Article(id=1309584775191561191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026II0392, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026II0392, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1760198400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158941314, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158941314, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158941314, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158941314, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=182, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584775397082088, articleId=1309584775191561191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Analysis of the characteristics of the first-arrival wave signal of downhole microseismic under the wave impedance difference, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The difference in formation wave impedance is one of the important factors affecting the quality of wellbore microseismic monitoring data. Based on Snell's law and the Zoeppritz equation, by studying the influence of wave impedance difference and incident angle on the characteristics of the first arrival wave signals of microseisms, the relationship between the energy of the first arrival waves in wellbore microseismic data, the magnitude of the formation wave impedance difference, and the incident critical angle was revealed and verified through forward modeling. It was concluded that formations with large wave impedance differences have a significant impact on the energy and propagation path of the first arrival waves. Taking Well XX in a coalbed methane field as an example, at Perforation Section 1, some geophones failed to receive the first arrival signals, which affected the three-component rotation positioning of the geophones and the monitoring interpretation. By obtaining the formation velocity information of the target interval from acoustic logging data and combining it with the changes in formation wave impedance, the reasons for the absence of the first arrival waves in the microseismic perforation records of some geophones were analyzed. The deployment depth of the geophones was adjusted in a timely manner to solve the problem that some geophones could not detect the first arrival waves when the wave impedance difference was large and the incident angle was greater than the critical angle. After the depth of the geophones was adjusted upward by 30 meters, good first arrival wave signals were obtained at Perforation Section 2. The positioning results of these signals were used for wellbore microseismic fracturing fracture monitoring. The interpretation results, when comprehensively analyzed with conventional logging and dipole acoustic logging, showed that the microseismic event points were basically consistent in height with the reservoir characteristics and the fracture height indicated by dipole acoustic logging.

, authors=Rou WEN1, 2, Ping LIU3, XuLong CHEN4, WenQiang LIU1, 2, Dong LI1, 2, Long JIANG3, authorsList=Rou WEN, Ping LIU, XuLong CHEN, WenQiang LIU, Dong LI, Long JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584778727359483, articleId=1309584775191561191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=波阻抗差异性下井中微地震初至波信号特征分析, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地层波阻抗差异是影响井中微地震监测资料品质的重要因素之一.基于Snell定律和Zoeppritz方程, 通过研究波阻抗差异性和入射角大小对微地震初至波信号特征的影响, 揭示了井中微地震资料初至波能量与地层波阻抗差异性大小、入射临界角之间的关系, 并加以正演论证, 得出波阻抗差异性大的地层对初至波的能量和传播路径影响较大.以煤层气XX井为例, 在射孔段1处部分检波器未能接收到初至信号影响, 导致无法进行检波器三分量旋转定位与监测解释, 通过声波测井资料获取目的层段地层速度信息, 结合地层波阻抗变化, 分析了微地震射孔记录中部分检波器初至波缺失的原因, 及时调整检波器布设深度, 解决了因波阻抗差异大, 且入射角大于临界角时, 部分检波器监测不到初至波的问题.通过检波器深度向上调整30 m后, 在射孔段2处获取了较好的初至波信号, 并用该信号的定位结果进行井中微地震压裂裂缝监测, 解释结果与常规测井、偶极声波测井综合分析, 发现微地震事件点在高度上与储层特性、偶极声波显示裂缝高度基本吻合.

, authors=温柔1, 2, 刘平3, 陈绪龙4, 刘文强1, 2, 李栋1, 2, 姜龙3, authorsList=温柔, 刘平, 陈绪龙, 刘文强, 李栋, 姜龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

温柔, 男, 1986年生, 硕士, 工程师, 主要从事非常规油气微地震监测技术研究、生产测井资料解释及油藏综合评价等工作. E-mail:

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温柔, 男, 1986年生, 硕士, 工程师, 主要从事非常规油气微地震监测技术研究、生产测井资料解释及油藏综合评价等工作. E-mail:

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温柔, 男, 1986年生, 硕士, 工程师, 主要从事非常规油气微地震监测技术研究、生产测井资料解释及油藏综合评价等工作. E-mail:

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Reference(id=1309584795177418869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵超峰, 周治岳, 田建涛, 等. 2020. 疏松砂岩气藏压裂井中微地震监测应用研究——以涩北气田为例. 地球物理学进展, 35(5): 1919-1925, doi: 10.6038/pg2020DD0390., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309584778966434812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584778999989245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, companyId=1309584778966434812, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Geological Research Institute, China National Logging 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different reservoirs, figureFileSmall=mCyVo0sJB7FZ77CCWvtjZQ==, figureFileBig=QV93W6qr74zi0okh+UeFWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584784217702453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同储层微地震事件

(a)某页岩气储层井中微地震事件;(b)某致密砂岩储层井中微地震事件;(c)某煤岩气储层井中微地震事件.图中纵坐标为三分量检波器代号,绿色为X分量记录,红色为Y分量记录,蓝色为Z分量记录, 横坐标为时间.

, figureFileSmall=mCyVo0sJB7FZ77CCWvtjZQ==, figureFileBig=QV93W6qr74zi0okh+UeFWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584784490332214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of reflection and refraction energy coefficients, figureFileSmall=ZqdHullpjV5KfTQz0QeTIQ==, figureFileBig=tFeR7R2oGBUwRVWvXAhpPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786193219639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=图2, caption=反射与折射能量系数示意图

(a)v1ρ1<v2ρ2; (b)v1ρ1>v2ρ2.

, figureFileSmall=ZqdHullpjV5KfTQz0QeTIQ==, figureFileBig=tFeR7R2oGBUwRVWvXAhpPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786281300024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of the propagation of the first arrival waves of microseismic events in the well under the condition of impedance difference, figureFileSmall=r6HEb9og1DmSo+PZRUQ76w==, figureFileBig=RYhZso2+sEzxpm0PnA9Pcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786365186105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=图3, caption=波阻抗差异性下井中微地震初至波传播示意图, figureFileSmall=r6HEb9og1DmSo+PZRUQ76w==, figureFileBig=RYhZso2+sEzxpm0PnA9Pcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786470043706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Forward modeling of first break ray tracing, figureFileSmall=grlziqVEJpraxinITaz+ww==, figureFileBig=Ooirvl3OsFkh3mJgLIH8kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786553929787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=图4, caption=初至波射线追踪正演模拟

(a)水平层状介质速度模型;(b)初至波传播路径.

, figureFileSmall=grlziqVEJpraxinITaz+ww==, figureFileBig=Ooirvl3OsFkh3mJgLIH8kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786671370300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Forward Z-component record of first break, figureFileSmall=VphEQdwn/z+zeZG0wcTcKQ==, figureFileBig=7KazX5qEhG7sYhkEZyJKYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786776227901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=图5, caption=初至波正演Z分量记录, figureFileSmall=VphEQdwn/z+zeZG0wcTcKQ==, figureFileBig=7KazX5qEhG7sYhkEZyJKYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786860113982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Schematic diagram of fracture monitoring operations, figureFileSmall=ggHCPK0j+jI2rUFze6t4cQ==, figureFileBig=ch9OqozQTttREmcMBccxXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584786944000063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=图6, caption=裂缝监测施工示意图, figureFileSmall=ggHCPK0j+jI2rUFze6t4cQ==, figureFileBig=ch9OqozQTttREmcMBccxXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584787015303232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison chart of perforation records, figureFileSmall=cV6KyrY2DakkjZM8u96fjg==, figureFileBig=d2+OTXUILxHqh2JKQsHIOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584787136938049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=图7, caption=射孔记录对比图

(a)射孔1微地震波形记录;(b)射孔2微地震波形记录.图中绿色为X分量记录,红色为Y分量记录,蓝色为Z分量记录.

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(a)俯视图;(b)侧视图.图中不同颜色微地震事件点代表不同时间,微地震点大小代表震级.

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1 ft=30.48 cm.

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Relationship between incidence angle and refraction angle of waves entering medium 1 from medium 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检波器R1R2R3R4R5R6R7
入射角/(°)55.7858.3760.7562.9565.2966.8568.59
折射角/(°)28.929.5229.9330.9331.2032.1133.59
), ArticleFig(id=1309584787824803911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

波从介质2射入介质1中入射角与折射角关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检波器R1R2R3R4R5R6R7
入射角/(°)55.7858.3760.7562.9565.2966.8568.59
折射角/(°)28.929.5229.9330.9331.2032.1133.59
), ArticleFig(id=1309584787917078600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Relationship between incidence angle and refraction angle of waves entering medium 3 from medium 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检波器R14R15R16R17R18R19R20
入射角/(°)—54.6550.5245.7342.0639.136.37
折射角/(°)—69.662.0255.8550.7746.4742.87
), ArticleFig(id=1309584787996770377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

波从介质2射入介质3中入射角与折射角关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检波器R14R15R16R17R18R19R20
入射角/(°)—54.6550.5245.7342.0639.136.37
折射角/(°)—69.662.0255.8550.7746.4742.87
), ArticleFig(id=1309584788072267850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Relationship between incidence angle and refraction angle of waves entering medium 1 from medium 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号深度/m岩性声波时差/(us/m)体积密度/(g/cm3)纵波速度/(m/s)与射孔段1距离/m与射孔段2距离/m波阻抗/(kg/(m2·s))
1500.0~533.0煤5001.22200092.2846.282440
2533.0~539.0泥岩3572.3280098.7252.726440
3539.0~552.0煤4961.192016110.2164.212399
4552.0~564.0泥岩3622.362762121.6275.626518
5564.0~568.0煤5111.141957128.1182.112231
6568.0~578.0泥岩3372.122967134.5588.556290
), ArticleFig(id=1309584788160348235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

波阻抗界面划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号深度/m岩性声波时差/(us/m)体积密度/(g/cm3)纵波速度/(m/s)与射孔段1距离/m与射孔段2距离/m波阻抗/(kg/(m2·s))
1500.0~533.0煤5001.22200092.2846.282440
2533.0~539.0泥岩3572.3280098.7252.726440
3539.0~552.0煤4961.192016110.2164.212399
4552.0~564.0泥岩3622.362762121.6275.626518
5564.0~568.0煤5111.141957128.1182.112231
6568.0~578.0泥岩3372.122967134.5588.556290
), ArticleFig(id=1309584788273594444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Depths of geophones before and after adjustment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
射孔检波器代号R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8
射孔1调整前检波器深度/m500.00510.00520.00530.00540.00550.00560.00570.00
射孔2调整后检波器深度/m470.00480.00490.00500.00510.00520.00530.00540.00
), ArticleFig(id=1309584788361674829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584775191561191, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

调整前后各检波器深度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
射孔检波器代号R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8
射孔1调整前检波器深度/m500.00510.00520.00530.00540.00550.00560.00570.00
射孔2调整后检波器深度/m470.00480.00490.00500.00510.00520.00530.00540.00
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波阻抗差异性下井中微地震初至波信号特征分析
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温柔 1, 2 , 刘平 3 , 陈绪龙 4 , 刘文强 1, 2 , 李栋 1, 2 , 姜龙 3
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 182-193
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 182 -193
波阻抗差异性下井中微地震初至波信号特征分析
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温柔, 男, 1986年生, 硕士, 工程师, 主要从事非常规油气微地震监测技术研究、生产测井资料解释及油藏综合评价等工作. E-mail:

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温柔, 男, 1986年生, 硕士, 工程师, 主要从事非常规油气微地震监测技术研究、生产测井资料解释及油藏综合评价等工作. E-mail:

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温柔1, 2 , 刘平3, 陈绪龙4, 刘文强1, 2, 李栋1, 2, 姜龙3
作者信息
  • 1中国石油集团测井有限公司地质研究院, 西安 710077
  • 2中国石油天然气集团有限公司测井重点实验室, 西安 710077
  • 3中国石油集团测井有限公司长庆分公司, 西安 710201
  • 4中国石油集团测井有限公司培训中心, 西安 710054
作者简介:

温柔, 男, 1986年生, 硕士, 工程师, 主要从事非常规油气微地震监测技术研究、生产测井资料解释及油藏综合评价等工作. E-mail:

Analysis of the characteristics of the first-arrival wave signal of downhole microseismic under the wave impedance difference
Rou WEN1, 2 , Ping LIU3, XuLong CHEN4, WenQiang LIU1, 2, Dong LI1, 2, Long JIANG3
Affiliations
  • 1Geological Research Institute, China National Logging Corporation, Xi'an 710077, China
  • 2Well Logging Key Laboratory, China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi'an 710077, China
  • 3Changqing Branch, China National Logging Corporation, Xi'an 710201, China
  • 4Training Center, China National Logging Corporation, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0392
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地层波阻抗差异是影响井中微地震监测资料品质的重要因素之一.基于Snell定律和Zoeppritz方程, 通过研究波阻抗差异性和入射角大小对微地震初至波信号特征的影响, 揭示了井中微地震资料初至波能量与地层波阻抗差异性大小、入射临界角之间的关系, 并加以正演论证, 得出波阻抗差异性大的地层对初至波的能量和传播路径影响较大.以煤层气XX井为例, 在射孔段1处部分检波器未能接收到初至信号影响, 导致无法进行检波器三分量旋转定位与监测解释, 通过声波测井资料获取目的层段地层速度信息, 结合地层波阻抗变化, 分析了微地震射孔记录中部分检波器初至波缺失的原因, 及时调整检波器布设深度, 解决了因波阻抗差异大, 且入射角大于临界角时, 部分检波器监测不到初至波的问题.通过检波器深度向上调整30 m后, 在射孔段2处获取了较好的初至波信号, 并用该信号的定位结果进行井中微地震压裂裂缝监测, 解释结果与常规测井、偶极声波测井综合分析, 发现微地震事件点在高度上与储层特性、偶极声波显示裂缝高度基本吻合.

波阻抗  /  初至波  /  井中微地震  /  临界角  /  声波测井  /  三分量检波器

The difference in formation wave impedance is one of the important factors affecting the quality of wellbore microseismic monitoring data. Based on Snell's law and the Zoeppritz equation, by studying the influence of wave impedance difference and incident angle on the characteristics of the first arrival wave signals of microseisms, the relationship between the energy of the first arrival waves in wellbore microseismic data, the magnitude of the formation wave impedance difference, and the incident critical angle was revealed and verified through forward modeling. It was concluded that formations with large wave impedance differences have a significant impact on the energy and propagation path of the first arrival waves. Taking Well XX in a coalbed methane field as an example, at Perforation Section 1, some geophones failed to receive the first arrival signals, which affected the three-component rotation positioning of the geophones and the monitoring interpretation. By obtaining the formation velocity information of the target interval from acoustic logging data and combining it with the changes in formation wave impedance, the reasons for the absence of the first arrival waves in the microseismic perforation records of some geophones were analyzed. The deployment depth of the geophones was adjusted in a timely manner to solve the problem that some geophones could not detect the first arrival waves when the wave impedance difference was large and the incident angle was greater than the critical angle. After the depth of the geophones was adjusted upward by 30 meters, good first arrival wave signals were obtained at Perforation Section 2. The positioning results of these signals were used for wellbore microseismic fracturing fracture monitoring. The interpretation results, when comprehensively analyzed with conventional logging and dipole acoustic logging, showed that the microseismic event points were basically consistent in height with the reservoir characteristics and the fracture height indicated by dipole acoustic logging.

Wave impedance  /  First-arrival wave  /  Downhole microseismic  /  Critical angle  /  Acoustic logging  /  Three-component geophone
温柔, 刘平, 陈绪龙, 刘文强, 李栋, 姜龙. 波阻抗差异性下井中微地震初至波信号特征分析. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 182 -193 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0392
Rou WEN, Ping LIU, XuLong CHEN, WenQiang LIU, Dong LI, Long JIANG. Analysis of the characteristics of the first-arrival wave signal of downhole microseismic under the wave impedance difference[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 182 -193 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0392
近年来,非常规储层的勘探开发正在世界范围内蔓延,非常规油气勘探开发的重点是压裂,压裂效果的好坏直接关系到最终开发效果,为了解决压裂效果评价问题,微地震监测技术逐步得到应用与推广(杨瑞召等,2016;赵超峰等,2018;蒋星达,2021;李亦佳,2022).井中微地震监测是通过在压裂井周围的监测井中布置多级三分量检波器、分析压裂过程中岩石破裂产生的微地震事件来监测压裂裂缝长度、宽度、高度、方位及地应力方向等信息的地球物理技术(董文波等,2023).在井中微地震实际资料运用过程中,监测距离、压裂规模、井筒环境、现场噪声等因素均会影响微地震资料品质,使得监测结果往往无法真实有效的评价压裂效果.前人针对微地震裂缝监测波场特征研究较少,刘军(2009)基于射线追踪对微地震P波、S波进行正演模拟,发现入射角不同引起的反射系数变化会导致的透射波能量损失不同,对波的振幅影响比较大,对折射波和反射波振幅的影响尤为明显.梁北援和王建立(2018)提到当前在微地震监测中存在若干重大问题,首要的是数据采集,否则无从谈起后续任务.Wang等(2017)指出在微地震监测中,从数据采集、处理到解释等,必须遵循微地震学和工程应用的基本规律和要求.
本文从初至波的传播特性入手,在波阻抗差异性基础上,分析了波阻抗差异性、临界角和折射波之间的关系,并以最大入射角为界限,阐述了当波从低波阻抗入射到高波阻抗时,压裂井与监测井的井距、波阻抗界面与压裂段的垂直距离、波阻抗界面与检波器的垂直距离对检波器深度范围的影响,并通过初至波波场正演模拟进行验证.最后以煤层气XX井为例,通过调整检波器深度,使其避开波阻抗差异大的界面,提高了井中微地震资料的品质,并通过测井资料进行了压裂效果综合分析.因此,在进行井中微地震监测时,应考虑地层波阻抗差异的影响,采取适当的措施来降低波阻抗对微地震波的影响.
目前,井中微地震主要采用纵横波初至联合定位算法(Luo et al., 2023;李德周等,2024),该算法在速度模型基础上,利用纵波和横波的能量特性、回归算法或偏振分析准确拾取纵横波初至信息(乔汉青等,2022;杨文等,2023;赵超峰等,2020),再通过检波器定向原理,联合求取发震点位置.因此,井中微地震监测成功与否很大程度取决于检波器接收微地震事件的品质.
影响微地震事件品质的因素除监测距离、现场噪声外还受岩石特性和地层构造等地质因素的影响.岩石杨氏模量和泊松比等弹性参数影响微地震波的传播速度和衰减,坚硬、脆性大的岩石有利于信号传播,可提高事件品质;而塑性强的岩石会使信号衰减快、波形畸变,降低事件品质.图 1为不同储层中实际接收到的井中微地震事件,从微地震纵横波起跳、能量强弱及波至延续性可以看到,煤岩气储层塑性较强、噪声比低,纵波初至受地层吸收的影响大,能量损失严重,横波初至起跳复杂、波至延续性长,初至波拾取的难度较大;而页岩气储层和致密砂岩储层脆性相对较强、信噪比高,纵波初至受地层吸收的影响较小,能量损失较小,横波初至起跳干脆、波至延续性短,初至波更容易拾取.层状介质引起的高波阻抗差异性、各向异性、断层、裂缝等地质构造会导致微地震波发生折射、反射和散射,复杂的地层结构使信号传播路径复杂,降低事件品质.
波阻抗是指地震波在介质中传播的能力,其数值等于介质密度ρ与波速v的乘积,kg/(m2·s)(王升荣等,2023).其中入射角α与折射角β的关系符合Snell定律(楚琦琦等,2021;鲍蕊和林玮,2019;刘瑞强等,2016):
$\frac{\sin \alpha}{\sin \beta}=\frac{v_1 \rho_1}{v_2 \rho_2} .$
当一个平面纵波不以为零的任意角度射入到两种不同介质的分界面时,会产生纵波折射、横波折射、纵波反射和横波反射四种波.Zoeppritz方程首次描述了纵、横波反射系数、纵、横波折射系数与密度、速度、入射角之间的关系,并发现了其方程为(马昭军等,2007;刘洋和魏修成,2008;刘文伍和张钊,2017):
$\begin{gathered}{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}-\sin \theta_1 & -\cos \phi_1 & \sin \theta_2 & -\cos \phi_2 \\\cos \theta_1 & -\sin \phi_1 & \cos \theta_2 & \sin \phi_2 \\\sin 2 \theta_1 & \frac{V_{\mathrm{P} 1}}{V_{\mathrm{S} 1}} \cos 2 \phi_1 & \frac{V_{\mathrm{P} 1} V_{\mathrm{S} 2}^2 \rho_2}{V_{\mathrm{P} 2} V_{\mathrm{S} 1}^2 \rho_1} \sin 2 \theta_2 & -\frac{\rho_2 V_{\mathrm{P} 1}}{\rho_1 V_{\mathrm{S} 2}} \cos 2 \phi_2 \\-\cos 2 \phi_1 & \frac{V_{\mathrm{S} 1}}{V_{\mathrm{P} 1}} \sin 2 \phi_1 & \frac{\rho_2 V_{\mathrm{P} 2}}{\rho_1 V_{\mathrm{P} 1}} \cos 2 \phi_2 & \frac{\rho_2 V_{\mathrm{S} 2}}{\rho_1 V_{\mathrm{P} 1}} \sin 2 \phi_2\end{array}\right] \cdot} \\{\left[\begin{array}{c}Q_{\mathrm{RP}} \\Q_{\mathrm{RS}} \\Q_{\mathrm{TP}} \\Q_{\mathrm{TS}}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}\sin \theta_1 \\\cos \theta_1 \\\sin 2 \theta_1 \\\cos 2 \phi_1\end{array}\right], }\end{gathered}$
式(2)中θ1、θ2、ϕ1、ϕ2分别为纵波入射角、纵波折射角、横波反射角、横波折射角,单位为°;QRP、QRS、QTP、QTS分别为纵波反射、横波反射、纵波折射、横波折射的振幅,单位为dB;VP1、VS1分别为上层介质的纵波速度、横波速度,单位为m/s;VP2、VS2分别下层介质的纵纵波速度、横波速度,单位为m/s;ρ1为上层介质的密度,单位为g/cm3;ρ2分别为下层介质的密度,单位为g/cm3.
图 2a是纵波从波阻抗小的介质射入波阻抗大的介质时,反射系数和折射系数与入射角的关系曲线,从图中可以看到,随着入射角的增大,当入射角小于临界角时,反射波系数逐渐增大、折射波系数逐渐减小;当入射角与临界角相等时,此时折射波系数为零;当入射角大于临界角时,反射系数突然增大,称之为“广角反射”,并出现转换横波.
图 2b是纵波从波阻抗大的介质射入波阻抗小的介质时,纵波反射系数和纵波折射系数与入射角的关系曲线,从图中可以看到,此时不存在临界角,随着入射角的增大,反射波系数整体呈现由大变小再增大的趋势,折射纵波系数从垂直入射到一定角度内几乎保持一个定值,当达到一定角度时,反射波系数突然增大、折射波系数突然减小.
Zoeppritz方程明确了反射波和折射波能量与入射角的关系,反射波能量随入射角增大而增强,接近临界角时急剧增大,超过临界角发生全反射,能量等于入射波能量.折射波能量随入射角增大逐渐减小,接近临界角时趋近于零,超过临界角时能量为零.因此,界面两侧的波阻抗变化和波入射到波阻抗面的夹角对波的能量传播有很大影响.
波阻抗的变化可能会导致初至波振幅和相位的改变,下面以两口直井为例,如图 3所示,两口井水平间距为x,压裂段与波阻抗界面的垂直距离为y1,根据式(3)可计算出α最大入射角,通过不同波阻抗差异下α最大入射角与α临界角的关系,分析波阻抗对初至波能量的影响:
$\alpha_{\text {最大人射角 }}=\arctan \left(\frac{x}{y_1}\right) .$
(1) 当v1ρ1=v2ρ2时,入射角α等于折射角β,介质1中入射波的能量全部传至介质1和介质2中.
(2) 当v1ρ1<v2ρ2时,此时入射角α小于折射角β.此时又分为以下三种情况:①当α临界角≤α最大入射角,且实际入射角<临界角时,位于介质1中的⑧~号检波器会接收到直达波,位于介质2中的①~⑦号检波器会接收到折射波(透射波);②当α临界角≤α最大入射角,且实际入射角≥临界角时,位于介质1中的⑧~号检波器会接收到直达波,介质2中靠近波阻抗界面R附近的检波器理论上可以监测到折射波,但由反射与折射能量系数可知,折射系数迅速降低为零,而检波器串又是连续的,因此介质2中不适合放置检波器;③当α临界角>α最大入射角,此时实际入射角总是小于临界角,折射系数始终保持在较强的水平,在遵循最大监测距离的条件下,通过给定不同入射角,利用式(4)求取介质2中检波器与波阻抗界面R的距离y2,确保检波器三和分量能够接收到初至波信号:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\sin \alpha}{\sin \beta}=\frac{v_1 \rho_1}{v_2 \rho_2} \\\tan \alpha=\frac{x_1}{y_1} \\\tan \beta=\frac{x_2}{y_2} \\x=x_1+x_2\end{array}, \right.$
$S=\sqrt{x^2+\left(y_1+y_2\right)^2}, $
式中,∂、β分别为入射角和折射角;x1、x2分别为入射波在波阻抗界面的交点与压裂井和监测井的水平距离;y1、y2分别为波阻抗界面与压裂段和检波器的垂直距离;S为压裂段与检波器的距离.
(3) 当v1ρ1>v2ρ2时,入射角α大于折射角β′.此时不存在临界角,由反射与折射能量系数可知,随着入射角α的增大,折射波系数始终保持在较高水平,因此介质2中的检波器均可以接收到折射波.
通过上述分析,建立层状介质速度模型,假设各层介质的密度均为1 g/cm3,根据波阻抗计算公式,得到介质1的波阻抗为2000 g/cm3 · m/s,介质2的波阻抗为3464 g/cm3 · m/s,介质3的波阻抗为4000 g/cm3 · m/s,各检波器偏振方向朝向震源点S,并根据射线追踪理论对初至波传播路径和Z分量波场进行正演模拟,发现两侧介质速度差异越大,初至波斜率变化越大,入射角越大,初至波斜率变化也越大,如图 4、图 5所示.
当震源S发出地震波后,初至波传播路径明显不同.(1)震源S与R8~R13号检波器在同一介质内,初至波沿直线传播至检波器,波场能量最强;(2)震源S在介质2内,检波器R1~R7在介质1内,初至波从高波阻抗介质2射入低波阻抗介质1时,折射率约0.577,对应的折射临界角约35.27°, 初至波沿走时最小的路径由震源传播至R1~R7号检波器,折射角随着入射角增大而增大,折射角变化较小,初至波能量无明显变化,如表 1所示;(3)震源S在介质2内,检波器R14~R20在介质3内,初至波从低波阻抗介质2射入高波阻抗介质3时,折射率约0.866,对应的入射临界角约60.00°, 初至波沿走时最小的路径由震源传播至R14~R20号检波器,如表 2所示,R14号检波器因入射角大于临界角,没有接收到初至波信息,R15~R20号检波器入射角均小于临界角,能够接收到初至波信号,折射角随着入射角减小而减小,且随着折射角的增大,初至波能量明显变弱(实际压裂监测中往往伴随着噪声,初至波的明显变弱会导致初至波信噪比降低甚至无法发现初至波).
以XX井为例,进一步阐述波阻抗对微地震波场及定位的影响,该井是某区块内一口煤层气井,主力层位为赛汉组Ⅲ+Ⅳ号煤,在测井资料上表现出“三高二低”特征,即电阻率中高值,声波时差高值,补偿中子高值,低体积密度,低自然伽马,测井响应特征明显.为研究该井压裂裂缝缝网扩展规律,提高单井产气量,采用井中微地震监测技术进行压裂裂缝有效性评价.
本次监测采用了8级Maxwave三分量检波器,按照首道最浅的排列原则进行射孔及微地震信号接收,Z分量沿着井筒向下,X、Y水平分量垂直与井筒,图 6按比例缩放了压裂井与监测井的空间关系.其中射孔1深度为480.00~184.00 m,射孔2深度为434.00~438.00 m,井间距200.00 m.
压裂前先进行射孔信号监测,射孔1采用调整前检波器深度进行接收,见表 4.射孔时,射孔信号以地震波的方式传播,纵波初至分析如下.
图 7a是射孔1射孔时,接收到的三分量波场记录.从图中可以看到,R1~R5号检波器,纵波初至信号强,起跳明显.但由于R6号检波器处于③号地层内,与射孔1所在的①号地层之间存在②号高速地层,该地层波阻抗大,①号地层与②号地层界面折射率约为0.7143,临界角约45.58°.当地震波传播至R6号检波器时,由于入射角远远大于临界角,形成全反射波,直达波无法传至R6号检波器,导致直达波能量衰减严重,R7~R8号检波器受②号、④号高速地层影响,直达波能量衰减更严重,因此无法进行正常定位.
现场通过声波测井资料分析发现,该井整体的地层速度大约为2000 m/s,但在540.00~580.00 m存在三个高速地层,高速地层最高可达近4000 m/s,高速地层与低速地层波阻抗差异大,容易形成强反射波.现场及时进行调整,为有效避开波阻抗大的地层,将检波器深度整体上提30.00 m,射孔2采用了调整后检波器深度进行接收,见表 4.纵波初至分析如下.
图 7b是射孔2射孔时,接收到的三分量波场记录.从图中可以看到,R1~R8号检波器,纵波初至信号强,起跳明显.R1~R8号检波器接收到的纵波初至能量表现出“浅弱深强”的趋势,符合压裂点与检波器Z分量偏振方向关系(温柔等,2023).
通过以上分析发现,检波器深度调整后,在第R6~R8号检波器明显监测到射孔2的微地震纵波波形,且微地震振幅随检波器Z分量与射孔段之间夹角的增大而减小,符合纵波波场偏振特性.
检波器调整后,对射孔2进行压裂,共监测到137个微地震事件,图 8是微地震事件经定位反演后裂缝展布图,图中微地震事件颜色代表不同时间地层破裂时微地震响应时间,微地震点的大小代表微地震震源能量.结合压裂施工规模、微地震事件响应时间及震源能量分析可得:(1)压裂时,微地震事件点分布于整个压裂过程中,且破压及前置液阶段微地震震源能量强,为地层破裂主要造缝阶段,压后地层闭合阶段产生的微地震点较少;(2)本次压裂分为主裂缝和次裂缝,主裂缝沿着NW56°方向,次裂缝延伸方向与主裂缝基本垂直,裂缝规模较小.
从常规曲线分析,该井主力煤层的顶底板岩性主要为砂质泥岩、泥岩,含水性弱,渗透性差,对煤层封隔性较好,其中357.0~362.8 m、378.4~379.2 m、403.6~404.4 m为砂泥岩夹层,封堵性较好;362.8~363.6 m、373.2~ 274.0 m、395.2~396.0 m、421.0~423.0 m为夹矸,封堵性较差.将压前、压后偶极声波测井和井中微地震成果导入测井常规图中,如图 9所示,图中微地震事件横坐标为事件点与井筒的距离,左侧表示井筒附近微地震事件点深度,右侧表示远离井筒附近微地震事件点深度,微地震事件点与储层特性、偶极声波分析如下:
(1) 通过井中微地震事件点深度分析发现,当射孔2压裂时,裂缝向上延伸至421.0~423.0 m夹矸层时,由于该处距离压裂段近,压裂能量强,裂缝穿透该夹矸层继续向上延伸,当裂缝延伸至403.6~404.4 m砂泥岩夹层时,裂缝穿透该砂泥岩薄层,且在界面附近出现大量微地震事件点,并继续向上延伸,且穿透395.2~396.0 m处较薄的夹矸层,并产生较多的微地震事件,最终由于距离压裂段较远,压裂能量损耗严重,停止在378.4~379.2 m砂泥岩夹层附近.
(2) 偶极声波测井利用横波分裂原理,通过压裂前后射孔附近储层各向异性对比,可准确评价近井筒附近压裂效果.通过压前、压后快慢横波时差大小及各向异性对比发现,压裂后在398.0~450 m井段快慢横波时差变大,各向异性能量出现不同程度增强,因此判断近井筒地带压裂裂缝高度为398.0~450 m,450 m以下井段由于压后测井遇阻,导致无法采用偶极声波分析压裂效果.由于微地震事件点深度评价的是整个裂缝的深度,而偶极声波测井仅能评价近井筒附近裂缝深度,因此微地震事件点深度大于阵列声波裂缝显示深度.
(3) 射孔1压裂早于射孔2压裂,当射孔2压裂进行微地震监测时,由于射孔1附近裂缝已形成,产生的微地震波形能量衰减很快,导致监测到的事件数量会大大减少,即使有少量微地震事件产生,但由于破裂点与检波器深度Z分量夹角近似90°, 传播至检波器Z分量的微地震事件P波能量几乎为零,无法进行定位,因此,微地震事件点在440 m以下井段非常少甚至消失.
(1) 本文基于Snell定律和Zoeppritz方程,通过波阻抗差异性和入射角大小对井中微地震初至波信号特征研究发现,在不考虑波场吸收衰减的情况下,当压裂段所处层位与检波器所处层位波阻抗相等时,入射角等于折射角,入射波的能量全部透过界面传到检波器,初至波无能量损失.当压裂段所处层位与检波器所处层位波阻抗差异较大时,随着入射角的增大,折射波能量系数不断下降,当入射角等于临界角时,可能导致部分检波器无法接收到直达波和折射波,存在一定的监测盲区.
(2) 波阻抗差异性严重井中微地震资料品质,在井中微地震监测之前,要先利用声波测井资料、VSP地震资料进行地层速度分析,若存在地层声波速度变化较大的储层,应根据压裂井和监测井的水平距离、压裂段与波阻抗界面的垂直距离,合理安排检波器监测深度,避免出现微地震信号减弱、丢失和模糊不清的现象.
(3) 通过微地震监测成果与常规测井、偶极声波测井成果对比,能够更加准确的评价压裂效果.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0392
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
  • 修回日期:2025-10-12
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    1中国石油集团测井有限公司地质研究院, 西安 710077
    2中国石油天然气集团有限公司测井重点实验室, 西安 710077
    3中国石油集团测井有限公司长庆分公司, 西安 710201
    4中国石油集团测井有限公司培训中心, 西安 710054
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