Article(id=1309584713875026233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026JJ0068, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026JJ0068, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=1750435200000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158926695, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158926695, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158926695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158926695, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=43, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584714076352826, articleId=1309584713875026233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Impact of soil moisture anomaly in Northern Eurasian on summer extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the CPC daily maximum temperature dataset from 1979 to 2021, this study identified the summer extreme high temperature events in Northeast Asia, and systematically analyzed the variation characteristics of the number of extreme high temperature days. Combined with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and GLDAS soil moisture data, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to explore the possible influence of soil moisture anomaly in northern Eurasia on the change of extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia in summer (June to August), and further reveal its potential physical mechanism. The results show that summer extreme high temperature events in Northeast Asia show a significant growth trend, and the high incidence areas are concentrated in northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia. Further analysis shows that the soil moisture anomaly in the north of Eurasia shows a specific dipole distribution in spring and summer, that is, the soil moisture in the northeast of Europe is dry, and the soil moisture in the north of Lake Baikal and the outer Khingan Mountains is wet, and the land-atmosphere interaction affect atmospheric circulation patterns, contributes to the formation of "positive-negative-positive" zonal wave train structure over Eurasia. The eastward transmission of the wave train transmits the wave energy to the downstream region, contributes to the formation of anticyclonic circulation anomalies and positive geopotential height anomalies over Northeast Asia, which leads to the enhancement of atmospheric subsidence movement in the region, which leads to the surface warming, and finally increases the number of extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia in summer.

, authors=XiaoYing ZHOU1, 2, Gang ZENG1, *, authorsList=XiaoYing ZHOU, Gang ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gang ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584715854737735, articleId=1309584713875026233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=欧亚北部土壤湿度异常对东北亚夏季极端高温日数的影响, columnId=1309584675773968415, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究基于1979—2021年CPC逐日最高温度数据集,识别了东北亚地区的夏季(6—8月)极端高温事件,系统分析了极端高温日数的变化特征.同时,结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及GLDAS土壤湿度数据,采用相关分析、回归分析等方法,探讨了欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度异常对东北亚夏季极端高温日数变化的可能影响,并进一步揭示了其潜在的物理机制.研究结果表明,东北亚夏季极端高温事件呈现显著的增长趋势,且高发区域集中在中国东北部及内蒙古东部.进一步分析发现,当春夏季欧亚大陆北部的土壤湿度异常呈现特定的偶极子分布,即欧洲东北部土壤湿度偏干,而贝加尔湖的北部—外兴安岭地区土壤湿度偏湿时,陆—气相互作用影响了大气环流模式,促使欧亚大陆上空形成“正—负—正”的纬向波列结构.波列的东传将波动能量传递给下游地区,有助于在东北亚地区上空形成反气旋环流异常和正位势高度异常,导致该地区大气下沉运动增强,从而引发地表增温,最终使东北亚夏季极端高温日数增加.

, authors=周筱颖1, 2, 曾刚1, *, authorsList=周筱颖, 曾刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾刚, authorNote=

周筱颖,女,2000年生,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事气候变化研究. E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾刚,男,1973年生,博士,研究员,主要从事东亚季风及气候变化研究. E-mail:
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10.27248/d.cnki.gnjqc.2023.000061., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309584716102201672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584716110590281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, companyId=1309584716102201672, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584716118978890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, companyId=1309584716102201672, 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655000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309584718962717025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spatial distribution of summer: (a) Extreme high temperature days (unit: days) over Northeast Asia from 1979 to 2021; (b) Annual daily maximum temperature series (black broken line; unit: ℃) and its trend line (red line); (c) Interannual variations in extreme high temperature days (blue bars; unit: occurrences), figureFileSmall=XL1LElzycXWZ1wHut23xmQ==, figureFileBig=UpUXbucLnLr66ePEEfNHQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719038214498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1979—2021年东北亚地区夏季(a)极端高温日数分布(单位:天);(b)逐年日最高温度序列(黑色折线;单位:℃)及其趋势线(红色直线);(c)逐年极端高温日数序列(蓝色柱状;单位:次)

黑色虚线代表正负一倍标准差,蓝色虚线表示平均值.

, figureFileSmall=XL1LElzycXWZ1wHut23xmQ==, figureFileBig=UpUXbucLnLr66ePEEfNHQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719285678435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Atmospheric conditions on extreme high temperature occurrence days in Northeast Asia during summer: (a) 300 hPa geopotential height anomalies (shading; unit: gpm) and horizontal wind anomalies (vector arrows; unit: m/s); (b) Maximum temperature anomalies (unit: ℃), figureFileSmall=fX87u4LVdvZJGVq+zppkkA==, figureFileBig=BUYwVVAXHr7FOIwERlK4bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719394730340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=CN, label=图2, caption=东北亚夏季极端高温发生当日的(a)300 hPa位势高度异常(填色;单位:gpm)和水平风异常(矢量箭头:单位:m/s)和(b)最高温度异常(单位:℃)

灰色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.1的统计检验;黑色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.05的统计检验.

, figureFileSmall=fX87u4LVdvZJGVq+zppkkA==, figureFileBig=BUYwVVAXHr7FOIwERlK4bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719478616421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Correlation coefficient distribution between summer extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia and soil moisture in (a) spring and (b) summer; (c) Normalized series of soil moisture (red broken line) and number of extremely high temperature days (black broken line) in key areas in summer, figureFileSmall=xKir3MtHs2srCx0WozSokQ==, figureFileBig=uljLvvgre+xcCbh7tEOqBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719579279718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=CN, label=图3, caption=东北亚夏季极端高温日数与(a)春季;(b)夏季土壤湿度的相关系数分布;(c)夏季关键区土壤湿度(红色折线)和极端高温日数标准化序列(黑色折线).

红色实线框区域表示关键区;灰色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.1的统计检验;黑色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.05的统计检验;蓝色虚线代表正负一倍标准差.

, figureFileSmall=xKir3MtHs2srCx0WozSokQ==, figureFileBig=uljLvvgre+xcCbh7tEOqBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719675748711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Linear regression coefficients of the SMI index with respect to summer mean (a) sensible heat flux (unit: W/m2), (b) latent heat flux (unit: W/m2), (c) downward shortwave radiation flux (unit: W/m2), and (d) upward longwave radiation flux (unit: W/m2), figureFileSmall=Yz2RrIxfDJrwh0ABMM4LfA==, figureFileBig=uTxKnzLpvNM0hXXOqDMPsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719759634792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=CN, label=图4, caption=SMI指数对于夏季平均(a)感热通量(单位:W/m2);(b)潜热通量(单位:W/m2);(c)向下短波辐射通量(单位:W/m2);(d)向上长波辐射通量(单位:W/m2)的线性回归系数分布

灰色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.1的统计检验;黑色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.05的统计检验.

, figureFileSmall=Yz2RrIxfDJrwh0ABMM4LfA==, figureFileBig=uTxKnzLpvNM0hXXOqDMPsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719843520873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Linear regression coefficients of the SMI index regarding summer mean (a) total cloud cover (unit: %), (b) sea level pressure (unit: Pa), (c) 1000~500 hPa atmospheric thickness (unit: K), and (d) surface temperature (unit: K), figureFileSmall=8m5ZTep1HY3gP43zwvBhKQ==, figureFileBig=wlsZ4eSXPP1vWxeO9QixJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584719939989866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=CN, label=图5, caption=SMI指数对于夏季平均(a)总云量(单位:%);(b)海平面气压(单位:Pa);(c)1000~500 hPa大气厚度(单位:K);(d)地表温度(单位:K)的线性回归系数分布

灰色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.1的统计检验;黑色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.05的统计检验.

, figureFileSmall=8m5ZTep1HY3gP43zwvBhKQ==, figureFileBig=wlsZ4eSXPP1vWxeO9QixJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584720049041771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Linear regression coefficients of the index with respect to summer mean (a) 300 hPa geopotential height (unit: gpm), (b) 500 hPa geopotential height (shading; unit: gpm) and horizontal wind speed (vector arrows; unit: m/s), (c) maximum temperature (unit: ℃), and (d) vertical cross-section (105~145 °E) of atmospheric temperature (shading; unit: K) and meridional vertical circulation (vector arrows), figureFileSmall=CW9KnSG+EBT05Hpu41qX0w==, figureFileBig=xgQr1jbAKRFOwQveXgV66g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584720162287980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584713875026233, language=CN, label=图6, caption=SMI指数对于夏季平均(a)300 hPa位势高度(单位:gpm);(b)500 hPa位势高度(填色;单位:gpm)和水平风速(矢量箭头;单位:m/s);(c)最高温度(单位:℃);(d)大气温度(填色;单位:K)和垂直经向环流(矢量箭头)的105~145°E垂直剖面的线性回归系数分布

灰色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.1的统计检验;黑色打点表示通过显著性水平为0.05的统计检验.

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欧亚北部土壤湿度异常对东北亚夏季极端高温日数的影响
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周筱颖 1, 2 , 曾刚 1, *
地球物理学进展 | 固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026,41(1): 43-53
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地球物理学进展 |固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026 , 41 (1) : 43 -53
欧亚北部土壤湿度异常对东北亚夏季极端高温日数的影响
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周筱颖1, 2 , 曾刚1, *
作者信息
  • 1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京 210044
  • 2云南省曲靖市麒麟区气象局,曲靖 655000
通讯作者:
曾刚,男,1973年生,博士,研究员,主要从事东亚季风及气候变化研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

周筱颖,女,2000年生,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事气候变化研究. E-mail:

Impact of soil moisture anomaly in Northern Eurasian on summer extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia
XiaoYing ZHOU1, 2 , Gang ZENG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2Qilin District Meteorological Bureau, Qujing City, Yunnan Province, Qujing 655000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0068
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本研究基于1979—2021年CPC逐日最高温度数据集,识别了东北亚地区的夏季(6—8月)极端高温事件,系统分析了极端高温日数的变化特征.同时,结合NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及GLDAS土壤湿度数据,采用相关分析、回归分析等方法,探讨了欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度异常对东北亚夏季极端高温日数变化的可能影响,并进一步揭示了其潜在的物理机制.研究结果表明,东北亚夏季极端高温事件呈现显著的增长趋势,且高发区域集中在中国东北部及内蒙古东部.进一步分析发现,当春夏季欧亚大陆北部的土壤湿度异常呈现特定的偶极子分布,即欧洲东北部土壤湿度偏干,而贝加尔湖的北部—外兴安岭地区土壤湿度偏湿时,陆—气相互作用影响了大气环流模式,促使欧亚大陆上空形成“正—负—正”的纬向波列结构.波列的东传将波动能量传递给下游地区,有助于在东北亚地区上空形成反气旋环流异常和正位势高度异常,导致该地区大气下沉运动增强,从而引发地表增温,最终使东北亚夏季极端高温日数增加.

东北亚  /  极端高温日数  /  欧亚大陆北部  /  土壤湿度

Based on the CPC daily maximum temperature dataset from 1979 to 2021, this study identified the summer extreme high temperature events in Northeast Asia, and systematically analyzed the variation characteristics of the number of extreme high temperature days. Combined with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and GLDAS soil moisture data, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to explore the possible influence of soil moisture anomaly in northern Eurasia on the change of extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia in summer (June to August), and further reveal its potential physical mechanism. The results show that summer extreme high temperature events in Northeast Asia show a significant growth trend, and the high incidence areas are concentrated in northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia. Further analysis shows that the soil moisture anomaly in the north of Eurasia shows a specific dipole distribution in spring and summer, that is, the soil moisture in the northeast of Europe is dry, and the soil moisture in the north of Lake Baikal and the outer Khingan Mountains is wet, and the land-atmosphere interaction affect atmospheric circulation patterns, contributes to the formation of "positive-negative-positive" zonal wave train structure over Eurasia. The eastward transmission of the wave train transmits the wave energy to the downstream region, contributes to the formation of anticyclonic circulation anomalies and positive geopotential height anomalies over Northeast Asia, which leads to the enhancement of atmospheric subsidence movement in the region, which leads to the surface warming, and finally increases the number of extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia in summer.

Northeast Asia  /  Extreme high temperature days  /  Northern Eurasia  /  Soil moisture
周筱颖, 曾刚. 欧亚北部土壤湿度异常对东北亚夏季极端高温日数的影响. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 43 -53 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0068
XiaoYing ZHOU, Gang ZENG. Impact of soil moisture anomaly in Northern Eurasian on summer extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 43 -53 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0068
联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第六次气候变化评估报告指出,2011—2020年全球表面温度比1850—1900年高1.09 ℃,自1970年以来,全球地表温度的上升速度超过了过去2000年的任何其他50年周期(IPCC,2021).世界气象组织(WMO)根据六个国际数据集确认,2024年是有记录以来最热的一年,过去十年(2015—2024年)已成为有记录以来最暖的十年(Kennedy et al., 2024).全球变暖导致极端高温事件频发,经常造成严重的气象灾害,对社会、人类健康、经济和生态系统产生重大影响(Robine et al., 2008;Jiang et al., 2022;Yang et al., 2022).2023年在欧洲引发的高温热浪事件造成超过4.7万人丧生,其死亡率仅次于2022年(Gallo et al., 2024).高温热浪还会直接导致工农业减产、能源供需失调、江河流域水循环失衡、土壤干旱加剧趋势明显、森林火灾频率上升和破坏生物的多样性,对社会经济与生态环境造成了严重的损毁(Easterling et al., 2000;Karoly,2009;Weilnhammer et al., 2021;常俊杰,2022;孙昭萱等,2022).因此,极端高温已经引起了世界各国政府和科学界的广泛关注,成为气候变化领域的一个研究热点和重点(Deng et al., 2018;Pi et al., 2020).
东北亚地区位于东亚东北部,其范围包括中国东北部、蒙古东部、朝鲜半岛、日本列岛、俄罗斯远东等地区,是深受极端高温严重影响的地区之一.作为中高纬度典型的气候过渡带,东北亚地区的夏季极端高温不仅对生态系统产生深远影响,还对社会经济发展及人体健康构成严峻威胁(Zhang et al., 2021).随着全球增暖,东亚地区极端高温频次和强度和持续时间、影响范围在全球增温1.5 ℃和2.0 ℃时期较历史同期将显著增加(Ma et al., 2022).过去40年东北亚夏季极端高温的发生频率、持续时间、强度及影响范围呈显著上升趋势,特别是在20世纪90年代中期表现出明显的年代际转折,其中中国北方的极端高温日数大幅增加(Ding et al., 2010;Fang and Lu, 2020;Zhang et al., 2020a;吴瑞曦等,2021).此外,Kang和Eltahir(2018)研究预测,受全球变暖影响,东北亚地区在21世纪末将面临更加严重的致命极端高温.
大气环流异常是触发、维持和增强极端高温事件的关键动力机制(Jézéquel et al., 2018;Li et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2023).现有研究表明,在东北亚地区的夏季极端高温过程中,对流层中高层持续性的位势高度正异常和反气旋环流异常是直接的环流驱动因素:反气旋环流异常能够通过加强下沉运动,引发更强的绝热增温,从而提升地表气温;它还会减少云层覆盖,使地表接收到更多的太阳辐射(非绝热加热),进一步促进温度上升(Alexander,2011;Chen and Lu, 2014,2015;Sun,2014;Sun et al., 2014;Chen et al., 2016;Wu et al., 2016a, b;Tao and Zhang, 2019;Ren et al., 2020).东北亚地区2018年夏季发生的极端高温事件在很大程度上受到西北太平洋副热带高压向北推进的影响(Ren et al., 2020).Chen等(2016)研究发现,东北亚偏暖时期通常伴随对流层上层较弱的西风急流.杨效业(2023)通过观测分析和数值模拟,表明当东亚副热带急流强度偏弱、极锋急流偏强时,有利于东北亚上空反气旋异常的形成,导致极端高温的形成.Xu等(2019)研究指出,2018年东北亚的极端高温事件可能受到欧亚大陆上空自西北向东南传播的“三极子”型波列以及类似丝绸之路波列的共同影响,从而加强了该地区的正高度异常.杨效业(2023)通过研究和分析发现,东北亚地区的波列型极端高温年际变化主要受欧亚大陆上空沿西风急流传播的南北双支波列调控,而阻塞型极端高温的年际变化则更多表现为欧亚大陆上空纬向偶极子结构的异常.
土壤湿度作为陆面过程中的关键因素之一,其异常对于地表温度的分布具有重要影响,与极端高温的发生、增强及持续有密切的关系(陈海山和周晶,2013;Hauser et al., 2016;Vogel et al., 2017).东北亚地区的春夏土壤湿度与夏季极端高温次数基本呈负相关关系,且同期相关性更为显著,干燥的土壤更有利于夏季高温天数的增多(王丽伟和张杰,2015;Zhang et al., 2019;吴瑞曦等,2021).Choi等(2020)指出,欧亚大陆的陆—气相互作用可以作为东亚极端高温关联的斯堪的纳维亚遥相关波列变率增强的一个主要驱动因子.当夏季热带太平洋海温异常处于暖位相时,西太平洋副高强度相对较弱且华北地区南部降水偏少,前期较干的土壤湿度异常可以作为华北极端高温的预测信号(杨凯等,2023).东欧—西西伯利亚春季(3—5月)融雪偏多可以湿润土壤,持续的地表感热引起对流层位势高度下降,并通过加强东传波列和环流调整促进下游东北亚夏季位势高度显著正异常,东北亚地区与土壤湿度异常相联系的局地陆—气耦合过程也进一步促进了东北亚夏季地表升温(Sun et al., 2021).由于极端高温与土壤水分之间存在更强的负相关,导致夏季极端高温和干旱的极端事件组合在东北亚可能会更加频繁和严重,而在气候变暖的情况下,这种情况可能会变得更加严重(Zhang et al., 2020b).作为陆地与大气相互作用强烈的地区之一,东北亚地区在过去几十年中干旱复合型极端高温急剧增加,这表明东北亚的极端高温极有可能是与干旱密切相关的复合极端高温(Seo and Ha, 2022).
复杂的地貌特征使得欧亚大陆北部对极端高温事件的响应更为敏感,而土壤湿度的空间异质性可能进一步加剧这种气候风险(Zander et al., 2015).已有研究证实,春季的欧洲地区为土壤湿度季节内变率的大值区,陆—气相互作用将显著增加欧洲、西伯利亚、东北亚地区夏季土壤湿度的季节内变率,进一步增加了夏季极端高温频率(王一诺,2023).然而,当前针对东北亚地区极端高温及其变化与欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度的联系仍缺乏系统性的探讨.因此,深入探讨欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度异常如何影响东北亚夏季极端高温日数变化,不仅有助于加深对东北亚极端高温及变化的机理理解,还能为区域气候预测、极端天气预警及气候风险评估提供科学依据,对于提升气候变化背景下的灾害防范能力具有重要意义.
本文选用1979—2021年6—8月美国气候预测中心(CPC)网格化逐日最高地表气温(Tmax)数据集筛选和识别东北亚地区的夏季极端高温事件,其水平分辨率为0.5°×0.5°.大气月平均再分析数据来自美国国家环境预测中心/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)(Kalnay et al., 2018),包括位势高度、水平风、垂直速度、大气厚度、地表向下短波辐射通量、地表向上长波辐射通量、总云量、海平面气压、地表温度、最高温度等,水平分辨率为2.5°×2.5°, 共17层等压面,选取时段为1979—2021年.另外,选用土壤湿度资料来自全球土地数据同化系统(GLDAS)Noah V2.0/V2.1逐月10~40 cm土壤湿度和蒸散发资料,研究春夏土壤湿度变化和东北亚极端高温日数的相关关系,水平分辨率为1°×1°.
本研究采用Yang等(2021)提出的方法定义东北亚夏季极端高温事件,具体步骤如下:(1)将东北亚区域(105—145°E,35—55°N)划分为32个5°×5°大小的子区域,计算每个子区域内的区域平均逐日最高温度.(2)若一个或多个子区域的最高温度日距平超过当日气候态标准差的1.5倍,则判定该日为极端高温日.连续的极端高温日视为一次极端高温事件.由于本研究侧重于从环流角度研究极端高温事件的变化,这样的定义方法可以通过子网格区域平均的温度有效剔除局地热力过程造成的小尺度高温事件,并且可以识别到在东北亚区域内发生移动的极端高温事件(Park et al., 2011).如果将整个东北亚地区的温度进行整体进行筛选,会导致这些事件不能被识别,影响了筛选极端高温事件的准确性.本研究的主要结论对2.0倍标准差筛选结果不敏感.
为了解东北亚地区夏季极端高温的成因及其与大气环流异常的联系,计算了Rossby波的波作用通量.Plumb(1985)基于小振幅定常波在纬向均匀基本流中传播时的守恒关系,推导出定常罗斯贝波的三维波作用通量,用于描述波动能量及其传播方向.Takaya和Nakamura(2001)将Plumb波作用通量进行概括和进一步推广,提出了T-N波作用通量.T-N波作用通量能更好地描述非均匀气流中的罗斯贝波的三维传播特征.其中,二维T-N波作用通量的诊断方程表示为:
$W=\frac{p \cos \varphi}{2|\boldsymbol{U}|} \cdot\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{U}{a^2 \cos ^2 \varphi}\left[\left(\frac{\partial \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \lambda}\right)^2-\psi^{\prime} \frac{\partial^2 \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \lambda^2}\right]+\frac{V}{a^2 \cos \varphi}\left[\frac{\partial \psi^{\prime} \partial \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \lambda \partial \varphi}-\psi^{\prime} \frac{\partial^2 \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \lambda \partial \varphi}\right] \\\frac{U}{a^2 \cos \varphi}\left[\frac{\partial \psi^{\prime} \partial \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \lambda \partial \varphi}-\psi^{\prime} \frac{\partial^2 \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \lambda \partial \varphi}\right]+\frac{V}{a^2}\left[\left(\frac{\partial \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \varphi}\right)^2-\psi^{\prime} \frac{\partial^2 \psi^{\prime}}{\partial \varphi^2}\right]\end{array}, \right.$
式中,$\psi^{\prime}=\frac{\mathit{Φ}^{\prime}}{f}$为准地转流函数相对于背景场(气候态)的扰动.Φ代表位势,f=2Ωsinφ为科氏参数.a和Ω分别为地球的半径和自转速度.p表示气压与1000 hPa气压的比值.φ和λ表示纬度和经度,基本流场U =(U, V)表示气候场,上标表示偏导数.
基于第1节定义的极端高温识别标准,本研究利用1979—2021年CPC逐日最高温度数据,对东北亚地区夏季(6—8月)的极端高温事件进行了系统统计与分析.研究结果表明,在43年的研究时段内,东北亚地区共发生极端高温事件425次,累计极端高温日数达1775天,年均发生9.88次,年均极端高温日数41.28天,单次事件平均持续4.17天.通过趋势分析发现,极端高温日数呈现显著增长趋势,其增加速率为0.18天/年(p < 0.01),并且与极端高温频次之间存在显著正相关关系(r=0.44, p < 0.01),表明高频次的极端高温事件往往伴随更长的持续时间.此外,极端高温日数在时间序列上表现出明显的阶段性波动(图 1c).具体而言,1986、1987、1990、1993、1996、1998、2009年为极端高温日数偏少的典型年份(年均≤24天),其日数低于气候态-1σ的阈值;而1980、1994、1997、2000、2001、2007、2008、2010年则为极端高温日数偏多的典型年份(年均≥56天),日数超过气候态+1σ的阈值.其中,2000年极端高温日数最多,共计69天,而1993年极端高温日数最少,仅3天.
从空间分布来看,中国东北、华北及蒙古东部地区(115—130°E,40—55°N)是极端高温高发区域,其累计极端高温日数超过300天(图 1a).基于趋势分析发现, 东北亚地区的年平均日最高温度呈现0.05 ℃/年(p < 0.05)的显著升温趋势(图 1b),并与极端高温日数的增加表现出协同演变的特征.
东北亚夏季极端高温事件发生时的大气环流结构呈现出显著的异常特征(图 2a).东北亚区域上空受反气旋环流异常控制,同时, 整个西伯利亚区域上空伴随气旋环流异常,欧亚大陆北部上空位势高度场异常主要表现为“负、正”准纬向波列结构.这一波列结构表明,当东北亚夏季极端高温发生时,东北亚上空为正位势高度异常.
由于极端高温事件的发生伴随局地温度异常升高,因此统计极端高温期间的最高温度异常范围可以更直观地刻画极端高温的影响区域.由图 2b的分析结果可见,东北亚极端高温事件的影响范围南至朝鲜半岛以北,西至阿尔泰山脉以东,北至外兴安岭,东至黑龙江省,而日本海区域附近受极端高温影响较小.这一空间分布特征不仅与图 1a中东北亚极端高温日数的空间统计结果保持一致,也与图 2a的环流形势相互印证,进一步表明大尺度环流异常在东北亚极端高温事件的形成和发展过程中起到了重要作用.
极端高温日数是衡量极端高温事件的重要指标之一.为分析东北亚地区夏季极端高温与欧亚大陆土壤湿度的联系,我们初步使用东北亚地区夏季的逐年极端高温日数与前期(春季)和同期(夏季)欧亚大陆北部的土壤湿度进行相关分析结果如图 3所示.春季欧洲东北部地区的土壤湿度与东北亚夏季极端高温日数呈显著负相关,可能反映远距离遥相关机制.而贝加尔湖北部、外兴安岭地区的春季土壤湿度则与东北亚夏季极端高温日数呈显著正相关,表明局地土壤湿度对极端高温的潜在调控作用.到了夏季,欧洲东北部的负相关区域略向西北方向偏移;贝加尔湖北部、外兴安岭地区的正相关范围扩大至勒拿河流域,相关性显著增强.此外,东北亚地区土壤湿度在春季呈弱相关,未通过显著性检验,而在夏季相关性增强.不具有春夏相关关系持续性较好的区域的土壤湿度,在本研究中不予讨论.
综合考虑相关性强度与时空稳定性,本研究选取外兴安岭地区(120—140°E, 53—65°N)和欧洲东北部区域(35—60°E, 56—66°N)作为影响东北亚极端高温日数的土壤湿度关键区,对关键区的土壤湿度进行分析.外兴安岭地区的土壤湿度异常表现出较强的季节持续性,其春季与夏季关键区土壤湿度的相关系数为0.42(p < 0.01),表明外兴安岭的土壤湿度异常具有3—6个月的跨季节持续性,对东北亚夏季的气候产生持续的影响.具体而言,该区域的春季土壤湿度与东北亚夏季极端高温日数呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.38(p < 0.05);夏季土壤湿度与东北亚夏季极端高温日数相关系数为0.44(p < 0.01).这意味着当外兴安岭地区春夏土壤湿度偏湿(干)时,东北亚夏季极端高温日数相应增加(减少),这一关联可能源于土壤湿度通过调控地表能量收支(如反照率与蒸发效率)影响局地热力条件,进而增强极端高温的发生.
欧洲东北部地区的土壤湿度异常同样表现出一定的季节持续性,其春季与夏季土壤湿度的相关系数为0.26(p < 0.1).进一步分析表明,该区域春季土壤湿度与东北亚夏季极端高温日数呈负相关(相关系数为-0.29,p < 0.1),且夏季的相关性更强(相关系数为-0.32,p < 0.05),即欧洲东北部地区春夏土壤湿度偏干(湿)的情况下,东北亚夏季极端高温日数增多(减少).与外兴安岭地区不同,欧洲东北部的土壤湿度异常可能通过陆—气相互作用激发大尺度环流异常,进而改变东北亚地区的大气环流形势,对极端高温的日数变化产生影响.
为进一步探讨欧洲东北部—外兴安岭地区的土壤湿度异常对大气环流的影响,本研究定义外兴安岭土壤湿度与欧洲东北部土壤湿度的标准化序列之差为关键区土壤湿度指数SMI.这一指数反映了欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度的偶极子分布特征,其正值代表外兴安岭土壤湿度偏高而欧洲东北部土壤湿度偏低,负值则代表相反情况.计算结果表明,春夏SMI指数相关系数为0.56(p < 0.01),表现出良好持续性;夏季SMI指数与东北亚夏季极端高温日数的相关系数达到0.51(p < 0.01),表明欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度偶极子结构异常对东北亚的极端高温日数存在显著影响.
为分析土壤湿度异常如何影响陆—气能量的交换,本研究将SMI指数回归至欧亚大陆夏季通量场(图 4).回归分析结果表明,欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度的偶极子分布(图 3b)显著影响了感热通量、潜热通量和辐射平衡.当欧洲东北部土壤偏干时,该区域的地表水分含量降低,导致感热通量增强(图 4a),即更多的地表热量通过湍流输送至大气,促进大气升温.这一过程使得等压面升高,进而影响大气环流形势.当外兴安岭地区土壤偏湿时,该区域地表水分充足,潜热通量增加(图 4b),这种变化在引起局地冷却的同时,也可能通过水汽输送影响下游地区的热力条件.欧洲东北部出现向下短波辐射正异常(图 4c),即更多的太阳辐射直达地表,从而加剧了地表增温效应.而外兴安岭地区则出现向下短波辐射负异常(图 4c),表明该区域云量较多或反照率增加,更多的太阳辐射被反射回大气,从而减少了地表吸收的能量.向上长波辐射的回归结果与上述变化相一致(图 4d).这些结果说明,欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度异常的偶极子分布会引起通量场的偶极子响应,改变局地和下游区域的热力条件,进而影响大气环流.另外,注意到在东北亚区域的通量场也出现了和欧洲东北部地区的一致变化,这可能是由于夏季东北亚局地土壤湿度与极端高温同样存在显著负相关关系导致的,其变化也有利于东北亚地区地表增温,形成极端高温发生的有利条件.
图 5为SMI指数对于夏季大气要素场的回归结果.观察到在欧洲东北部和东北亚地区出现了云量负异常(图 5a),较少的云层覆盖意味着更多的短波辐射能够直接抵达地表,使得地表温度显著升高(图 5d),进一步强化了极端高温的发生条件.相反,外兴安岭地区的云量显著增加(图 5a),阻挡了太阳辐射,水汽积累有助于低压系统的发展,这一变化导致该区域的地表温度相对降低(图 5d).对应于图 5d的结果,在欧洲东北部和东北亚地区有大气厚度增加(图 5c),有利于等压面抬升,形成显著的正位势高度异常区,导致持续晴热天气.这种热量累积效应会导致高压系统的增强,使得极端高温的发生概率增加,并可能影响更大范围区域的气候.西伯利亚地区则出现负的厚度异常(图 5c),使得等压面降低,形成低压结构.
为了进一步分析土壤湿度异常对大尺度环流的影响,将SMI指数回归至夏季环流场(图 6).结果表明陆—气能量交换在影响大气环流方面发挥了重要作用.在欧洲东北部地区土壤偏干—外兴安岭地区土壤偏湿的情况下,欧亚大陆北部形成“正—负—正”的纬向波列结构(图 6a和图 6b).欧洲东北部地区和东北亚对流层上部出现显著位势高度正异常,受反气旋环流控制,导致天气稳定,晴热天气增多.西伯利亚地区则呈现负位势高度异常,受气旋控制,这与外兴安岭地区的低压系统相对应.从水平波作用通量的回归结果来看(图 6a),大气波动能量从欧洲东北部向东传播至东北亚上空,反映出土壤湿度异常对远程大气环流的影响.外兴安岭地区出现了上升运动(图 6d),有助于低压系统的发展;而东北亚地区为下沉运动,表明该区域的大气层稳定度较高.这种环流形势可能导致东北亚地区的降水减少,同时地表温度升高,为东北亚地区夏季极端高温的发生提供了有利的背景条件.值得注意的是,在欧洲东北部和东北亚地区,最高温度均呈现显著的正异常(图 6c).这表明欧洲东北部—外兴安岭的土壤湿度偶极子分布不仅可以在东北亚地区引起极端高温,也可能率先使欧洲激发极端高温事件.
本文采用1979—2021年CPC逐日最高温度数据集、GLDAS逐月土壤湿度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集,结合相关分析、回归分析等方法,识别了东北亚地区夏季极端高温事件,研究了夏季极端高温日数与春夏欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度的联系,并揭示了关键区土壤湿度异常影响东北亚夏季极端高温变化的机理.其主要结论如下:
(1) 1979—2021年,东北亚地区共发生425次极端高温,累计1775个极端高温日.极端高温事件呈现出显著的增长趋势,夏季平均最高温度以0.05 ℃/年的速度上升.中国东北、华北及蒙古东部地区为极端高温高发区.当极端高温发生时,东北亚区域上空受反气旋控制,整个西伯利亚区域上空伴随气旋性环流异常.
(2) 东北亚夏季极端高温日数与前期春季和同期夏季欧洲东北部土壤湿度呈显著负相关,而与外兴安岭地区土壤湿度呈正相关,即当欧洲东北部土壤偏干(湿),而外兴安岭土壤偏湿(时),东北亚夏季极端高温日数增多(减少).
(3) 当春季和夏季欧洲东北部土壤偏干时,由于水分含量较低,地表蒸发作用减弱,使得更多的太阳辐射被地表直接吸收,从而增强感热通量.这一过程促使局地大气增温,并进一步抬升等压面高度,形成高压系统.强而稳定的反气旋环流导致天气持续晴朗,促进增温下沉.一旦高压系统建立,晴空辐射增强,进一步加剧土壤干燥,使得感热通量持续上升,形成了陆—气正反馈机制.在此过程中,欧洲东北部地区上空的波动能量通过波列结构和大气波动能量向下游传播,对东北亚的极端高温形成提供远程影响.与此同时,外兴安岭地区土壤湿度偏高,增强的蒸发作用导致湿度增加并释放潜热,这一变化同样影响大气波列结构,使波动能量沿纬向传播,进一步影响东北亚地区的大气稳定性.
欧亚大陆的土壤湿度异常是影响东北亚夏季极端高温的重要因素,其中,陆—气相互作用在这一过程中发挥了重要作用.本研究主要依赖统计分析方法研究了欧亚大陆北部土壤湿度异常与东北亚夏季极端高温日数的关系和影响机制,但仍需进一步采用模式进行数值试验验证.此外,除土壤湿度外,其他陆面因子如土壤温度等也会对东北亚夏季极端高温的变化产生影响(Yang et al., 2019).未来我们将进一步探讨这些因子对东北亚夏季极端高温的影响.

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doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0068
  • 接收时间:2025-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-27
  • 修回日期:2025-06-21
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    1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心,南京 210044
    2云南省曲靖市麒麟区气象局,曲靖 655000

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曾刚,男,1973年生,博士,研究员,主要从事东亚季风及气候变化研究. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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