口,并且喷口内有明显的隆起(Somoza et al., 2003;van Rensbergen et al., 2005).如van Rensbergen等(2005)对加第斯湾El Arraiche泥火山区域中的5个泥火山进行参数的量化统计,发现隆起周围的环形或长条形凹陷直径在0.95~2.85 m,凹陷深度在3~36 m;其中2个泥火山有明显的中央喷口和中央隆起,喷口的高度范围在2~17 m,中央隆起的高度在13~42 m,直径在500~2300 m,这些环形凹陷、喷口及中央隆起的定量研究从量化角度进一步促进了对海底泥火山复杂形态上的定量研究.从规模大小上看,Etiope和Milkov(2004)在整理全球分布的海底泥火山时,根据其分布面积将海底泥火山分为小型、中型和大型3种,因此,按照海底泥火山的规模大小和直径呈线性关系的发现(陈江欣等,2015),可以推测,按直径大小来看,海底泥火山可以分为小、中和大尺度.调查表明,Chiu等(2006)在南海东北部发现的50个海底泥火山,其直径在100~200 m之间;Chen等(2014)在中国台湾东南部发现的13个海底泥火山,最低直径为680 m,最高直径达到了4100 m;耿明会等(2019)在南海东北部新发现的27个海底泥火山,直径在300~1170 m之间;而直径约为几十米、高度几米至十几米的小尺度海底泥火山在目前主流的100 m×100 m网格分辨率的多波束数据中很难分辨出来.由此可见,目前国内识别到的海底泥火山以大、中尺度为主,小尺度较难识别.
目前,由于各国开展海底泥火山定量研究工作的程度不同,不同学者对同一参数的量化角度并不统一.对于经纬度,不同学者获得参数的精度不同,Guillamón等(2023)精确到度后两位小数,Asada等(2023)则精确到度后四位小数.经纬度作为记录位置信息的重要参数,精度越高,得到的泥火山位置与实际位置相比误差越小,定位越准确,因此,在有条件的情况下,提高定位精度十分重要.对于水深,不同学者对水深的量化并不一致,如Bohrmann等(2003)和Chen等(2014)对水深的量化统计较为模糊,而León等(2012)和Guillamón等(2023)则将其明确为顶部水深,相比而言,模糊的水深参数因没有明确水深测量的终点而容易使水深和泥火山隆起高度之间的关系不够确切.对于直径,Chen等(2014)统计的是泥火山基底直径的大小,Somoza等(2003)则统计泥火山基底的最大直径和最小直径,表明泥火山基底可能为圆形或椭圆形.对于两翼坡度,León等(2012)、Chen等(2014)和耿明会等(2019)使用的是整体坡度或最大坡度,van Rensbergen等(2005)则将其细分为基底坡度、顶部坡度和整体坡度,后者能够更详细地反映泥火山形态的坡度变化.总体上,参数的量化越准确、越丰富,则越有利于对泥火山形态的量化分析.
总体来看,泥火山形态参数的统计、分析和对不同参数之间量化关系的探讨,加深了对泥火山参数与泥火山的形态、规模和大小之间量化关系的理解,为进一步深化不同海域地质条件下海底泥火山的形态、规模、大小和参数之间规律的量化关系提供基础.不足的是,由于海底泥火山的公开数据资料较少,而不同分布区域的海底泥火山形态又复杂多样,从公开的研究成果上看,其参数测量更多集中在圆丘状、锥状和圆饼状等形态较为规则的海底泥火山上,而对于形态相对复杂的海底泥火山,在综合评估其形态的复杂性、规模及测量难度之后,很少有研究者对其形态参数进行定量研究.
值得注意的是,具有多个隆起构造的长条形(Elongate irregular)泥火山,其形态参数的量化统计常常被忽略.国外学者将其称为多丘状(Multi-cone)泥火山、弓状(Arcuate structure)泥火山、复杂状泥火山(Complex mud volcanoes)及泥底辟脊(Diapiric ridge)等(Somoza et al., 2003;León et al., 2006, 2012;Kirkham et al., 2017).而国内的研究较少,刘伯然等(2015b)在研究中将其描述为泥火山脊.从形态上看,泥火山脊可以看作是由两个或两个以上的泥火山拼接而成,具有双目状或多目状闭合曲线,单个泥火山之间共用同一基底,其形态和规模可能相近或是差异较大(van Rensbergen et al., 2005;Chen et al., 2014).国内外仅有少数学者统计了泥火山脊的形态参数,如Chen等(2014)统计了中国台湾西南部海域的3座泥火山脊,其长轴最长为4000 m,短轴最长为2500 m,由两个同基底的泥火山隆起构成,在规模上比该区域的单个泥火山大得多.Benjamin和Huuse(2017)统计了尼日尔三角洲15个泥火山脊的最小宽度(max mound width)和最大宽度(min mound width),发现该区域泥火山的最大宽度在180~1030 m,最小宽度在28~382 m.耿明会等(2019)统计了南海东北部海域5座泥火山脊的基底,长轴在500~900 m,短轴在300~700 m,相对于Chen等(2014)在中国台湾发现的泥火山规模较小.Maestro等(2019)统计了75座泥火山脊的形态参数,除了长轴、短轴和高度等参数之外,还对泥火山的形状指数和面积等参数进行了估算,相比于以往的研究,统计的泥火山脊数量和形态参数的数目最多,为进一步深化泥火山脊形态参数的量化分析提供了丰富的数据.尽管如此,目前对泥火山的定量研究远少于泥火山,用于对其形态定量研究的参数相对较少,并且多数学者只是对泥火山脊做简单的形态参数统计,而没有根据获得的参数做进一步的定量分析.从前人的研究结果来看,泥火山脊形态的量化研究与泥火山相比存在一定差距,可能基于两点原因,一是在前人对泥火山形态参数的定量统计中,泥火山脊形态参数的量化统计远远少于泥火山,可能是由于长条形泥火山的不规则隆起形态与常见的泥火山形态特点(包括圆丘状、锥状和圆饼状等)相差较大,并且形成泥火山脊的地质条件与泥火山并不完全相同,使得在地形起伏较复杂的区域识别泥火山脊的不确定性较大,容易造成一定程度的识别遗漏或误判,从而直接导致了识别的泥火山脊数量较少;二是泥火山脊复杂的隆起构造使得对其形态进行准确的量化需要更丰富的参数,而复杂的隆起构造又为参数的选取、测量带来一定的难度,间接造成了其量化研究进展相对缓慢.
截止目前,海底泥火山形态的量化研究有一定进展,但仍存在较大的局限性.一方面,泥火山形态的定量研究较少,不同形态的海底泥火山具有较强的区域性,且大多数学者只是用不同形态参数对泥火山进行单一的量化分析,很少将其量化特征与泥火山的演化阶段等方面联系起来.另一方面,泥火山的参数量化基本以人工识别的方式为主,效率较低,缺乏对参数量化的自动识别研究.此外,国内对海底泥火山形态的定量研究还处于初期阶段,受限于探测设备分辨率较低,只能估算出直径、高度、坡度、水深等参数的大致范围,而无法获得精确的数值,增加了推进海底泥火山形态量化研究的难度.另外,由于过去国内在海底地形地貌探测工作中使用的声学仪器的探测分辨率较低,并且以船载声学仪器为主,而调查船受限于航行能力等原因,对海底地形的探测范围较窄,因此,过去国内识别到的海底泥火山以大、中尺度为主,并且其形态多为圆丘状、锥状等规则形状,而对于小尺度和其他复杂形态的海底泥火山则较难识别.
本文总结了不同声学探测方法下海底泥火山的识别特征,对其形态特征及其不同形态的成因和演化阶段进行梳理,并回顾了海底泥火山形态参数的定量研究进展,获得以下认识:
(1) 地震和声呐探测方法能够分别获得海底泥火山的二维垂直地震剖面和宏观的三维图像,综合使用可以提升识别海底泥火山的准确性,同时减少识别遗漏.在综合性的海底地形地貌探测工作中,常常联合多种探测方法来识别海底泥火山,其中多道地震探测方法和多波束声呐探测方法的综合使用最为常见.
(2) 从形态特征上看,海底泥火山的形态多呈圆丘状、锥状和圆饼状,构造复杂的海底泥火山具有喷口和中央隆起的顶部构造,其形态差异不仅与海底泥火山的喷发频率和流体黏度等多种因素有关,还随不同演化阶段而变化.目前国内已查明的海底泥火山数量较少,并且对复杂形态海底泥火山和泥火山脊的报道远滞后于国外,可能是受制于探测成本高、探测技术相对滞后及当前的探测范围较窄,需要进一步加强调查与研究工作.
(3) 海底泥火山可以通过直径、高度(坑深)和两翼坡度等参数进行量化分析,国内外对隆起构造的量化研究较多,而对凹陷、喷口和中央隆起等构造的研究明显不足,未来可以在深化常见形态海底泥火山的参数量化统计和分析的基础上,进一步推进复杂形态海底泥火山的定量研究工作.
(4) 目前海底泥火山形态的量化研究多以人工识别为主,识别效率较低,且由于数据的分辨率不够高,提取的量化参数不够精确.此外,海底泥火山数据的匮乏和保密性导致目前国内在该方面的量化研究较浅,主要表现在缺乏统一的量化标准和相关的方法对比等方面.
建议发展高分辨率全水深多波束声呐及其他声学仪器来提升海底地貌的探测分辨率,多运用AUV/ROV搭载声学探测设备完成海底地形地貌的探测工作来拓宽海底探测范围和提升探测精度;建立海底泥火山形态数据库来丰富海底泥火山数据,并引入深度学习等自动识别算法更好地提高识别效率;将人工智能等前沿方法引入到海底地形地貌探测领域,通过结合不同学科的前沿知识实现海底泥火山的精确量化研究,促进海底泥火山及相关研究的发展.

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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0346
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
  • 修回日期:2025-05-06
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    1中国地质科学院, 北京 100037
    2中国地质调查局青岛海洋地质研究所, 青岛 266237
    3青岛海洋科技中心海洋矿产资源评价与探测技术功能实验室, 青岛 266237
    4崂山实验室, 青岛 266237
    5中国地质大学(武汉)工程学院, 武汉 430074
    6中国海洋大学海洋地球科学学院, 青岛 266100

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陈江欣, 男, 1987年生, 博士, 副研究员, 主要从事海洋地球物理与地震海洋学研究.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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