Article(id=1309584739187646603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026JJ0054, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026JJ0054, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1752163200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158932729, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158932729, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158932729, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158932729, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=174, endPage=181, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584739363807372, articleId=1309584739187646603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Three-dimensional finite element forward modeling of transient electromagnetic response for grounded-wire source, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the three-dimensional (3D) forward modeling problem of transient electromagnetic fields for grounded-wire source, this paper explores a finite element forward modeling method that employs a frequency-time transformation and background-scattered field separation strategy. It utilizes the vector finite element theory, and the 3D model is discretized using structured hexahedral mesh. Subsequently, the frequency-domain numerical response is computed using the MUMPS solver. Ultimately, the time-domain transient electromagnetic response is derived via cosine transformation. On this basis, the reliability of the forward algorithm is validated using both a one-dimensional layered model and an open three-dimensional model, and its computational accuracy is assessed. Theoretical examples show that the calculation results of the 3D transient electromagnetic forward modeling proposed in this paper are accurate and can meet the calculation requirements of 3D inversion research.

, authors=Jun ZHOU1, Shuai RUAN2, *, Ke HE3, Chu JIAN4, authorsList=Jun ZHOU, Shuai RUAN, Ke HE, Chu JIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shuai RUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584740735344793, articleId=1309584739187646603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=地面导线源瞬变电磁场的三维有限元正演, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对接地导线源瞬变电磁的三维正演问题, 本文讨论了基于频-时变换与背景-异常场分离计算策略的有限元正演方法.该方法以矢量有限元理论为基础, 利用规则六面体网格对模型进行离散, 并采用MUMPS求解器求取各频点的数值解, 最后通过余弦变换数值滤波计算得到三维时域瞬变电磁响应.在此基础上, 利用一维层状模型与公开的三维模型验证了正演算法的可靠性, 并对计算精度进行了评估.验算结果表明, 本文所讨论的长导线源三维瞬变电磁正演计算准确, 能够满足三维反演研究对于计算精度的要求.

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周军, 博士, 电子科技大学资源与环境学院助理研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用研究. E-mail:

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阮帅, 博士, 中国地质科学院副研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用技术研究. E-mail:
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周军, 博士, 电子科技大学资源与环境学院助理研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用研究. E-mail:

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周军, 博士, 电子科技大学资源与环境学院助理研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用研究. E-mail:

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地面导线源瞬变电磁场的三维有限元正演
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周军 1 , 阮帅 2, * , 何可 3 , 简楚 4
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 174-181
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 174 -181
地面导线源瞬变电磁场的三维有限元正演
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周军, 博士, 电子科技大学资源与环境学院助理研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用研究. E-mail:

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周军1 , 阮帅2, * , 何可3, 简楚4
作者信息
  • 1电子科技大学资源与环境学院, 成都 611731
  • 2中国地质科学院, 北京 100037
  • 3西华师范大学教育信息技术中心, 南充 637009
  • 4四川省第四地质大队, 成都 611130
通讯作者:
阮帅, 博士, 中国地质科学院副研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用技术研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

周军, 博士, 电子科技大学资源与环境学院助理研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用研究. E-mail:

Three-dimensional finite element forward modeling of transient electromagnetic response for grounded-wire source
Jun ZHOU1 , Shuai RUAN2, * , Ke HE3, Chu JIAN4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
  • 2Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
  • 3Education Information Technology Center, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
  • 4The 4th Geological Brigade of Sichuan, Chengdu 611130, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0054
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针对接地导线源瞬变电磁的三维正演问题, 本文讨论了基于频-时变换与背景-异常场分离计算策略的有限元正演方法.该方法以矢量有限元理论为基础, 利用规则六面体网格对模型进行离散, 并采用MUMPS求解器求取各频点的数值解, 最后通过余弦变换数值滤波计算得到三维时域瞬变电磁响应.在此基础上, 利用一维层状模型与公开的三维模型验证了正演算法的可靠性, 并对计算精度进行了评估.验算结果表明, 本文所讨论的长导线源三维瞬变电磁正演计算准确, 能够满足三维反演研究对于计算精度的要求.

接地导线源  /  瞬变电磁  /  三维正演  /  矢量有限元法

To address the three-dimensional (3D) forward modeling problem of transient electromagnetic fields for grounded-wire source, this paper explores a finite element forward modeling method that employs a frequency-time transformation and background-scattered field separation strategy. It utilizes the vector finite element theory, and the 3D model is discretized using structured hexahedral mesh. Subsequently, the frequency-domain numerical response is computed using the MUMPS solver. Ultimately, the time-domain transient electromagnetic response is derived via cosine transformation. On this basis, the reliability of the forward algorithm is validated using both a one-dimensional layered model and an open three-dimensional model, and its computational accuracy is assessed. Theoretical examples show that the calculation results of the 3D transient electromagnetic forward modeling proposed in this paper are accurate and can meet the calculation requirements of 3D inversion research.

Grounded-wire source  /  Transient electromagnetic  /  Three-dimensional forward modeling  /  Vector finite element method
周军, 阮帅, 何可, 简楚. 地面导线源瞬变电磁场的三维有限元正演. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 174 -181 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0054
Jun ZHOU, Shuai RUAN, Ke HE, Chu JIAN. Three-dimensional finite element forward modeling of transient electromagnetic response for grounded-wire source[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 174 -181 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0054
瞬变电磁法(TEM)是电磁勘探方法的重要分支(Nabighian,1988;朴化荣,1990;牛之琏,2007).自20世纪30年代以来,TEM在方法理论与应用技术等方面均取得了长足发展(Zhdanov,2010),并且在勘探实践中取得了较好的应用效果(李建慧等,2016).目前,TEM被广泛应用于矿产资源勘查(Guo et al., 2020;Mörbe et al., 2020)、地下水勘探(Muñoz,2014)、矿山安全调查(薛国强和于景邨,2017)、油气资源勘探(谢兴兵等,2016)等领域.TEM方法的观测系统包括回线源(闫述等,2011)和接地导线源(薛国强等,2013;张莹莹,2021)两大类,可适应地面、海洋、航空、半航空、井孔、巷道等多个勘探场景.其中,地面回线源方法在数据处理与正反演技术方面更为成熟,但是在信号强度、勘探深度和复杂地形适应能力等方面不具备优势.相对而言,地面长导线源瞬变电磁法具有发射信号强、勘探深度大、工作效率高、复杂地形适应能力强等优点(严良俊等,2001;张莹莹,2021),因而在大深度地球物理勘探中受到青睐(Wright et al., 2002;底青云等,2019).
瞬变电磁方法在场源与勘探场景等方面的多样性特点,其响应变化极为复杂.因此,在该方法的发展历程中正演模拟研究始终占有重要地位(薛国强等,2008;李建慧等,2012).通过对正问题的研究,人们能更好地掌握瞬变电磁场的响应规律(殷长春和刘斌,1994;唐新功等,2000;Tang et al., 2011;殷长春等, 2013, 2015;李术才等,2016;杨海燕等,2016),进而为野外观测、数据处理、反演与解译技术的发展奠定理论基础(Hördt et al., 1992;王显祥等,2015;Liu et al., 2019;齐彦福等,2021;Cai et al., 2022).由此可见,正演研究对于促进瞬变电磁法的方法理论与应用技术发展具有重要意义.
目前,瞬变电磁正演模拟包括时域方法(TD)与频域方法(FD)两大分支.其中,前者利用时域数值算法开展瞬变电磁响应的直接求解,具有求解过程直观、仅需实数运算、内存消耗较小等优点,因而在瞬变电磁正问题研究中得到重视.时域正演方法所采用的数值算法包括时域积分方程法(SanFilipo and Hohmann, 1985)、时域有限差分法(Wang and Hohmann, 1993;Oldenburg et al., 2013;孙怀凤等,2021)与时域有限单元法(Yin et al., 2016;王新宇等,2022).早期的时域正演研究中关于时间步的计算主要采用显式方法(Wang and Hohmann, 1993),其方法应用受到Courant-Friedrich-Lewy(CFL)条件严格限制.鉴于此,研究人员利用隐式方法突破CFL条件限制(Oldenburg et al., 2013),从而实现了无条件稳定的瞬变电磁时域正演(Yin et al., 2016;孙怀凤等,2021).即便如此,时间步长的合理性对于正演精度的影响依然不可忽视.此外,时域正演需要根据一定的时间步进方法(前向或后向)计算瞬变响应,缺乏并行计算的可扩展性.
频域方法首先通过数值计算得到频率域数值解(殷长春和刘斌,1994;李建慧等,2013),进而通过频-时变换来获取时域瞬变电磁响应(Knight and Raiche, 1982;王华军,2004).频域正演方法发展较为成熟,有利于确保瞬变电磁场正演计算的可靠性.此外,频域方法具有较强的并行运算可扩展性(Qin et al., 2023b).因此,频域方法在瞬变电磁正演研究中占有重要地位.目前,积分方程法(IE)、有限差分法(FD)、有限体积法(FV)和有限单元法(FE)等算法在电磁勘探的频率域响应计算中均得到较为广泛的应用.早在20世纪80—90年代,积分方程法就被用于三维瞬变电磁响应研究(Newman et al., 1986;殷长春和刘斌,1994).该方法只需对异常区域进行剖分,在简单规则目标的三维模型正演中,仅需要求解小型致密线性方程组,有利于三维电磁正问题的快速求解(唐新功等,2000;任政勇等,2017).但在复杂三维模型正演中,该方法需要求解大型致密线性方程组,无法实现快速高效的模拟计算.有限差分法以差商代替偏微分方程中的偏导数,以此实现方程的离散与求解.该方法简单易行,能够适应复杂模型的正问题求解,在三维瞬变电磁正演中应用广泛(李建慧等,2013).该方法的主要缺点是对复杂地形的适应能力存在不足.有限体积法通过一系列控制体积将模型离散化,进而结合待求微分方程对每一个控制体积进行积分,以此构造离散方程.在一阶近似和规则六面体剖分的条件下,该方法能得到和有限差分法完全一致的线性方程组.近年来,有限体积法在瞬变电磁场的三维正演中也得到较广的应用(周建美等,2018;刘亚军等,2019).有限单元法以剖分单元、基函数插值和泛函分析为基础,通过各单元的泛函积分来组装线性方程组,对其求解即可得到待求电、磁场数值解.尽管有限单元法在线性方程组的稀疏性方面稍逊于有限差分法,但是在地形模拟的灵活程度和数值计算的稳定性等方面更具优势(Ren et al., 2013,2014;惠哲剑等,2020;Yu et al., 2024;Qin et al., 2025).因此,有限单元法就成为瞬变电磁正演研究的热点(Li et al., 2011;Schwarzbach and Haber, 2013;Yang et al., 2020;Qin et al., 2023a).
地面长导线源瞬变电磁法的测量范围极大,包括近区与数倍于探深的远区.因此,相关三维正演研究需要要着重考虑数值算法的稳定性.鉴于此,可以考虑采用技术较为成熟的频域有限单元法开展相关工作.与此同时,基于规则六面体网格的有限元方法所构建的线性方程组系数矩阵具有“带状”特性(Sugeng,1998),相关正演问题的求解简单易行,具有较高的实用价值.此外,由于场源的奇异性问题,采用总场法求解时需要在导线源附近的模型区域加密网格.为降低计算成本并提高精度,考虑采用背景场与异常场分离的方法来处理场源项(李建慧等,2013;汤井田等,2018).
在频率域,接地导线源激发的电磁场应满足Maxwell方程组的频率域形式.鉴于其信号频谱通常为数百至数万Hz,因此可以忽略位移电流.此时,取时谐因子为eiωt,则介质中电、磁场应满足:
$\nabla \times \boldsymbol{E}=-\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \boldsymbol{H}, $
$\nabla \times \boldsymbol{H}=J_{\mathrm{s}}+\sigma \boldsymbol{E},$
其中,$\boldsymbol{E}$为电场强度,$\boldsymbol{H}$为磁场强度,ω为角频率,$\boldsymbol{J}_s$为场源项,σ为介质的电导率,μ为磁导率.本文仅讨论电阻率对瞬变电磁响应的影响,不考虑磁导率的变化,因此μ取真空磁导率4π×10-7 H/m.对(1)式两边取旋度,并将(2)式代入其中,可得介质中电场所满足的二阶偏微分方程:
$\nabla \times \nabla \times \boldsymbol{E}+\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \sigma \boldsymbol{E}=-\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \boldsymbol{J}_s .$
地面导线源瞬变电磁的观测范围包括了离场源非常近的区域.由于场源具有较强的奇异性,利用总场方法求解时,需要在长导线源附近设置更密集的网格.出于降低计算成本并提高精度的考虑,采用了背景场与异常场分离的方法来处理场源项.在此引入层状背景模型σ0和散射电场$\boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{s}}$,则式(3)可改写为:
$\nabla \times \nabla \times \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{s}}+\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \sigma \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{s}}=-\mathrm{i} \omega \mu\left(\sigma-\sigma_0\right) \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{p}}, $
其中$\boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{p}}$是导线源的背景模型响应(背景场).在地面导线源瞬变电磁观测过程中,发射源和接收装置均位于地面,满足准静态近似条件.此时,电偶极子源的全空间电场响应表达式可以解析给出:
$\boldsymbol{E}=\frac{I \mathrm{d} s}{4 \pi \sigma r^3} \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} k r}\left[(\frac { x ^ { 2 } } { r ^ { 2 } } \boldsymbol { u } _ { x } + \frac { x y } { r ^ { 2 } } \boldsymbol { u } _ { y } + \frac { x z } { r ^ { 2 } } \boldsymbol { u } _ { z }) \left(-k^2 r^2\right.\right. \\\left.+3 \mathrm{i} k r+3)+\left(k^2 r^2-\mathrm{i} k r-1\right) \boldsymbol{u}_x\right], $
其中,I为发射电流强度,ds为电偶极子源的长度,σ为全空间的电导率,r为观测点到电偶极子源中心的距离,k表示波数且$k=\sqrt{-\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \sigma}, \boldsymbol{u}_y、\boldsymbol{u}_y$和$\boldsymbol{u}_z$分别是x、y、z方向上的单位向量.沿长导线源对式(5)进行高斯积分即可得到全空间电场响应.
此外,若模拟计算区域足够大,并且其外围区域的电阻率与模型背景一致,可以认为边界处的电场已经充分衰减,此时采用Dirichlet边界条件,即:
$\boldsymbol{n} \times \boldsymbol{E}_s=0, $
其中n为边界的法向量.
采用六面体网格将三维模型离散化.此时电场在界面的切向分量是连续的,而法向分量不连续.为满足这一条件,采用Nédélec单元进行六面体网格剖分.对于1阶Nédélec单元(如图 1所示),每个单元有12个形函数分别被定义在六面体的棱边上.根据一阶矢量基函数的定义,在Nédélec单元内电场散度恒为零,且自然满足电场的连续性条件.
使用矢量基函数V点乘方程(4)式两边,并对整个计算区域Ω进行积分,可得:
$\begin{aligned}\int_{\varOmega} \nabla & \times V \cdot \nabla \times \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{s}}+\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \int_{\varOmega} V \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{s}} \\& =-\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \int_{\varOmega} V \cdot\left(\sigma-\sigma_0\right) \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{p}} .\end{aligned}$
将式(7)在区域中的每个单元进行积分并求和,可得:
$\begin{gathered}\sum\limits_{e \in \varOmega} \int_{\varOmega} \nabla \times V \cdot \nabla \times \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{~d} e+\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \sum\limits_{e \in \varOmega} \int_{\varOmega} V \cdot \sigma \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{~d} e \\=-\mathrm{i} \omega \mu \sum\limits_{e \in \varOmega} \int_{\varOmega} V \cdot\left(\sigma-\sigma_0\right) \boldsymbol{E}_{\mathrm{p}} \mathrm{~d} e, \end{gathered}$
在所有单元上计算积分并累加,可得线性方程组:
$\boldsymbol{K} \boldsymbol{e}=\boldsymbol{s}, $
其中K是大型的复系数线性方程组,e是未知的电场系数向量,s是右端项.对于此类方程组可以采用迭代算法或直接算法进行求解.考虑到直接算法在计算精度方面的优势(Zhou et al., 2025),本文采用了直接求解器MUMPS来求解该线性方程组.由此可得每个单元棱边上的异常电场$\boldsymbol{E}_\mathrm{s}$, ,结合法拉利定律即可获得任意点处的异常磁场,进而通过求和得到频率域磁场响应.
得到频率域的磁场响应后,可以通过傅里叶逆变换实现从频率域数值响应到时域瞬变电磁响应的计算.若激励信号为双极性方波,且其占空比为1:1,则其频域磁场数值响应$\boldsymbol{H}(\omega)$与关断后t时刻的磁场$\boldsymbol{H}(t)$之间有如下关系:
$\boldsymbol{H}(t)=\frac{2}{\pi} \int_0^{\infty} \frac{1}{\omega} \operatorname{Re}[\boldsymbol{H}(\omega)] \sin (\omega t) \mathrm{d} \omega, $
由此可得t时刻磁场对时间的变化率:
$\frac{\mathrm{d} H(t)}{\mathrm{d} t}=\frac{2}{\pi} \int_0^{\infty} \operatorname{Re}[\boldsymbol{H}(\omega)] \cos (\omega t) \mathrm{d} \omega, $
式(11)即为时域瞬变磁场响应与频率域信号之间的关系式.根据式(11),在较宽的频谱范围内对频域正演响应进行余弦变换(如折线逼近法、数值滤波法等),即可得到待求的时间域瞬变响应(王华军,2004).本文采用数值滤波法来实现时间域瞬变电磁响应的计算.
如图 2所示,设计了水平层状模型以开展三维矢量有限元正演的算法验证.该模型为四层模型,自地表向下各层电阻率依次为500 Ω · m、100 Ω · m、50 Ω · m和10 Ω · m,前三层厚度依次为200 m、300 m和500 m.以坐标原点为线源中心点,沿X轴设置长度为500 m、电流1 A的接地导线源,在距离线源中心点1200 m处设置单位面积的接收线圈,其坐标为(0,1200,0).
为了便于比较网格剖分对计算精度的影响,对该模型采用了三种不同的网格尺度进行剖分.其中,模型的纵向网格剖分保持一致,自地表向下的前两层网格高度分别为20 m、30 m,第三至第六层网格高度为50 m,自第七层起的网格高度为100 m.在水平方向上则分别按照50 m、100 m和200 m的网格边长进行剖分.在100 kHz至0.001 Hz的频率区间按对数等间距取样,共计选取76个计算频点,以获取相应的频率域数值解.与此同时,在0.1 ms至100 ms之间按照对数等间距选取41个时间道,以获取对应的时域瞬变响应.最后,将三维模拟计算的背景电阻率设置为300 Ω · m.基于上述模型参数、网格剖分和计算参数开展正演计算和对比验证,其结果如图 3所示.
验算结果表明,三维正演结果与半解析解整体上吻合较好(如图 3a所示),并且三种不同剖分尺度的三维有限元正演结果与一维解析计算结果之间的相对误差基本上维持在较低水平(如图 3b所示).当网格剖分足够细时(如网格为50 m和100 m时),三维正演响应与一维解析计算结果的相对误差总体上低于1%.当网格边长放宽到200 m时,三维正演的计算误差总体上略微升高,但是也基本能够维持在1%左右.由此可见,采用背景场与异常场分离计算的方法能够有效克服场源的奇异性问题.此外,三种网格尺度的模拟结果均显示早期瞬变响应的相对误差有明显的震荡.分析认为,早期瞬变电磁信号中的高频成分更为丰富,由于高频电磁波的趋肤深度较小,因而需要更精细的网格剖分.
总体上看,三维有限元正演响应与一维解析结果之间的相对误差远低于实际勘探工作中的误差标准.由此可见,本文提出的三维矢量有限元正演算法有较高的准确性,能够满足未来开展反演研究的误差要求.
参照Commer等人的研究设置三维电阻率模型,其中X=0处的剖面如图 4所示(Commer and Newman, 2004).模型地表 0 m至50 m范围内设置电阻率为10 Ω · m的覆盖层.在覆盖层以下设置沿X轴走向的两套垂直接触的地层单元,其分界面位于Y=400 m处,其电阻率分别为100 Ω · m和300 Ω · m. 在两套地层的分界面处嵌入长轴状三维低阻体,其电阻率为1 Ω · m.该三维低阻体由四个高度为350 m、宽度为25 m的薄板构成.每个薄板顶界面的高差为50 m,深度范围为地下50 m至550 m.最终构成走向沿X轴方向,沿走向的长度400 m,沿Y方向宽100 m的低阻体.以模型的坐标原点为中心,沿X轴设置长度为100 m、电流为1 A的接地导线源.在距离线源中心200 m、400 m和1000 m处设置了三处单位面积的水平接收线圈.
针对以上模型进行了网格剖分,并在地面附近的模型区域进行了网格加密,以提高三维正演的计算精度.模型的核心区为空中100 m至地下650 m,沿X轴-400 m至400 m,沿Y轴-100 m至1100 m.首先,在模型核心区按照25 m的网格边长进行剖分,进而对空气-地表界面附近的±50 m区域进行网格加密.其中,空气-大地界面以上50 m内分为三层,网格高度分别为10 m、15 m和25 m;地表以下50 m内分为五层,其中,首层网格的高度为6 m,其下方的四层网格高度按照2 m依次递增.经过以上的网格剖分处理,模型核心区网格总数为32×48×34.此外,在模型核心区的外围按照1.5倍因子进行网格扩展,总计15层.
在100 kHz至0.001 Hz之间按对数等间距取样,共计选取76个计算频率.此外,在0.1 ms至10 ms之间按对数等间距选取30个时间道.基于以上各项参数开展了三维有限元正演计算,并与commer等人的时域有限差分结果进行对比,具体如图 5所示.
根据图 5所示,三维有限元正演与时域有限差分正演(Commer and Newman, 2004)的响应曲线高度一致.由此可见,本文所讨论的三维正演模拟方法有较高的准确性和可靠性,具备开展复杂三维模型正演计算的能力.其中,偏移距1000 m处的响应曲线吻合度最高.应当指出,随着测点偏移距的不断减小,有限元正演与时域有限差分正演的响应呈现出一定差异,其中以偏移距200 m处测点的负值段差异最为明显.究其原因,此类现象可能与网格剖分尺度、计算频率的选择、长导线源的奇异性等因素有关,相关问题还有待进一步深入探讨.
本文研究了地面导线源瞬变电磁场的三维矢量有限元正演方法.该方法基于频-时变换和背景场-异常场分离计算策略,并采用了更为简单易行的规则六面体进行模型网格离散.以此为基础,开展了一维层状模型和三维复杂模型的验算,进而讨论了三维有限元正演算法的可靠性和数值稳定性.基于本文的研究,可以获得以下初步认识:
(1) 本文所讨论的三维矢量有限元正演方法的主要优点在于方法简单易行、数值计算稳定,具有较高的实际应用价值.层状模型的验算结果表明,即使采用了较大尺度(200 m)的网格剖分尺度,三维有限单元正演响应与一维解析解的相对误差也基本维持在1%左右,表现了良好的数值计算稳定性.
(2) 复杂三维模型的验算结果表明,三维有限单元正演响应与前人的时域有限差分计算结果高度一致.由此可见,该方法具备了开展复杂模型高精度正演计算的能力,能够满足反演方法研究的需求.
(3) 该方法的模拟精度与网格剖分、计算频率、场源奇异性等因素有关.本文仅对部分问题进行了初步分析,未来有必要开展更为深入的研究.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0054
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
  • 修回日期:2025-07-11
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    1电子科技大学资源与环境学院, 成都 611731
    2中国地质科学院, 北京 100037
    3西华师范大学教育信息技术中心, 南充 637009
    4四川省第四地质大队, 成都 611130

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阮帅, 博士, 中国地质科学院副研究员, 主要从事电磁探测方法与应用技术研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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