Article(id=1309584726336303530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026II0401, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026II0401, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=1758556800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158929665, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158929665, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158929665, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158929665, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=194, endPage=205, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584726533435819, articleId=1309584726336303530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Characterization of P-wave dispersion and attenuation of complex-morphology hydrate reservoirs and application, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dispersion and attenuation of seismic waves are critical physical properties of hydrate reservoirs, essential for the precise identification and quantitative characterization of hydrate reservoirs. The coupled effects of hydrate saturation and occurrence modes typically exert significant influences on seismic wave velocity dispersion and attenuation characteristics. However, most existing attenuation characterization theories are established based on assumptions of single or limited hydrate morphologies, making it challenging to accurately describe hydrate reservoirs with complex occurrence states. To address this, this study integrates the generalized effective medium model and two-phase media theory to develop an attenuation theoretical model for hydrate reservoirs that simultaneously considers four occurrence modes: contact-cementing, grain-coating, matrix-supporting, and pore-filling. A comparison of P-wave attenuation characteristics modeled using Biot theory (focusing on global fluid flow in porous media) and BISQ theory (Biot-Squirt theory, incorporating both global fluid flow and local squirt mechanisms) under different hydrate morphologies reveals that the attenuation predicted by Biot theory is significantly lower than that of the BISQ model. This discrepancy arises because the BISQ framework accounts for additional energy loss mechanisms, such as microscopic fluid squirt between hydrate-coated grains, which are critical in heterogeneous hydrate-bearing sediments. Based on the BISQ-derived attenuation model, a morphology-constrained attenuation rock physics template is developed, and a crossplot of P-wave velocity, attenuation, and hydrate saturation is constructed to identify hydrate occurrence modes. Furthermore, the developed morphology-constrained attenuation rock physics template is applied to logging data from Sites 1247B and 1250F of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Expedition 204. Field results demonstrate that the constructed crossplot of P-wave velocity and attenuation versus hydrate saturation accurately identifies hydrate occurrence modes, and the attenuation rock physics template aligns well with the distribution characteristics of logging data. These research outcomes provide a new theoretical foundation and technical methodology for utilizing seismic attenuation attributes to identify and evaluate hydrate reservoirs, confirming the capability of attenuation theory to accurately diagnose occurrence states and estimate reservoir physical parameters.

, authors=ZiYu ZHANG1, HaoJie PAN1, *, PengQi LIU2, authorsList=ZiYu ZHANG, HaoJie PAN, PengQi LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=HaoJie PAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584728542507452, articleId=1309584726336303530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=复杂赋存形态水合物储层纵波频散与衰减表征及其应用, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

地震波频散与衰减是水合物储层的重要物理属性, 对准确识别与量化表征水合物储层具有重要意义.水合物饱和度与赋存模式的耦合影响通常会极大地改变地震波速度频散和衰减特征, 然而现有的衰减表征理论大多基于单一或少数赋存形态水合物假设而建立, 难以准确表征复杂赋存形态水合物储层.本文结合广义有效介质模型与双相介质理论, 构建了同时考虑接触胶结、颗粒包裹、骨架支撑和孔隙充填等四种赋存模式水合物储层衰减理论模型.对比了不同赋存形态下基于Biot理论和BISQ理论模拟的纵波衰减特征, Biot理论预测的衰减值要远低于BISQ模型预测结果.以基于BISQ理论的衰减模型为基础, 建立了识别水合物赋存模式的纵波速度和衰减与水合物饱和度交会图版, 发展了赋存形态约束的衰减岩石物理模版, 并将其应用于大洋钻探计划(ODP)204航次的1247B和1250F井数据.实际应用结果表明, 所建的纵波速度和衰减与水合物饱和度交会图版准确识别了水合物赋存形态, 且所建的衰减岩石物理图版与测井数据分布特征吻合较好.研究成果为利用地震波衰减属性识别和评价水合物储层提供了新的理论基础和技术手段, 证明了衰减理论可以准确识别赋存形态与估算物性参数.

, authors=张子煜1, 潘豪杰1, *, 刘鹏奇2, authorsList=张子煜, 潘豪杰, 刘鹏奇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=潘豪杰, authorNote=

张子煜, 男, 2000年生, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为天然气水合物岩石物理. E-mail:

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潘豪杰, 男, 1988年生, 副教授, 主要从事非常规地球物理研究. E-mail:
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(a)接触胶结;(b)颗粒包裹;(c)孔隙充填;(d)骨架支撑.

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(改自潘豪杰等,2022)

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(a) 1247B井纵波速度; (b) 1247B井纵波衰减; (c) 1250F井纵波速度; (d) 1250F井纵波衰减.

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(a) 1247B水合物饱和度;(b) 1247B孔隙度;(c) 1250F水合物饱和度;(d) 1250F孔隙度.

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(a) 1247B水合物饱和度;(b) 1247B孔隙度;(c) 1250F水合物饱和度;(d) 1250F孔隙度.

, figureFileSmall=yZsgdzbJme6RHJKWC8mQrA==, figureFileBig=rbL3DnNTDLVb31KyUr1hRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584732720034284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584726336303530, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Input parameters used in the numerical modeling

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数符号数值单位
石英体积模量Kq3.6×1010Pa
石英剪切模量Gq4.5×1010Pa
黏土体积模量Kc2.09×1010Pa
黏土剪切模量Gc6.85×109Pa
水合物体积模量Kh6.41×109Pa
水合物剪切模量Gh2.54×109Pa
水体积模量Kw2.29×109Pa
石英密度ρq2650kg·m-3
黏土密度ρc2580kg·m-3
水合物密度ρh910kg·m-3
水密度ρw1040kg·m-3
水黏度ηw0.001Pa·s
临界孔隙度ϕc0.38—
有效压力P6×106Pa
配位数n9—
颗粒直径d2×10-5m
滑动摩擦系数τ0.6—
特征喷射流长度R0.001m
), ArticleFig(id=1309584732841669101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584726336303530, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模拟中使用的输入参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数符号数值单位
石英体积模量Kq3.6×1010Pa
石英剪切模量Gq4.5×1010Pa
黏土体积模量Kc2.09×1010Pa
黏土剪切模量Gc6.85×109Pa
水合物体积模量Kh6.41×109Pa
水合物剪切模量Gh2.54×109Pa
水体积模量Kw2.29×109Pa
石英密度ρq2650kg·m-3
黏土密度ρc2580kg·m-3
水合物密度ρh910kg·m-3
水密度ρw1040kg·m-3
水黏度ηw0.001Pa·s
临界孔隙度ϕc0.38—
有效压力P6×106Pa
配位数n9—
颗粒直径d2×10-5m
滑动摩擦系数τ0.6—
特征喷射流长度R0.001m
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复杂赋存形态水合物储层纵波频散与衰减表征及其应用
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张子煜 1 , 潘豪杰 1, * , 刘鹏奇 2
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 194-205
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 194 -205
复杂赋存形态水合物储层纵波频散与衰减表征及其应用
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[Author(id=1309584729100349892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584726336303530, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=dthzzy@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1309584729221984710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584726336303530, authorId=1309584729100349892, language=EN, stringName=ZiYu ZHANG, firstName=ZiYu, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1College of Geophysics and Petroleum Resources, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1309584729310065095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584726336303530, authorId=1309584729100349892, language=CN, stringName=张子煜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1长江大学地球物理与石油资源学院, 武汉 430100, bio={"content":"

张子煜, 男, 2000年生, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为天然气水合物岩石物理. E-mail:

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张子煜, 男, 2000年生, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为天然气水合物岩石物理. E-mail:

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张子煜1 , 潘豪杰1, * , 刘鹏奇2
作者信息
  • 1长江大学地球物理与石油资源学院, 武汉 430100
  • 2广州海洋地质调查局三亚南海地质研究所, 三亚 572025
通讯作者:
潘豪杰, 男, 1988年生, 副教授, 主要从事非常规地球物理研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

张子煜, 男, 2000年生, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为天然气水合物岩石物理. E-mail:

Characterization of P-wave dispersion and attenuation of complex-morphology hydrate reservoirs and application
ZiYu ZHANG1 , HaoJie PAN1, * , PengQi LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Geophysics and Petroleum Resources, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
  • 2Sanya Institute of South China Sea Geology, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Sanya 572025, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0401
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地震波频散与衰减是水合物储层的重要物理属性, 对准确识别与量化表征水合物储层具有重要意义.水合物饱和度与赋存模式的耦合影响通常会极大地改变地震波速度频散和衰减特征, 然而现有的衰减表征理论大多基于单一或少数赋存形态水合物假设而建立, 难以准确表征复杂赋存形态水合物储层.本文结合广义有效介质模型与双相介质理论, 构建了同时考虑接触胶结、颗粒包裹、骨架支撑和孔隙充填等四种赋存模式水合物储层衰减理论模型.对比了不同赋存形态下基于Biot理论和BISQ理论模拟的纵波衰减特征, Biot理论预测的衰减值要远低于BISQ模型预测结果.以基于BISQ理论的衰减模型为基础, 建立了识别水合物赋存模式的纵波速度和衰减与水合物饱和度交会图版, 发展了赋存形态约束的衰减岩石物理模版, 并将其应用于大洋钻探计划(ODP)204航次的1247B和1250F井数据.实际应用结果表明, 所建的纵波速度和衰减与水合物饱和度交会图版准确识别了水合物赋存形态, 且所建的衰减岩石物理图版与测井数据分布特征吻合较好.研究成果为利用地震波衰减属性识别和评价水合物储层提供了新的理论基础和技术手段, 证明了衰减理论可以准确识别赋存形态与估算物性参数.

天然气水合物  /  水合物赋存形态  /  岩石物理  /  衰减属性  /  双相介质理论

The dispersion and attenuation of seismic waves are critical physical properties of hydrate reservoirs, essential for the precise identification and quantitative characterization of hydrate reservoirs. The coupled effects of hydrate saturation and occurrence modes typically exert significant influences on seismic wave velocity dispersion and attenuation characteristics. However, most existing attenuation characterization theories are established based on assumptions of single or limited hydrate morphologies, making it challenging to accurately describe hydrate reservoirs with complex occurrence states. To address this, this study integrates the generalized effective medium model and two-phase media theory to develop an attenuation theoretical model for hydrate reservoirs that simultaneously considers four occurrence modes: contact-cementing, grain-coating, matrix-supporting, and pore-filling. A comparison of P-wave attenuation characteristics modeled using Biot theory (focusing on global fluid flow in porous media) and BISQ theory (Biot-Squirt theory, incorporating both global fluid flow and local squirt mechanisms) under different hydrate morphologies reveals that the attenuation predicted by Biot theory is significantly lower than that of the BISQ model. This discrepancy arises because the BISQ framework accounts for additional energy loss mechanisms, such as microscopic fluid squirt between hydrate-coated grains, which are critical in heterogeneous hydrate-bearing sediments. Based on the BISQ-derived attenuation model, a morphology-constrained attenuation rock physics template is developed, and a crossplot of P-wave velocity, attenuation, and hydrate saturation is constructed to identify hydrate occurrence modes. Furthermore, the developed morphology-constrained attenuation rock physics template is applied to logging data from Sites 1247B and 1250F of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Expedition 204. Field results demonstrate that the constructed crossplot of P-wave velocity and attenuation versus hydrate saturation accurately identifies hydrate occurrence modes, and the attenuation rock physics template aligns well with the distribution characteristics of logging data. These research outcomes provide a new theoretical foundation and technical methodology for utilizing seismic attenuation attributes to identify and evaluate hydrate reservoirs, confirming the capability of attenuation theory to accurately diagnose occurrence states and estimate reservoir physical parameters.

Gas hydrate  /  Hydrate morphology  /  Rock physics  /  Attenuation property  /  Two-phase media theory
张子煜, 潘豪杰, 刘鹏奇. 复杂赋存形态水合物储层纵波频散与衰减表征及其应用. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 194 -205 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0401
ZiYu ZHANG, HaoJie PAN, PengQi LIU. Characterization of P-wave dispersion and attenuation of complex-morphology hydrate reservoirs and application[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 194 -205 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0401
天然气水合物是一种类冰状晶体化合物,存在于高压低温环境下,广泛分布在全球大陆边缘深海沉积物和陆域永久冻土层中(Sloan and Koh, 2007),是未来最具潜力的替代能源.另一方面,水合物在地层温压条件改变的情况下极易发生分解,成为诱发海底滑坡和加剧气候变化的重要因素(刘圣彪等, 2021).因此,准确识别与定量评价水合物储层是缓解环境灾害问题、认识水合物成藏机理以及指导水合物安全高效开采的重要前提.
受地层压力、地温梯度、气源供应、沉积环境和局部有孔虫发育等因素的影响,水合物在不同类型沉积物中呈现出赋存模式复杂多样、多种模式共存的特征(王秀娟等, 2021; 潘豪杰等, 2022).按照水合物与沉积物颗粒的接触关系,可以将其分为孔隙型和裂隙型(Holland et al., 2008).其中,孔隙型水合物又可以细分为常见的四种微观分布模式,即接触胶结、颗粒包裹、孔隙充填和骨架支撑等(Ecker et al., 1998; Dai et al., 2004).这些复杂微观赋存形态与水合物饱和度之间的耦合影响会引起储层地震性质的非均匀变化,致使地震解释存在多解性和不确定性.因此,针对不同水合物赋存形态建立岩石物理模型,深入了解水合物含量和分布对储层地震性质的影响,对提高水合物储层评价精度具有重要意义.
地震波衰减与频散是地震波的两个重要特征,研究其与岩石骨架、孔隙流体、不同赋存形态水合物之间的定量关系,有助于利用地震波衰减属性进行水合物储层识别与定量评价.然而,基于大量实际观测资料的衰减提取结果显示,不同研究区域、不同测量频段、不同沉积物类型、不同富集程度水合物储层衰减特征存在显著差异(Priest et al., 2006; 张如伟等, 2016; 王吉亮和吴时国, 2016; Zhan and Matsushima, 2018; Liu P Q et al., 2022).此外,实验测试结果表明,含甲烷水合物砂岩样品的衰减会随着水合物饱和度的增加,先迅速增加至峰值再快速降低(Priest et al., 2009),而含四氢呋喃水合物泥质沉积物的衰减会随着水合物含量增加而增强(Liu et al., 2020).这些杂乱无序的衰减特征使得水合物储层地震波吸收衰减机制至今不明晰,导致难以利用地震波频散衰减属性识别和评价水合物储层.因此,有必要从理论上探究水合物储层地震波频散与衰减与水合物含量和赋存特征的关联机理.
岩石物理模型是连接微观物性参数与宏观弹性性质之间的桥梁.为了解释野外观测资料和实验测试数据中水合物引起的衰减现象,国内外许多学者在弹性岩石物理建模基础上综合考虑不同吸收衰减机制,通过逐步耦合矿物组分、孔隙流体和水合物,构建了一系列水合物储层双相孔隙介质理论.由于衰减机制、水合物赋存形态以及储层岩性的差异不同,所针对的衰减模型也有所不同.针对黏土型水合物储层衰减,衰减模型研究较少,Liu T等(2022)建立了一种衰减模型解释相关现象.针对砂岩水合物储层的衰减模型,代表性的主要有以三相Biot理论为基础的Leclaire模型及其改进公式(Leclaire et al., 1994; Carcione and Tinivella, 2000; Guerin and Goldberg, 2005)和以Biot-Stoll模型为基础的水合物等效颗粒模型(Best et al., 2013; Marín-Moreno et al., 2017).前者主要考虑了水合物颗粒与沉积物颗粒之间的胶结作用、摩擦作用和微裂隙引起的喷射流,难以合理解释地震频段的衰减现象,后者中Best(Best et al., 2013)模拟了不同的水合物赋存形态模型,将不同的模型效果进行了叠加,Marin-Moreno和Zhan等(Marín-Moreno et al., 2017;Zhan and Lu, 2023)进一步改进了水合物等效颗粒模型,考虑了多种赋存形态水合物,引入不同孔隙之间的局部黏性流体流动、水合物中包裹体与孔隙之间的流动以及气泡阻尼等多种衰减机制,可以解释地震频段的衰减现象但是横波衰减为0(武存志等, 2022; 刘涛等, 2024).此外,基于White模型(White, 1975)和Biot-Rayleigh模型及三孔隙模型(Wang et al., 2021;Ba et al., 2023)也取得了一定的应用效果.然而,这些衰减模型简化了赋存形态假设,大多针对单一或少数赋存形态水合物砂岩地层,对水合物赋存形态考虑不够完善,难以合理描述含复杂赋存形态水合物地层地震波衰减特征.因此,亟需构建复杂赋存形态水合物储层衰减模型,为利用地震波衰减属性识别及定量评价水合物储层奠定理论基础.
本文尝试利用广义有效介质模型与双相介质Biot/BISQ理论,构建复杂赋存形态水合物储层衰减模型,对比分析基于Biot理论和BISQ模型模拟的不同赋存形态水合物储层衰减响应特征差异.在此基础上,发展联合纵波速度和衰减与水合物饱和度之间的交会图版识别水合物赋存形态的有效方法,并进一步研发预测水合物储层物性参数的纵波阻抗和衰减岩石物理图版.最后,结合ODP 204航次实际测井数据进行应用测试,以期为联合地震弹性和衰减属性识别与评价水合物储层提供研究思路与方法借鉴.
依据不同赋存形态的水合物影响岩石弹性模量的差异性,Pan等(2020a, b)提出了能同时考虑接触胶结、颗粒包裹、骨架支撑和孔隙充填等四种类型水合物(如图 1)的广义有效介质模型.在此基础上,结合Biot理论或BISQ模型建立复杂赋存形态水合物储层衰减模型,具体建模流程包括(如图 2):(1)利用VRH平均模型计算岩石基质弹性模量;(2)利用广义有效介质模型计算干岩石骨架弹性模量;(3)利用Wood公式(Wood, 1941)计算孔隙流体的体积模量;(4)基于Biot理论和BISQ模型计算水合物储层纵波速度和衰减.
假设岩石基质由石英、黏土和骨架支撑型水合物组成,共同起到应力支撑作用.在已知各矿物组分的体积分数和弹性模量时,利用Hill平均(Hill, 1952)可以计算得到岩石基质的体积模量和剪切模量:
$\begin{aligned}K_{\mathrm{ma}}= & \frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{h}} K_{\mathrm{h}}}{1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}+\frac{(1-\phi)\left(1-V_{\mathrm{c}}\right) K_{\mathrm{q}}}{1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}+\right. \\& \frac{(1-\phi) V_{\mathrm{c}} K_{\mathrm{c}}}{1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}+\left[\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}{\left(1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}\right) K_{\mathrm{h}}}+\right. \\&\left.\left.\frac{(1-\phi)\left(1-V_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}{\left(1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}\right) K_{\mathrm{q}}}+\frac{(1-\phi) V_{\mathrm{c}}}{\left(1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}\right) K_{\mathrm{c}}}\right]^{-1}\right], \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned}G_{\mathrm{ma}}= & \frac{1}{2}\left[\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{h}} G_{\mathrm{h}}}{1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}+\frac{(1-\phi)\left(1-V_{\mathrm{c}}\right) G_{\mathrm{q}}}{1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}+\right. \\& \frac{(1-\phi) V_{\mathrm{c}} G_{\mathrm{c}}}{1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}+\left[\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{h}}}{\left(1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}\right) G_{\mathrm{h}}}+\right. \\& \left.\left.\frac{(1-\phi)\left(1-V_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}{\left(1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}\right) G_{\mathrm{q}}}+\frac{(1-\phi) V_{\mathrm{c}}}{\left(1-\phi+\phi_{\mathrm{h}}\right) G_{\mathrm{c}}}\right]^{-1}\right], \end{aligned}$
式中,Kh、Kq、Kc和Gh、Gq、Gc分别是水合物、石英、黏土的体积模量和剪切模量,ϕh=ϕSghFms是骨架支撑型水合物体积,Fms为骨架支撑型水合物体积比,ϕ、Vc、Sgh分别是孔隙度、泥质含量和水合物饱和度,Kma和Gma是计算得到的岩石基质的体积模量和剪切模量.由于骨架支撑型水合物作为基质的一部分,此时孔隙度降低为ϕi=ϕ(1-FmsSgh).
考虑接触胶结和颗粒包裹型水合物对干岩石骨架的影响,本文利用广义有效介质模型(Pan et al., 2020a, b)来计算干岩石骨架弹性模量,具体公式为:
$K_{\mathrm{dry}}= \begin{cases}{\left[\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{i}} / \phi_{\mathrm{c}}}{K_{\mathrm{mct}}+\frac{4}{3} G_{\mathrm{mct}}}+\frac{1-\phi_{\mathrm{i}} / \phi_{\mathrm{c}}}{K_{\mathrm{ma}}+\frac{4}{3} G_{\mathrm{mct}}}\right]^{-1}-\frac{4}{3} G_{\mathrm{mct}}, } & \phi_{\mathrm{i}}<\phi_{\mathrm{c}}, \\ {\left[\frac{\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{i}}\right) /\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}{K_{\mathrm{mct}}+\frac{4}{3} G_{\mathrm{mct}}}+\frac{\left(\phi_{\mathrm{i}}-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right) /\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}{\frac{4}{3} G_{\mathrm{mct}}}\right]^{-1}-\frac{4}{3} G_{\mathrm{mct}}, } & \phi_{\mathrm{i}} \geqslant \phi_{\mathrm{c}}, \end{cases}$
$G_{\mathrm{dry}}= \begin{cases}{\left[\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{i}} / \phi_{\mathrm{c}}}{G_{\mathrm{mct}}+Z}+\frac{1-\phi_{\mathrm{i}} / \phi_{\mathrm{c}}}{G_{\mathrm{ma}}+Z}\right]^{-1}-Z, } & \phi_{\mathrm{i}}<\phi_{\mathrm{c}}, \\ {\left[\frac{\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{i}}\right) /\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}{G_{\mathrm{mct}}+Z}+\frac{\left(\phi_{\mathrm{i}}-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right) /\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right)}{Z}\right]^{-1}-Z, } & \phi_{\mathrm{i}} \geqslant \phi_{\mathrm{c}}, \end{cases}$
式中,ϕc为临界孔隙度,Z=Gmct/6((9Kmct+8Gmct)/(Kmct+2Gmct)),Kdry和Gdry为干岩石骨架的体积模量和剪切模量,Kmct和Gmct为基于改进胶结模型计算的临界孔隙度ϕc时的体积模量和剪切模量,表达式为:
$K_{\mathrm{mct}}= \frac{n\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \alpha_{1} K_{\mathrm{ma}}}{3 \pi\left(1-\nu_{\mathrm{ma}}\right)\left(1+f\left(A_{\mathrm{N}}\right)\right)} , $
$G_{\mathrm{mct}}= \frac{n\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \alpha_{1} G_{\mathrm{ma}}}{5 \pi}\left[\frac{1}{\left(1-\nu_{\mathrm{ma}}\right)\left(1+f\left(A_{\mathrm{N}}\right)\right)}+\right. \\ \quad \quad \left.\frac{3 \tau}{2-\nu_{\mathrm{ma}}}\left(\frac{1+\nu_{\mathrm{ma}} /\left(2-\nu_{\mathrm{ma}}\right) g\left(A_{\mathrm{T}}\right)}{1+f\left(A_{\mathrm{T}}\right)}\right)\right], $
式中,n为配位数;α1为与压力相关的接触胶结半径,$\alpha_{1}=\sqrt{\alpha_{0}^{2}+\left[\left[2 n\left(1-W_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+16 W_{\mathrm{c}}\right] \phi_{\mathrm{c}} S_{\mathrm{hc}} /\left(3 n\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\right)\right]^{\frac{2-W_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}}}$,$\alpha_{0}=\left[3 \pi\left(1-\nu_{\mathrm{ma}}\right) P /\left(2 n\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right) G_{\mathrm{ma}}\right)\right]^{\frac{1}{3}}$,其中$\nu_{\mathrm{ma}}=\left(3 K_{\mathrm{ma}}-2 G_{\mathrm{ma}}\right) /\left(6 K_{\mathrm{ma}}+2 G_{\mathrm{ma}}\right)$为固体基质泊松比,P为有效压力,Wc为权重胶结系数,Wc为0时为颗粒包裹型水合物,为1时为接触胶结型水合物,Shc=SghFhc为混合胶结型水合物体积;τ为滑动摩擦系数;f(AN)、f(AT)、g(AT)为校正函数,计算公式为:
$ f\left(A_{\mathrm{N}}\right)=0.3092 A_{\mathrm{N}}^{0.9098} \frac{0.1036 A_{\mathrm{N}}^{0.4139}+1}{A_{\mathrm{N}}^{0.4139}+1}, $
$ f\left(A_{\mathrm{T}}\right)=0.3092 A_{\mathrm{T}}^{0.9098} \frac{0.1036 A_{\mathrm{T}}^{0.4139}+1}{A_{\mathrm{T}}^{0.4139}+1}, $
$\begin{equation*}g\left(A_{\mathrm{T}}\right)=\frac{-0.428 A_{\mathrm{T}}}{1+1.336 A_{\mathrm{T}}^{1.222}+4.031 A_{\mathrm{N}}^{0.523}}, \end{equation*}$
式中,$\beta=\sqrt{\left[\left[2 n\left(1-W_{\mathrm{c}}\right)+16 W_{\mathrm{c}}\right] \phi_{\mathrm{c}} S_{\mathrm{hc}} /\left[3 n\left(1-\phi_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\right]\right]^{\frac{2-W_{\mathrm{c}}}{2}}}$为归一化的接触胶结半径,ΛN=Mh(1-νma)/(πGma),Mh=2Kh(1-νh)/(2-νh),νh=(3Kh-2Gh)/(6Kh+2Gh),ΛT=Gh/(πGma),AN=β/ΛN,AT=β/[ΛT(1-νma/2)].孔隙度进一步降低为ϕe=ϕ(1-Sgh(Fhc+Fms)).
将孔隙充填型水合物充当孔隙流体的一部分,可以利用Wood公式计算由水和孔隙充填型水合物组成孔隙流体的体积模量,表达式为:
$\begin{equation*}K_{\mathrm{f}}=\left(F_{\mathrm{Sw}} / K_{\mathrm{w}}+\left(1-F_{\mathrm{Sw}}\right) / K_{\mathrm{h}}\right)^{-1}, \end{equation*}$
式中,归一化后的含水饱和度为FSw=Sw/(1-Sgh+SghFpf),其中含水饱和度为Sw=1-Sgh,Fpf为孔隙充填型水合物体积比.
假设饱和流体的多孔介质是由均匀的岩石骨架和孔隙组成,孔隙之间相互连通且其内部充填可相对于岩石骨架流动的黏性流体,Biot (1956)考虑孔隙流体和岩石骨架之间的黏性摩擦和惯性耦合作用推导了多孔双相介质弹性波传播理论.以平面简谐波入射为假设条件,可以推导出Biot理论的纵波方程:
$\left|\begin{array}{cc}H / V_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}-\rho & \rho_{\mathrm{f}}-C_{1} / V_{\mathrm{p}}^{2} \\C_{1} / V_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}-\rho_{\mathrm{f}} & q-M / V_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}\end{array}\right|=0.$
令式(11)行列式为0,可以求解纵波速度的计算式为:
$\begin{equation*}\frac{1}{V_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}}=\frac{-\left(H q+M \rho-2 C_{1} \rho_{\mathrm{f}}\right)+\sqrt{\left(H q+M \rho-2 C_{1} \rho_{\mathrm{f}}\right)^{2}-4\left(C_{1}^{2}-M H\right)\left(\rho^{2}-\rho q\right)}}{2\left(C_{1}^{2}-M H\right)}, \end{equation*}$
其中,纵波速度Vp的实部和虚部分别代表相应的速度和衰减;ρ为地层密度,其他中间变量为:
$H=K_{\mathrm{dry}}+\frac{4}{3} G_{\mathrm{dry}}+\frac{\left(K_{\mathrm{ma}}-K_{\mathrm{dry}}\right)^{2}}{D-K_{\mathrm{dry}}}, $
$C_{1}=\frac{\left(K_{\mathrm{ma}}-K_{\mathrm{dry}}\right) K_{\mathrm{ma}}}{D-K_{\mathrm{dry}}}, $
$M=\frac{K_{\mathrm{ma}}^{2}}{D-K_{\mathrm{dry}}}, $
$D=K_{\mathrm{ma}}\left[1+\phi_{\mathrm{e}}\left(K_{\mathrm{ma}} / K_{\mathrm{f}}-1\right)\right], $
$q=\frac{\alpha \rho_{\mathrm{f}}}{\phi_{\mathrm{e}}}-\frac{\mathrm{i} \eta F(\zeta)}{\omega \kappa}, $
$ F(\zeta)=\frac{1}{4} \frac{\zeta T(\zeta)}{1+2 \mathrm{i} T(\zeta) / \zeta}, $
$T(\zeta)=\frac{{ber}(\zeta)+\mathrm{i} {ber}(\zeta)}{{ber}(\zeta)+\mathrm{i} {ber}(\zeta)}=\frac{e^{\mathrm{i} 3 \pi / 4} J_{1}\left(\zeta e^{-\mathrm{i} \pi / 4}\right)}{J_{0}\left(\zeta e^{-\mathrm{i} \pi / 4}\right)}, $
$\zeta=\left(\frac{\omega a^{2} \rho_{\mathrm{f}}}{\eta}\right)^{0.5}, $
其中,α=1-r(1-1/ϕe)为曲率,是与流体或固体结构无关的几何因素,也称构造因子(Berryman, 1981);r为曲率中间量,对于椭圆体取值从0到1,本文r取0.5;ω=2πf为平面波角频率,f为频率;κ=(d2/36k)[ϕe3/(1-ϕe)2]为岩石绝对渗透率(Hovem and Ingram, 1979),d为颗粒直径,k为与孔隙形状和曲率相关的参数,对于球形颗粒一般k≈5;F(ζ)为黏滞动力算子;J0和J1分别是0阶和1阶的贝塞尔(Bessel)函数;η=ηw(FSw)-2.55为流体黏度(Balakin et al., 2010),ηw为水的黏度.
Dvorkin和Nur(1993)考虑宏观Biot流与微观喷射流机制,提出了联合的Biot射流(BISQ)模型.在完全饱和条件下,BISQ给出了纵波速度与衰减的表达式:
$V_{\mathrm{p}}=\frac{1}{\operatorname{Re}(\sqrt{Y})}, $
$Q_{\mathrm{p}}^{-1}=\frac{2 \operatorname{Im}(\sqrt{Y})}{\operatorname{Re}(\sqrt{Y})}, $
$Y=-\frac{B}{2 A}+\sqrt{\left(\frac{B}{2 A}\right)^{2}-\frac{A}{C}}, $
$A=\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{e}} F_{\mathrm{sq}} M}{\rho_{2}^{2}}, $
$B=\frac{F_{\mathrm{sq}}\left(2 a-\phi_{\mathrm{e}}-\phi_{\mathrm{e}} \frac{\rho_{1}}{\rho_{2}}\right)-\left(M+\frac{F_{\mathrm{sq}} a^{2}}{\phi_{\mathrm{e}}}\right)\left(1+\frac{\rho_{\mathrm{a}}}{\rho_{2}}+\mathrm{i} \frac{\omega_{\mathrm{c}}}{\omega}\right)}{\rho_{2}}, $
$C=\frac{\rho_{1}}{\rho_{2}}+\left(1+\frac{\rho_{1}}{\rho_{2}}\right)\left(\frac{\rho_{\mathrm{a}}}{\rho_{2}}+\frac{\mathrm{i} \omega_{\mathrm{c}}}{\omega}\right), $
$ F_{\mathrm{sq}}=F\left[1-\frac{2 J_{1}(\lambda R)}{\lambda R J_{0}(\lambda R)}\right],$
$\lambda=\sqrt{\frac{\rho_{\mathrm{f}} \omega_{2}}{F}\left(\frac{\phi_{\mathrm{e}}+\frac{\rho_{\mathrm{a}}}{\rho_{\mathrm{f}}}}{\phi_{\mathrm{e}}}+\mathrm{i} \frac{\omega_{\mathrm{c}}}{\omega}\right)}, $
$F=\left(\frac{1}{K_{\mathrm{f}}}+\frac{a-\phi_{\mathrm{e}}}{\phi_{\mathrm{e}} K_{\mathrm{ma}}}\right)^{-1}, $
其中,Re()和lm()分别是数值的实部和虚部;M=Kdry+4Gdry/3为干岩石纵波模量;ρa=(1-α)ϕeρf为固流耦合密度,ρ1=(1-ϕe)ρma,ρ2=ϕeρf;a=1-Kdry/Kma为双相介质系数;ωc=ηϕe/(κρf)为Biot特征角频率;R为特征喷射流长度.
采用上述岩石物理建模方法进行频率、水合物饱和度和赋存形态对地震波速度和衰减的数值模拟响应分析,假设水合物储层矿物组分由60%石英和40%黏土构成,孔隙度为0.5,水合物饱和度0.5,水和水合物均匀分布在孔隙空间中,其他模拟过程中使用的参数见表 1(Ecker et al., 2000; Best et al., 2013; Liu T, 2022).
图 3为基于Biot和BISQ理论计算的不同赋存形态水合物储层纵波速度频散与衰减特征.从图 3a和图 3b中观察到,基于Biot理论模拟的胶结型水合物储层频散与衰减特征没有明显变化,并且频散程度与衰减强度远低于非胶结型水合物地层.如图 3c和图 3d所示,基于BISQ模型计算的孔隙充填和骨架支撑型水合物储层频散程度与衰减强度也同样地高于接触胶结和颗粒包裹型水合物储层.尽管基于Biot理论与BISQ理论模拟的速度频散与衰减特征变化规律比较相似,但是前者的频散程度和衰减强度明显小于后者.这是因为BISQ理论不仅考虑了宏观Biot流也考虑了微观喷射流机制.
本文选取卡斯卡迪陆缘增生楔水合物脊南部的ODP204航次1247B和1250F两口电缆测井数据进行应用测试.地震剖面上出现连续似海底反射层(BSR),证实了天然气水合物的存在.取样岩心分析显示,水合物赋存类型多样,是典型的中等-低饱和度水合物储层.井径曲线显示了测井数据质量较好,可以用于水合物储层识别与评价.此外,自然伽马和密度测井数据分别用于计算随深度变化的泥质含量与孔隙度.同时,利用快速查看Archie公式可以将环形电阻率转化为水合物饱和度.需要说明的是,所用的声波衰减数据源自于Ji等(2021)基于CREWES软件包中质心频率偏移法处理后的结果.考虑到1247B和1250F井的水合物稳定带底界面深度分别为130 m和110 m,因而选取1247B井的90~130 m层段(如图 4)和1250F井的70~110 m(如图 5)作为本研究的目的层.
考虑到Biot理论计算的衰减值远低于声波波形提取的衰减结果,因此采用基于BISQ理论的衰减模型计算纵波速度和衰减.图 6展示了四种赋存形态水合物地层纵波速度与衰减随水合物饱和度的变化特征.不难看出,不同赋存形态水合物储层纵波速度均随水合物饱和度的增加而增加,而纵波衰减随水合物饱和度先缓慢地增加,达到峰值后,快速减小.值得注意的是,孔隙充填型水合物的衰减特征相比于其他三种赋存形态水合物地层更加显著,这表明微观尺度波致流效应比黏性流体与固体骨架之间的相互作用对地震波衰减影响更大.
图 6a和图 6b分别对比了模型预测的纵波速度与衰减和1247B井数据.从图中可以看出,投影数据点分布与孔隙充填型和骨架支撑型水合物模型曲线吻合较好,与1247B井不同,1250F井的衰减数据(图 6d)分布相对比较分散,纵波速度更多是与骨架支撑型水合物模型曲线吻合较好(图 6c),但同样由于这两种赋存形态下速度变化趋势接近无法进一步确定.
以识别的水合物赋存形态为约束,利用所建的衰减模型建立基于纵波阻抗和纵波衰减的岩石物理图版,结合测井数据对所建的岩石物理图版有效性进行验证,可为储层参数预测提供针对性指导.图 7为建立的骨架支撑型水合物储层纵波阻抗和衰减的岩石物理图版.从图中可以看出,纵波阻抗和纵波衰减均随着孔隙度的增加而减小,而随水合物饱和度的变化关系比较复杂.在地层孔隙度低于40%时,纵波阻抗与衰减随着水合物饱和度增加而增加;反之,当地层孔隙度高于50%时,纵波阻抗与衰减随着水合物饱和度先减小再增加.这主要是因为水合物饱和度和孔隙度对纵波阻抗和衰减施加反作用导致的.对比所建的纵波衰减和纵波阻抗图版与实际测井数据可以发现,1247B井的水合物饱和度和孔隙度预测偏低,而1250F井的测量数据点分布与岩石物理图版吻合较好,孔隙度范围与图版吻合较好,而水合物饱和度范围与图版存在一定差异.这些差异可能与矿物组分多样、不合理的岩石物理模型参数选择以及测井数据误差等有关.
图 8为建立的孔隙充填型水合物储层纵波阻抗和衰减的岩石物理图版.从图中可以看出,纵波衰减随着水合物饱和度增加而快速增加,随着孔隙度增加而减小.特别地,中等饱和度水合物储层纵波衰减随孔隙度的增加下降更为显著.这表明,当水合物充当孔隙流体一部分时,微观尺度波致流引起的衰减强度更大.同样地,孔隙度的增加削弱了地层刚度,降低了衰减强度.与纵波衰减不同,纵波阻抗随水合物饱和度的增加几乎没有变化,而随着孔隙度的增加而减小.这是合理的,因为水合物和水的密度比较接近,且中等-低孔隙充填型水合物饱和度对纵波速度的变化影响不大,使得对孔隙充填型水合物储层纵波阻抗对水合物饱和度的变化不敏感.对比1247B及1250F井数据分布与岩石物理图版可以发现,相比于1250F井,1247B井的散点数据分布特征与孔隙充填型岩石物理图版吻合较好,合理地解释了水合物饱和度和孔隙度.
针对不同赋存形态水合物储层开展衰减表征理论研究,有助于厘清水合物储层地震波频散与衰减机理,为利用地震衰减属性识别水合物储层奠定基础.为此,本文结合广义有效介质模型与双相介质理论,构建了复杂赋存形态水合物储层衰减模型,探究了不同赋存形态地震波频散与衰减响应特征,提出了用于识别水合物赋存形态的纵波速度和衰减与水合物饱和度交会图,并进一步研发了预测物性参数的纵波衰减与纵波阻抗岩石物理图版,将其成功应用于ODP204航次1247B和1250F井数据.得到以下几点认识与不足:
(1) 尽管基于Biot理论和BISQ理论计算的不同赋存形态水合物储层地震波频散与衰减特征呈现一定相似性,但是前者的纵波频散程度与衰减强度均小于后者,这是因为后者除了考虑了宏观尺度黏性流体与固体颗粒之间的相互作用外,还引入了微观尺度喷射流机制.
(2) 通过构建不同赋存形态水合物储层纵波速度和衰减与水合物饱和度之间的变化关系,可以为水合物微观赋存形态识别提供有力依据.以识别的主导赋存形态为约束,构建纵波衰减与纵波阻抗岩石物理图版,可以有效估算水合物饱和度和孔隙度,为联合地震弹性和衰减属性评价水合物储层提供新的研究思路.
(3) 所建的衰减模型引入了宏观尺度流体与固体之间的相互作用和微观尺度喷射流效应,未考虑中观尺度局部流体流动特征.为了简化模型的假设条件,本文忽略了实际地层中裂隙充填型水合物诱导的各向异性.因此,在未来研究中通过引入多种吸收衰减机制构建含孔隙型和裂隙型水合物储层衰减模型,提高水合物储层衰减表征精度,为利用多尺度地球物理数据评价水合物储层奠定基础.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0401
  • 接收时间:2025-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-27
  • 修回日期:2025-09-23
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    1长江大学地球物理与石油资源学院, 武汉 430100
    2广州海洋地质调查局三亚南海地质研究所, 三亚 572025

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潘豪杰, 男, 1988年生, 副教授, 主要从事非常规地球物理研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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