Article(id=1309584882502828702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026HH0336, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026HH0336, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1742140800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158966899, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158966899, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158966899, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158966899, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=341, endPage=354, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584882691572383, articleId=1309584882502828702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Application and effect of converted wave seismic imaging technology in carbonate reservoir exploration in southern Sichuan, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A comprehensive statics technique for converted wave data was adopted effectively to solve the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio, serious statics and imaging difficulties in fracturedcarbonate reservoir in the study survey of southern Sichuan Basin. Thisstatics technique combinedthe surfave wave dispersion curves in version, common-detection-point stackingand cross-correlating method and nonlinear global optimization method for residual statics together.The converted wave prestack time migration technique for VTI anisotropic medium was appliedto solve the complex imaging problem, which wasbased on the establishment of migration velocity models and anisotropic parameter models for both PP and converted wave data.The processing results showed that the imaging quality of converted wave data with low signal to noise ratiowas improvedeffectively, with the diffraction energy beingfocused, the far offset imaging gathers being flattenedand the target layersbeing migrated accurately.The final two migration profiles of PP wave and converted wave data correlated with each other clearly with the consistent corresponding features, and the target layer is clearly imigrated, which built a good foundation for gas and water identification and fractured carbonate reservoir detection in the target formaton.

, authors=WanXue XIE1, 3, AnXin MEI2, Dan CHEN1, 3, Dong WANG1, 3, Yao ZHAO1, 3, HaiTao YANG1, 3, Zhen LI1, 3, Hong LIU1, 3, authorsList=WanXue XIE, AnXin MEI, Dan CHEN, Dong WANG, Yao ZHAO, HaiTao YANG, Zhen LI, Hong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584887854760640, articleId=1309584882502828702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=转换波地震成像技术在川南碳酸盐岩储层勘探中的应用及效果, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对四川盆地某工区岩溶缝洞储层转换波资料信噪比低、静校正问题严重、成像困难的特点, 采用面波频散曲线反演法、共检波点叠加互相关法与非线性全局寻优法剩余静校正相组合的综合静校正方法, 有效解决了该地区转换波静校正问题; 采用转换波VTI介质各向异性叠前时间偏移技术, 通过建立精细的纵波、转换波偏移速度场及各向异性参数场模型, 绕射能量得到有效归位, 远炮检距道集被拉平, 提高了低信噪比地区转换波成像质量.从最终纵波、转换波偏移成像剖面来看, 二者剖面波组特征对应清楚, 目的层成像清晰, 归位合理, 为储层气水识别与缝洞检测奠定了良好基础.

, authors=谢万学1, 3, 梅安鑫2, 陈丹1, 3, 王栋1, 3, 赵尧1, 3, 杨海涛1, 3, 李振1, 3, 刘鸿1, 3, authorsList=谢万学, 梅安鑫, 陈丹, 王栋, 赵尧, 杨海涛, 李振, 刘鸿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

谢万学, 男, 1981年生, 2006年毕业于中国石油大学(华东), 获地球探测与信息技术专业硕士学位, 现就职于东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 高级工程师, 主要从事多波多分量地震资料处理解释技术研究与应用工作.E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《地球物理学进展》编辑部2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ceYqc81K87stG465oru5Iw==, magXml=YgnqJ0UgEEtHXbKS/iefTg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=I9AuSKYLOjZqoXN/dFCdag==, pdfFileSize=16819806, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ujQu8Gdnl3zBzyxbwty5WA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UPI1NaP0w2c+F0yYllELvg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1309584890010632907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584882502828702, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xiewanxue@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1309584890102907598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584882502828702, authorId=1309584890010632907, language=EN, stringName=WanXue XIE, firstName=WanXue, middleName=null, lastName=XIE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1Geophysical Exploration Technology Research Center of BGP, CNPC, Chengdu 610000, China
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谢万学, 男, 1981年生, 2006年毕业于中国石油大学(华东), 获地球探测与信息技术专业硕士学位, 现就职于东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 高级工程师, 主要从事多波多分量地震资料处理解释技术研究与应用工作.E-mail:

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谢万学, 男, 1981年生, 2006年毕业于中国石油大学(华东), 获地球探测与信息技术专业硕士学位, 现就职于东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 高级工程师, 主要从事多波多分量地震资料处理解释技术研究与应用工作.E-mail:

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Four-parameter velocity analysis and its application to seismic data of Ken-71 area in Shengli Oilfield. Journal of China University of Petroleum (in Chinese), 31(6): 34-39., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309584899242296098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584882502828702, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bian D H, Wang X W, Yang W, et al. 2017.3D converted wave imaging. 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(a)纵波CMP覆盖次数;(b)转换波CCP覆盖次数.

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(a)地震单炮记录;(b)频散谱成像.

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(a)原始数据覆盖次数;(b)OVT域规则化后覆盖次数;(c)规则化前面元反射点分布;(d)OVT域规则化后面元反射点分布.

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(a)规则化前道集;(b)规则化后道集.红线:方位角变化曲线;蓝线:偏移距变化曲线.

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(a)数据规则化前转换波成像剖面;(b)数据规则化后转换波成像剖面.

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(a)去噪前;(b)去噪后;(c)噪声.

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(a)纵波叠前时间偏移;(b)转换波叠前时间偏移.

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(a)纵波井震标定;(b)转换波井震标定.

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(a)纵波地震反射特征;(b)转换波地震反射特征.

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转换波地震成像技术在川南碳酸盐岩储层勘探中的应用及效果
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谢万学 1, 3 , 梅安鑫 2 , 陈丹 1, 3 , 王栋 1, 3 , 赵尧 1, 3 , 杨海涛 1, 3 , 李振 1, 3 , 刘鸿 1, 3
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 341-354
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 341 -354
转换波地震成像技术在川南碳酸盐岩储层勘探中的应用及效果
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谢万学, 男, 1981年生, 2006年毕业于中国石油大学(华东), 获地球探测与信息技术专业硕士学位, 现就职于东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 高级工程师, 主要从事多波多分量地震资料处理解释技术研究与应用工作.E-mail:

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谢万学, 男, 1981年生, 2006年毕业于中国石油大学(华东), 获地球探测与信息技术专业硕士学位, 现就职于东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 高级工程师, 主要从事多波多分量地震资料处理解释技术研究与应用工作.E-mail:

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谢万学1, 3 , 梅安鑫2, 陈丹1, 3, 王栋1, 3, 赵尧1, 3, 杨海涛1, 3, 李振1, 3, 刘鸿1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国石油集团东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 成都 610000
  • 2中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司苏里格项目经理部, 鄂尔多斯 017399
  • 3中油油气勘探软件国家工程研究中心有限公司, 北京 100088
作者简介:

谢万学, 男, 1981年生, 2006年毕业于中国石油大学(华东), 获地球探测与信息技术专业硕士学位, 现就职于东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 高级工程师, 主要从事多波多分量地震资料处理解释技术研究与应用工作.E-mail:

Application and effect of converted wave seismic imaging technology in carbonate reservoir exploration in southern Sichuan
WanXue XIE1, 3 , AnXin MEI2, Dan CHEN1, 3, Dong WANG1, 3, Yao ZHAO1, 3, HaiTao YANG1, 3, Zhen LI1, 3, Hong LIU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Geophysical Exploration Technology Research Center of BGP, CNPC, Chengdu 610000, China
  • 2Sulige Project Department of Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co., Ltd., CNPC, Ordos 017399, China
  • 3CPNC Exploration Software Co., Ltd., Beijing 100088, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026HH0336
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针对四川盆地某工区岩溶缝洞储层转换波资料信噪比低、静校正问题严重、成像困难的特点, 采用面波频散曲线反演法、共检波点叠加互相关法与非线性全局寻优法剩余静校正相组合的综合静校正方法, 有效解决了该地区转换波静校正问题; 采用转换波VTI介质各向异性叠前时间偏移技术, 通过建立精细的纵波、转换波偏移速度场及各向异性参数场模型, 绕射能量得到有效归位, 远炮检距道集被拉平, 提高了低信噪比地区转换波成像质量.从最终纵波、转换波偏移成像剖面来看, 二者剖面波组特征对应清楚, 目的层成像清晰, 归位合理, 为储层气水识别与缝洞检测奠定了良好基础.

岩溶缝洞储层  /  低信噪比  /  转换波综合静校正  /  转换波各向异性叠前时间偏移

A comprehensive statics technique for converted wave data was adopted effectively to solve the problems of low signal-to-noise ratio, serious statics and imaging difficulties in fracturedcarbonate reservoir in the study survey of southern Sichuan Basin. Thisstatics technique combinedthe surfave wave dispersion curves in version, common-detection-point stackingand cross-correlating method and nonlinear global optimization method for residual statics together.The converted wave prestack time migration technique for VTI anisotropic medium was appliedto solve the complex imaging problem, which wasbased on the establishment of migration velocity models and anisotropic parameter models for both PP and converted wave data.The processing results showed that the imaging quality of converted wave data with low signal to noise ratiowas improvedeffectively, with the diffraction energy beingfocused, the far offset imaging gathers being flattenedand the target layersbeing migrated accurately.The final two migration profiles of PP wave and converted wave data correlated with each other clearly with the consistent corresponding features, and the target layer is clearly imigrated, which built a good foundation for gas and water identification and fractured carbonate reservoir detection in the target formaton.

Fractured carbonate reservoir  /  Low signal to noise ratio  /  Comprehensive converted wave statics  /  Converted wave anisotropic prestack time migration
谢万学, 梅安鑫, 陈丹, 王栋, 赵尧, 杨海涛, 李振, 刘鸿. 转换波地震成像技术在川南碳酸盐岩储层勘探中的应用及效果. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 341 -354 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026HH0336
WanXue XIE, AnXin MEI, Dan CHEN, Dong WANG, Yao ZHAO, HaiTao YANG, Zhen LI, Hong LIU. Application and effect of converted wave seismic imaging technology in carbonate reservoir exploration in southern Sichuan[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 341 -354 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026HH0336
从理论而言,地震波场是弹性波场,既包含纵波,也包含横波.但在实际应用中,由于受到地震勘探技术和成本的限制,通常只利用了纵波波场.在地震勘探中,纵波勘探作为一种传统地震勘探方法,由于激发和接收方式简单、采集设计和施工成本较低、资料处理解释技术成熟,一直在国内外油气勘探领域发挥重要作用.随着经济的快速发展,全世界对石油天然气的消费需求越来越大,传统油气勘探技术面临油气储层类型越来越复杂、勘探成本逐步增加、开发难度逐步加大的困境.因此,多波多分量地震勘探技术越来越受到油气勘探行业的重视(李国发等,2005;董志刚,2016),正在成为解决复杂油气藏勘探开发的有效补充手段,也是油气勘探领域未来技术发展的主要趋势之一.
多波多分量地震勘探一般采用纵波震源激发、三分量检波器接收,能够采集到地下油气储层的全波场矢量信息,为精确描述地下地质体构造形态、精细裂缝预测、精细刻画油气藏空间分布提供了可能性.经过多年发展,多波多分量地震勘探的技术优势主要包括以下方面(张永刚等,2004;马昭军等,2010;孙歧峰和杜启振,2011):(1)对于气云区、碎屑岩致密气储层、碳酸盐岩储层、页岩油气储层等区域,纵波地震资料具有信噪比低、能量弱等特点,而转换波传播不易受地下流体的影响,利用转换波信息能够实现精确构造成像及储层刻画.(2)多波地震勘探资料波场信息丰富,可同时获得纵波、转换波等波场信息,除了可以精确提取纵波速度参数外,还可以更精确地获取横波速度参数,从而进一步提取准确的储层弹性参数,如泊松比、纵横波速度比、杨氏模量、脆性指数等,用来开展岩性预测、储层特征描述、流体识别及烃类检测工作.(3)转换横波资料信息对储层裂缝更加敏感,可以更好地利用横波分裂特性解决储层裂缝发育特征定量预测以及流体检测等难点问题.
四川盆地油气资源丰富,传统纵波勘探开发力度较大,同时开展多波多分量地震勘探的历史也较早(李忠等,2007).近年来,在致密砂岩气储层和碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层勘探领域,持续不断地开展了多波多分量地震勘探技术研究和推广应用(袁兵等,2023).自数字三分量检波器投入使用以来,经过多年的技术研究和勘探实践,采集及处理技术逐渐成熟,可以投入规模化生产应用,并取得了丰硕的技术成果.
本文针对四川盆地南部某工区岩溶缝洞储层埋藏深,转换波资料信噪比低、静校正问题严重、成像困难的特点,采用面波频散曲线反演法、共检波点叠加互相关法与非线性全局寻优法剩余静校正相组合的综合静校正方法,有效解决了该地区转换波静校正问题;针对各向异性严重,常规各向同性成像精度低,而转换波VTI多参数建模多解性强的实际问题特点,提出了转换波VTI介质各向异性四参数(VC,γ0,γeff,χeff)同时建模的叠前时间偏移技术,通过建立精细的纵波、转换波偏移速度场及各向异性参数场模型,绕射能量得到有效归位,远炮检距道集被拉平,提高了低信噪比地区转换波成像质量.
三维三分量(3D3C)地震资料采集是转换波数据处理、解释的基础.在当前行业技术现状中,三维三分量地震勘探一般采用纵波震源激发、三分量检波器接收的采集方式同时获得纵波、转换波地震资料.目前国内外行业通用的采集设计方案为,当同一个震源激发时,纵波、转换波在同一个观测排列片中接收.在三维三分量观测系统设计时,需要考虑转换波下行纵波和上行横波传播路径的非对称性特点,参考工区目的层埋藏深度和纵横波速度比大小,兼顾纵波共中心点(CMP)和转换波共转换点(CCP)分布特点,用同一个观测系统同时记录纵波、转换波地震数据,便于后续多波联合处理和联合对比解释研究工作.在该采集方案中,纵波和转换波具有相同的采样间隔和面元尺寸,但由于转换波射线路径的非对称性,二者的覆盖次数有所差异.图 1a、b分别为本研究工区内纵波CMP、转换波CCP面元覆盖次数分布图,从图中可以看出,纵波由于传播路径对称,CMP覆盖参数相对比较均匀,转换波CCP覆盖次数差异相对较大,呈周期性空间分布特征.
转换波静校正包括炮点静校正和检波点静校正两个方面.其中,转换波炮点静校正求解相对简单,其炮点静校正量等于纵波炮点静校正量,转换波检波点静校正求解相对复杂困难得多.目前在石油地震勘探领域,常用的转换波静校正方法(郭桂红等,2003;杨海申等,2006;刘洋和魏修成,2008;杨军等,2019;高宪伟等, 2020)有纵波静校正系数法、共检波点叠加静校正互相关法(唐建侯和张金山,1994;Tessmer and Behle, 1988;Schafer, 1991;Cary and Eaton, 1993)、面波反演法(张华等,2021)等.其中面波反演法是近年来逐步推广应用的一种实用方法,该方法由地震采集获得的炮集记录提取面波信息,依据瑞雷面波的频散特性反演近地表横波速度结构,进而获得工区近地表横波速度模型,从而获得转换波检波点静校正量,这就是面波反演法转换波静校正的实现过程.面波反演法具有野外施工易操作、资料易获得、反演算法成熟等优点.
面波反演法包括两个重要方面,互相关相移法频散谱成像和基于面波频散谱的横波速度反演.互相关相移法频散谱成像的基本思路是,对包含面波信息的野外采集地震记录相位角开展互相关扫描叠加处理,由于包含了全部地震道的面波相位差信息,相移法的计算性能得到增强,面波频散谱的成像精度得到提升.
对于面波频散谱反演,采用阻尼最小二乘法反演算法,利用瑞雷面波频散曲线可以获得工区近地表横波速度模型.反演的目标函数可以简述为如下公式:
$Q=\sum\limits_{i=1}^k\left[S_i-M_i X\right]^2, $
式中,i为计算数据道序号,k为计算数据最大个数,Si为野外采集资料提取的瑞雷面波频散曲线,X为待反演的横波速度模型,Mi为生成瑞雷面波频散曲线的正演算子.
工区近地表横波速度模型的阻尼最小二乘解为
$\boldsymbol{X}=\left(\boldsymbol{J}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{J}+\boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{I}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{J}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\boldsymbol{M}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{M}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{M}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{S}, $
式中,J为目标函数的雅克比矩阵,JT为J的转置矩阵,λ为阻尼因子,I为单位矩阵,MT为正演算子M的转置矩阵.由公式(2)获得近地表横波速度模型后,即可快速计算出转换波检波点静校正量.
在该地震勘探工区中,选择与炮点偏移距不大于30 m的接收线排列,偏移距范围在50 m至2500 m范围内的地震道,进行面波信号提取.图 2为本工区地震单炮资料及其提取的互相关相移法面波频散谱成像结果.对图 2b中拾取的频散曲线利用公式(2)进行阻尼最小二乘法反演,获得单点横波速度反演结果.然后在工区范围内对单点速度反演结果进行三维速度插值,可得到全工区近地表速度模型,图 3展示的是工区某一测线位置基于面波频散谱反演的近地表横波速度剖面.由图可见,该反演方法精细刻画了该工区近地表横波速度结构的横向变化,从而验证了该反演算法的可靠性.
实际转换波资料的静校正处理流程如图 4所示.转换波炮点静校正量直接采用纵波炮点静校正量,转换波检波点静校正量采用面波反演法计算,即为转换波的长波长静校正量.转换波的中短波长静校正量采用传统的纵波构造约束互相关法,最后采用地表一致性剩余静校正计算方法和蒙特卡罗非线性全局寻优方法求解剩余静校正量问题.采用该转换波静校正方法对工区三维三分量地震资料进行处理,处理后单炮效果如图 5所示.如图 6所示,转换波静校正效果获得显著改善,转换波叠加剖面同相轴连续性得到增强,信噪比提升明显.
在地震勘探中,宽方位地震资料一般采用OVT(共偏移距向量片)域处理.虽然宽方位地震勘探相对传统勘探方式成本更昂贵,由于宽方位地震资料不仅拥有更宽的方位角、更佳的地下照明度、更有利于压制多次波和偏移成像,而且随着处理技术的进步,宽方位地震资料能提供更丰富的地下储层各向异性信息和弹性参数信息,宽方位地震勘探在陆上和海上地震勘探中应用得越来越普遍.
OVT片是十字排列道集中某个CMP面元的一次覆盖.OVT片的大小取决于野外观测系统中炮线距和接收线距的大小,一般而言,一个OVT矩形的长宽分别等于炮线距的两倍和检波线距的两倍.在整个三维工区中,一个OVT片的子集相当于工区中全部具有相同偏移距和方位角面元的一次覆盖数据体.OVT处理的最大优势是处理过程中始终能够保留观测系统的激发-接收炮检距信息和方位角信息,有利于各向异性分析、裂缝预测和储层反演.
对于转换波OVT域面元定义方式而言,其与传统纵波OVT域面元划分的区别在于必须考虑纵横波速度比参数的影响.转换波OVT域面元定义公式如下:
$\mathrm{BIN}_{\text {PS_X }}=\left(\frac{1+\gamma}{\gamma}\right) \Delta \mathrm{S}_{-} \mathrm{LINE}, $
$\mathrm{BIN}_{\mathrm{PS}_{-} \mathrm{Y}}=(1+\gamma) \Delta \mathrm{R}_{-} \mathrm{LINE}, $
式中,BINPS_X为转换波OVT域面元划分时X方向偏移距使用的分组大小,BINPS_Y为转换波OVT域面元划分时Y方向偏移距使用的分组大小,γ为纵横波速度比,ΔS_LINE是野外采集观测系统中的炮线距大小,ΔR_LINE是野外采集观测系统中的检波线距大小.
在实际转换波资料处理中,建立了一套基于转换波OVT域面元划分的完整地震资料处理流程(图 7).其处理步骤主要包括:数据预处理、转换波OVT域面元划分、数据规则化、道集去噪和剩余振幅补偿、OVT域叠前偏移.
每一个OVT数据子集具有相同的方位角和偏移距信息,这样更有利于数据规则化处理.采用了先进的反假频规则化方法,通过高保真反假频傅里叶算法,在共偏移距域内对一定面元内所有道在FK域计算每道的内插因子并应用,然后输出.每一组偏移距计算结果类似一次覆盖的叠加数据体,空面元得到填充,所有的偏移距组合并后可以变成一个与覆盖次数接近的叠前道集数据,达到规则化覆盖次数的目的.
采用转换波OVT域处理技术对地震数据进行去噪、规则化及方位各向异性校正处理,补齐数据空洞,均衡覆盖次数,成像质量得到明显改善.图 8是叠前数据规则化前后单个OVT道集反射点位置分布图,可见规则化处理后,反射点位置更加规则和均匀,空洞位置得到插值填充.图 9是规则化前、后转换波OVT域道集,规则化处理后,道集上的空道通过插值进行补充,并且插出的地震道不存在异常值,波形自然.图 10是数据规则化处理前、后的转换波叠前时间偏移结果对比,可以看到规则化后的偏移数据浅层的信噪比更高,剖面上画弧的现象明显减少,横向能量更加一致.OVT域数据处理后剖面的信噪比得到大幅提高,浅层及向斜两翼位置成像质量得到较大改善,茅口组层间弱反射成像更加清楚.
在本工区资料处理中,转换波偏移采用是基于四参数VTI介质的各向异性叠前时间偏移技术(毕丽飞等,2007;黄中玉等,2009;边冬辉等,2017;孔选林,2021),方法原理详见附录A,具体处理流程如图 11所示.在该技术流程中,四参数分别为转换波等效速度VC,垂直纵横波速度比γ0,纵横波等效速度比γeff以及与远偏移距信息相关的转换波各向异性参数χeff.转换波四参数速度分析的技术流程为:通过纵横波叠加剖面层位拾取与匹配技术(杨哲等,2018)获得垂直纵横波速度比γ0;通过三参数速度扫描分析(VC,γ0,γeff)建立VC速度场和纵横波等效速度比γeff场;通过远偏移距各向异性参数扫描建立转换波各向异性参数χeff场,其参数扫描过程如图 12所示.
在四参数模型建立之前,需要对转换波道集开展一系列预处理工作,包括转换波长波长静校正、地表一致性剩余静校正、OVT域规则化处理(张丽艳和刘洋,2005;郭向宇等,2007;石建新等,2006;黄中玉等,2011).同时,由于转换波资料信噪比一般较低,需要对道集开展去噪处理,去噪方法选择针对叠前道集的cadzow去噪技术(方法原理详见附录B),可以有效提高道集信噪比,具体效果可见图 13.去噪之后转换波道集品质大幅提升,这样更有利于四参数建模,能够加快后续迭代过程收敛速度.
采用基于四参数VTI介质的各向异性叠前时间偏移之后,转换波资料获得高品质的偏移成像结果,纵波、转换波偏移归位合理,波组关系对应性较好,目的层段反射特征清楚,资料信噪比高,为后续碳酸盐岩储存解释及缝洞雕刻奠定了良好的资料基础.具体成像效果如图 14所示.
研究工区位于川东南中隆高陡构造区阳高寺构造群,地腹地质构造复杂,主要表现在二三叠系断裂较发育,尤以二叠系断层最为发育,褶皱强度大.这种构造复杂性对地震勘探资料影响为侧面反射波、回转波及绕射波较多,时间剖面上各反射层之间时间厚度横向变化大.采用上述多波(纵波、转换波)地震关键成像技术后,本工区获得了高品质的多波勘探地震偏移成果,为后续多波解释及综合应用奠定了坚实资料基础.与常规单一纵波资料解释相比,多波多分量综合解释更复杂、更具挑战性,其中多波层位对比和地震响应特征分析是关键内容.
多波层位标定是多波层位对比的基础.其中,纵波采用常规的叠后合成记录进行标定,转换波通过叠前非零偏移距合成道集叠加的方式生成合成转换波合成记录进行标定.图 15是该工区过A1井的纵波、转换波井震标定情况,标定过程中利用了该井的纵波速度、横波速度及密度曲线.从标定结果可以看出,纵波、转换波主要地质层位地震反射特征井震一致性较高.
在纵波、转换波地质层位标定的基础上,进一步开展多波层位对比及地震响应特征分析工作.多波资料综合解释的主要工作就是多波层位对比,具体实施方式为,通过研究该地区主要目的层系的地质沉积特征和沉积规律,分析纵波、转换波地震反射强弱特征的差异,确定各自对应的地质层位,然后横向对比追踪纵波、转换波对应的地质层位,在岩石物理建模的基础上,结合钻井、测井资料,对比分析二者在相同地质反射界面上不同的振幅响应特征,从而可以建立不同储层含流体特征的多波地震响应模式,获得基于多波资料联合解释的储层定性预测成果.
本轮多波地震勘探成果取得了很好的应用效果,在深层二叠系碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层取得高品质的纵波、转换波成像剖面.从图 16过A1井的纵波、转换波地震成像剖面来看,本轮多波勘探地震偏移成果层间反射特征明显,断点清晰,绕射波场收敛合理,构造归位较好.由于地层对纵、横波波场吸收衰减系数不同,纵波、转换波剖面的地质面貌和局部特征不完全相同,多波联合解释就是要分析出两种剖面的地质特征,更好地指导储层预测.A1井测井资料显示含气储层厚度大于20 m,由于含气储层对纵波、转换波场地震吸收衰减强度不同,纵波反射能量吸收衰减更严重,表现为中弱地震反射特征,转换波反射能量吸收衰减相对较弱,表现为中强地震反射特征,上述现象分别如图 16a、b井口位置处蓝色方框所示.同时从井口位置向两翼横向延伸还可发现,在储层位置处,纵波地震反射特征整体偏弱、同相轴连续性较差、横向强弱变化较快;转换波地震反射特征整体偏强、同相轴连续性较号、横向强弱变化稳定,如图 16a、b中红色箭头所示.基于上述分析过程,可以建立该地区纵波、转换波在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层中的含气地震响应模式.
针对四川盆地某工区岩溶缝洞储层低信噪比转换波资料,依托现有处理技术,采用面波频散曲线反演法、共检波点叠加互相关法与非线性全局寻优法剩余静校正相组合的综合静校正方法,有效解决了该地区转换波静校正问题;采用转换波VTI介质各向异性叠前时间偏移技术,通过建立精细的纵波、转换波偏移速度场及各向异性参数场模型,绕射能量得到有效归位,远炮检距道集被拉平,提高了低信噪比地区转换波成像质量.从最终纵波、转换波偏移成像剖面来看,二者剖面波组特征对应清楚,目的层成像清晰,归位合理,为储层气水识别与缝洞检测奠定了良好基础.
多波地震勘探技术目前还处于持续发展完善中,目前尚存在一些需要升级完善的技术难题,需要在理论研究和实际应用中逐步攻克.随着“两宽一高”地震采集技术的推广普及,3D3C转换波处理技术还有待进一步提升,特别是在宽方位各向异性处理方面,目前还有很多问题需要研究解决,如转换波方位各向异性速度分析和时差校正技术,纵波、转换波联合层剥离深度域速度建模技术,弹性波全波场矢量成像技术等.同时,由于转换波资料信号主频较低,深层转换波信号存在分辨率不高、信噪比低的技术难题,因此3D3C转换波高分辨率处理技术也成为制约深层储层精细研究的瓶颈.在3D3C转换波资料解释中,可以充分发挥横波对各向异性特征更敏感、裂缝识别更有利的优势,在裂缝型储层预测中加大多波地震资料的应用力度.上述技术难题既是目前3D3C转换波地震勘探技术的研究重点,也必将成为多波多分量技术发展的趋势和方向.
对于VTI各向异性介质,转换波双平方根叠前时间偏移走时方程采用如下公式:
$\begin{aligned}T_{\mathrm{c}}= & \sqrt{\left(\frac{t_{\mathrm{c} 0}}{1+\gamma_0}\right)^2+\frac{(x+h)^2}{V_{\mathrm{p}}^2}-2 \eta_{\mathrm{eff}} \Delta t_{\mathrm{p}}^2}+ \\& \sqrt{\left(\frac{\gamma_0 t_{\mathrm{c} 0}}{1+\gamma_0}\right)^2+\frac{(x-h)^2}{V_{\mathrm{s}}^2}-2 \xi_{\mathrm{eff}} \Delta t_{\mathrm{s}}^2}, \end{aligned}$
其中,Vp、Vs分别表示纵波、横波均方根速度,Tc表示转换波总走时,tc0表示转换波双程走时,h为转换点偏移量,ηeff、ξeff分别表示纵波、横波各向异性参数,γ0表示平均纵横波速度比.
上述方程可以简化为VC、γ0、γeff、χeff四个参数,其简化过程为
$ V_{\mathrm{p}}^2=V_{\mathrm{c}}^2 \frac{\gamma_{\mathrm{eff}}\left(1+\gamma_0\right)}{1+\gamma_{\mathrm{eff}}}, $
$V_{\mathrm{s}}^2=V_{\mathrm{c}}^2 \frac{\left(1+\gamma_0\right)}{\gamma_0\left(1+\gamma_{\mathrm{eff}}\right)}, $
$\eta_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{\chi_{\mathrm{eff}}}{\gamma_{\mathrm{eff}}^2\left(\gamma_0-1\right)}, $
$\xi_{\mathrm{eff}}=\frac{\chi_{\mathrm{eff}}}{\left(\gamma_0-1\right)}, $
上述简化方程中各个参数表示的物理意义为,VC表示反射点以上地层的转换波等效动校正速度,γ0表示纵横波垂直速度比,γeff表示纵横波等效速度比,χeff表示转换波等效各向异性系数.
Cadzow去噪是一种随机噪声衰减方法.该方法将时间域地震数据转换为频率域并建立混合Cadzow矩阵,然后基于地震道数据中随机噪声与有效信号在相干性方面的差异,对Cadzow矩阵进行奇异值分解,最后基于秩约化方法实现随机噪声衰减.对于地震采集数据d(x, y, t),x表示inline方向,y表示crossline方向,t表示时间方向,沿时间方向对该地震数据进行傅里叶变换,得到复数域数据d(x, y, ω),然后按照空间序列选择频率切片构建矩阵B:
$\boldsymbol{B}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}d_{1, 1} & d_{1, 2} & \cdots & d_{1, N y} \\d_{2, 1} & d_{2, 2} & \cdots & d_{2, N y} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\d_{N x, 1} & d_{N x, 2} & \cdots & d_{N x, N y}\end{array}\right] \text {, }$
式中di, j为第i条inline、第j条crossline的样点振幅值.
通常利用横向频率切片数据构建Hankel嵌套矩阵,其对应的Hankel矩阵形式为
$\boldsymbol{D}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}H_1 & H_2 & \cdots & H_{N x-p+1} \\H_2 & H_2 & \cdots & H_{N x-p+2} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\H_p & H_{p+1} & \cdots & H_{N x}\end{array}\right] \text {, }$
其中:
$\boldsymbol{H}_i=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}d_{i, 1} & d_{i, 2} & \cdots & d_{i, N y-q+1} \\d_{i, 2} & d_{i, 3} & \cdots & d_{i, N y-q+2} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\d_{i, q} & d_{i, q+1} & \cdots & d_{i, N y}\end{array}\right] .$
通常,p=Nx/2,q=Ny/2,将Hankel嵌套矩阵分别沿inline方向和示crossline方向进行Cadzow滤波,从而增强有效地震信号的相干性.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026HH0336
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
  • 修回日期:2025-03-17
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    1中国石油集团东方地球物理勘探有限责任公司物探技术研究中心, 成都 610000
    2中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司苏里格项目经理部, 鄂尔多斯 017399
    3中油油气勘探软件国家工程研究中心有限公司, 北京 100088
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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