Article(id=1309584738831139540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026II0588, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026II0588, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744905600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-18, revisedDate=1762876800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158932645, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158932645, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158932645, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158932645, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=54, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584739061826261, articleId=1309584738831139540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Geochronological and paleomagnetic constraints on the early Middle Permian Paleolatitude of the Lhasa block and its tectonic implications, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A cast of east-west trending continental slivers, which were composed of the Cimmerian Supercontinent, including the Lhasa continental block, started to rift apart from the northern margin of Gondwana in the late Paleozoic. According to this comprehensive tectonic scenario, several points of view have been proposed on when and from which continent the Lhasa block rifted away from the northern margin of Gondwana over the past decades, however, the issue still remains controversial. To this end, in this study, we aim to provide quantitative constraints on this topic by employing isotope-based geochronological dating and paleomagnetic techniques. Through carrying out an integrated study including zircon U-Pb geochronology, paleomagnetism, petrography, and rock magnetism on the early Middle Permian Luobadui Formation basalts and andesitic basalts developed in and around the northwest part of the Linzhou County of south Xizang (i.e., Tibet), it reveals that the Luobadui Formation volcanics was formed at ca. 272 Ma (i.e., Guadalupian stage of Middle Permian). Based on rock magnetic results carried out by previous scholars and petrographic investigations performed in this study, it shows that the Luobadui Formation volcanic samples experienced low-grade metamorphism along margins of some rock-forming minerals like plagioclase, quartz. Typical accessory minerals like magnetite particles (is also a kind of iron-bearing oxides) distributed in Luobadui Formation volcanic rock samples was also impacted by this low-grade metamorphism. Rock magnetic data sets also suggest that the dominant remanence carriers in the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks are pseudo-single domain (PSD) magnetite grains in this study. Statistical analysis on filtered characteristic remanent magnetizations from 21 paleomagnetic specimens of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks reveals that the Fisherian mean direction and associated parameters over the sampling unit of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks are Ds±ΔD=124.2°±8.8°, Is±ΔI=34.5°±7.2°, ks=20.3, α95 s=7.2° after bedding correction. Thus, based on already obtained statistical mean direction over the selected 21 samples of the Middle Permian Luobadui Formation volcanics, the paleomagnetic pole can be computed as λp=16.8°N, φp=325.5°E, K=20.7, A95=7.2°. The paleosecular variation has been adequately averaged out according to paleosecular variation (PSV) evaluation criteria in paleomagnetism for the sampled Luobadui Formation volcanics. Therefore, in combination of positive fold test results for the paleomagnetic data sets with rock magnetic and petrographic results, we believe that our obtained paleomagnetic results are primary origin. It can be calculated (reference site: 30.01°N, 90.99°E) that the Lhasa block was at 19.7°±7.2°S in southern hemisphere at ca. 272 Ma. In other words, the Lhasa block was still in middle-low latitude of southern hemisphere then. Combined with previously published results from the Lhasa block, we intend to think that the Lhasa continental block along with the Cimmerian supercontinent likely rifted away from northern periphery of Gondwana and started its long-lasting northward travel journey in early Permian or even much earlier period. Combined with previously published paleomagnetic and geological results, it shows that the total northward convergence is estimated as 1776±700 km of the Lhasa block travelling from low-middle latitude band of 19.7°±7.2°S at ca. 272 Ma to the equatorial area of 3.7°±3.4°S at ca. 180 Ma. This further indicates that the average motion rate of the Lhasa block was around 1.9 cm/a during the time period of 272~180 Ma. In other words, the Lhasa block likely rifted away from northern margin of Gondwana in Early Permian and immediately started its northward drift and motion journey.

, authors=HangJun LI1, 2, 3, ZhenYu LI1, 2, *, Lin DING1, 2, 3, TengGe ZHAO1, 2, 3, Jing XIE1, 2, YaHui YUE1, 2, authorsList=HangJun LI, ZhenYu LI, Lin DING, TengGe ZHAO, Jing XIE, YaHui YUE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ZhenYu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584742769591030, articleId=1309584738831139540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=拉萨地块中二叠世早期古纬度精确限定及其大地构造意义, columnId=1309584675773968415, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

自晚古生代直到晚中生代,包括拉萨地块在内的基墨里大陆从南半球冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生裂解并开始向欧亚大陆汇聚、拼贴.基于上述地质过程,学者们针对拉萨地块何时及何处从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并开启新特提斯洋仍存在较多争议.通过对青藏高原拉萨地块南部林周盆地发育的中二叠世早期洛巴堆组火山岩开展详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩相学以及古地磁学研究,表明林周盆地洛巴堆组火山岩形成于272 Ma(中二叠世Guadalupian期).本研究中岩相学结果以及前人开展的岩石磁学研究显示了多数洛巴堆组火山岩样品的主要剩磁载体为PSD磁铁矿颗粒,另外少数样品的主要剩磁载体为赤铁矿.对21个样品分离获得的有效特征剩磁方向(ChRM)统计结果表明,采样单元在构造校正后的Fisher平均方向及其统计参数为Ds±ΔD=124.2°±8.8°, Is±ΔI=34.5°±7.2°, ks=20.3, α95 s=7.2°, 由此获得拉萨地块在中二叠世早期古地磁极位于λp=16.8°N, φp=325.5°E, K=20.7, A95=7.2°. 经计算可得拉萨地块南缘在272 Ma时位于19.7 °±7.2°S,表明此时拉萨地块位于南半球中-低纬度.结合前人对拉萨地块开展的古地磁及地质研究表明,在272~180 Ma时期内,拉萨地块北向运动速率较低(1.9 cm/a),长期位于南半球中-低纬度地区并向北发生持续、缓慢运动.此外,结合地质研究结果,推测拉萨地块很可能在早二叠世就已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并开始持续向北漂移、运动.

, authors=李杭峻1, 2, 3, 李震宇1, 2, *, 丁林1, 2, 3, 赵腾格1, 2, 3, 谢静1, 2, 岳雅慧1, 2, authorsList=李杭峻, 李震宇, 丁林, 赵腾格, 谢静, 岳雅慧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李震宇, authorNote=

李杭峻,男,1999年生,硕士研究生,主要从事青藏高原大地构造与古地磁研究. E-mail:

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李震宇,男,1980年生,副研究员,主要从事青藏高原大地构造与古地磁研究. E-mail:
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李杭峻,男,1999年生,硕士研究生,主要从事青藏高原大地构造与古地磁研究. E-mail:

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李杭峻,男,1999年生,硕士研究生,主要从事青藏高原大地构造与古地磁研究. E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, companyId=1309584743331627773, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中国科学院大学,北京 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309584747865670449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Proposed four contrasting tectonic models which were used to explain origin of the Lhasa block, figureFileSmall=xwDc+d61sWaPFqKJAUvhZg==, figureFileBig=YYxFwknOoBpB+9+z9mO6ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584747949556530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图1, caption=拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘起源的四种代表模型解释

(a)模型一,该观点认为拉萨地块起源于印度冈瓦纳大陆,即裂解前与大印度大陆北缘相毗邻(修改自Meert, 2003; 朱弟成等, 2012; Hu et al., 2015);(b)模型二,该观点认为拉萨地块很可能为从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解前与澳大利亚大陆西北缘相毗邻(修改自Zhu et al., 2011b; 朱弟成等,2012; Hu et al., 2015);(c)该观点认为南、北拉萨地块(以洛巴堆—米拉山断裂(LMF)为界)二者起源并不一致,南拉萨地块夹持于南羌塘地块与大印度之间,北拉萨地块则位于东非造山带北侧,与阿拉伯板块相毗邻(Zhang et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2015);(d)最后一种观点认为拉萨地块同时与大印度大陆以及澳大利亚大陆西北缘相毗邻(Metcalfe, 2002, 2013).图中英文缩写分别代表构造单元名称如下:ANS(Arabian-Nubina Shield),阿拉伯—努比亚地盾;EGB(Eastern Ghats Belt),东高止造山带;YG(Yilgarn Craton),澳大利亚Yilgarn克拉通;AFB(Albany-Fraser Belt)阿尔巴尼—弗雷泽造山带;TC(Tanzanian Craton),坦桑尼亚克拉通.

, figureFileSmall=xwDc+d61sWaPFqKJAUvhZg==, figureFileBig=YYxFwknOoBpB+9+z9mO6ZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584748201214771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Tectonic framework and surrounding areas of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and distributions of different outcropped rock units, figureFileSmall=y55D7+GTmA2Traaxb0UNew==, figureFileBig=HWNLxp2rJsI3LKC57a8OWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584748289295156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图2, caption=青藏高原综合构造格架及部分主要岩石单元分布

(a)青藏高原拉萨地块及周边主要构造单元划分;(b)拉萨地块主要地层单元及岩浆岩分布(修改自Wang et al., 2016).图中黑色方框所示为中二叠世洛巴堆组火山-沉积岩系所在位置(详细信息见图 3).SNMZ,代表狮泉河—纳木错混杂岩带;LMF,代表洛巴堆—米拉山断裂.

, figureFileSmall=y55D7+GTmA2Traaxb0UNew==, figureFileBig=HWNLxp2rJsI3LKC57a8OWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584748394152757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Geological map of study and surrounding areas (modified from Geng. et al., 2007), figureFileSmall=kvGwF3M8e+LEQXLdqqGxxw==, figureFileBig=YYUUX8aFQoDoV70G5Qv2Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584748482233142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图3, caption=研究区及周边地区地质简图(修改自耿全如等,2007)

蓝色矩形框AA′代表本研究在中二叠世洛巴堆组火山-沉积岩系开展野外填图及采样剖面.

, figureFileSmall=kvGwF3M8e+LEQXLdqqGxxw==, figureFileBig=YYUUX8aFQoDoV70G5Qv2Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750222869303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Filed photos showing sampling sections in this study area for the Middle Permian Luobadui Formation volcanic rock suite, figureFileSmall=ULmN1t7ZFdNzEvf2tdxocw==, figureFileBig=2fhuhU8FfCJdEixqNz7Uhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750344504120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图4, caption=拉萨地块林周县洛巴堆村中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩采样剖面野外照片

(a)洛巴堆组火山岩远观照片;(b)为洛巴堆组火山岩熔岩流层面;(c)洛巴堆组火山岩采样剖面(图中黄色五角星为年代学样品采集处);(d)洛巴堆组火山岩采样剖面(部分采点).图中白色虚线为火山岩采样剖面产状示意. 注:图中黄色五角星(L01)代表年代学样品采样点;黄色圆点代表古地磁采样点.

, figureFileSmall=ULmN1t7ZFdNzEvf2tdxocw==, figureFileBig=2fhuhU8FfCJdEixqNz7Uhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750445167417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Dating result for the Leiqingla section (sampling sections) of the Middle Permian Luobadui Formation volcanic rock unit in this study, figureFileSmall=AxPQcsaC5JcJQ2J/gA1mmQ==, figureFileBig=wiYXPhU3ekvyPWhFdkLyIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750537442106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图5, caption=本研究中勒青拉剖面洛巴堆组火山岩锆石U-Pb测年结果

(a)加权平均年龄;(b)锆石U-Pb LA-ICPMS测年谐和曲线.

, figureFileSmall=AxPQcsaC5JcJQ2J/gA1mmQ==, figureFileBig=wiYXPhU3ekvyPWhFdkLyIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750625522491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Microphotos of the representative samples for the Middle Permian Luobadui Formation volcanic rock unit under microscope, figureFileSmall=pz9cvO23XUcrqUED/j65BQ==, figureFileBig=8tcgw6mh7/AzjQJXdIB7Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750717797180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图6, caption=代表样品的光学显微镜下观测照片

(a-b, e-f)在正交偏光下;(c-d, g-h)在反射光下.Mag, 磁铁矿;Pl, 斜长石;Qtz, 石英;Iron sulfide,铁硫化物;Ti-Hem,钛赤铁矿.

, figureFileSmall=pz9cvO23XUcrqUED/j65BQ==, figureFileBig=8tcgw6mh7/AzjQJXdIB7Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750810071869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Measurement results of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) for representative thin section samples, figureFileSmall=suIHqZC0ye/2oktDu0H4Vg==, figureFileBig=GN2ZmP+CynDp1TY7wPVWWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750906540862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图7, caption=代表样品的能谱分析(EDS)测试结果

(a-b, d-e, g-h)代表样品电子探针薄片照片;(c, f, i)代表样品能谱分析测试结果.红色实心圆点代表开展能谱分析测试点位.

, figureFileSmall=suIHqZC0ye/2oktDu0H4Vg==, figureFileBig=GN2ZmP+CynDp1TY7wPVWWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584750998815551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Heating-cooling curves of the temperature-dependence of magnetic susceptibility (κ-T) for representative Luobadui Formation volcanic rock samples in this study, figureFileSmall=PDQyI3ramwSds8vYPz+VLg==, figureFileBig=oVfw7GtjIr9k6nVMmtUkBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751095284544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图8, caption=西藏林周地区中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩代表样品的磁化率随温度变化(κ-T)曲线, figureFileSmall=PDQyI3ramwSds8vYPz+VLg==, figureFileBig=oVfw7GtjIr9k6nVMmtUkBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751200142145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Experimental results of hystereis loops for representative samples of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks in Linzhou area of southern Xizang (Tibet) in this study, figureFileSmall=+3h2dYc/J9B6jRhqp7b4rA==, figureFileBig=MhdRJZNvIlUr1Glb8xGgSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751271445314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图9, caption=西藏林周地区中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩代表样品磁滞回线实验结果, figureFileSmall=+3h2dYc/J9B6jRhqp7b4rA==, figureFileBig=MhdRJZNvIlUr1Glb8xGgSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751355331395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Experimental results of isothermal remanent magnetization acquisition curves and back-field demagnetization curves for representative samples of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks in Linzhou area of southern Xizang (Tibet) in this study, figureFileSmall=IdsFPATdHiVgu3v/WS7Bkg==, figureFileBig=VP4JRJF8ynT4Dltg4d1mnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751464383300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图10, caption=西藏林周地区中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩代表样品的等温剩磁(IRM)获得曲线及反向场退磁实验结果, figureFileSmall=IdsFPATdHiVgu3v/WS7Bkg==, figureFileBig=VP4JRJF8ynT4Dltg4d1mnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751548269381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Day plot of hysteresis parameters measured for representative samples of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks in Linzhou area of southern Xizang (Tibet) in this study, figureFileSmall=KKZYnG0+iuBHEt63RhBQKQ==, figureFileBig=ijf3GwCQzOePwcCpO/u6mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751657321286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图11, caption=西藏林周地区中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩代表样品的磁滞参数Day图投影结果

(数据见附件材料附表S2)

, figureFileSmall=KKZYnG0+iuBHEt63RhBQKQ==, figureFileBig=ijf3GwCQzOePwcCpO/u6mA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751749595975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Orthogonal vector projections (Zijderveld, 1967) for volcanic rock specimens of the Middle Permian Luobadui Formation plotted in geographic coordinates, figureFileSmall=DbhgZb4mIObbhEo9nv9JDA==, figureFileBig=OPOgSk5+wszYjICvzkn+Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751833482056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图12, caption=本研究中对中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩代表样品的逐步退磁曲线(Zijderveld, 1967)

图中实心(空心)圆点分别代表退磁矢量分别在水平面以及垂直面上的投影,其中T200代表热退磁步骤为200 ℃;12 mT代表所用交变退磁峰值交变场为12 mT.

, figureFileSmall=DbhgZb4mIObbhEo9nv9JDA==, figureFileBig=OPOgSk5+wszYjICvzkn+Kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584751946728265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Equal-area projections of individual 21 ChRM directions (before and after bedding correction) and stepwise unfolding test (Watson and Enkin, 1993) result, figureFileSmall=HkWwKc9oKt1EFzH9KMmVYw==, figureFileBig=5xmQ4forbruQhjEd85+fHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584752051585866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图13, caption=本研究对中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩特征剩磁方向统计平均及其参数以及逐步展平检验(Watson and Enkin, 1993)结果

(a, b)实心(空心)圆点代表特征剩磁方向在下半球(上半球)投影;(c)对分离得到的21个特征剩磁方向开展的逐步展平检验结果表明这21个特征剩磁方向为褶皱前获得.

, figureFileSmall=HkWwKc9oKt1EFzH9KMmVYw==, figureFileBig=5xmQ4forbruQhjEd85+fHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584752148054859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Paleolatitude variations of the Lhasa block and North Qiangtang block (NQB) as a function of geological time within the East Tethys tectonic realm, figureFileSmall=sNpBMxvqgffwDFqvwMee2A==, figureFileBig=/0H46ERceoLccPwbZLSebw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584752236135244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图14, caption=东特提斯构造域拉萨以及北羌塘地块古纬度随时间变化曲线

红色圆点为来自拉萨地块古地磁数据,橙色点来自北羌塘地块;红色曲线、橙色曲线以及绿色曲线分别代表拉萨地块、北羌塘地块以及特提斯喜马拉雅地块晚古生代—中生代以来的古纬度随时间变化曲线).欧亚大陆及印度大陆古纬度变化曲线数据来自古地磁参考极数据(Torsvik et al., 2012).

, figureFileSmall=sNpBMxvqgffwDFqvwMee2A==, figureFileBig=/0H46ERceoLccPwbZLSebw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584752320021325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Plaeogeographical reconstructions of the Lhasa block and NQB within the framework of global reconstructions during time intervals of 290~180 Ma, figureFileSmall=wPSk1djySnQhNmnSHzntbg==, figureFileBig=5Q7gVqg2PrT7ttGBhEhS6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584752441656142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图15, caption=拉萨、北羌塘地块分别在全球背景下290~180 Ma不同时期古地理重建图

其中图(b)272 Ma中拉萨地块古地理位置是依据本研究中早二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩古地磁研究获得的结果.全球古地理重建数据依据前人研究数据(Müller et al., 2019; Torsvik et al., 2019; Young et al., 2019; Cao et al., 2022).

, figureFileSmall=wPSk1djySnQhNmnSHzntbg==, figureFileBig=5Q7gVqg2PrT7ttGBhEhS6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584752533930831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Paleogeographical reconstruction of eastern part of the Gondwana supercontinent and paleolatitude difference for the Lhasa Block if assuming that the Lhasa Block was originated from different parts of northern margin of Gondwanaland, figureFileSmall=w4b3bQ/JPXfI4RYBUVPrSg==, figureFileBig=nPlUK7Wfmt/S868dsh71Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584752622011216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584738831139540, language=CN, label=图16, caption=东冈瓦纳大陆及其北缘拉萨地块古地理重建及其古纬度差异

(a)东冈瓦纳大陆及其北缘拉萨地块在350 Ma时古地理重建模型(Müller et al., 2019; Cao et al., 2022);(b)假定拉萨地块分别来自大印度大陆北缘以及澳大利亚大陆西北缘时参考点(30.04°N,90.98°E)在350~260 Ma时期古纬度变化及其二者古纬度差异(3.5° ~5.3°),表明无论拉萨地块从组成冈瓦纳大陆的印度大陆北缘亦或者从澳大利亚大陆西北缘裂解出来,两种模型所预测的该时期拉萨地块的古纬度差异较小,需要结合不同学科研究结果才能提供精确限定.

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拉萨地块中二叠世早期古纬度精确限定及其大地构造意义
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李杭峻 1, 2, 3 , 李震宇 1, 2, * , 丁林 1, 2, 3 , 赵腾格 1, 2, 3 , 谢静 1, 2 , 岳雅慧 1, 2
地球物理学进展 | 固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026,41(1): 54-82
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地球物理学进展 |固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026 , 41 (1) : 54 -82
拉萨地块中二叠世早期古纬度精确限定及其大地构造意义
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李杭峻1, 2, 3 , 李震宇1, 2, * , 丁林1, 2, 3, 赵腾格1, 2, 3, 谢静1, 2, 岳雅慧1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院青藏高原研究所,北京 100101
  • 2青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 3中国科学院大学,北京 100049
通讯作者:
李震宇,男,1980年生,副研究员,主要从事青藏高原大地构造与古地磁研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

李杭峻,男,1999年生,硕士研究生,主要从事青藏高原大地构造与古地磁研究. E-mail:

Geochronological and paleomagnetic constraints on the early Middle Permian Paleolatitude of the Lhasa block and its tectonic implications
HangJun LI1, 2, 3 , ZhenYu LI1, 2, * , Lin DING1, 2, 3, TengGe ZHAO1, 2, 3, Jing XIE1, 2, YaHui YUE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Beijing 100101, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0588
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自晚古生代直到晚中生代,包括拉萨地块在内的基墨里大陆从南半球冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生裂解并开始向欧亚大陆汇聚、拼贴.基于上述地质过程,学者们针对拉萨地块何时及何处从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并开启新特提斯洋仍存在较多争议.通过对青藏高原拉萨地块南部林周盆地发育的中二叠世早期洛巴堆组火山岩开展详细的锆石U-Pb年代学、岩相学以及古地磁学研究,表明林周盆地洛巴堆组火山岩形成于272 Ma(中二叠世Guadalupian期).本研究中岩相学结果以及前人开展的岩石磁学研究显示了多数洛巴堆组火山岩样品的主要剩磁载体为PSD磁铁矿颗粒,另外少数样品的主要剩磁载体为赤铁矿.对21个样品分离获得的有效特征剩磁方向(ChRM)统计结果表明,采样单元在构造校正后的Fisher平均方向及其统计参数为Ds±ΔD=124.2°±8.8°, Is±ΔI=34.5°±7.2°, ks=20.3, α95 s=7.2°, 由此获得拉萨地块在中二叠世早期古地磁极位于λp=16.8°N, φp=325.5°E, K=20.7, A95=7.2°. 经计算可得拉萨地块南缘在272 Ma时位于19.7 °±7.2°S,表明此时拉萨地块位于南半球中-低纬度.结合前人对拉萨地块开展的古地磁及地质研究表明,在272~180 Ma时期内,拉萨地块北向运动速率较低(1.9 cm/a),长期位于南半球中-低纬度地区并向北发生持续、缓慢运动.此外,结合地质研究结果,推测拉萨地块很可能在早二叠世就已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并开始持续向北漂移、运动.

青藏高原  /  拉萨地块  /  中二叠世  /  古纬度  /  新特提斯洋

A cast of east-west trending continental slivers, which were composed of the Cimmerian Supercontinent, including the Lhasa continental block, started to rift apart from the northern margin of Gondwana in the late Paleozoic. According to this comprehensive tectonic scenario, several points of view have been proposed on when and from which continent the Lhasa block rifted away from the northern margin of Gondwana over the past decades, however, the issue still remains controversial. To this end, in this study, we aim to provide quantitative constraints on this topic by employing isotope-based geochronological dating and paleomagnetic techniques. Through carrying out an integrated study including zircon U-Pb geochronology, paleomagnetism, petrography, and rock magnetism on the early Middle Permian Luobadui Formation basalts and andesitic basalts developed in and around the northwest part of the Linzhou County of south Xizang (i.e., Tibet), it reveals that the Luobadui Formation volcanics was formed at ca. 272 Ma (i.e., Guadalupian stage of Middle Permian). Based on rock magnetic results carried out by previous scholars and petrographic investigations performed in this study, it shows that the Luobadui Formation volcanic samples experienced low-grade metamorphism along margins of some rock-forming minerals like plagioclase, quartz. Typical accessory minerals like magnetite particles (is also a kind of iron-bearing oxides) distributed in Luobadui Formation volcanic rock samples was also impacted by this low-grade metamorphism. Rock magnetic data sets also suggest that the dominant remanence carriers in the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks are pseudo-single domain (PSD) magnetite grains in this study. Statistical analysis on filtered characteristic remanent magnetizations from 21 paleomagnetic specimens of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks reveals that the Fisherian mean direction and associated parameters over the sampling unit of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks are Ds±ΔD=124.2°±8.8°, Is±ΔI=34.5°±7.2°, ks=20.3, α95 s=7.2° after bedding correction. Thus, based on already obtained statistical mean direction over the selected 21 samples of the Middle Permian Luobadui Formation volcanics, the paleomagnetic pole can be computed as λp=16.8°N, φp=325.5°E, K=20.7, A95=7.2°. The paleosecular variation has been adequately averaged out according to paleosecular variation (PSV) evaluation criteria in paleomagnetism for the sampled Luobadui Formation volcanics. Therefore, in combination of positive fold test results for the paleomagnetic data sets with rock magnetic and petrographic results, we believe that our obtained paleomagnetic results are primary origin. It can be calculated (reference site: 30.01°N, 90.99°E) that the Lhasa block was at 19.7°±7.2°S in southern hemisphere at ca. 272 Ma. In other words, the Lhasa block was still in middle-low latitude of southern hemisphere then. Combined with previously published results from the Lhasa block, we intend to think that the Lhasa continental block along with the Cimmerian supercontinent likely rifted away from northern periphery of Gondwana and started its long-lasting northward travel journey in early Permian or even much earlier period. Combined with previously published paleomagnetic and geological results, it shows that the total northward convergence is estimated as 1776±700 km of the Lhasa block travelling from low-middle latitude band of 19.7°±7.2°S at ca. 272 Ma to the equatorial area of 3.7°±3.4°S at ca. 180 Ma. This further indicates that the average motion rate of the Lhasa block was around 1.9 cm/a during the time period of 272~180 Ma. In other words, the Lhasa block likely rifted away from northern margin of Gondwana in Early Permian and immediately started its northward drift and motion journey.

Qinghai-Xizang Plateau  /  Lhasa block  /  Middle Permian  /  Paleolatitude  /  Neo-Tethys Ocean
李杭峻, 李震宇, 丁林, 赵腾格, 谢静, 岳雅慧. 拉萨地块中二叠世早期古纬度精确限定及其大地构造意义. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 54 -82 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0588
HangJun LI, ZhenYu LI, Lin DING, TengGe ZHAO, Jing XIE, YaHui YUE. Geochronological and paleomagnetic constraints on the early Middle Permian Paleolatitude of the Lhasa block and its tectonic implications[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 54 -82 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0588
青藏高原是由一系列条带状微陆块组成的“巨型高原”,从北到南依次可分为祁连地块(含南、北祁连地块)、柴达木—昆仑地块、可可西里—松潘甘孜地块、羌塘地块以及拉萨地块(Yin and Harrison, 2000; Metcalfe, 2013;Zhu et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2025).地球科学研究表明,这一系列近东-西向展布的条带状微陆块分别是在古生代—早中生代时期从冈瓦纳大陆北缘依次裂解、向北运动,并依次相继增生、拼贴至欧亚大陆南缘,最后受到印度—欧亚大陆初始碰撞并不断在印度次大陆向欧亚大陆汇聚作用影响下从而隆升并形成现今全球平均海拔最高的高原(Yin and Harrison, 2000; Metcalfe, 2013;Zhu et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2025).拉萨地块作为组成青藏高原最重要的微陆块之一,其在青藏高原形成前晚古生代—早中生代古地理位置的精确恢复以及运动学过程的重建对于理解东特提斯构造域内特提斯洋演化以及拉萨地块与其他微陆块之间的空间关系具有重要科学价值.
自晚古生代—早中生代起,围绕在冈瓦纳大陆北缘的板块以及微陆块开始相继从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂离出来并开始向北漂移,这些裂解的陆块持续向北方劳亚大陆运动并相继与之发生拼贴、碰撞,从而导致位于这些陆块与劳亚大陆之间的洋盆陆续在劳亚大陆南缘消亡(Şengör, 1979, 1987; Torsvik et al., 2012, 2019; Stampfli et al., 2013;Torsvik and Cocks, 2016; Morley, 2018; 万博等,2019;Dan et al., 2021;李腾等,2024),在这些俯冲消亡的大洋中,最著名的即是特提斯洋(Tethyan Oceans).这里的特提斯洋并非特指一个大洋,而很可能是连续存在的两个甚至三个大洋(包括古特提斯洋、中特提斯洋(也被称为班公—怒江特提斯洋)以及新特提斯洋)(Zhu et al., 2013; Li et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2025).
通过系统研究,总体上学者们形象地将特提斯域的构造演化及其“游离”在冈瓦纳大陆北缘之外的众多微陆块的裂解和北向漂移以及这些微陆块最终与劳亚大陆的汇聚、拼贴、碰撞这一完整的运动过程比喻为“特提斯号单程列车”,列车的驱动引擎是俯冲板片的重力作用,而大洋板片的俯冲方向即决定了列车的行驶方向(万博等,2019).但也有学者认为,分别位于西南非洲—大西洋(Tuzo)和太平洋(Jason)之下的两个大型横波低速异常省(LLSVPs)之间会在地球深部产生耦合作用.该耦合作用是导致潘吉亚超大陆发生裂解,同时使得众多微陆块不断从冈瓦纳大陆裂离出来并相继不断汇聚、拼贴至北半球欧亚大陆,进而形成现今南半球以海洋为主,北半球以陆地为主的洋陆分布格局的主导因素(Torsvik et al., 2010, 2014).
拉萨、羌塘地块是组成青藏高原最重要的地块,这两个地块与东南亚地区印支地块(Indochina)、滇缅泰马地块(Sibumasu)都曾经是散落在东特提斯构造域的微陆块(Metcalfe, 2002, 2013).这其中,尤其拉萨、羌塘这两个微陆块自晚古生代—早中生代以来的运动学演化与东特提斯构造域的演化密切相关.从地质证据看,青藏高原拉萨地块和羌塘地块的来源以及二者在晚古生代—早中生代不同时期古地理位置的精确限定迄今仍然是学者们关注的焦点(Zhu et al., 2011a, 2013; Metcalfe, 2013; Song et al., 2015; Zhou et al., 2016; Cai et al., 2012).换言之,拉萨地块在晚古生代—早中生代不同时期精确的古纬度限定以及运动学过程对青藏高原的形成与构造演化具有深远影响(Allégre et al., 1984;Dewey et al., 1988;Yin and Harrison, 2000),也是本研究讨论的重点内容.
拉萨地块属于组成青藏高原的核心微陆块之一,从目前已有地质证据来看,拉萨地块早期演化及该陆块基底性质明显区别于青藏高原及邻区的其他微陆块,具体表现为:(1)首先是拉萨地块自身发育有元古代早期900 Ma的大陆裂谷沉积记录(Hu et al., 2018a;Zeng et al., 2019);(2)在陆块内部发育的前寒武纪—古生代沉积盖层中具有明显的1.2~1.1 Ga的碎屑锆石年龄峰值,并伴随发育同时期的岩浆-变质记录(Chen et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2023).基于上述地质记录,拉萨地块具有与青藏高原及邻区其他微陆块不同的性质.由此,依据现有地质记录和证据,不同学者针对拉萨地块的起源开展了相关研究,目前关于拉萨地块的来源主要存在以下几种观点(图 1).
第一种观点认为伊朗地块、腾冲地块、南羌塘地块、拉萨地块和滇缅泰马地块(Sibumasu地块)等是基墨里大陆(Cimmerian Continent)的组成部分,它们在从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解前都位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,并且在石炭—二叠纪之前羌塘、拉萨、喜马拉雅以及印度克拉通共同构成了古特提斯的南部被动大陆边缘(Allégre et al., 1984; Golonka, 2000; Yin and Harrison, 2000; Stampfli and Borel, 2002; Metcalfe, 2006, 2011, 2013; Gehrels et al., 2011).后期由于受到古特提斯洋岩石圈板片向冈瓦纳大陆北缘之下发生的持续向南的俯冲作用的影响,从而导致在石炭—二叠纪以及早中生代不同时期在古特提斯洋南侧形成伸展构造背景.由于冈瓦纳大陆北缘长期受到这种伸展构造作用的影响,从而进一步使得班公—怒江特提斯洋、松多特提斯洋以及新特提斯洋发生初始开启,同时也使得北羌塘地块、南羌塘地块以及拉萨地块依次从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并开始其各自向北的漂移、运动过程,最终这些微陆块相继与欧亚大陆发生汇聚、拼贴.目前这种观点也为多数学者所认可(图 1a).第二种观点认为拉萨地块与西缅地块、泰国—马来亚地块共同位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,但却是与澳大利亚西北缘相毗邻并共同构成了古特提斯南部的被动大陆边缘,之后在石炭—二叠纪以及早中生代之后相继从澳大利亚冈瓦纳北缘裂解出来从而使得新特提斯洋盆在中—晚三叠世时期初始打开并开启了不同微陆块相继向北的漂移、运动过程(Audley-Charles, 1983, 1984; Zhu et al., 2011a; 朱弟成等,2012)(图 1b).值得注意的是,第一种模型强调了拉萨地块在从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来之前分别与南羌塘地块以及喜马拉雅地块相邻从而也表明拉萨地块与二者的起源相同;前二种模型都基于石炭—二叠纪冰碛岩分布,陆生植物群化石以及海相动物群化石等证据,但一部分学者首先认识到拉萨地块很可能在石炭—二叠纪以前与西缅地块、印支地块以及马来亚地块共同位于冈瓦纳大陆北缘,该陆块群和澳大利亚一起构成了古特提斯的南部被动大陆边缘并随后在石炭—二叠纪或早中生代从澳大利亚冈瓦纳裂离出来,形成新特提斯洋(Audley-Charles, 1983, 1984;Ferrari et al., 2008),这就表明拉萨地块很可能与南、北羌塘地块的来源不同,暗示了拉萨地块很可能从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来之前与澳大利亚西北缘相毗邻,这也是Audley-Charles(1983)首次提出这一模型.部分学者依据最新地质证据对该模型进行了改进,认为拉萨地块可能有着更为复杂的起源且很有可能至晚三叠世才从澳大利亚西北缘裂离出来(Zhu et al., 2011a, 2013; 朱弟成等,2012).第三种观点则认为拉萨地块在早古生代甚至更早时期(可追溯至晚元古代成冰纪)并非作为一个完整的微陆块而存在,相反,此时拉萨地块分为南、北拉萨地块.南拉萨地块可能与南羌塘地块以及大印度北缘(即特提斯喜马拉雅地块)相毗邻;北拉萨地块仍位于冈瓦纳大陆的北缘,但此时的北拉萨地块位于东非造山带(East African Orogen,EAO)北侧并夹持于北侧的阿拉伯板块以及印度大陆西缘,但具体是与非洲还是与印度更具有亲缘性尚不清楚(图 1c)(董昕,2011; Hu et al., 2018b;胡培远等,2024).南、北拉萨地块则以现今的洛巴堆—米拉山断裂为界,该断裂东段即被部分学者认为是松多古特提斯洋缝合带.最后一种观点认为拉萨地块作为一个完整的微陆块很可能其东段与澳大利亚大陆西北缘相毗邻,而地块西段则与特提斯喜马拉雅地块相邻,且其北侧与南羌塘地块相邻(Metcalfe, 2002, 2013)(图 1d).上述四种模型内在相互联系,但各自也具有相对独立性.四种古地理重建模型都可利用现有部分地质证据给出合理解释.
古地磁学是研究板块漂移、运动历史并能够为不同时期微陆块精确的古纬度提供限定以及开展古地理重建最有效的手段.其突出优势在于通过解译岩石单元中记录的剩磁方向信息,可定量/半定量确定地质历史时期大陆板块/微陆块的古纬度,从而能够定量限定大陆板块/微陆块在特定地质历史时期精确的古地理位置(Torsvik et al., 2012; Meert et al., 2020),进而重建不同大陆板块/微陆块的演化历史及与周边陆块的碰撞拼合过程.自20世纪80~90年代,国内外学者针对拉萨、羌塘地块独立的运动学演化过程开展了部分研究(朱志文,1985; 叶祥华和李家福,1987;董学斌等,1991),但受到当时研究条件限制,测试数据精度较低,同时在退磁过程中无法对地磁场进行有效的屏蔽,最重要的是独立定向的古地磁样品数较少,缺乏必要的剩磁稳定性检验(褶皱检验、倒转检验等)以及精确的同位素年代学研究的约束. 之后,学者们重新审视过去前人研究结果,并在此基础上重新开始了新一轮的研究热潮(程鑫等, 2011, 2015;Zhou et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; 姚勇等,2023; 王鹏飞等,2025;Xing et al., 2025)并获得了高质量的研究成果.
尽管上述一系列研究成果对拉萨地块自晚古生代—早中生代以来的古纬度及其古地理位置提供了定量限定,但结合目前已有地质证据仍然无法对拉萨地块究竟是来自印度大陆、澳大利亚大陆亦或者位于二者之间,又是在何时从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来等科学问题给出精确限定.由于对上述科学问题的准确回答能够为对东特提斯构造域内的特提斯洋演化历史以及不同微陆块的古地理格局的精确限定具有重要的科学价值,因而亟待开展相应的古地磁研究回答上述科学问题.
本研究旨在精确限定拉萨地块在中二叠世古纬度,为恢复其在晚古生代东特提斯构造域精确的古纬度和古地理位置提供定量证据.
如前文所述,青藏高原主体从北到南依次由一系列微陆块组成,各地块之间分别被祁连缝合带、木孜塔格—昆仑缝合带、班公湖—怒江缝合带、印度河—雅鲁藏布江缝合带所分隔(Yin and Harrison, 2000; Zhu et al., 2013; Ding et al., 2005, 2022)(图 2).其中,拉萨和羌塘地块被认为是组成青藏高原主体最重要的两个条带状地块(ribbon-like continental block),二者东-西向延伸都超过1500 km.
拉萨地块位于青藏高原南部,南、北分别以雅鲁藏布江缝合带和班公湖—怒江缝合带为界.在拉萨地块内部,以狮泉河—纳木错混杂岩带(SNMZ)和洛巴堆—米拉山断裂(LMF)为界,又可将拉萨地块分为北拉萨地块、中拉萨地块以及南拉萨地块(Zhu et al., 2013, 2023).南拉萨地块主要以白垩纪和第三纪冈底斯岩基和古近纪林子宗火山岩为主的新生陆块(莫宣学等,2003; Ji et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2011b, 2013).此外,南拉萨地块还发育包括昌果火山岩、叶巴组、桑日群火山岩以及部分少量火山岩及沉积盖层(朱弟成等, 2008, 2013; Dong et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2016).北拉萨地块被部分学者认为具有前寒武纪结晶基底,这是基于来自安多正片麻岩的证据(Xu et al., 1985; Dewey et al., 1988; Guynn et al., 2006).总体而言,北拉萨地块发育侏罗系—白垩系沉积岩和火成岩(Leeder et al., 1988; Zhang et al., 2004; 朱弟成等, 2008).
中拉萨地块北侧主要分布有念青唐古拉群(主要由角闪岩相(局部为麻粒岩相)变质岩,该套岩石单元通常被认为是中拉萨地块前寒武纪基底的地表岩石记录(Allégre et al., 1984; Pan et al., 2004).Zhu等(2011a)采用原位U-Pb测年和Hf同位素分析相结合的方法, 对中拉萨地块的基底空间分布范围进行了研究, 认为中拉萨地块基底由元古代和太古代岩石组成,其前寒武纪变质基底被广泛的石炭纪—二叠纪变沉积岩所覆盖,这些变沉积岩包含大陆弧火山岩(Zhu et al., 2010)和丰富的冰海混积杂岩.中拉萨地块盖层还包括上侏罗统—下白垩统沉积岩,包括发育较多的火山岩(Zhu et al., 2009, 2011b),以及少量奥陶纪、志留纪和泥盆纪地层和三叠纪灰岩(Pan et al., 2004).总体上,中拉萨地块二叠系以浅海相沉积为主并伴随有两期岩浆活动(耿全如等,2007),但仍然局部缺失,一般与下伏中二叠统为不整合接触(Zhu et al., 2009).
本文研究及采样区位于中拉萨地块南缘(图 2),作者针对拉萨地块林周县春堆乡洛巴堆村发育的二叠纪洛巴堆组勒青拉火山岩剖面(30°0.6873′N, 90°59.5095′E)开展系统采样及研究(图 3).中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩主要出露于林周县西北35 km,厚度200 m.洛巴堆组火山岩单元中存在数层熔岩流,岩性主要以安山岩和玄武安山岩为主,野外露头较新鲜(图 3, 图 4).该地区的洛巴堆组火山岩与下伏石炭纪沉积岩(灰岩、砂岩)为整合接触,二者接触面为火山岩产状的测量提供了便利(图 3, 图 4).在林周县洛巴堆村出露的中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩单元共计布设了26个采点,每个采点采集独立定向古地磁标本8~10块,共计采集古地磁独立定向标本236块.在野外利用古地磁采样钻机对洛巴堆组火山岩进行古地磁岩芯钻取.野外工作中,对钻取的每块古地磁标本用磁罗盘定向,考虑到火山岩磁性较强,在条件允许情况下,同时利用太阳罗盘对采集的古地磁标本进行定向.通过对磁罗盘以及太阳罗盘定向参数的比较,发现二者之间差别在±2°之内,因此在后续的数据校正中都采用磁罗盘定向数据统一进行产状校正.
同时,在该剖面采集用于锆石U-Pb年代学研究的测年样品共计2块(每块样品1~4 kg不等,最终获得一件样品(L01)准确的测年结果).以下将对年代学和古地磁研究结果分别详细说明.
将野外采集的锆石U-Pb年代学样品送至河北廊坊宇能岩矿分选中心对采集的年代学样品进行碎样.锆石颗粒取自中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩的一个样品.样品L01采自研究区剖面.锆石分离采用廊坊岩石矿物分离中心的标准破碎、重液、磁选和电磁分离技术(更多技术细节,请参阅 Wang et al., 2016). 本研究中,经挑选,从研究区中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩勒青拉剖面获得8颗锆石用于开展测年工作. 挑选出的锆石主要呈半自形-自形,长宽比从3:1,2:1直到1:1.锆石CL图像显示出清晰的振荡环带结构(图 5;附件材料附图S1).之后,将挑选出的锆石颗粒安装在胶带上,用环氧树脂封装,然后抛光至其原始尺寸的一半宽度.
在激光烧蚀和测量之前,收集了锆石颗粒的阴极发光(CL) 图像以清晰显示锆石内部环带结构.之后的实验环节,作者使用安装在中国科学院青藏高原研究所JEOL JXA-8100电子探针上的Gatan mini-CL探测器.使用New Wave UP193FX准分子激光器(美国New Wave仪器公司)收集了204Pb、206Pb、207Pb、232Th和238U的同位素,该激光器与青藏高原研究所的Agilent 7500a电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS) 配合使用.我们使用的激光重复率为8 Hz,激光能量为5~8 J/cm2,聚焦激光束直径为30 μm.有关分析装置的更多详细信息,请参阅 Xiong等(2020).我们使用锆石标准Plesovice (PLE) 作为主要标准,并使用91500作为次要标准(Wiedenbeck et al., 1995;Jackson et al., 2004).测试后经校正的同位素比值数据显示,洛巴堆组火山岩锆石颗粒Th/U比值从1.37~2.75(见附件材料附表S1),为典型的岩浆锆石特征.
使用GLITTER 4.0软件(Jackson et al., 2004)计算离线同位素比值和微量元素浓度.年龄是根据Steiger和Jäger (1977)推荐的U和Th衰变常数计算得出的.所有报告的常见Pb校正(使用ComPbCorr#程序)、年龄计算和一致年龄均使用Isoplot 3.0 (Ludwig,2003)完成.本研究获得的标准锆石PLE和标准锆石GJ-1的加权206Pb/238U年龄分别为332±5 Ma(1σ,n=18)和600±14 Ma(1σ,n=42),与推荐值一致(Wiedenbeck et al., 1995;Jackson et al., 2004).我们的样品中未观测到Pb丢失,正如谐和图所示(图 5).数据表以及谐和图中报告了每个测点的单独分析结果,误差为1σ;计算年龄的不确定性为95%水平(2σ)(有关详细信息,请参阅图 5).经统计分析,该年代学样品(样品号:L01)的加权平均年龄为271.8±2.6 Ma(MSWD=0.51,n=8)(图 5;附件材料附表S1).
通过开展锆石U-Pb测年工作,获得研究区洛巴堆组火山岩形成于272 Ma,为中二叠世Guadalupian期.该结果与前人在该地区开展的研究结论一致(Huang et al., 2022;Xing et al., 2025).此外,前人也对该地区发育的洛巴堆组火山碎屑岩开展了锆石U-Pb同位素测年工作,结果显示该地区洛巴堆组火山岩形成于265 Ma(265.0±1.5 Ma)以及268 Ma(267.8±5 Ma)(Zhu et al., 2010;Xing et al., 2025),该结果与本研究获得的年代学研究结果一致.综上,林周盆地洛巴堆村附近发育的洛巴堆组火山-沉积岩系形成时代为中二叠世Guadalupian期.
在室内,利用无磁性双刀样品切割机对所有采集的独立定向古地磁标本进行加工,将样品统一加工为直径2.54 cm,高为2.2 cm的标准圆柱型古地磁样品.将代表性古地磁标本加工后尾部剩余的新鲜“片状”样品留存以便后续开展岩石磁学研究.同时,对挑选的代表样品加工制成岩石探针薄片以用于岩相学研究.
选取代表性样品开展岩相学研究,以揭示样品中主要的剩磁载体成分及粒径等(图 6, 图 7),同时对铁氧化物(通常为不透明副矿物)在样品中分布、形态特征以及与共生矿物是否经历后期的变质作用或严重的风化作用等信息进行综合评价.
岩相学测试及分析工作在青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室(依托中国科学院青藏高原研究所)完成.分别利用光学显微镜以及电子探针分析(EPMA)及能谱分析(EDS)等手段对典型样品的铁磁性矿物/亚铁磁性矿物成分等开展详细的研究.
电子探针分析仪器为日本JEOL公司产JXA-8230电子探针显微分析仪和英国牛津仪器公司产EPMA和X-Max 50 EDS(能谱)分析仪.岩石薄片的成像模式是背散射(BSE),工作电压为15 kV,工作距离11.0 mm.
岩相学研究结果表明,拉萨地块中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩经历了一定程度的变质作用(图 6e、g、f、h; 图 7a—c,g—i).古地磁系统退磁结果也支持该结论,系统热退磁结果表明,部分林周盆地内发育的中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩样品无法分离出稳定的特征剩磁,样品的退磁曲线较为凌乱(74块,占退磁样品总数35.6%),因而无法用于参与最终的Fisher统计(详见下文).
此外,部分样品中出现的少量辉石单矿物边部出现了较为明显的变质边,在透射光(正交偏光)下显示出较为明显的矿物相的转变(图 6e、g、f、h)且样品中富含铁硫化物但缺少氧元素,这在部分变质岩石中较为常见.这部分样品在退磁后经分离获得的高温特征剩磁显示其为后期获得的重磁化分量,占所有退磁样品近半数(共计102块,占比达49%).另外,在透射光下出现的部分不透明矿物颗粒推测可能为铁磁性矿物颗粒(如磁铁矿等),这些不透明矿物颗粒在反射光下通常表现为不规则形状的“亮点”分布在火山岩样品基质中.研究区洛巴堆组火山岩样品主要矿物成分为斜长石、普通角闪石,副矿物有磁铁矿、少量锆石等.岩石具斑状结构、基质玻晶交织结构,杏仁状构造.斜长石、石英和普通角闪石构成斑晶.基质由斜长石、磁铁矿等组成(图 6, 7).
在光学显微镜观察基础之上,本研究进一步开展探针薄片在扫描电镜下的背散射分析实验(BSE)及能谱分析(EDS)(图 7).扫描电镜观察结果显示洛巴堆组火山岩样品中的磁性矿物的颗粒形态以自形-半自形为主,磁性矿物颗粒的大小从十几微米到上百微米不等(图 7).能谱分析的结果显示多数洛巴堆组火山岩中磁性矿物主要包含Fe、S等元素(图 7a—c, g—i),少数洛巴堆组火山岩样品中的磁性矿物包含Fe、O等元素,Ti元素含量较低,在部分样品中甚至极低或不存在.因而可以初步判定少数洛巴堆组火山岩样品(在本次研究中参与最终Fisher平均)中的磁性矿物颗粒为铁氧化物(图 7).由此可以初步判定,林周县洛巴堆村附近发育的洛巴堆组火山岩样品中主要的磁性矿物颗粒为磁铁矿颗粒,少量样品为贫钛钛赤铁矿,二者均为稳定的剩磁载体,能够可靠记录地质历史时期地磁场方向.
岩石磁学能够对样品中主要磁性矿物成分、粒度等指标进行半定量化判定.本研究中,通过对中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩代表性样品开展系统的岩石磁学测试及分析,能够对样品中主要的磁性矿物成分及磁性矿物粒度等特征提供精确限定.首先,利用磁化率随温度变化(κ-T)曲线确定样品中主要磁性矿物颗粒的居里温度(亚铁磁性矿物)(或反铁磁性矿物Néel温度),由此判定样品中主要磁性矿物颗粒成分.此外,测量样品磁滞回线,等温剩磁获得曲线(IRM)以及反向直流场退磁曲线(获得Ms,Mrs,Hc及Hcr等磁滞参数),由此确定样品中主要磁性矿物颗粒的粒径分布.本研究中,利用玛瑙研钵将古地磁样品加工后剩余的“片状”样品研磨成粉末并利用天平对即将测试的粉末样品进行称重.本研究所有样品的岩石磁学实验测试分析均在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所古地磁与年代学实验室(Paleomagnetism & Geochronology Laboratory,PGL)完成.
将称重后的粉末样品装填至玻璃试管后利用捷克AGICO公司产卡帕桥-4及其连接的CS-4加热系统对样品在加热-降温循环中的磁化率值进行测量.
κ-T曲线测量结果显示,图中加热曲线(红色)和降温曲线(蓝色)在560~580 ℃附近迅速降低,指示样品中主要的磁性矿物为磁铁矿(或贫钛钛磁铁矿)(图 8).同时,降温曲线明显高于加热曲线(图 8),表明样品在加热过程中产生了强磁性矿物(如磁铁矿),推测可能为火山岩样品在加热过程中由于出溶作用使得钛磁铁矿转化为磁铁矿,结合磁滞回线以及之后的热退磁实验结果可知这部分样品中主要的磁性矿物为贫钛钛磁铁矿及磁铁矿.另外,个别样品的κ-T曲线测试结果显示磁化率在680 ℃附近也存在快速降低,这表明少量样品中存在赤铁矿(图 8).
综合上述信息可知,拉萨地块南部中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩样品主要的磁性矿物为磁铁矿,少量样品为赤铁矿.
将称重后的粉末样品装填至测试胶囊内,之后利用普林斯顿仪器公司产振动样品磁力仪(Micromag Model-3900 VSM)对样品进行测试,首先对样品进行磁滞回线测试,以获得样品的Hc、Ms以及Mrs等参数.之后对样品进行退磁,退磁完成后再对样品开展等温剩磁(IRM)获得曲线以及反向场退磁曲线测试并获得剩磁矫顽力Hcr值.
在获得拉萨地块林周地区洛巴堆组火山岩代表性样品的磁滞回线、等温剩磁(IRM)获得曲线及反向场退磁实验结果后(图 9, 图 10),可知本研究中洛巴堆组火山岩样品矫顽力Hc位于9.475~35.86 mT区间,饱和磁化强度MS(经质量归一化后)位于29.93×10-3 Am2/kg至963.24×10-3 Am2/kg范围.将上述结果投影在Day图中(图 11;附件材料附表S2),12个测试样品磁滞参数比值均落在了假单畴(PSD)范围内,表明样品中主要的磁性矿物为PSD颗粒磁铁矿.
在室内,将野外采集获得的独立定向古地磁岩芯标本利用无磁性“双刀”样品切割机进行加工,每块古地磁岩芯标本切割为标准古地磁样品(直径2.54 cm, 高2.2 cm)1~3块.除少数岩芯标本外,从每块独立定向岩芯标本中选取切割好的标准古地磁样品1块用于开展系统退磁(磁清洗)及剩磁测量,共计208块标准古地磁样品用于开展系统逐步退磁测试.本次研究中部分古地磁样品系统逐步退磁及剩磁测量在北京大学地球与空间科学学院古地磁实验室完成.系统逐步热退磁使用ASC公司产TD-48热推磁炉,剩磁测量使用JR-6A旋转磁力仪(AGICO公司产)完成.另一部分样品的系统逐步退磁及剩磁测量实验在青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室古地磁实验室完成.系统逐步热退磁使用MMTD-48热退磁炉.少数样品使用了混合退磁(即对样品先使用热退磁从NRM至200 ℃后再使用交变退磁),系统逐步交变退磁使用安装在青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室磁屏蔽室的Rapid(2G公司)低温岩石超导磁力仪上的交变退磁仪完成.逐步交变退磁在低场段退磁步骤设定为3 mT,之后退磁步骤增加为5~20 mT,最大交变场值达到130 mT.剩磁测量在2G-Rapid低温超导磁力仪上完成.所有样品逐步热/交变退磁和剩磁测试均在上述两个实验室内各自的磁屏蔽室内完成,每个古地磁实验室磁屏蔽室中心地磁场强度均 < 300 nT.
依据前人(幸龙云等,2023a;Xing et al., 2025)及本研究中的岩石磁学实验结果设定逐步热退磁步骤并对全部208块标准古地磁样品进行磁清洗.低温阶段退磁温度间隔设定为50 ℃,高温阶段则间隔减小至10~30 ℃,在580 ℃以及680 ℃温度点附近则温度间隔减小至5~10 ℃.在获得样品的逐步退磁数据后,对每块样品不同剩磁组分的分离采用主成分分析法完成(Kirschvink, 1980).对分离得到的不同磁成分利用球面单位矢量的Fisher统计分析方法完成(Fisher, 1953).本研究中,共计从102块洛巴堆组火山岩样品中分离获得低温分量,低温分量主要从NRM-200/250 ℃温度范围内拟合获得.对这102个低温分量进行统计分析,可得构造校正前(构造校正后)的统计平均方向及参数分别为Dg±ΔD=3.5°±6.0°, Ig±ΔI=53.3°±3.6°, kg=16.1, α95 g=3.6°(Ds±ΔD=352.7°±6.6°, Is±ΔI=41.1°±5.0°, ks=8.8, α95 s=5.0°)(附件材料附图S2).显然,低温分量统计平均方向与现代场方向(PGF,Dec=359.9°, Inc=47.6°)以及偶极子场方向(PDF,Dec=0°, Inc=49.1°)一致,表明其为因受到现代场影响而产生的黏滞剩磁.
此外,对洛巴堆组火山岩样品的热退磁结果显示天然剩磁(NRM)在580~600 ℃几乎全部解阻,剩磁强度降低至NRM的 < 5%甚至到 < 0.3%, 表明洛巴堆组火山岩中大多数样品主要的载磁矿物为磁铁矿,此外,还有少量样品在670~680 ℃完全解阻,表明此类样品中主要的剩磁载体为赤铁矿,这与本研究中的岩石磁学结果以及前人对洛巴堆组火山岩的岩石磁学研究结论一致(幸龙云等,2023a;Xing et al., 2025).从样品的系统热退磁特征来看,大部分样品具有双分量特征,部分样品显示出单分量特征.少数样品的混合退磁结果显示,这部分样品在交变退磁场强度为130 mT时剩磁强度降至样品天然剩磁强度5% ~10%且退磁曲线稳定趋向于原点,同时开展混合退磁样品的退磁曲线均显示出典型双分量或三分量特征(图 12b—e, g—i).
在本研究中将350/450~580/600 ℃或350/450~670/680 ℃之间的退磁步骤(仅对逐步热退磁样品)以及40/45~130 mT之间的退磁步骤(针对混合逐步退磁样品)进行线性拟合,并利用主成分分析法对其进行分离从而获得高温/高场分量,将此高温/高场分量定义为特征剩磁分量.由图可知,洛巴堆组火山岩样品的特征剩磁方向稳定趋向于原点(图 12).
对208块古地磁标准样品利用热退磁方法进行磁清洗后,大部分样品(共计134块)能够分离出特征剩磁方向.其中72块样品统计平均及其参数(样品水平)在构造校正后(校正前)分别为Ds±ΔD=13.9°±7.7°, Is±ΔI=31.8°±6.5°, ks=7.5, α95s=6.5°(Dg±ΔD=26.5°±9.7°, Ig±ΔI=41.3°±7.3°, kg=6.3, α95g=7.3°)(附件材料附图S3),这类样品虽然能够通过褶皱检验以及逐步展平检验(在80.0±3.6%处K值达到最大Kmax=7.65),但由于该平均方向与拉萨地块白垩纪以及早新生代古地磁场平均方向(c.f. Li et al., 2022a; Chen et al., 2010, 2014)一致且计算获得的古地磁极(λp=73.7°N, φp=219.2°E, K=7.3, A95=6.6°)也与早新生代古地磁极非常接近,因而将其归为早新生代获得的重磁化分量(图 12t).此外,第二类样品(共计30块)特征剩磁同样为重磁化分量,该部分样品逐步展平检验显示K值在52.8±17.1%附近达到最大(Kmax=6.38),这部分样品特征剩磁方向仍然是代表了同褶皱过程中获得的次生分量,对这30块样品进行Fisher统计,发现其构造校正后(校正前)的平均方向(及其统计参数)分别为Ds±ΔD=45.3°±13.0°, Is±ΔI=-28.0°±11.5°, ks=6.2, α95 s=11.5°(Dg±ΔD=35.4°±12.8°, Ig±ΔI=-25.7°±11.5°, kg=6.2, α95 g=11.5°).尽管该结果代表了拉萨地块位于南半球14.9°±6.9°S,但由于这类样品(图 12s)偏角与本次研究获得的21块样品特征剩磁平均方向偏角具有显著差别(二者相差11°)且这类样品未通过褶皱检验以及逐步展平检验,因而将其归为第二类重磁化样品(附件材料附图S3).
第三类样品具有与本研究获得的原生剩磁不一致的数据(共计11块),由于其偏离统计平均方向较远,因而在样品处理中未参与统计分析.
本研究中最后一类样品退磁凌乱,因这部分样品(共计74块,如样品L12-3,L12-7)无法分离获得特征剩磁从而最终未参与统计平均(图 12q、r).
本研究对选取的样品特征剩磁方向基于如下筛选标准:(1)对每个样品分离特征剩磁方向时至少拟合4步退磁步骤;(2)对每个样品拟合的最大角偏差MAD值< 16°;(3)将退磁凌乱、距离平均方向较远以及重磁化的样品排除在外,不参与最终统计.最终从21个样品中获得稳定趋向于原点的特征剩磁方向(图 12;附件材料附表S3).对这21个样品的特征剩磁进行Fisher统计,结果表明构造校正后(构造校正前)的平均方向及其统计参数分别为Ds±ΔD=124.2°±8.8°, Is±ΔI=34.5°±7.2°, ks=20.3, α95s=7.2°(Dg±ΔD=117.7°±9.5°, Ig±ΔI=27.9°±8.4°, kg=15.3, α95g=8.4°)(图 13;附件材料附表S3).
利用传统褶皱检验(McFadden, 1990)以及逐步展平检验,发现构造校正后21个样品特征剩磁方向比校正前汇聚程度更高(图 13).逐步展平检验(Watson and Enkin, 1993)结果显示,精度参数K在褶皱展平至100.5±14.0%时达到其最大值(Kmax=21.11)(图 13),表明中二叠世早期洛巴堆组火山岩样品记录的21个剩磁方向为褶皱前获得.
另一方面,由于火山岩喷发具有间断性,从长时间尺度来看,岩浆在喷出地表,冷却结晶形成火山岩过程中,能够记录当时地磁场方向和强度.正是由于火山岩记录的地磁场信息并非连续记录,所以可被视为地磁场的“点记录”.因此,必须要对火山岩获得的古地磁记录进行平均以便获得经过长时间尺度平均后的古地磁方向结果.利用学者们提出的地磁场长期变模型(Deenen et al., 2011),得出基于本研究中洛巴堆组火山岩的古地磁极(基于21个独立定向古地磁样品)A95值(7.2)位于最小值(A95min=3.55)与最大值(A95max=12.05)之间(附件材料中附图S4),表明该古地磁极已经平均掉了古地磁场长期变,符合轴向地心偶极子场模型,因而可用于开展拉萨地块在中二叠世早期的古地理重建研究.
地球化学研究表明,林周盆地发育的中二叠世早期洛巴堆组火山岩的显著特点是Al2O3含量较高,MgO含量低,稀土分配模式显示轻稀土元素(LREE)略富集,同时大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集,具有显著的Nb、Ta负异常,结合岩石地球化学示踪研究结果,可以初步确定该套火山岩下部(形成于早-中二叠世)形成于岛弧环境(Zhu et al., 2010),中-晚二叠世开始发育中、酸性火山岩,同位素地球化学研究也显示到中二叠世该地区地壳逐渐加厚,代表向陆缘弧的演化(耿全如等,2007;Zhu et al., 2010).总体上,该套火山岩的发育代表了古特提斯洋向南俯冲、消减作用的产物(耿全如等,2007).本研究通过对拉萨地块南部林周县洛巴堆村出露的中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩开展锆石U-Pb年代学、岩相学以及古地磁学在内的综合研究,获得了基于样品水平的Fisher统计平均及其参数.该研究结果显示拉萨地块在早二叠世晚期古地磁极位置为λp=16.8°N, φp=325.5°E, K=20.7, A95=7.2°.由此计算得到拉萨地块南缘采样点处(30.01°N, 90.99°E) 在272 Ma时的古纬度位于南半球19.7°±7.2°S(图 13~图 15),表明此时拉萨地块位于南半球中-低纬度带.以下将详细论述该结果的大地构造意义.
自20世纪80~90年代以来,部分学者针对青藏高原形成前拉萨地块在古生代—中生代独立的古纬度限定以及运动学过程开展了一系列深入研究(朱志文,1985;叶祥华和李家福,1987;董学斌等,1991),这些研究成果丰富了人们对于青藏高原形成前古生代—中生代不同时期拉萨地块及其他微陆块古地理位置限定以及完整运动学过程的认识,限于当时研究条件以及仪器测量精度等因素制约,上述研究成果存在样品数量较少、缺乏同位素年龄限定等问题,但仍然可作为重要参考.近年来,一些研究青藏高原构造演化的学者相继从拉萨地块以及羌塘地块获得了高质量的晚古生代—早中生代古地磁数据.这些研究成果大大丰富了对青藏高原不同微陆块古地理位置以及运动学过程的精确限定(郭强, 2009; Ran et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016, 2022b; Zhou et al., 2016; 程鑫等, 2011, 2015;Ma et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023; Yao et al., 2024;Xing et al., 2025)(图 14).郭强(2009)从措勤地区发育的晚二叠世灰岩剖面中获得了一个结果,该结果指示拉萨地块在晚二叠世位于南半球低纬度地区.之后,Ran等(2012)从申扎县境内昂杰组砂岩中获得了较好的结果,但该结果采点数及样品数量较少,其他样品则均被认为遭受了重磁化.该研究表明,拉萨地块在晚二叠世时期位于南纬中-低纬度(17°S),作者据此推测该时期拉萨地块已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来成为一个独立微陆块并认为拉萨地块很可能早在石炭纪即已从澳大利亚大陆裂解出来(Ran et al., 2012).
当前关于拉萨地块晚古生代—早中生代古地磁研究结果来自Xing等(2025),通过对拉萨地块南部林周县境内发育的中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩及其灰岩夹层开展锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石磁学以及古地磁学在内的综合研究,表明拉萨地块在268 Ma(267.8±5 Ma,中二叠世)位于南纬16.7°±5.3°S,换言之,拉萨地块在中二叠世早期仍位于南半球中-低纬度带(Xing et al., 2025).该研究的作者认为尽管洛巴堆组火山岩及灰岩样品遭受了一定程度的重磁化,但岩石磁学分析结果、正的褶皱检验和倒转检验结果仍然代表了洛巴堆组岩石单元记录到的中二叠世地磁场方向.
此外,鱼磊(2014)在措勤县江让乡敌不错地区针对三叠纪地层开展了系统的采样,尽管大部分样品都遭受了重磁化,但仍有少量样品结果表明,拉萨地块三叠纪位于南半球16.6°S,表明该时期拉萨地块仍位于南半球中-低纬度.程鑫等(2015)同样针对措勤县江让乡敌不错北缘发育的三叠纪海相碳酸盐岩开展了古地磁研究,结果表明,拉萨地块在三叠纪位于南半球15.7°S.也就是说,上述来自同一地区的两项研究给出了一致的结论.Zhou等(2016)同样在措勤县江让乡敌不错地区分别针对研究区出露的早-中三叠世噶仁错组灰岩以及晚三叠世江让组灰岩和珠龙组灰岩开展了古地磁研究,结果表明拉萨地块在早-中三叠世和晚三叠世分别位于南纬16.5°±3.9°S和18.4°±10.7°S,且在这两个时期并未显示出明显纬向运动,该结果也与上述两项研究结论一致.之后在开展更晚时期古地磁研究中,Li等(2016)从拉萨地块南缘发育的桑日群火山岩获得了一个高质量的研究成果.该研究表明,拉萨地块在180 Ma(早侏罗世)位于南半球赤道附近(3.7°±3.4°S),结合前人对拉萨地块开展的三叠纪古纬度限定的古地磁研究工作,可以证实拉萨地块很可能在晚三叠世才从澳大利亚西北缘裂解出来并开始其北向漂移、运动过程(Li et al., 2016).但目前对这一解释的合理性仍存在疑问,需要更多学科证据来证实.
同时注意到,部分研究者在开展拉萨地块中生代古纬度限定研究中,获得了真极移记录(Li et al., 2022b; Ma et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023).通过与其他地区真极移记录进行对比可知,这些真极移记录具有全球特点,且真极移幅度(量级)较大.由于地球在地质历史时期自转轴发生了一定程度的偏转,因而严格来讲真极移记录无法被用于开展古地理重建,除非能够精确地将真极移记录进行校正后方可使用(Torsvik et al., 2012).
另外,不同研究者在开展拉萨地块古生代古地磁研究中,部分结果受到之后白垩纪以及新生代时期较为严重的重磁化(姚勇等,2023; Bian et al., 2024; Yao et al., 2024)从而导致上述结果无法被合理使用.
目前,关于拉萨地块洛巴堆组岩石磁学研究结果来自幸龙云等(2023a, 2023b),他们首先针对同一研究地区的洛巴堆组火山岩及灰岩样品开展了详细的岩石磁学研究(幸龙云等,2023a),研究结果表明研究区大部分样品经历了来自古近纪林子宗群岩浆活动及热扰动的影响从而遭受了重磁化,但少量样品仍然可以分离出特征剩磁(幸龙云等,2023b).在之后的报道中,研究者们获得了基于21个火山岩采点以及9个灰岩采点特征剩磁方向(均通过倒转检验以及褶皱检验,并平均掉了地磁场长期变影响),得到拉萨地块在中二叠世早期位于南半球15.9°S(幸龙云等,2023b).该结果与本次研究结果在95%置信区间内一致,表明了两次独立研究结果的一致性及可靠性.最新的研究结果显示,基于林周盆地中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩27个有效采点平均数据,拉萨地块在268 Ma (267.8±5 Ma;267.5±1.2 Ma)位于南纬16.7±5.3°S,表明该时期拉萨地块位于南半球中-低纬度带.该研究成果获得的27个有效采点平均方向(包括19个火山岩采点以及8个灰岩采点)通过了褶皱检验以及倒转检验,研究者认为该结果代表了该套岩石单元记录到的中二叠世原生剩磁(Xing et al., 2025).
上述研究结果均表明拉萨地块在晚古生代—早中生代位于南半球中-低纬度地区,目前能够获得的较为可信的结果只能向前推至三叠纪(程鑫等,2015; Zhou et al., 2016),时代更早的研究结果目前仍然十分缺乏,主要原因在于拉萨地块由于在后期受到强烈的岩浆活动、水-热相互作用(热液流体活动)以及印度—欧亚大陆碰撞所引起的强烈变形导致的重磁化,使得利用古地磁方法来定量限定拉萨地块在更早期的古纬度变得越来越困难.但同时,这也表明人们目前对拉萨地块更早时期精确的古纬度及其古地理位置仍然不甚了解,因而仍存在很多未知细节需要今后开展更多研究工作来补充.
此外,如部分研究者所认为的,班公—怒江特提斯洋以及雅江特提斯洋可能都代表了新特提斯洋的不同分支(Stampfli and Borel, 2002;Ferrari et al., 2008;Xing et al., 2025),若该观点对于新特提斯洋演化的解释是正确的话,那么拉萨地块和羌塘地块较为确切的分离时间点在290~260 Ma之间(图 14, 图 15),即二者在早二叠世开始分离,暗示了很可能此时期代表新特提斯洋盆初始打开时间.这也很可能暗示了拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生初始裂解的时间为早二叠世.另一方面,结合前人从早侏罗世桑日群获得的结果(Li et al., 2016)进行对比可知,拉萨地块在272~180 Ma时期内从南纬19.7°±7.2°S向北运动至南纬3.7°±3.4°S共计北向运动量为1776±700 km,由此计算可得该时期拉萨地块向北平均运动速率为1.9 cm/a.
经由上述分析可知,通过收集前人关于组成青藏高原最重要的拉萨、羌塘地块等微陆块古地磁研究数据以及地质研究资料,可以为晚古生代—中生代冈瓦纳大陆裂解、微陆块漂移、运动过程等提供定量限定.由于拉萨、羌塘地块是组成青藏高原最重要的微陆块,因而远在青藏高原形成之前二者从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂离的精确时代、裂解大陆起源及其随后的北向漂移、运动过程都是学者们所关注的重要科学问题(图 14, 图 15),这不仅关乎东亚地区不同地块的裂解、漂移、运动历史,同时也和不同时期特提斯洋演化密切相关.
拉萨地块以及伴随其共同裂解的基墨里条带状大陆/陆块群的起源(Şengör et al., 2023)及其之后的大地构造演化过程是非常复杂的科学问题,基于不同地质证据,学者们针对拉萨地块的起源及其之后的运动学过程以及大地构造演化提出了不同的模型(Yin and Harrison, 2000; Zhu et al., 2013, 2023;Metcalfe, 2002, 2013; 朱日祥等, 2022, 2023).正如在本文前言部分所提到的,目前关于拉萨地块的起源主要存在四种不同的观点.具体表现为拉萨地块随基墨里大陆(或陆块群)何时从冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生裂解,拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来前具体与哪个大陆相毗邻(目前存在大印度大陆与澳大利亚大陆的争议)以及更为深入的科学问题即是回答何种地球动力学机制导致包括拉萨地块在内的基墨里陆块群在晚古生代—早中生代从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来.
拉萨地块何时从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来是一个重要的科学问题,目前学界所取得的一致认识是拉萨地块作为重要构造单元随基墨里大陆整体共同从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来,但不同学者对该陆块群何时从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来仍未形成共识.目前,基于不同地质证据,存在以下代表性观点:(1)新特提斯洋在早二叠世打开(Garzanti et al., 1999);(2)中-晚二叠世(Li et al., 2021; Stampfli and Borel, 2002; Zeng et al., 2019);(3)早-中三叠世(刘通等,2023);以及(4)晚三叠世—早侏罗世(Golonka, 2007; Metcalfe, 2011; Metcalfe and Aung, 2014; Pan et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2011a, 2013; 孟中玙等,2023).
也就是说,不同研究者基于不同地质证据得出的结论从早二叠世至晚三叠世都存在,其差异竟有100 Ma之多(Garzanti et al., 1999; Zhu et al., 2011a; 朱弟成等,2012; Li et al., 2016; Huang et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2013, 2019; Chen et al., 2019; Fan et al., 2023; 孟中玙等,2023).总结来看,这些研究方法包括与大陆裂解相关的基性岩浆活动、与大洋初始裂解及发育相关的最老岩石记录、与大洋裂解相关的沉积记录、古地磁证据、与生物化石相关的生物古地理证据以及俯冲带岩浆作用等.不同研究方法对于何种证据代表大洋初始裂解的理解不尽相同.例如,大陆岩石圈裂解前,首先发生岩石圈减薄、软流圈物质上涌并伴随有减压熔融引起的基性岩浆活动.按照板块构造理论,此时在即将发生裂解的大陆板块两侧产生的基性岩浆活动时间可近似等于大洋发生初始裂解的时间(Garzanti et al., 1999; Huang et al., 2018; Zeng et al., 2019),但人们发现的这些基性岩浆活动时间差异仍然较大,时间跨度从262 Ma至230 Ma,且难以识别究竟哪一期岩浆活动与新特提斯洋的初始打开相联系.最近来自泽当地区微体古生物的研究表明,新特提斯洋在中三叠世安尼期(247.2~242 Ma)即已形成深海环境,这表明新特提斯洋的形成至少在中三叠世就已经达到一定规模且拉萨地块在此之前就已从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来(Chen et al., 2019).另外,注意到上述几项研究的作者均认为拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来前是与大印度大陆北缘(亦即特提斯喜马拉雅地块)相毗邻.
此外,还有学者利用沉积学方法(通过沉积速率变化以及沉积物源分析等)对拉萨地块何时从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来提供约束,但该方法也是一种间接研究手段(孟中玙等,2023).但使用该研究方法的前提即是假定拉萨地块在从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来之前即已经位于印度大陆北缘,只是对初始裂解发生时限进行限定.通过对特提斯喜马拉雅地块聂拉木—定日地区以及康马地区二叠系和三叠系分别开展研究,发现在中二叠世—中三叠世以前,印度大陆北缘发育长期而稳定的被动大陆边缘沉积(以石英砂岩及碳酸盐岩为主),在晚三叠世,两个研究地区的沉积环境发生明显变化,从之前代表被动大陆边缘的碳酸盐岩沉积转为陆棚相黑色页岩和细砂岩为主且该沉积转换一直持续到晚三叠世末期,在这之后沉积类型恢复为滨岸相石英砂岩(Meng et al., 2019;孟中玙等,2023),这暗示了拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生初始裂解的时间为晚三叠世.但上述研究者却认为拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来前与澳大利亚大陆西北缘相邻接(孟中玙等,2023).在另一项地质研究中,结果显示拉萨地块在晚三叠世之前即已从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来,具体时代仍未知,且该研究前提假设条件即是裂解前拉萨地块与大印度大陆北缘相邻接(Cai et al., 2012).
另外,通过对俯冲带发育的最早岩浆记录能够约束拉萨地块发生初始裂解的时代.学者们在拉萨南缘昌果乡附近发现一套与弧岩浆作用密切相关的火山岩,其形成时代为早-中三叠世(Wang et al., 2016),但迄今对该套火山岩的成因解释仍存在分歧(新特提斯洋俯冲成因vs.地壳增厚引发的重熔作用).
与此同时,还有学者认为拉萨地块在早二叠世时期即已经成为大印度大陆北缘之外古特提斯洋中一个独立微陆块(Enkin et al., 1992; Ziegler et al., 1997; Scotese et al., 1999),这也就意味着拉萨地块很可能在早二叠世之前就已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并开始其向北的漂移、运动过程,但仍不清楚其究竟从哪个大陆板块上裂解出来.通过以上不同研究案例分析,可以得出当前对新特提斯洋打开时间(即以拉萨地块为代表的基墨里大陆从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解时间)存在二叠纪和三叠纪两种主要观点.
此外,拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘何处裂解出来也是一个重要的科学问题,对这个问题的回答涉及到拉萨地块的起源,目前同样存在争议(图 1).首先,在传统古地理重建模型中,多数学者认为拉萨地块应当位于羌塘地块—拉萨地块—喜马拉雅地块及其印度克拉通这样一个体系中,且依据各微陆块在青藏高原不同构造单元排列顺序,拉萨地块很可能与大印度北缘(即特提斯喜马拉雅地块)相毗邻,该模型也为多数学者所认可(Dewey et al., 1988; Leeder et al., 1988; Yin and Harrson, 2000; Metcalfe, 2002).但该模型无法确定拉萨地块何时从印度冈瓦纳北缘裂解出来,部分学者认为拉萨地块直到晚二叠世甚至最晚可能直到晚三叠世才从大印度大陆北缘裂解出来(Golonka, 2000, 2007; Metcalfe, 2002),也有学者认为拉萨地块可能在更早时期(早二叠世)即已经从大印度大陆北缘裂解出来(Stampfli and Borel, 2002).
第二种观点最早由Audley-Charles(1983, 1984)提出.通过对分别位于拉萨地块以及澳大利亚西北缘分布的晚古生代地层分布、冰川沉积、陆生以及海洋动物群的对比表明,拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来之前很可能与澳大利亚大陆西北缘相毗邻(Audley-Charles, 1983, 1984).该结论近年来也得到了来自碎屑锆石物源分析(Zhu et al., 2011a, 2013)、古生物(Zhang et al., 2013; 沈树忠等,2024)、岩浆岩(Wang et al., 2020)以及石炭—二叠纪冰海杂砾岩成分及其来源等研究结果的支持(Wang et al., 2021).
此外,注意到Zhu等(2010)依据地质证据提出拉萨地块在早-中二叠世就已经成为古特提斯洋中一个独立的微陆块,因而此时新特提斯洋仍未打开,之后在中二叠世晚期拉萨地块与澳大利亚西北缘存在一期陆-陆碰撞和造山事件从而形成了松多榴辉岩(Zhu et al., 2009).在更晚时期(中-晚三叠世),拉萨地块从澳大利亚西北缘裂解出来并打开了新特提斯洋盆(Zhu et al., 2010).该模型能够合理解释拉萨地块松多榴辉岩的形成(Yang et al., 2009)并且与本研究获得的古纬度结果一致.从目前的地质证据来看,石炭—二叠纪冰海相杂砾岩、关键种属陆生植物群、热带—亚热带海相动物群分布、碎屑锆石年龄谱分析以及岩石学等证据仍无法对上述模型进行有效区分.
第三种模型主要基于拉萨地块南部高级变质岩系的沉积作用、岩浆作用和变质作用等地质证据所提出南、北拉萨地块分别来自冈瓦纳大陆不同板块.该模型能合理解释松多榴辉岩的形成以及拉萨地块部分变质岩的形成机理,但仍然缺少其他方面证据的支持.最后一种观点认为拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解前其东段与澳大利亚大陆西北缘相毗邻,西段则与大印度大陆北缘相邻(Metcalfe, 2002, 2013),但目前仍然缺乏足够证据能够支持这一观点.
古地磁学作为独立证据能够为拉萨地块在古生代—中生代不同时期的古纬度提供精确限定从而对拉萨地块的来源提供独立证据.由于拉萨地块在后期尤其是印度—欧亚大陆初始碰撞以来遭受了强烈的构造变形、岩浆及变质作用的改造和影响,因此获取该地块在古生代—中生代不同地质时期精确的古纬度是一项具有较大挑战性的工作.迄今为止,来自拉萨地块的前白垩纪古地磁数据仍主要为20世纪80~90年代获得(朱志文,1985; 叶祥华和李家福. 1987; 董学斌等,1991).限于当时有限的样品采集数量、缺乏精确同位素绝对测年数据的约束以及缺少古地磁数据稳定性检验等方面的制约,这些数据仍然缺乏可信度.在此之后,随着不同学科研究者对印度—欧亚大陆初始碰撞时限以及碰撞地点等一系列关键科学问题研究的深入,来自拉萨地块高质量的古地磁数据多集中在白垩纪和早新生代,这主要是由于拉萨地块在白垩纪时期受到新特提斯洋壳向北以及北部班公—怒江洋壳向南的俯冲所引起的大规模岩浆活动(或岩浆爆发,magmatic flare-up)(Zhu et al., 2023)从而对其开展白垩纪古纬度的限定具有较好的先天条件.此外,尽管不同学者们一致认为拉萨地块作为一个独立运动的微陆块在晚古生代—早中生代已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并开始其持续北向漂移过程,但由于其受到后期不同地质事件的改造使得对于建立拉萨地块自晚古生代以来的视极移曲线(APWP)无法像针对其他大陆板块(如北美大陆、印度大陆、华北板块、华南板块等)建立APWP那样相对容易,使得这项工作变得尤其困难(即拉萨地块很可能已失去刚性地块的性质,因而不再具有古地磁学中刚性地块的假设前提).另一方面,尽管面临挑战,但仍不妨碍学者们利用古地磁学方法对拉萨地块自晚古生代以来的古纬度提供定量限定.换言之,若能精确限定拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生初始裂解时的古纬度并将其分别与大印度大陆北缘以及澳大利亚大陆西北缘的古纬度进行对比即可对其来源加以精确限定.但即使做到这一点目前看仍然具有很大困难,首先是要能在拉萨地块内部寻找到保存良好且没有受到后期明显改造的新鲜火山岩剖面;其二则是从全球古地理重建模型来看,澳大利亚大陆西北缘与大印度大陆北缘(以现今视角看,从冈瓦纳大陆裂解前应为大印度大陆东缘)二者在空间地理位置上的差异较小,古纬度差别也较小(二者古纬度差异为3.5°~5.3°)(图 15, 图 16),二者的差异更多则是表现为经度的差异.因此,除非能够获得极其精确的古地磁研究结果(要求对不同采点获得的VGPs进行平均后的95%置信区间A95值约束到很小的范围)(图 16),否则即使获得高质量的研究成果,也仍难以对其来源提供精确限定.由于古地磁方法最终是要对不同采点平均方向进行统计分析(基于采点平均方向服从Fisher分布假设并对所有剩磁方向求取Fisher平均及其统计参数),因而从本质上来讲,该方法在解决实际地球科学问题时也会受到数理统计方法本身的制约,基于此,古地磁方法也具有其内在难以克服的局限性.目前来看,一个有效的方法很可能是通过古地磁研究结合岩浆岩(尤其与裂解相关岩浆作用)、碎屑锆石物源分析、生物古地理以及利用海底磁异常条带数据开展的全球(或者东亚区域)古地理重建等多学科研究手段从而最终能够对该问题给出合理的解释并提供完整的构造模型框架.
此外,正如部分学者所强调的,在考虑对拉萨地块及其与冈瓦纳大陆北缘之间的相对空间位置关系开展古地理重建过程中需要对部分关键地质证据进行仔细斟酌.这其中包括中拉萨地块南缘出露的松多榴辉岩及其提供的相关地质信息的解读(杨经绥等,2006;陈松永等,2008;Yang et al., 2009),这在对拉萨地块与冈瓦纳大陆北缘开展古地理重建时应当予以重视(Zhu et al., 2010).
如前文分析,尽管迄今为止,大量地质学研究对拉萨地块在何时、何地从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来仍不确定,且对拉萨地块在晚古生代—早中生代不同时期精确的古纬度难以提供精确限定.但本研究能够对上述问题提供定量约束.
应当指出,本研究获得的古地磁数据指示出拉萨地块在272 Ma时位于南半球19°S(19.7°±7.2°S),该结果与最新来自Xing等(2025)的研究结果在95%置信区间内一致.但限于大部分样品受到重磁化以及后期岩浆作用的改造等,仍然无法精确限定哪种模型更为合理.但可以说明的是,首先,前人地质学研究所认为的拉萨地块很可能在早二叠世甚至更早时期即已从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来这一模型与本研究所得证据相契合,并且依据前人证据,本文作者也认为该裂解事件很可能发生在拉萨地块与澳大利亚西北缘之间(Audley-Charles, 1983, 1984; Zhu et al., 2011a, 2011b, 2013; 朱弟成等, 2012).若考虑到松多榴辉岩的形成,则在新特提斯洋盆打开之前,拉萨地块南侧可能发生了古特提斯洋盆向北的俯冲从而提供了松多榴辉岩形成之前的原岩,之后拉萨地块与澳大利亚西北缘之间可能发生了一次造山事件并在更晚时期(可能在晚二叠世亦或三叠纪)才再次从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来并在其南侧打开了新特提斯洋盆(Zhu et al., 2011, 2013; 朱弟成等, 2012),这次的裂解才真正代表了包括拉萨地块在内的基墨里大陆整体从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解事件,从而也代表了新特提斯洋的打开时间,这些证据也都与本次研究证据支持该结论.鉴于本研究仍然无法回答拉萨地块何时从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来等一系列科学问题,因而需要在今后从不同学科获得更多高质量数据来对上述科学问题提供更多约束.
通过对拉萨地块林周县洛巴堆村发育的中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩开展锆石U-Pb测年以及古地磁学综合研究,得出如下结论:
(1) 拉萨地块林周县发育的洛巴堆组火山岩形成于272 Ma(即中二叠世Guadalupian期);
(2) 研究区代表样品的主要剩磁载体为PSD磁铁矿颗粒,为稳定的剩磁载体,少量样品为赤铁矿,同样为稳定的剩磁载体,且二者记录的剩磁方向一致;
(3) 古地磁研究表明,对最终筛选的21块样品进行Fisher统计分析可知,构造校正后(构造校正前)的Fisher平均及其统计参数分别为Ds±ΔD=124.2°±8.8°, Is±ΔI=34.5°±7.2°, ks=20.3, α95s =7.2°(Dg±ΔD=117.7°±9.5°, Ig±ΔI=27.9°± 8.4°, kg=15.3, α95g=8.4°).且样品特征剩磁方向通过了传统褶皱检验(McFadden, 1990)以及逐步展平检验,表明中二叠世早期洛巴堆组火山岩样品记录的剩磁方向为褶皱前获得.获得的21个特征剩磁方向平均掉了古地磁场长期变,符合轴向地心偶极子场模型.结合岩相学以及岩石磁学研究结果,表明本研究中分离获得的特征剩磁方向为原生剩磁;
(4) 本研究中,从中二叠世洛巴堆组火山岩中获得的古地磁极位于λp=16.8°N, φp=325.5°E, K=20.7, A95=7.2°, 由此计算得到拉萨地块在272 Ma位于南半球19.7°±7.2°S(参考点:30.01°N, 90.99°E),表明此时拉萨地块仍长期位于南半球中-低纬度地区并向北发生持续、缓慢运动.该结果也与前人研究成果一致(丁林等,2017).结合前人从早侏罗世桑日群获得的结果(Li et al., 2016)进行对比可知,拉萨地块在272~180 Ma时期内共计北向运动量为1776±700 km,由此计算可得该时期拉萨地块向北平均运动速率为1.9 cm/a.
(5) 通过全球古地理重建得到的拉萨地块古地理位置结合本研究获得的拉萨地块在272 Ma时的古纬度结果可以推测得知,拉萨地块很可能在早二叠世或更早时期就已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来成为特提斯构造域内独立运动的微陆块(图 14, 图 15),进一步表明以拉萨地块为代表的基墨里大陆从冈瓦纳大陆北缘发生裂解的时间很可能为早二叠世甚至更早.
(6) 考虑到冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解前澳大利亚大陆与大印度大陆东北缘(当时为大印度大陆东缘)相毗邻,二者古纬度差别较小,因此由本研究获得的古地磁结果仍无法最终确定拉萨地块究竟来自大印度大陆北缘亦或是澳大利亚大陆西北缘(图 15, 图 16).结合前人地质证据,本文作者认为拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解前与澳大利亚大陆西北缘相毗邻.
(7) 通过对不同学者研究成果以及古地理重建模型的回顾,本研究支持两种对拉萨地块来源构造模型的解释,其一是拉萨地块很可能更早(早二叠世)就已经从冈瓦纳大陆北缘裂解出来,但究竟是从大印度北缘还是从澳大利亚西北缘裂解出来仍然无法限定;其二是与之前部分学者们所支持的观点一致,即拉萨地块在早二叠世时期位于大印度北缘的外围.换言之,此时拉萨地块很可能作为一个独立的微陆块位于古特提斯洋之中,这一观点同时得到了前人学者的支持(Enkin et al., 1992;Ziegler et al., 1997;Scotese et al., 1999).

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0588
  • 接收时间:2025-04-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-18
  • 修回日期:2025-11-12
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    1中国科学院青藏高原研究所,北京 100101
    2青藏高原地球系统与资源环境全国重点实验室,北京 100101
    3中国科学院大学,北京 100049

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李震宇,男,1980年生,副研究员,主要从事青藏高原大地构造与古地磁研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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