Article(id=1309584726797681233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026JJ0046, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026JJ0046, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745769600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-28, revisedDate=1758384000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158929776, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158929776, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158929776, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158929776, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584727011590738, articleId=1309584726797681233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=InSAR deformation monitoring of carbon sequestration areas considering GNSS atmospheric correction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) has emerged as a effective strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. However, the large-scale subsurface injection of CO2 may induce ground surface deformation, potentially compromising the long-term integrity of CO2 storage. To investigate surface displacement patterns in CCUS project areas following CO2 injection, this study employed the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique to analyze 45 ascending Sentinel-1A images acquired between January 2022 and August 2024, enabling comprehensive deformation monitoring over a 2.5-year period in a Chinese CCUS geological storage site. Recognizing the impact of tropospheric delay errors on InSAR measurements, we developed an enhanced atmospheric delay correction approach synergizing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data and ERA5 reanalysis data, specifically optimized for small-scale regional applications. Analysis of the phase-unwrapped interferograms confirms that our GNSS-constrained atmospheric correction approach significantly reduces tropospheric delay artifacts in localized interferometric observations. The derived InSAR deformation field reveals distinct surface displacement patterns in the CO2 injection zone, with measured vertical deformation rates ranging from 0 to 10 mm/a. Deformation time series analysis at monitoring points adjacent to injection wells reveals a consistent response: initial surface uplift immediately following CO2 injection, followed by gradual subsidence after several months. This pattern was confirmed through comparative analysis of InSAR-derived vertical displacements (converted from LOS measurements) and independent GNSS observations. This study demonstrates that the synergistic use of GNSS and InSAR technologies enables precise monitoring of millimeter-scale surface deformation in CCUS operational areas. The GNSS infrastructure serves dual purposes: (1) enhancing InSAR measurement accuracy through tropospheric delay correction, and (2) providing independent validation of InSAR-derived deformation results. These findings underscore the critical importance of integrated geodetic monitoring for ensuring the safety and efficacy of CO2 geological storage operations.

, authors=ChuHan ZHONG1, ZhiPeng REN2, *, ShuangCheng ZHANG2, WenYuan ZHANG1, Jun LI2, ZhiLei YE2, Bo WANG1, authorsList=ChuHan ZHONG, ZhiPeng REN, ShuangCheng ZHANG, WenYuan ZHANG, Jun LI, ZhiLei YE, Bo WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ZhiPeng REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584729389761127, articleId=1309584726797681233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=顾及GNSS大气改正的陆地碳封存InSAR形变监测研究, columnId=1309584675773968415, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳捕集、利用和封存(Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage)已经成为减少大气中二氧化碳的一种有效方法,但大量的二氧化碳注入地下可能会引起地表发生变形.为了探究二氧化碳注入后注采区的地表变化情况,本文基于45景Sentinel-1A升轨影像,运用SBAS-InSAR技术对国内某CO2陆地埋存实验区域进行为期两年半形变监测工作,并构建了一种适用于小区域顾及GNSS的大气延迟改正模型.根据结果显示,本文提出的大气改正模型可以有效削减干涉图中的对流层延迟误差.根据InSAR结果显示,在注气过程中地表沿卫星视线方向靠近卫星,即地表发生隆起现象.通过提取注气井附近的形变时间序列,转换到垂直方向与GNSS数据对比,发现在注气之后,地表先隆起,几个月后开始逐渐回落.综合分析来看,结合GNSS与InSAR技术可以观测到该地区地表微小形变信息,GNSS监测站不仅可以用于校正InSAR干涉图中的大气延迟误差,还可以用于验证InSAR监测结果.

, authors=钟储汉1, 任志鹏2, *, 张双成2, 张雯缘1, 李军2, 叶志磊2, 王波1, authorsList=钟储汉, 任志鹏, 张双成, 张雯缘, 李军, 叶志磊, 王波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任志鹏, authorNote=

钟储汉, 男, 1971年生, 硕士, 教授级高工, 主要研究方向为岩土工程勘察和地质灾害防治. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
任志鹏, 男, 主要研究方向为InSAR技术用于地表微小形变监测研究. E-mail:
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钟储汉, 男, 1971年生, 硕士, 教授级高工, 主要研究方向为岩土工程勘察和地质灾害防治. E-mail:

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钟储汉, 男, 1971年生, 硕士, 教授级高工, 主要研究方向为岩土工程勘察和地质灾害防治. E-mail:

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(a)为校正前干涉图;(b)为校正后干涉图.

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SAR data used in the experiment

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卫星轨道配置当地过境时间时间
Sentinel-1 A (S1A)升轨10:05(UTC)2022-01—2024-05
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实验所用SAR数据

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卫星轨道配置当地过境时间时间
Sentinel-1 A (S1A)升轨10:05(UTC)2022-01—2024-05
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Interpolation accuracy analysis

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站点RMSE
KZ010.0179
GP010.0163
GP020.0178
GP030.0168
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插值精度分析

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站点RMSE
KZ010.0179
GP010.0163
GP020.0178
GP030.0168
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顾及GNSS大气改正的陆地碳封存InSAR形变监测研究
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钟储汉 1 , 任志鹏 2, * , 张双成 2 , 张雯缘 1 , 李军 2 , 叶志磊 2 , 王波 1
地球物理学进展 | 固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026,41(1): 95-103
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地球物理学进展 |固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026 , 41 (1) : 95 -103
顾及GNSS大气改正的陆地碳封存InSAR形变监测研究
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钟储汉1 , 任志鹏2, * , 张双成2, 张雯缘1, 李军2, 叶志磊2, 王波1
作者信息
  • 1中石化石油工程设计有限公司,东营 257026
  • 2长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054
通讯作者:
任志鹏, 男, 主要研究方向为InSAR技术用于地表微小形变监测研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

钟储汉, 男, 1971年生, 硕士, 教授级高工, 主要研究方向为岩土工程勘察和地质灾害防治. E-mail:

InSAR deformation monitoring of carbon sequestration areas considering GNSS atmospheric correction
ChuHan ZHONG1 , ZhiPeng REN2, * , ShuangCheng ZHANG2, WenYuan ZHANG1, Jun LI2, ZhiLei YE2, Bo WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1SINOPEC Petroleum Engineering Corporation, Dongying 257026, China
  • 2College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0046
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碳捕集、利用和封存(Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage)已经成为减少大气中二氧化碳的一种有效方法,但大量的二氧化碳注入地下可能会引起地表发生变形.为了探究二氧化碳注入后注采区的地表变化情况,本文基于45景Sentinel-1A升轨影像,运用SBAS-InSAR技术对国内某CO2陆地埋存实验区域进行为期两年半形变监测工作,并构建了一种适用于小区域顾及GNSS的大气延迟改正模型.根据结果显示,本文提出的大气改正模型可以有效削减干涉图中的对流层延迟误差.根据InSAR结果显示,在注气过程中地表沿卫星视线方向靠近卫星,即地表发生隆起现象.通过提取注气井附近的形变时间序列,转换到垂直方向与GNSS数据对比,发现在注气之后,地表先隆起,几个月后开始逐渐回落.综合分析来看,结合GNSS与InSAR技术可以观测到该地区地表微小形变信息,GNSS监测站不仅可以用于校正InSAR干涉图中的大气延迟误差,还可以用于验证InSAR监测结果.

碳封存  /  时序InSAR  /  GNSS  /  大气校正  /  地表监测

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) has emerged as a effective strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. However, the large-scale subsurface injection of CO2 may induce ground surface deformation, potentially compromising the long-term integrity of CO2 storage. To investigate surface displacement patterns in CCUS project areas following CO2 injection, this study employed the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique to analyze 45 ascending Sentinel-1A images acquired between January 2022 and August 2024, enabling comprehensive deformation monitoring over a 2.5-year period in a Chinese CCUS geological storage site. Recognizing the impact of tropospheric delay errors on InSAR measurements, we developed an enhanced atmospheric delay correction approach synergizing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data and ERA5 reanalysis data, specifically optimized for small-scale regional applications. Analysis of the phase-unwrapped interferograms confirms that our GNSS-constrained atmospheric correction approach significantly reduces tropospheric delay artifacts in localized interferometric observations. The derived InSAR deformation field reveals distinct surface displacement patterns in the CO2 injection zone, with measured vertical deformation rates ranging from 0 to 10 mm/a. Deformation time series analysis at monitoring points adjacent to injection wells reveals a consistent response: initial surface uplift immediately following CO2 injection, followed by gradual subsidence after several months. This pattern was confirmed through comparative analysis of InSAR-derived vertical displacements (converted from LOS measurements) and independent GNSS observations. This study demonstrates that the synergistic use of GNSS and InSAR technologies enables precise monitoring of millimeter-scale surface deformation in CCUS operational areas. The GNSS infrastructure serves dual purposes: (1) enhancing InSAR measurement accuracy through tropospheric delay correction, and (2) providing independent validation of InSAR-derived deformation results. These findings underscore the critical importance of integrated geodetic monitoring for ensuring the safety and efficacy of CO2 geological storage operations.

Carbon sequestration  /  Time-series InSAR  /  GNSS  /  Atmospheric correction  /  Surface monitoring
钟储汉, 任志鹏, 张双成, 张雯缘, 李军, 叶志磊, 王波. 顾及GNSS大气改正的陆地碳封存InSAR形变监测研究. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0046
ChuHan ZHONG, ZhiPeng REN, ShuangCheng ZHANG, WenYuan ZHANG, Jun LI, ZhiLei YE, Bo WANG. InSAR deformation monitoring of carbon sequestration areas considering GNSS atmospheric correction[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0046
在全球变暖的背景下,碳中和是全世界正在努力实现的目标,碳捕集与封存(CCUS,Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage)是指将二氧化碳(carbon dioxide,CO2)从能源利用、工业过程中或大气中捕集分离,并输送到适宜的场地,加以利用或封存,以实现CO2长期封存或利用的过程.CCUS作为一种减少大气中CO2的有效方法受到了广泛关注,CO2驱油埋存作为CCUS技术体系的最终环节,大量的CO2注入地下可能会引起地表隆起,因此监测CO2有效埋存成为CCUS技术最后的关键(赵改善,2023).
对于油藏区域已有人进行形变监测工作,对于CCUS中CO2地下埋存的安全性监测在国外早有开展(Yang et al., 2015;Mathias et al., 2009),主要是监测在CO2注入深层储层后因地下压力变化引起的地表变形,并跟踪CO2的羽流情况,对于国内CCUS项目区域也有多个区域开展(周银邦等,2023),但对于运用时序InSAR进行注气前后地表形变监测反映注气变化的研究较少(Zhang et al., 2021),这也是本实验开展的目的之一.
传统的地面监测手段有多种,通常具有较高的监测精度(张勤等,2017)但是需要在研究区进行大规模测量作业或者安装大量设备,耗时耗力的同时还大大增加项目成本.合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)技术作为一种影像大地测量技术,可以在较低成本的条件下跟踪观测地表微小形变信息,其优势在于可以进行全天时、全天候、广覆盖以及高精度的地表变化观测作业(朱建军等,2017).随着当前SAR卫星不断发射以及SAR影像数据的积累,InSAR技术在大范围长时空演化特征获取方面的优势愈发显现(葛大庆等,2019),被广泛应用于地面沉降、滑坡、地震等灾害监测领域, 并且已有实验证明这项技术的可靠性与精确性(许强等,2019; 王霞迎等,2018),但是InSAR技术对于大气延迟误差的控制一直是研究重点(李振洪等,2023).本文运用时序InSAR技术对国内某CO2陆地埋存注入区域进行为期32个月的监测工作,目的是揭示CO2注入前后地表发生的变化情况.实验运用Sentinel-1A卫星采集的数据解算注入区的形变特征,并结合全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)技术对InSAR干涉图中大气延迟进行改正,最后基于时序InSAR解算的形变场,提取各井口的形变时序并与GNSS监测结果进行验证,分析在CO2注入前后的变化情况.
当SAR(synthetic aperture radar)卫星经过同一个区域两次或多次后,将采集到的SAR影像进行复共轭相乘,提取目标区域的地形或者形变信息,几何关系如图 1所示,干涉相位表达式为:
$\varphi_{\mathrm{int}}=\varphi_{\mathrm{flat}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{topo}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{def}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{atmo}}+\varphi_{\mathrm{noise}},$
其中φflat为平地相位;φtopo为地形相位;φdef为地表形变引起的相位;φatmo为大气延迟相位;φnoise为噪声引起的相位.将平地相位、地形相位、噪声相位、大气延迟相位去除,便可得到目标区域的地表形变信息,其中大气相位干扰较为明显且难以完全去除.
小基线集差分干涉技术(Berardino et al., 2002)是一种将单次观测结果作为观测值并基于最小二乘法则来获取高精度形变时间序列的InSAR分析方法,通过短基线SAR影像对组合生成干涉图合集,增加单个主影像条件下的干涉图数量,从而减小时空失相干对干涉图质量的影响.经过一系列去噪声处理后,基于形变速率的最小二乘法则,通过应用奇异值分解(Singular Value Decomposition,SVD)方法获取相干目标的视线向形变速率和时间序列.假设N+1景影像,生成M幅干涉图,以线性形变速率来表示形变相位为:
$\boldsymbol{v}^{\mathrm{T}}=\left\{\boldsymbol{v}_1^{\mathrm{T}}=\frac{\varphi_1-\varphi_0}{t_1-t_0}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{v}_n^{\mathrm{T}}=\frac{\varphi_n-\varphi_{n-1}}{t_n-t_{n-1}}\right\}, \varphi_0=0,$
对于有M幅干涉图就可以组成一个方程组:
$\boldsymbol{B} \cdot \boldsymbol{v}=\delta \boldsymbol{\varphi},$
式中的B为M×N维矩阵,对于第i行的各元素,B(i, k)=tk-tk-1.如果N景影像组成L个子集,那么方程组有无穷多个解,在SBAS方法中可以通过奇异值分解法求得最小范数平差准则下的解.差分干涉图中除形变相位以外还有其他一些相位,可以在时间域和空间域内对残余相位进行滤波等处理分离大气延迟相位和非线性形变相位(任志鹏等,2023).
天顶总延迟(Zenith Total Delay,ZTD)是由流体静力学延迟(Zenith Hydrostatic Delay,ZHD)和湿延迟(Zenith Wet Delay,ZWD)两部分构成,ZTD可通过GNSS数据处理得到,而静力学延迟需要运用气象参数以及相关模型计算;大气中所含的水汽由于时空变化特性较为复杂,无法通过指定模型进行处理,可以通过GNSS信号延迟来估计湿延迟与大气可降水汽量之间存在确定的函数关系.静力学延迟采用Saastamoinen模型进行解算:
$\mathrm{ZHD}=0.002277 \times \frac{P_{\mathrm{s}}}{1-0.00266 \cos (2 \varphi)-0.00028 H},$
式中,Ps代表GNSS测站所处位置的地面气压,φ代表纬度,H代表测站的高度.
根据计算得到天顶静力学延迟ZHD,利用天顶对流层总延迟ZTD减去ZHD,便可以得到ZWD值.使用欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5)再分析输出产品提供的0.25°空间网格下每小时大气压水平的对流层参数计算.估计对流层视距延迟样本是沿视距方向从地面一点到卫星的空气折射率的积分(Cao et al., 2021),可估计为:
$\begin{aligned}\Delta L & =10^{-6} \int_{S_{\mathrm{k}}}^{S_{\text {top }}} N \mathrm{~d} s \\& =10^{-6} \int_{S_{\mathrm{k}}}^{S_{\text {top }}}\left(k_1 \frac{P_{\mathrm{d}}}{T}+k_2 \frac{e}{T}+k_3 \frac{e}{T^2}\right) \mathrm{d} s,\end{aligned}$
其中ΔL为LOS方向对流层延迟,N为空气折射率,Pd和e分别为干空气和水蒸气的分压(单位为Pa),T为温度(单位为K),而k1=0.776K/Pa,k2=0.716K/Pa和k3=3.75e3K2/Pa为经验常数.通常,根据其物理来源,总延迟被认为是干分量和湿分量的总和(Yu et al., 2018),可描述为:
$\Delta L_{\mathrm{dry}}=10^{-6} \int_{h_{\mathrm{k}}}^{h_{\text {top }}} \frac{k_1 R_{\mathrm{d}}}{g_{\mathrm{m}}} P_{\mathrm{s}_0} \mathrm{~d} h,$
$\Delta L_{\text {wet }}=10^{-6} \int_{h_{\mathrm{k}}}^{h_{\text {top }}}\left[\left(k_2-\frac{R_{\mathrm{d}}}{R_{\mathrm{v}}} k_1\right) \frac{e}{T}+k_3 \frac{e}{T^2}\right] \mathrm{d} h,$
式中,Ps0为零点处的总压,gm为LOS路径中心的局部重力,其中,干空气和水蒸气的比气体常数分别为Rd=287.05 J/(kgK),Rv=461.495 J/(kgK).
ERA5和GNSS估计的对流层延迟是使用指数函数对分层延迟进行建模,通过对剩余延迟拟合插值构造延迟的湍流部分.在模型中总延迟定义为:
$\mathrm{ZTD}_k=S\left(\boldsymbol{h}_k\right)+T\left(\boldsymbol{x}_k\right)+\varepsilon_k,$
式中,k为GNSS和ERA5在k位置的综合ZTD,T为湍流分量,xk为局部中心坐标系下的站点坐标向量,S为与高度h相关的分层分量,ε为剩余未建模残差,包括未建模的分层和湍流信号.
使用从ERA5的分层温度、压力和部分水蒸气压力集成的ZTD,以与GNSS延迟一致的方式分解分层和湍流分量.基于GNSS实测ZTD运用多项式回归模型对ZTD进行校正,之后估计LOS对流层在每个高度的参数(温度、压力、和水汽分压).计算LOS延迟的积分获得不同高度的延迟估计,将延迟样本内插到与InSAR测量相似的分辨率.为了生成InSAR干涉图对流层延迟结果,使用最接近每个干涉图的两个SAR图像采集时间的两个ERA5参数,将后一景延迟相位与前一景延迟相位相减,将InSAR干涉相位减去大气延迟相位便可得到InSAR干涉图对流层延迟校正相位.
研究区内均为平地,以农业用地为主,主要研究区东西向宽约50 km,南北向宽30 km,各工作站之间采用高压常温液相输送,CO2处于超临界状态,通过在注入井口加压,将液相高压CO2注入目标储层.在输送环节建成超临界CO2长距离运输管道,CO2驱油封存环节中,形成高压混相驱油技术,实现CO2的循环利用和全生命周期碳封存.在监测环节,建立天空地协同的监测体系,保障项目安全进行.
实验所用SAR影像如表 1所示,Sentinel-1A卫星由欧空局2014年发射,重访周期12天,工作波段为C波段,成像模式为干涉宽幅(Interferometric Wide swath,IW),极化方式为VV与VH双极化,实验运用VV极化,轨道配置为升轨,入射角33.67°.
ERA5数据集是ECMWF提供的最新全球气象再分析资料.该数据集提供了多种全球均匀分布的网格化气象数值产品,包括大气大陆地和海洋气候变化的气象要素.其空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°(约为30 km),时间分辨率为1 h,提供全天24 h的气象要素产品.
本文还用到了GNSS数据,该数据主要目的为监测CO2注入引起注气井附近区域微小形变,本实验是运用高精度相对定位软件基线解算得到形变结果与全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)对流层延迟结果,该方法采用载波相位双差观测组合定位方式,可以消除接收机钟差和卫星钟差,削弱卫星星历误差,可以加快基线解算速度(姜卫平和邹璇,2008).图 2为GNSS监测站空间分布情况.
为了更完整的获取石油开采和CO2注入区大面积、完整的形变信息,本实验运用SBAS-InSAR方法从SAR影像中提取形变信息,Sentinel-1A影像监测周期为2022年1月到2024年8月,Sentinel-1卫星时空基线如图 3所示,其中时间基线为84 d,空间基线为220 m;首先对SAR影像进行预处理,运用轨道数据和外部数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)去除多普勒效应干涉图中的地形相位,其次对干涉图进行一系列滤波解缠工作,运用首次处理的干涉图进行基线精化.然后运用精化后的基线再次进行干涉滤波解缠工作,最后运用奇异值分解方法获得高精度的形变速率.
对于干涉图大气校正操作,在干涉图进行解缠处理后进行,本实验运用的ERA5产品时间分辨率为1 h,提供全天24 h的气象要素产品,从最接近合成孔径雷达图像获取位置的压力层中提取气压、温度、相对湿度和位势高等四个变量.使用双线性插值法将各层的再分析参数插值到近地点,以计算天顶对流层延迟并补偿接地点与大气层之间的高度差.分别计算后一景图像和前一景图像的静力学延迟和湿延迟,通过对高程方向进行积分,可计算出SAR图像中每个像素在时间t处的大气延迟,基于布设在实验区的GNSS站获得的大气延迟对ERA5获得的大气延迟进行校正,以获得实验区域在更准确的对流层延迟,用于差分改正相位解缠后的干涉图(图 4).
实验选取2024-06-19—2024-07-01干涉图进行对比研究,结果如图 5所示,经过对比发现,在主要研究区改正前后相位变化明显,由于在大气校正时要保证水汽数据与SAR图像的分辨率相匹配,对水汽数据进行了插值处理,可能会引入相应误差,对部分干涉图相位校正产生过校正问题,导致部分干涉图相位标准差不合理增大,后续计算中对此类干涉图进行了剔除,图中黑色点为解缠点.为了验证插值处理对大气湿延迟结果的影响,在进行湿延迟插值处理时,每次选择排除一个GNSS站点,将该站点获取的ZWD结果作为真值对插值后的ZWD结果进行验证,计算该站点的RMSE用于说明插值误差对结果的影响,结果见表 2,在依次使用GNSS站点验证插值结果中,每次插值后RMSE结果均稳定在0.017 m附近.
实验选取校正前后干涉图计算标准差(Standard Devation,STD),大气校正前的干涉图STD为1.07,对于校正后干涉图STD为1.01,提升约5%, 干涉图校正结果如图 5所示,该结果可以说明该方法对小区域干涉图大气校正的有效性.
本实验运用2022年1月到2024年8月的45景Sentinel-1A升轨影像和SBAS-InSAR技术解算出该时间段内该区域的形变速率结果如图 6所示.所得形变速率结果是投影在LOS方向上,其中正值表示反射信号区域向靠近卫星的方向移动,负值表示向远离卫星的方向移动.后续将以此为基础分析注气前后井口附近变化情况,并借助部分地面GNSS数据对两种结果进行验证.
在注采区的西南部为影像覆盖区域形变最大区域如图 7所示,最大形变速率大于50 mm/a,该区域为工业园区,初步推测是工业生产大量使用地下水,导致该区域地下水缺失,地下承压水层压缩.
石油开采与CO2埋存区域位于图中A区域,其中注入区域为红色矩形框内.从图 8中可以看出,位于石油开采区的形变速率介于0~10 mm/a之间,沿LOS方向表现出微小的抬升现象,这与常规的油田区形变有所不同,本文将在后续章节进行分析.
采用SBAS-InSAR技术进行数据处理,得到了该CCUS注气区2022年1月到2024年8月的形变速率,结果如图 9所示,为了分析在注气前后井口附近的变化状况,因此选取具有代表性的注气井,提取各自井口的形变时序结果.从图中可以看出,井口附近地表均表现为沿LOS向靠近卫星方向的变化趋势,根据提供的现场资料显示,该区域在2022年下半年开始向地下油层注入CO2以达到提高采油率的效果,在CO2注入地下时,需要将CO2气体加压,使其成为超临界状态以便更高效率注入地下,这就导致在CO2注入地下后,会增大地下储层空间的压力,从而可能引起地表发生变化.
本文将InSAR形变结果转换到垂直方向上,并与安装的GNSS监测结果进行比较验证,所得结果如图 10所示.两种形变结果均表现出相同的趋势,均有不同程度的向上隆起表现,从图中可以看出,在开始向地下注入CO2后,地表会首先在注气井附近发生响应,在InSAR结果中表现为沿LOS方向向上变形,但变形程度缓慢微小不易监测到.为了说明结果的可靠性,在注气站内安装有GNSS观测站,用于实时监测注气井周围地表变化情况.为了便于比较,将时序结果转换到竖直方向上,InSAR技术对水平方向的测量有限,在这里假设地表的形变是垂直的,忽略水平方向的运动,其中InSAR结果转换用到了公式(Bayramov et al., 2022):
$d_{\text {vert }(\text { Up-Down })}=d_{\text {LOS }} / \cos \theta,$
其中,dvert(Up-Down)为垂直方向位移,dLOS为雷达视线方向位移,θ为当地入射角. 对于GNSS数据本文运用了经验模态分解与小波变换组合降噪的方法对时间序列进行滤波降噪处理,首先对原始数据进行分解得到多个IMF分量,对高频的IMF分量进行小波变换从而得到小波阈值,其次对于高频IMF分量施加小波阈值降噪处理,对于低频的IMF分量则进行保留,最后,将去噪声后的高频信号与保留的低频信号进行重构得到更加可靠的信号(卢才武和夏峰,2020; 刘丹丹, 2021).
将InSAR结果与GNSS解算结果进行比较,可以看出InSAR结果与GNSS在垂直方向上具有一致的变形趋势.2023年下半年开始,该项目进入管道运输CO2的阶段,向地下空间注入的CO2量显著增加,但地表对该变行没有立刻做出响应,直到2024年2月之后,两种InSAR结果均显示注气井附近的形变速率有明显变化,向上隆起的形变在逐渐增加.因GNSS数据受限,直到2024年3月之后开始有连续数据,现有的GNSS数据也验证了上文所述观点,在2024年2月之后,地表形变速率加快,在7月之后又逐渐向下回落.
本文基于45景Sentinel-1A升轨数据,运用SBAS-InSAR技术对国内某CO2埋存实验进行2022年1月到2024年8月的形变监测工作,运用GNSS结合ERA5数据对InSAR干涉图中对流层延迟误差进行改正,最后获得该区域的形变速率图,提取注气井口的形变时序结果,与安装在注气井附近的GNSS观测站所得数据进行对比,探究在CO2注入地下后引起的地表变化规律.结果表明:(1)针对研究区域多变的水汽环境下,本文的顾及GNSS的小区域对流层延迟改正方法可以在一定程度上减弱InSAR干涉图中的对流层误差影响.(2)在2022年1月到2024年8月期间,区域变形表现为沿着LOS向靠近卫星,通过分析井口附近地表的形变时间序列,与GNSS数据进行对比验证,发现地表在2024年2月后向上隆起,在2024年7月之后又逐渐向下回落.
总体上,运用时序InSAR结合GNSS技术对国内某CO2埋存实验进行的地表形变监测,可以观测到该区域的地表发生微小的向上抬升变化,随着项目的持续推进,这一变化在到达一定阶段后发生向下回落,通过在该陆地碳封存区域开展的实验可以证明,GNSS监测站可以用于校正InSAR干涉图中的大气延迟误差,还可以用于验证InSAR监测结果.观测结果表明对于CO2埋存区域的地表形变监测工作是有必要的,后续也将持续对该区域进行更加精细化的监测工作.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0046
  • 接收时间:2025-04-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-28
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    1中石化石油工程设计有限公司,东营 257026
    2长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054

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任志鹏, 男, 主要研究方向为InSAR技术用于地表微小形变监测研究. E-mail:
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