Article(id=1309584909509952338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026JJ0007, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026JJ0007, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745337600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-23, revisedDate=1762272000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158973337, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158973337, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158973337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158973337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=468, endPage=480, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584909711278931, articleId=1309584909509952338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Waveform inversion of P- and S-wave velocities in deepwater complex Salt bodies based on towed streamer data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In marine exploration, velocity modeling of complex deep-water salt is an extremely challenging task. On the one hand, complex salt structures exist in a unique environment where seawater coexists with elastic media; on the other hand, the strong amplitude converted waves generated by high-velocity complex salt can affect the accuracy of traditional acoustic velocity modeling. Therefore, it is essential to fully consider these critical factors in order to carry out P- and S-wave velocity waveform inversion modeling for such special structures. Addressing the challenges faced in velocity modeling of complex deep-water salt using towed streamer data, this paper employs a method of boundary coupling between acoustic and elastic wave equations to construct an acoustic-elastic coupled equation (AECE). This equation is more suitable for simulating the propagation process of seismic waves in the overlying seawater elastic media. Through numerical simulations of a three-layered model, we have verified the feasibility of using towed streamer data for S-wave velocity inversion. Subsequently, we derived the waveform inversion gradient operator applicable to the acoustic-elastic coupled equation and established a method for P- and S-wave velocity waveform inversion of complex salt based on towed streamer data. Finally, we validated the applicability and accuracy of this new method through inversion tests conducted on a complex salt media model constructed based on actual overseas geological conditions, as well as through inversion trials using towed streamer data.

, authors=JianLiang HUANG1, WanChun LIU1, Ye YUAN1, ShiXin ZHANG1, GuoChen WU2, authorsList=JianLiang HUANG, WanChun LIU, Ye YUAN, ShiXin ZHANG, GuoChen WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584917131002742, articleId=1309584909509952338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=海上拖缆数据深水复杂盐体纵横波速度波形反演方法, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在海洋勘探中,深水复杂盐体的速度建模是一项极具挑战性的任务.一方面,复杂盐体构造处于海水与弹性介质并存的特殊环境;另一方面,高速复杂盐体产生的强振幅转换波会影响传统声波速度建模的准确性.因此,必须充分考虑上述关键因素以开展这类特殊构造的纵横波速度波形反演建模.针对海上拖缆数据在深水复杂盐体速度建模时面临的问题,本研究采用声波和弹性波方程边界耦合的方法构建声-弹耦合方程,该方程更适用于模拟地震波在上覆海水弹性介质中的传播过程.通过三层模型的数值模拟,验证了利用拖缆数据进行横波速度反演的可行性.然后,推导了适用于声-弹耦合方程的波形反演梯度算子,并建立了基于海上拖缆数据的复杂盐体纵横波速度波形反演方法.最后,通过基于海外实际地质情况构建的复杂盐体介质模型开展的反演测试,以及实际拖缆数据的反演试算,验证了该新方法的适用性和准确性.

, authors=黄健良1, 柳万春1, 袁野1, 张世鑫1, 吴国忱2, authorsList=黄健良, 柳万春, 袁野, 张世鑫, 吴国忱, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

黄健良,男,1987年生,硕士,高级工程师,2010年毕业于中国矿业大学地球物理学专业,获学士学位,2013年毕业于中国石油大学(华东)地球探测与信息技术专业,获硕士学位,现就职于中海油国际公司,主要从事综合石油地质研究及地震资料解释等工作. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《地球物理学进展》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ICUHAS56XfSVLwALtkDdpw==, magXml=Q6UzeiKTVxJwrnlqtg75tA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=XmVEdQYJoRr6tB/wasbUdQ==, pdfFileSize=6185406, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wRC/OEygK3hqjHVCd4upLQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=iRCWoJdoakbOiGAhRwNKpA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1309584919446258558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584909509952338, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=huangjl12@cnooc.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1309584919546921856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584909509952338, authorId=1309584919446258558, language=EN, stringName=JianLiang HUANG, firstName=JianLiang, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1Research Institute, CNOOC International Limited, Beijing 100028, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1309584919655973761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584909509952338, authorId=1309584919446258558, language=CN, stringName=黄健良, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1中国海洋石油国际有限公司研究院,北京 100028, bio={"content":"

黄健良,男,1987年生,硕士,高级工程师,2010年毕业于中国矿业大学地球物理学专业,获学士学位,2013年毕业于中国石油大学(华东)地球探测与信息技术专业,获硕士学位,现就职于中海油国际公司,主要从事综合石油地质研究及地震资料解释等工作. E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

黄健良,男,1987年生,硕士,高级工程师,2010年毕业于中国矿业大学地球物理学专业,获学士学位,2013年毕业于中国石油大学(华东)地球探测与信息技术专业,获硕士学位,现就职于中海油国际公司,主要从事综合石油地质研究及地震资料解释等工作. E-mail:

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Frontiers in Earth Science, 10: 1085441, doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.1085441., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309584937129444334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584909509952338, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu P F, Geng J H, Li X B, et al. 2016. Acoustic-elastic coupled equation for ocean bottom seismic data elastic reverse time migration. Geophysics, 81(5): S333-S345, doi: 10.1190/geo2015-0535.1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309584937238496239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584909509952338, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang B, Wu G, Shan J, et al. 2023. Simulation of a wavefield in VTI media adopting an acoustic-elastic coupled equation. //84th EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition. Vienna, Austria: European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1-5, doi: 10.3997/2214-4609.202310913., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309584937343353840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584909509952338, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou J, Zhang Y Q, Chen Z G, et al. 2007. Detecting boundary of salt dome in seismic data with edge detection technique. //SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2007. 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(a)声波方程仅含vP散射点;(b)声-弹耦合方程含vP+vS散射点.

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(a)声波方程;(b)声-弹耦合方程.

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(a)偏移距为0 m;(b)偏移距为500 m;(c)偏移距为1000 m.

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(a)纵波速度;(b)横波速度.

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(a)纵波速度;(b)横波速度.

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(a)纵波速度;(b)横波速度.

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(a)初始模型记录;(b)迭代35次模型记录;(c)最终迭代模型记录;(d)真实模型记录.

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(a)初始纵波速度;(b)初始横波速度.

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(a)纵波速度;(b)横波速度.

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海上拖缆数据深水复杂盐体纵横波速度波形反演方法
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黄健良 1 , 柳万春 1 , 袁野 1 , 张世鑫 1 , 吴国忱 2
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 468-480
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 468 -480
海上拖缆数据深水复杂盐体纵横波速度波形反演方法
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黄健良,男,1987年生,硕士,高级工程师,2010年毕业于中国矿业大学地球物理学专业,获学士学位,2013年毕业于中国石油大学(华东)地球探测与信息技术专业,获硕士学位,现就职于中海油国际公司,主要从事综合石油地质研究及地震资料解释等工作. E-mail:

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黄健良,男,1987年生,硕士,高级工程师,2010年毕业于中国矿业大学地球物理学专业,获学士学位,2013年毕业于中国石油大学(华东)地球探测与信息技术专业,获硕士学位,现就职于中海油国际公司,主要从事综合石油地质研究及地震资料解释等工作. E-mail:

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黄健良1 , 柳万春1, 袁野1, 张世鑫1, 吴国忱2
作者信息
  • 1中国海洋石油国际有限公司研究院,北京 100028
  • 2中国石油大学(华东)地球科学与技术学院,青岛 266580
作者简介:

黄健良,男,1987年生,硕士,高级工程师,2010年毕业于中国矿业大学地球物理学专业,获学士学位,2013年毕业于中国石油大学(华东)地球探测与信息技术专业,获硕士学位,现就职于中海油国际公司,主要从事综合石油地质研究及地震资料解释等工作. E-mail:

Waveform inversion of P- and S-wave velocities in deepwater complex Salt bodies based on towed streamer data
JianLiang HUANG1 , WanChun LIU1, Ye YUAN1, ShiXin ZHANG1, GuoChen WU2
Affiliations
  • 1Research Institute, CNOOC International Limited, Beijing 100028, China
  • 2College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0007
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在海洋勘探中,深水复杂盐体的速度建模是一项极具挑战性的任务.一方面,复杂盐体构造处于海水与弹性介质并存的特殊环境;另一方面,高速复杂盐体产生的强振幅转换波会影响传统声波速度建模的准确性.因此,必须充分考虑上述关键因素以开展这类特殊构造的纵横波速度波形反演建模.针对海上拖缆数据在深水复杂盐体速度建模时面临的问题,本研究采用声波和弹性波方程边界耦合的方法构建声-弹耦合方程,该方程更适用于模拟地震波在上覆海水弹性介质中的传播过程.通过三层模型的数值模拟,验证了利用拖缆数据进行横波速度反演的可行性.然后,推导了适用于声-弹耦合方程的波形反演梯度算子,并建立了基于海上拖缆数据的复杂盐体纵横波速度波形反演方法.最后,通过基于海外实际地质情况构建的复杂盐体介质模型开展的反演测试,以及实际拖缆数据的反演试算,验证了该新方法的适用性和准确性.

上覆海水弹性介质  /  拖缆数据  /  声-弹耦合方程  /  正演模拟  /  全波形反演

In marine exploration, velocity modeling of complex deep-water salt is an extremely challenging task. On the one hand, complex salt structures exist in a unique environment where seawater coexists with elastic media; on the other hand, the strong amplitude converted waves generated by high-velocity complex salt can affect the accuracy of traditional acoustic velocity modeling. Therefore, it is essential to fully consider these critical factors in order to carry out P- and S-wave velocity waveform inversion modeling for such special structures. Addressing the challenges faced in velocity modeling of complex deep-water salt using towed streamer data, this paper employs a method of boundary coupling between acoustic and elastic wave equations to construct an acoustic-elastic coupled equation (AECE). This equation is more suitable for simulating the propagation process of seismic waves in the overlying seawater elastic media. Through numerical simulations of a three-layered model, we have verified the feasibility of using towed streamer data for S-wave velocity inversion. Subsequently, we derived the waveform inversion gradient operator applicable to the acoustic-elastic coupled equation and established a method for P- and S-wave velocity waveform inversion of complex salt based on towed streamer data. Finally, we validated the applicability and accuracy of this new method through inversion tests conducted on a complex salt media model constructed based on actual overseas geological conditions, as well as through inversion trials using towed streamer data.

Overlying seawater elastic media  /  Towed streamer data  /  Acoustic-elastic coupled equation  /  Forward modelling  /  Full waveform inversion
黄健良, 柳万春, 袁野, 张世鑫, 吴国忱. 海上拖缆数据深水复杂盐体纵横波速度波形反演方法. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 468 -480 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0007
JianLiang HUANG, WanChun LIU, Ye YUAN, ShiXin ZHANG, GuoChen WU. Waveform inversion of P- and S-wave velocities in deepwater complex Salt bodies based on towed streamer data[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 468 -480 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0007
地震勘探工作中,速度参数贯穿于地震数据采集、处理及解释整个地震勘探过程.高精度速度场对地震成像、地震解释和储层预测的可靠性有着十分重要的意义.海洋地震勘探中地震波在声-弹耦合介质中传播,对于其数据处理,必须估算声-弹耦合模型界面处的波传播特性才能准确的模拟地震波在声-弹耦合模型中的传播过程.Hou等(2012)和De Basabe和Sen(2014)将地震波在该情况下的数值模拟方法分为两种:(1)单一控制方程法,即在流相和固相中采用相同的地震波波动方程,利用一阶速度-应力方程针对流固耦合介质进行地震波数值模拟.由于方程中的变量较多,计算效率相对较低;(2)双方程耦合方法,即分别用声波方程和弹性波方程来描述地震波在液相和固相介质中的传播,并利用连续性条件将两者介质联系起来.Stephen(1983, 1988)和Sochacki等(1991)利用流固界面的应力、应变连续性条件采用有限差分方法对声学和弹性介质的纯位移方程耦合开展正演模拟研究.Yu等(2016)提出了单一控制方程法的声-弹耦合方程并完成逆时偏移成像.Wu和Wu(2017)提出基于高阶有限差分法的一阶速度-应力声波和弹性波方程耦合算法,并模拟验证了地震波在声-弹耦合模型中传播的稳定性.Sun和Jin(2020)改进了单一控制方程法的声-弹耦合方程,减少了数值模拟的计算时间.为了克服不规则海底的“阶梯状”散射,一些专家学者(Li et al., 2019;Qu et al., 2020;Sun et al., 2021;柳世光等,2024)采用不同的方法进行了不规则海底的声-弹耦合方程数值模拟.Zhang等(2023)和Chen和Wang(2024)考虑海洋弹性地层中的各向异性,完成了各向异性的海洋流-固耦合介质中各类地震波的数值模拟.Yang等(2024)考虑温度效应,建立流-固耦合条件下热弹性介质中地震波的传播方程并进行数值模拟.
全波形反演(Full-Waveform Inversion,FWI)通过最大限度减少模拟和观测数据之间的残差,从而获得高分辨率的地下物理参数的方法.Tarantola(1984)提出声波波形反演(Acoustic Full Waveform Inversion,AFWI),从波动方程出发,将残差记录反传来得到梯度下降方向,最终在时间域实现了最小二乘AFWI.Gauthier等(1986)通过数值实验证实了非线性声波波形反演理论的正确性,研究指出地下介质的模型参数的低频信息恢复往往要经过多次迭代,所需计算量较大.Pratt(1999)将全波形反演推广到频域,为频率空间域全波形反演提供了理论依据.近年来,声-弹耦合介质的全波形反演的到广泛关注.Choi等(2008)提出了一种基于频域有限元建模技术的声-弹性介质波形反演算法.Li和Wu(2020)提出了使用纵波数据进行陆上多参数全波形反演的理论框架,并将声-弹耦合方程应用于陆上实际资料.Yang等将声-弹耦合方程分别应用到东海的拖缆数据的纵横波速度反演(Yang et al., 2023a)以及联合南海拖缆和海底地震仪数据的多参数全波形反演(Yang et al., 2023b),均取得了良好的效果.Li等(2023)提出了基于广义有限差分的不规则海底声-弹耦合介质的全波形反演.
针对盐体速度场建模的难题,传统方法首先采用层析成像,并结合潜水波全波形反演以可能构建一个尽可能准确且可靠的沉积层速度模型.然后通过计算各种盐属性来识别盐体顶底边界(Zhou et al., 2007;Berthelot et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2015),这一过程往往需要研究人员具备深厚的地球物理数据处理技能和扎实的地质解释功底(Farmer et al., 1996;Jones,2012).最后通过反复的盐体测试来解决盐的几何形态问题,这是一项既耗时又容易产生解释误差的工作(Wang et al., 2019).温铁民等(2007)对墨西哥湾海上盐丘发育区地震资料的具体分析,确信盐丘高速异常体是导致该区盐下速度场出现异常的根本原因.Brenders和Pratt(2007)使用BP 2004盐模型(Billette and Brandsberg-Dahl, 2005)证明了可以从一个平滑的初始模型出发,利用FWI构建盐速度模型.然而,他们使用的频率低至0.5 Hz,远低于通常的野外数据频率.此后,许多专家利用合成地震数据采用FWI对盐体速度进行刻画(Esser et al., 2015;Guasch et al., 2016;Kadu et al., 2016;Datta et al., 2016).然而这些方法并未在实际数据中得到应用.Shen等(2017)和Michell等(2017)基于低频和全方位海底节点(Ocean Bottom Node,OBN)数据,应用全波形反演纠正了一些对盐结构的错误解释,从而改善了墨西哥湾亚特兰蒂斯油田的盐下成像.近年来,反射波全波形反演(Peng et al., 2018)、时滞全波形反演(Zhu et al., 2019;Ren et al., 2022)和正则化全波形反演(Kalita et al., 2019)等方法逐渐在盐速度更新中得到应用.随着人工智能的兴起,Alali和Alkhalifah(2023)和Pérez和Liu(2023)利用深度学习辅助全波形反演进行盐体的速度建模.
本文针对仅有海上拖缆数据且含高速盐体的海洋目标区域,引入了适用于上覆海水介质的声-弹耦合方程.对于海上拖缆的采集方式,我们通过散射体模型和简单上覆海水层状介质模型的声-弹耦合方程数值模拟验证了该方程对海上拖缆采集的方式的适用性.随后我们推导了全波形反演梯度算子,并利用弹性波PP成像验证声-弹耦合方程对模型速度反演的准确性.最终,通过对实际含高速盐体工区的纵横波速度波形反演测试,验证了海上拖缆数据复杂盐体弹性参数波形反演方法的适用性.
在海洋环境中,通过上部流体相的地震波传播可以使用一阶速度压力声波方程进行建模:
$\boldsymbol{L} \boldsymbol{T}=\boldsymbol{f}, $
其中$\boldsymbol{T}=\left[p, v_x, v_z\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$,p是流体压力,vx和vz是速度矢量,f=[f, 0, 0]T是震源项,L是声学偏微分算子矩阵:
$\boldsymbol{L}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}\partial / \partial t & -\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial x & -\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial z \\-\partial / \partial x & \rho \partial / \partial t & 0 \\0 & -\partial / \partial z & \rho \partial / \partial t\end{array}\right] .$
在海洋固相介质中地震波是无源的,地震波传播过程可以由弹性波一阶速度-应力方程描述:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\dot{\tau}_{i j}=C_{i j k l}\left(v_{k, l}+v_{l, k}\right) \\\rho \dot{v}_i=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_j} \tau_{i j}\end{array}\right.$
同理将其改写为矩阵形式:
$\boldsymbol{B} \boldsymbol{U}=0, $
其中$\boldsymbol{U}=\left(v_x, v_z, \tau_{x x}, \tau_{z z}, \tau_{x z}\right)^T$,B是弹性偏微分算子矩阵:
$\boldsymbol{B}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\rho \partial / \partial t & 0 & -\partial / \partial x & 0 & -\partial / \partial z \\0 & \rho \partial / \partial t & 0 & -\partial / \partial z & -\partial / \partial x \\-\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial x & -\rho\left(v_{\mathrm{P}}^2-2 v_{\mathrm{S}}^2\right) \partial / \partial z & \partial / \partial t & 0 & 0 \\-\rho\left(v_{\mathrm{P}}^2-2 v_{\mathrm{S}}^2\right) \partial / \partial x & -\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial z & 0 & \partial / \partial t & 0 \\-\rho v_{\mathrm{S}}^2 \partial / \partial z & -\rho v_{\mathrm{S}}^2 \partial / \partial x & 0 & 0 & \partial / \partial t\end{array}\right] .$
为了衔接海底界面的两个控制方程,应解决流-固界面上应力和部分速度的法向分量的连续性.考虑到海底界面的灵活性,采用上推界面过渡层方法是更为综合的选择.该方法在海床上方建立水平基准线,将模型分成两个区域,分别由声波和弹性波方程控制.接着,在基准线下方设立过渡层,将弹性应力分量转化为声压分量.这一方法可被视为单一控制方程(整体)法和双方程耦合(分区)法的结合,同时不忽略界面边界信息.因此,含边界耦合条件的海上声-弹介质耦合方程表示为:
$\left[\begin{array}{cc}\boldsymbol{L} & 0 \\\boldsymbol{M}_1 & \boldsymbol{M}_2 \\0 & \boldsymbol{B}\end{array}\right] \boldsymbol{V}=\boldsymbol{F}, $
其中$\boldsymbol{V}=\left[\begin{array}{ll}\boldsymbol{T} & \boldsymbol{U}\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$,震源$\boldsymbol{F}=\left[\begin{array}{lll}\boldsymbol{f} & 0 & 0\end{array}\right]^{\mathrm{T}}$加载于流体中,M1和M2是过渡层中的控制方程,其形式为:
$\boldsymbol{M}_1=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}-\partial / \partial x & 0 & 0 \\-\partial / \partial z & 0 & 0 \\\partial / \partial t & 0 & 0\end{array}\right], $
$\boldsymbol{M}_2=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\rho \partial / \partial t & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & \rho \partial / \partial t & 0 & 0 & 0 \\-\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial x & -\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial z & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right] .$
传统弹性波波形反演输入多分量地震资料,反演算法使用共轭梯度法来更新弹性参数模型.利用Born近似假设,海底弹性模型可分为两部分:背景介质$\left(v_{\mathrm{P}}, v_{\mathrm{S}}, \rho\right)$和扰动介质$\left(\Delta v_{\mathrm{P}}, \Delta v_{\mathrm{S}}, \Delta \rho\right)$.将背景和扰动参数代入方程(4)可得:
$\boldsymbol{B}\left(v_{\mathrm{P}}+\Delta v_{\mathrm{P}}, v_{\mathrm{S}}+\Delta v_{\mathrm{S}}, \rho+\Delta \rho\right)(\boldsymbol{U}+\Delta \boldsymbol{U})=0, $
其中$\Delta \boldsymbol{U}=\left(\Delta v_x, \Delta v_z, \Delta \tau_{x x}, \Delta \tau_{z z}, \Delta \tau_{x z}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}$为波场扰动.从方程(9)中减去方程(4)得:
$\boldsymbol{B} \Delta \boldsymbol{U}=-\boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{P}}}^{\prime} \boldsymbol{U} \Delta \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{P}}-\boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{S}}}^{\prime} \boldsymbol{U} \Delta \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{S}}-\boldsymbol{B}_\rho^{\prime} \boldsymbol{U} \Delta \rho, $
其中$\boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{P}}}^{\prime}, \boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{S}}}^{\prime}$和$\boldsymbol{B}_\rho^{\prime}$表示B相对于弹性参数$\left(v_{\mathrm{P}}, v_{\mathrm{S}}, \rho\right)$的偏导数,并表示为:
$\boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{P}}}^{\prime} =\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\-\partial / \partial x & -\partial / \partial z & 0 & 0 & 0 \\-\partial / \partial x & -\partial / \partial z & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right], $
$\boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{S}}}^{\prime} =\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & -2 \partial / \partial z & 0 & 0 & 0 \\-2 \partial / \partial x & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\-\partial / \partial z & -\partial / \partial x & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right] .$
根据方程(10),可进一步推导出:
$\frac{\partial \boldsymbol{U}}{\partial m}=-\boldsymbol{B}^{-1} \boldsymbol{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{\prime} \boldsymbol{U}, $
然后用目标函数关于弹性参数的偏导数来计算梯度:
$\nabla_{\mathrm{m}} J=\int\limits_0^{t_{\max }}-\boldsymbol{U}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{\prime}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{B}^{-1}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{d}_{\text {cal }}-\boldsymbol{d}_{\text {obs }}\right) \mathrm{d} t .$
下面给出伴随波场ξ计算方程如下:
$\left(\boldsymbol{B}^{-1}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\xi}=\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathrm{cal}}-\boldsymbol{d}_{\mathrm{obs}}, $
引入伴随波场将梯度改写为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\nabla_{v_{\mathrm{P}}} J=-\int_0^{t_{\max }} \boldsymbol{U}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{P}}}^{\prime}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\xi} \mathrm{~d} t \\\nabla_{v_{\mathrm{S}}} J=-\int_0^{t_{\max }} \boldsymbol{U}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{v_{\mathrm{S}}}^{\prime}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\xi} \mathrm{~d} t\end{array}, \right.$
其中负号和转置运算不影响梯度结果,因此可以改写为:
$\nabla_{\mathrm{m}} J \approx \int_0^{t_{\max }} \boldsymbol{\xi}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{B}_{\mathrm{m}}^{\prime} \boldsymbol{U}\right) \mathrm{d} t, $
其中$\boldsymbol{\xi}=\left(\xi_x, \xi_z, \xi_{x x}, \xi_{z z}, \xi_{x z}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}$表示伴随波场.
本文采用Du等(2017)提出的弹性波PP波标量成像条件:
$I_{\mathrm{PP}}(\boldsymbol{x})=\frac{\int_0^{T_{\max }} \boldsymbol{S}^{\mathrm{P}}(\boldsymbol{x}, t) \cdot \boldsymbol{R}^{\mathrm{P}}(\boldsymbol{x}, t)}{\int_0^{T_{\max }} \boldsymbol{S}^{\mathrm{P}}(\boldsymbol{x}, t) \cdot \boldsymbol{S}^{\mathrm{P}}(\boldsymbol{x}, t)} \text {, }$
其中S和R分别表示震源波场和检波点波场,上角标表示P/S分解的纵波波场.对声-弹耦合方程下部的弹性波波场进行纵横波解耦U=UP+US,同理弹性波算子也进行分解B=BP+BS,则解耦后的下伏固相控制弹性波方程等价为:
$\left(\boldsymbol{B}^{\mathrm{P}}+\boldsymbol{B}^{\mathrm{S}}\right)\left(\boldsymbol{U}^{\mathrm{P}}+\boldsymbol{U}^{\mathrm{S}}\right)=0, $
其中:
$\boldsymbol{B}^{\mathrm{P}}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\rho \partial^P / \partial t & 0 & -\partial^P / \partial x & 0 & 0 \\0 & \rho \partial^P / \partial t & 0 & -\partial^P / \partial z & 0 \\-\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial x & -\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial z & \partial / \partial t & 0 & 0 \\-\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial x & -\rho v_{\mathrm{P}}^2 \partial / \partial z & 0 & \partial / \partial t & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \partial / \partial t\end{array}\right], $
$\boldsymbol{B}^{\mathrm{s}}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}\rho \partial^s / \partial t & 0 & -\partial^s / \partial x & 0 & -\partial^s / \partial z \\0 & \rho \partial^s / \partial t & 0 & -\partial^s / \partial z & -\partial^s / \partial x \\0 & 2 \rho v_{\mathrm{s}}^2 \partial / \partial z & \partial / \partial t & 0 & 0 \\2 \rho v_{\mathrm{s}}^2 \partial / \partial x & 0 & 0 & \partial / \partial t & 0 \\-\rho v_{\mathrm{s}}^2 \partial / \partial z & -\rho v_{\mathrm{s}}^2 \partial / \partial x & 0 & 0 & \partial / \partial t\end{array}\right], $
其中上角标P、S为对应的纵波场和横波场分解.
为了说明声学和弹性介质压力分量的散射波场之间的差异,我们设计一个固体地层中有一个单散射点的双层流-固耦合介质模型.模型网格点大小为250×150,如图 1所示,其中水层纵波速度为1500 m/s,横波速度为0 m/s,深度为200 m;固体层纵波速度为3000 m/s,横波速度为1700 m/s,纵波散射点的速度为2400 m/s,横波散射点的速度为1400 m/s,散射点的位置均为(1250 m,750 m).空间采样间隔10 m,震源采用15 Hz的雷克子波,位置(500 m,10 m).
当采用声波方程进行数值模拟时,因为基于声学假设,所以在海底界面处向地层深处传播的波只有透射纵波,进而与纵波散射点作用后只产生PP散射波,如图 2a所示.当采用声-弹耦合方程进行数值模拟时,产生的散射点波场快照如图 2b所示.当地震波通过海底界面时,会产生向地层深处传播的透射纵波和透射横波,当透射P波到达散射点时,与纵波速度散射点作用产生PP散射波,与横波速度散射点作用产生PS转换波,随后,当透射S波到达散射点时,与纵波散射点作用产生SP转换波,与横波速度散射点作用产生SS波,最后通过海上水听器接收信号,其中包含了丰富的转换纵波信息,这些转换波信息有助于横波速度的反演.
为验证分析海上声-弹耦合方程正演模拟的准确性和稳定性,本节设计一个上层为海水的三层模型开展流-固边界耦合波动方程正演模拟.我们建立一个301×151网格大小的层状模型,如图 3所示,炮点位于坐标(0 m,10 m)处,空间步长统一为10 m,时间采样间隔为0.8 ms,震源选取主频是15 Hz雷克子波,介质为三层介质模型,第一层纵波速度1500 m/s,横波速度0 m/s;第二层纵波速度2500 m/s,横波速度1470 m/s;第三层纵波速度3000 m/s,横波速度1732 m/s,接收方式采用单向海上拖缆接收.
图 4分别展示了用声波方程和声-弹耦合方程正演模拟的接收记录,图 4a为纯声波记录,观测到的波有①直达波、②海底界面(第一层界面)P反射波、③海底界面(第一层界面)折射波和④第二层界面P反射波四种波,此外层间也会产生多次波,因其振幅微弱,在记录中不明显.图 4b为声-弹耦合方程模拟获得的单炮记录,波形依次为①直达波、②海底界面(第一层界面)P反射波、③海底界面(第一层界面)折射波、④第二层界面P反射波、⑤第二层界面PS/SP反射波和⑥第二层界面SS反射波,记录中还存在大量层间反射的转换波,因为能量弱而难以观测.
为清晰描述声-弹耦合方程和声波方程模拟的区别,分别抽取声-弹耦合方程模拟记录和声波模拟记录偏移距为0 m,500 m,1000 m处的单道进行对比,如图 5a—c所示.红色线条表示声-弹耦合方程模拟结果,黑色线条是声波方程模拟的结果.图 5a为零偏移距时两个记录对比图,可以看出两者完全一致;随着偏移距增大声-弹耦合方程模拟的结果振幅会相对降低,同时产生一些转换波信息,如图 5c绿色框中的第二层界面处的PS/SP、SS转换波,而采用声波方程模拟则无法获得这些转换波信息.
本节聚焦于某深水含盐盆地,主体水深为500~2500 m,发育复杂形变盐岩,速度空间变化剧烈,勘探难度大.针对该区实际地质情况修正的双层盐体模型,纵横波速度模型如图 6所示,模型大小574×501,横向、纵向空间采样间均为10 m,时间采样间隔1 ms,采样时长为4 s,震源采用主频为20 Hz的雷克子波.初始速度(图 7所示)为真实速度高斯平滑结果,模型上层为海水层,横波速度为零.
图 8a、b是基于声-弹耦合波方程的弹性参数波形反演迭代46次结果.由结果可见,全波形反演结果基本与真实模型一致.在盐体局部形变复杂区域和相对厚度较薄区域,反演结果更新量更多,速度细节还原更准确,而其他区域的盐下速度更新稍差.图 9为采用声-弹耦合数据(含弹性效应的压力数据)进行声波全波形反演的结果,与声-弹耦合波方程的纵波反演结果(图 8a)相比,其反演结果反演精度较差,尤其是盐下构造更新量很小.这是由于在海底界面和高速盐体界面,声波全波形反演与包含弹性效应的压力记录匹配较差,甚至会起到负作用.这些误差进而会影响深部速度的反演迭代,导致声波全波形反演结果的可靠性降低.若想改善这种较差的反演结果,我们可以采取小偏移距来进行声波反演,正如图 5的结果显示,随着偏移距的增大,转换波的振幅会逐渐增大,小偏移距可以减少转换波的干扰,进而改善声波纵波速度反演结果.
图 10a是海上纵波接收记录,图 10b—d为不同迭代次数模型的数值模拟记录结果,随着迭代次数增加模拟记录向观测记录趋于一致.为了展示反演结果的细节,我们抽取了水平方向(a)x=2.4 km(b)x=4.4 km(c)x=5.2 km处纵波速度-深度单道对比如图 11所示和水平方向(a)x=2.4 km(b)x=4.4 km(c)x=5.2 km处横波速度-深度单道对比如图 12所示,其中绿色虚线表示初始速度,黑色实线表示真实速度,蓝色实线表示基于声-弹耦合数据的声波反演纵波速度,红色实线代表声-弹耦合波方程反演速度结果.由图 11,在海底界面处,声波反演结果会出现异常值,这与上述分析一致.声-耦合波方程的纵横波反演结果与真实模型速度基本一致,从细节方面验证了所提方法的准确性,图 13a为声-弹耦合方程弹性区域的弹性波逆时偏移结果,图 13b为偏移结果与真实速度模型叠置显示.由图可见,偏移结果界面与真实速度边界完全重合,验证了声-弹耦合方程弹性参数波形反演结果准确性和方法的适用性.
本节的目标区域位于海外某含复杂盐体的深水盆地,此靶区油气资源丰富,靶区内发育复杂盐体,盐体厚度大,盐体形态复杂多变、岩性成分复杂且速度空间变化剧烈.我们抽取了其中的一条二维线的部分区域来测试基于海上托揽资料的复杂盐体弹性参数建模.测线长度为10 km,深度为6 km.空间采样间隔为12.5 m,时间采样间隔为0.1 ms,总采样时间为6 s.图 11a所示为初始的纵波速度模型,该模型是在速度分析的基础上,结合实际区块深水复杂盐体的地质认识和层析反演的结果,通过人工解释填充部分盐体获得结果.图 11b所示为初始横波速度模型,该速度是通过图 11a所示初始纵波速度根据经验公式计算获得,二者关系式为vS=vP/1.732,模型深度范围为[0~1.5] km内,纵波速度为1500 m/s,横波速度速度为0 km/s,反演时速度数值保持不变.为了方便展示,速度模型展示深度范围为[1.5~6.0] km的部分.此外,原始海上托揽资料经过去多次波、去噪声等一系列前期处理之后获得全波形反演的输入地震记录.
图 15所示为基于海上拖缆数据迭代15次纵、横波反演速度,从图中可以看出反演速度整体上有较为明显的更新,浅层沉积层分辨率显著提高,盐体轮廓和盐体内部速度有所变化,盐下沉积物也略有更新,验证声弹耦合方程在实际资料中的有效性,也进一步说明了用单分量资料(托揽资料)反演弹性参数的可行性和有效性.图 16为基于声-弹耦合数据的声波反演纵波速度,相比于声-弹耦合的反演纵波速度,其浅层沉积层分辨率较差,盐下沉积物位置偏移,这与压力记录匹配不佳产生的负作用有关.同时,由如图 17的归一化误差下降曲线可得,声-弹耦合方程反演比声波反演更加收敛,验证了声-弹耦合方程依托海上拖缆数据进行纵横波速度反演的有效性.
本文针对海洋勘探上覆海水+高速盐体弹性介质提出了声波和弹性波方程边界耦合方法模拟地震波在水中和弹性体中的传播,并建立了海上拖缆数据复杂盐体弹性参数波形反演方法.声-弹耦合方程建立能够精确的模拟地震波在海水和海底界面的传播,零偏移距与声波模拟结果相同(零偏移距不产生转换波)验证了方法的正确性.新方法能够准确的反演纵、横波速度信息,为深水复杂盐体反演成像准确性提供良好的背景速度模型,墨西哥双层盐体介质模型测试结果表明开展精确的复杂盐体介质纵、横波速度波形反演建模有助于盐构造的精确成像.最后,通过实际资料测试,进一步验证了声-弹耦合方程依托海上拖缆数据进行纵横波速度反演的有效性.

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doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0007
  • 接收时间:2025-04-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-23
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    1中国海洋石油国际有限公司研究院,北京 100028
    2中国石油大学(华东)地球科学与技术学院,青岛 266580
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dqwlxjz/CN/10.6038/pg2026JJ0007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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