Article(id=1309584675543281693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026II0447, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026II0447, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741449600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-09, revisedDate=1761753600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158917555, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158917555, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158917555, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158917555, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=130, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584675702665246, articleId=1309584675543281693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Review on key factors of microseismic source spectrum calculation in geotechnic engineering, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microseismic monitoring is widely used in the analysis of engineering disasters such as mines and tunnels, all of which are based on microseismic source parameters. The calculation of microseismic source spectrum is the basis of source parameter calculation. Once the source spectrum is determined, most of the source parameters can be calculated accordingly. However, research into the calculation process and method of microseismic source spectra is limited. Therefore, we investigated the basic steps and methods of microseismic source spectrum calculation in detail. This includes four main steps: waveform processing and source location; signal spectrum calculation; signal spectrum correction and source spectrum determination. Signal processing involves removing the instrument response, filtering and arrival picking with localisation to provide basic parameters for subsequent calculations. Signal spectrum calculation involves not only common methods such as the discrete Fourier transform, but also the lag-window spectral technique and multi-taper methods. Signal spectrum correction involves geometric spreading, site effects, and attenuation, which are all influenced by multiple and complex factors. Source spectrum determination initially requires the theoretical source spectrum model to be determined, followed by the selection of the objective function and fitting method. This study briefly analyses the impact of these factors on the calculation of the microseismic source spectrum and suggests possible future research directions. These results can be used as a reference for calculating the source spectrum, thereby establishing a foundation for calculating source parameters and ultimately providing theoretical support for standardising and normalising engineering microseismic monitoring and the quantitative warning of engineering disasters.

, authors=XinHao ZHU, authorsList=XinHao ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584678470905900, articleId=1309584675543281693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=岩土工程微震震源谱计算关键因素研究综述, columnId=1309584675773968415, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微震监测已经被广泛应用在矿山、隧道等岩土工程灾害分析中, 微震震源参数是进行工程灾害分析的基础; 微震震源谱计算是震源参数计算的核心步骤, 一旦震源谱被确定下来, 大多数震源参数就可以相应地被计算出来. 然而关于岩土工程微震震源谱计算过程和方法的研究还较少, 为此系统梳理了微震震源谱计算的基本步骤与方法, 按数据处理顺序包括微震信号处理与定位、频谱计算、频谱校正和震源谱确定等四个关键步骤. 微震信号处理包括去仪器响应、信号滤波和到时拾取, 综合震源定位结果, 提供了后续计算的基本参数; 频谱计算除了常用的离散傅里叶变换, 还包括延迟窗谱法和多窗谱方法; 频谱校正包括几何扩散、场地效应和衰减, 涉及的因素多且复杂; 震源谱确定过程中需要先确定理论震源谱模型, 再选取目标函数和方法进行拟合. 文中简要分析了这些因素对微震震源谱计算的影响, 并指出了下一步可能的发展方向. 结果可以为震源谱的计算提供参考, 进而为震源参数计算提供基础, 最终为工程微震监测的规范化、标准化以及工程灾害的定量化预警提供理论和技术支撑.

, authors=朱新豪, authorsList=朱新豪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

朱新豪, 男, 1995年生, 助理研究员, 主要从事岩土工程微震监测与稳定性分析方面的工作. E-mail:

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朱新豪, 男, 1995年生, 助理研究员, 主要从事岩土工程微震监测与稳定性分析方面的工作. E-mail:

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朱新豪, 男, 1995年生, 助理研究员, 主要从事岩土工程微震监测与稳定性分析方面的工作. E-mail:

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(a)截取的微震信号;(b)使用DFT和多窗谱方法计算的频谱对比,其中黄色曲线表示使用DFT方法计算的结果,蓝色表示使用多窗谱算法计算的结果.

, figureFileSmall=U3NgLdkgclGsord4Dt4RSw==, figureFileBig=Pa3V0zIMinCSyXYDyZF2uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584680094101569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675543281693, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Microseismic wave propagation process, figureFileSmall=haFrwkJOou1Mom64VgOAbg==, figureFileBig=XKidoqkwBUo05XPxcUlUZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584680169599042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675543281693, language=CN, label=图3, caption=微震波传播过程图, figureFileSmall=haFrwkJOou1Mom64VgOAbg==, figureFileBig=XKidoqkwBUo05XPxcUlUZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584680236707907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675543281693, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic of parallel wave propagation in two media, figureFileSmall=i72hlZhqxXj93Qx7jnFb9Q==, figureFileBig=06oPqtQr2noqCI4Wp0vITQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584680295428164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675543281693, language=CN, label=图4, caption=平行波在两种介质中的传播示意图

其中浅蓝色和浅棕色分别表示两种介质,蓝色箭头表示波传播方向,圆柱表示一束单位面积的波流经的区域.

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岩土工程微震震源谱计算关键因素研究综述
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朱新豪
地球物理学进展 | 固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026,41(1): 130-142
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地球物理学进展 |固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026 , 41 (1) : 130 -142
岩土工程微震震源谱计算关键因素研究综述
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朱新豪, 男, 1995年生, 助理研究员, 主要从事岩土工程微震监测与稳定性分析方面的工作. E-mail:

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朱新豪, 男, 1995年生, 助理研究员, 主要从事岩土工程微震监测与稳定性分析方面的工作. E-mail:

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朱新豪
作者信息
  • 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所, 岩土力学与工程安全全国重点实验室, 武汉 430071
作者简介:

朱新豪, 男, 1995年生, 助理研究员, 主要从事岩土工程微震监测与稳定性分析方面的工作. E-mail:

Review on key factors of microseismic source spectrum calculation in geotechnic engineering
XinHao ZHU
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0447
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微震监测已经被广泛应用在矿山、隧道等岩土工程灾害分析中, 微震震源参数是进行工程灾害分析的基础; 微震震源谱计算是震源参数计算的核心步骤, 一旦震源谱被确定下来, 大多数震源参数就可以相应地被计算出来. 然而关于岩土工程微震震源谱计算过程和方法的研究还较少, 为此系统梳理了微震震源谱计算的基本步骤与方法, 按数据处理顺序包括微震信号处理与定位、频谱计算、频谱校正和震源谱确定等四个关键步骤. 微震信号处理包括去仪器响应、信号滤波和到时拾取, 综合震源定位结果, 提供了后续计算的基本参数; 频谱计算除了常用的离散傅里叶变换, 还包括延迟窗谱法和多窗谱方法; 频谱校正包括几何扩散、场地效应和衰减, 涉及的因素多且复杂; 震源谱确定过程中需要先确定理论震源谱模型, 再选取目标函数和方法进行拟合. 文中简要分析了这些因素对微震震源谱计算的影响, 并指出了下一步可能的发展方向. 结果可以为震源谱的计算提供参考, 进而为震源参数计算提供基础, 最终为工程微震监测的规范化、标准化以及工程灾害的定量化预警提供理论和技术支撑.

震源谱  /  微震监测  /  震源参数  /  衰减

Microseismic monitoring is widely used in the analysis of engineering disasters such as mines and tunnels, all of which are based on microseismic source parameters. The calculation of microseismic source spectrum is the basis of source parameter calculation. Once the source spectrum is determined, most of the source parameters can be calculated accordingly. However, research into the calculation process and method of microseismic source spectra is limited. Therefore, we investigated the basic steps and methods of microseismic source spectrum calculation in detail. This includes four main steps: waveform processing and source location; signal spectrum calculation; signal spectrum correction and source spectrum determination. Signal processing involves removing the instrument response, filtering and arrival picking with localisation to provide basic parameters for subsequent calculations. Signal spectrum calculation involves not only common methods such as the discrete Fourier transform, but also the lag-window spectral technique and multi-taper methods. Signal spectrum correction involves geometric spreading, site effects, and attenuation, which are all influenced by multiple and complex factors. Source spectrum determination initially requires the theoretical source spectrum model to be determined, followed by the selection of the objective function and fitting method. This study briefly analyses the impact of these factors on the calculation of the microseismic source spectrum and suggests possible future research directions. These results can be used as a reference for calculating the source spectrum, thereby establishing a foundation for calculating source parameters and ultimately providing theoretical support for standardising and normalising engineering microseismic monitoring and the quantitative warning of engineering disasters.

Microseismic monitoring  /  Source spectra  /  Source parameter  /  Attenuation
朱新豪. 岩土工程微震震源谱计算关键因素研究综述. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 130 -142 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0447
XinHao ZHU. Review on key factors of microseismic source spectrum calculation in geotechnic engineering[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 130 -142 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0447
岩土工程微震监测技术的理论和方法直接来源于天然地震学,由于天然地震发生的整体频次高、破坏性大、社会关注度高等因素,极大地推动了天然地震学的发展,天然地震学的基础理论体系也在20世纪基本构建完成.由于地下工程建设和生产的需要,基于天然地震学的微震监测技术也逐渐发展起来(Li et al., 2024).微震监测技术在岩土工程中应用领域十分广泛,如煤与非煤矿山、公路铁路隧道、水电站地下厂房、水封洞库等地下工程安全监测(Ma et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2025; Zhao et al., 2022a, b),以及页岩气开采(Liu et al., 2022)、CO2封存(Zhao et al., 2025)等诸多领域,并取得了良好的效果.尽管微震监测的基本理论源于地震学,但当用于不同于地震学的生产领域时,观测对象的性质将会具有一定差异,这会导致处理和分析方法上的不同,因此在各应用领域中需要开展针对性研究.
在岩土工程中的微震监测领域,可分大致为应用研究以及基础理论与算法研究.其中应用领域的研究利用微震参数,分析岩体破坏的机制和规律,来解决实际工程中遇到的冲击地压、岩爆、硐室稳定性等问题,这方面国内诸多学者(Feng et al., 2022; Hu et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2022a, b)基于国内大量工程做了充分研究,在实际工程中取得了良好效果.基础理论与算法研究的目的是提供可靠的微震参数,如定位理论与算法、震源机制、到时拾取等(Chen et al., 2024; Zhao et al., 2023; 董陇军等, 2011),这些工作提高了微震参数的准确性、可靠性和自动化程度.上述研究涵盖了微震技术的绝大部分问题,但是对于微震震源谱计算理论与方法的研究远没有得到足够的重视,在文献中也鲜有报道.微震震源谱的计算是如辐射能量、视应力、视体积等震源参数的必要步骤.可以说,计算完震源谱,震源参数的计算就迎刃而解了.震源参数对微震监测的工程应用起着至关重要的作用,是进行岩体稳定性分析的基础(Dai et al., 2017).
尽管计算震源谱的核心理论都与天然地震学一致,但微震监测的对象在介质性质、尺度等方面与天然地震有着显著区别,例如:
(1) 尺度的差异:地震震源破裂尺度通常在千米级,而微震震源尺度大都在米级以下;地震波在大尺度的地球中传播,相对来说结构较为固定,传播距离通常为数十至上百千米,而微震波在相对小尺度的岩土工程中传播,不同工程结构(岩性及构筑物)差异较大,传播距离通常为数百米;地震信号的频率较低(主要为零点几到几赫兹),微震信号的频率较高(主要为几十到几百赫兹).
(2) 数据数量与质量的差异:地震台站分布广泛,且国内和国际均建立了地震台网,对震源覆盖全面,工程微震监测中受限于地下洞室或测井的空间限制,对监测区域覆盖不全;工程微震监测中以单分量传感器为主,相比常用的三分量地震数据存在一定缺失;微震波在传播过程有时会面临空区形成绕射,造成波的传播路径更为复杂,该问题在地震学中不显著;微震监测时工程多处于施工环境,各种信号混杂,采集到信号的信噪比远低于地震数据.
尺度的差异会导致相关物理参数的取值差异显著,而数据数量少和质量低对微震信号的处理提出了更高的要求;直接使用地震学方法进行震源谱计算必然存在着较多问题,因此尚需要开展大量研究.
当前微震震源谱的计算大多依赖国外商业软件的自动处理,对于其计算过程基本未知,而国产软件在该方面的研究也尚为薄弱,不同的商业软件之间计算结果差异巨大,具体而言,基于震源谱计算的辐射能量差异可达10倍以上.这是因为震源谱的计算过程步骤较多且复杂,计算过程中可能会出现考虑因素不全面、具体方法选择不恰当等问题,从而导致不同研究人员或系统计算出的结果差异较大.这非常不利于微震监测对工程灾害的定量化评估,也不利于不同工程、不同监测系统间参数的相互参考与研究,因此有必要分析震源谱计算过程中的关键因素,为震源谱的准确计算提供理论和方法基础.
基于上述原因,本文综述岩土工程微震震源谱计算过程中的关键因素和方法,包括微震信号处理与震源定位、频谱计算、频谱校正、震源谱确定等4个主要步骤(图 1),阐述了每个步骤中主要子步骤和方法,并简要分析了每个步骤对震源谱计算的影响及发展方向.完善的计算步骤和方法将有助于提高震源谱及震源参数计算的稳定性和可靠性,且有利于不同工程和系统之间的相互参考,从而为工程灾害发生的定量化预警提供支撑.
微震信号处理与震源定位是进行震源谱计算的基本步骤,其中微震信号处理主要包括去仪器响应、滤波和到时拾取等内容.去仪器响应是消除传感器非线性的频段尽可能还原真实的振动信号,波形预处理的目的是滤除干扰的影响提高信噪比,到时拾取和震源定位则为后期计算提供基础参数.
仪器响应的校正是微震波频谱校正中不可或缺的步骤(Bormann, 2012).早期的地震传感器多为纯机械结构的摆式地震仪,而当前使用最普及的磁电感应式传感器(也称电磁换能器),微震监测中最常用的传感器类型中常用的速度型传感器多为此类型;微震监测中另一种常用的是加速度传感器,构造多为压电式传感器.这些传感器的工作频带范围都是有限的,记录的过低或过高频率的振动都是失真的,因此需要对采集的微震信号进行仪器响应的校正,来还原真实的信号频谱信息.通常可以将记录的信号谱除以仪器响应函数来实现校正(Havskov and Ottemöller, 2010),仪器响应函数可以从仪器厂家获得或者通过相关机构测定.绝大多数情况下都需要进行仪器响应校正,但也有情况可以进行忽略(朱新运, 2011),如:(1)所研究的频带范围处于仪器响应平坦谱范围内,(2)仪器响应在计算过程中可以被消除或者不影响计算结果.
工程微震监测中施工环境往往较为复杂,使得微震信号在采集时混入了大量干扰和噪声,如台钻、机车、电气设备等均会产生噪声,会影响到后续信号的处理.因此在对波形进行到时拾取之前常需要进行滤波等操作,以尽可能还原微震信号的“本来面目”,提高到时拾取的准确性,减少噪声对频谱计算的干扰.
当前微震信号处理时进行滤波已经较为广泛,从发展阶段来分主要有经典滤波和现代滤波.经典滤波是滤除信号内特定频带的成分,主要适用于有较为固定频率干扰信号的滤除,如电气、机械等;经典滤波通常有低通、高通、带通、带阻四种,可以通过IIR(Infinite Impulse Response,无限冲激响应)和FIR(Finite Impulse Response,有限冲激响应)滤波器来实现;地震信号处理中最常用的为基于IIR的Butterworth滤波器,但可能会造成相移(Scherbaum, 2001),使得滤波后到时相位发生偏移,需要进行相位修正;所以也可以采用FIR滤波器来进行滤波(Havskov and Ottemöller, 2010; 朱新豪等, 2020),但还要注意前兆振铃现象(Scherbaum, 2001).现代滤波方法种类较多,应用较多的如适用于有先验形式信号的自适应滤波(宋维琪等, 2013)和Kalman滤波(Baziw et al., 2004; Baziw and Weir-Jones, 2002)等基于统计和概率特征的滤波方法,以及对高频白噪滤除效果较好的小波滤波(Mousavi et al., 2016)和经验模态分解方法(Han and van der Baan, 2015)等等.
滤波需要根据噪声的特点和不同滤波方法的适用范围恰当地进行选取滤波方法,尤其要评估不同方法的缺点,要避免或减少滤波后对所关注信息造成的偏差.如要避免非线性相位引起的到时相位偏移,滤波时应当采用具有线性相位的滤波器,或者滤波后修正相位偏移.然而,滤波的效果是极其有限的,并不能完全恢复被污染的微震信号,因此在布置微震监测系统时,应当尽可能从物理上提高信号接收的质量,如条件允许时选择干扰低的环境、降低设备自身的本底噪声并提高抗干扰能力.
到时拾取和震源定位是进行微震信号处理的主要步骤.在计算震源谱时,一方面到时是用来提取有效波形段的主要参考依据;另一方面到时是震源定位计算的主要依赖参数,定位结果影响着后续频谱校正等震源谱计算步骤的准确性.
到时拾取在早期主要由人工手动进行,而当前正在向全自动化拾取发展.自动到时拾取的方法可分为时域、频域、时频域和综合分析等方法(王彩霞等, 2013),其中综合分析中机器学习和深度学习方法(Chen et al., 2024; Zhu et al., 2022b)近些年被广泛研究和应用,并取得良好效果.定位是微震数据计算的核心步骤之一,其结果是评价岩体稳定性的直观参数,这促使定位研究在微震监测领域得到广泛关注.学者们围绕定位方法、定位影响因素和定位评价等方面展开了大量研究,取得了诸多优异成果(Hu et al., 2024; 侯新荣等, 2024).
整体上,当前到时拾取和定位精度都还有待于提高,尤其是在信号质量较差的情况下,拾取结果和定位精度会降低严重.对于到时拾取,应当着重提高算法对低信噪比信号的拾取能力.对于震源定位,一方面,在监测系统安装前,应当优化传感器的布置阵列以提高后期求解方程的稳健性(巩思园等, 2010),提高传感器坐标的测量精度以提高基础信息的准确性;另一方面,应当结合地质信息,充分考虑定位影响因素、提高对定位误差传播机理的认识,进而优化定位算法,提高震源定位精度.关于微震到时拾取和定位的研究成果和总结已经很多,本文中不再赘述.
由于震源谱计算是在频域展开的,将微震信号从时域变换到频域的频谱计算也成为震源谱计算的必要步骤之一.通常情况下可以直接采用离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)算法来进行频谱计算;但由于DFT存在频域分辨率低、频谱泄露严重等问题,平移窗谱法和多窗谱法也被广泛应用.
由于微震信号的存储和分析是以离散数据的方式进行,通常可直接采用DFT进行频谱计算,地震学中使用的DFT的公式为(关于其形式的讨论见附录)(Stein and Wysession, 2003):
$\begin{align*}& F(k)=\operatorname{DFT}\{f(n)\}=\frac{1}{f_{\mathrm{s}}} \sum\limits_{n=0}^{N-1} f(n) \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{j} k n 2 \pi / N} \\& (n=0, 1, \cdots, N-1), \end{align*}$
式中,f(n)(n=0, 1, 2, …, N-1)表示等间隔采样的离散信号,F(m)(m=0, 1, 2, …, N-1)为频谱,fs为采样频率.
DFT在分析信号频谱时是最为方便和常用的,但直接采用DFT算法相当于在数据上加矩形窗,会造成较为严重的频谱泄露,同时也降低了频域的分辨率,将会影响计算零频极值、辐射能量和地震矩等震源参数的准确性(Mendecki, 1997).
为了改善DFT计算频谱的不足,学者们对算法进行了一定改进.其中Chael和Atkinson等为了获取稳定的频谱估计,采用了一种延迟窗谱技术(lag-window spectral technique)来计算频谱(Atkinson and Mereu, 1992; Chael, 1987).该方法主要有以下步骤:
(1) 截取信号窗,并将信号分为若干段,以256个采样点为一段奖信号数据分为若干个区间,相邻两个区间有50%的重叠.
(2) 对每个数据段加5%的余弦窗,进行DFT得到每一段的频谱Xi(f).
(3) 对每一段求平均得到稳定的谱:
$\begin{equation*}X(f)=\left\{\left[\sum\limits_{i=l}^{n} X_{\mathrm{i}}^{2}(f)\right] \cdot T /(n \cdot t)\right\}^{1 / 2}, \end{equation*}$
其中,T为总数据窗时长,t为每段时长,n为窗个数.
(4) 将其转换为与式(1)一致的形式:
$F(f)=X(f) / f_{\mathrm{s}} .$
上述过程被广泛地应用于地震波频谱的计算.但是也存在着一些问题:
(1) 延迟窗技术相当于对不同段数据频谱的“平均”或“平滑”,当选取的信号段较为平稳时(意味着信号的统计特征近似于不随时间变化),可以得到预期较为稳定的频谱.但是,如果信号是非平稳的,那么这种“平均”就失去了意义.延迟窗谱法和功率谱估计中Welch法的思想一致,都是一种分段计算然后求平均的过程,其并非一个很好的频谱估计方法.
(2) 对于工程中的微震信号,信号持续时间很短,这时会造成分段数减少,结果就会难以起到“平滑”的作用;当尝试把每一段的数据点数减少而增加分段时,则会大大降低频域的分辨率.
多窗谱方法最早于1982年被Thomson(1982)提出并用于估计信号的功率谱,显著改善了常规功率谱估计的频谱泄露、方差大和分辨率差等问题(Bronez, 1992);后被Park等用于地震中的频谱估计问题,证明了多窗谱算法比直接使用DFT具有显著的优势(Lindberg and Park, 1987; Park et al., 1987a, b).多窗谱方法采用一组相互正交的窗函数来分别对原始信号加窗,并求各加窗后信号的频谱,最后在这组频谱中加权平均求得最终的功率谱.常用的窗函数有多正弦窗和Slepian窗(Slepian, 1978).在已知窗函数的条件下,可以使用多窗谱算法计算微震信号的频谱.
设有一段长度为N的微震信号x(i)(i=0, 1, 2, …, N-1),使用自适应方法计算频谱的主要步骤为:
(1) 对微震信号分别加K个多正弦窗或Slepian窗,得到K个加窗信号$ \bar{x}_{\mathrm{k}}(i)$.
(2) 对每个加窗信号进行DFT,得到加窗信号的频谱yk(f).
(3)将$ \left|y_{\mathrm{k}}(f)\right|^2$的算术平均值作为S(f)的初始估计.
(4) 计算自适应权重:
$\begin{equation*}d_{\mathrm{k}}(f)=\frac{\sqrt{\lambda_{\mathrm{k}}} S(f)}{\lambda_{\mathrm{k}} S(f)+\sigma^{2}\left(1-\lambda_{\mathrm{k}}\right)} . \end{equation*}$
(5) 进行自适应谱估计:
$\begin{equation*}S(f)=\frac{\sum\limits_{k=0}^{K-1}\left|d_{\mathrm{k}}(f) y_{\mathrm{k}}(f)\right|^{2}}{\sum\limits_{k=0}^{K-1}\left|d_{\mathrm{k}}(f)\right|^{2}} . \end{equation*}$
(6) 迭代估计S(f),当迭代次数或精度满足设定条件时停止迭代.
(7) 根据功率谱与频谱的关系(周期图法)将y(f)作为频谱的估计值,并转换为与式(1)一致的形式:
$y(f)=\sqrt{N \cdot S(f)}, $
$F(f)=y(f) / f_{\mathrm{s}} . $
一个典型微震信号的计算结果如图 2所示,可以看出,使用DFT算法和多窗谱方法估计同一段微震信号,多窗谱方法所计算的频谱比DFT算法更加稳定、平滑.多窗谱方法计算频谱相比直接使用DFT算法具有显著的优势,在实际中应当被更广泛地使用(Babadi and Brown, 2014; Prieto, 2022).对频谱计算的改进也应当围绕提高分辨率、降低频谱泄露和减少估计方差等方向改进.
微震波传播是一个复杂的过程,微震波从震源到传播至传感器处要经过复杂的地质体,这个过程中微震波的振幅和频率等特征均发生了显著的改变;微震波在传播过程中主要考虑几何扩散、衰减和场地效应等因素.为了还原震源附近的振动信息,需要对传播过程中损失的信息进行补偿和修正.
从系统学的角度出发,震源可视为一个脉冲,经过一个由几何扩散、衰减和场地效应等因素形成的系统(图 3),最终在采集系统内得到可处理的微震信号.上述过程可以由式(7)表示(朱新运, 2011):
$\begin{equation*}S(f)=O(f) \cdot G(r) \cdot F(f, r) \cdot R(f), \end{equation*}$
式中:f为频率,r为震源距,S(f)表示记录微震信号的频谱,O(f)是震源谱,G(r)表示几何扩散,F(f, r)表示衰减,R(f)表示场地效应.
几何扩散是引起微震波振幅变化最明显的因素,因此也是对频谱校正影响最大的因素.地震学中常根据微震波传播过程中不同类型的波行进方式分段考虑地震波的几何扩散模型(Atkinson and Mereu, 1992).微震监测中的波大多是短距离直达体波,因此可以认为微震波的传播为球面扩散,这种情况就可以简化几何扩散的形式.在假设能量不变的条件下,波前面积为4πr2,则波前单位面积能量按1/r2衰减,振幅按1/r衰减(Stein and Wysession, 2003),即式中G(r)=1/r,它表示球面扩散过程中微震波的振幅与传播距离成反比.一些研究也显示,体波传播的扩散并非完全是与传播距离成反比,而是呈幂指数的形式(Atkinson, 2004, 2025).而对于岩土工程中的环境来说还是以标准球面扩散居多,如Feustel (1995)在加拿大地下研究实验室(类矿山尺度和环境)的研究结果显示几何扩散可以用距离来近似,表明了该近似的可行性.
为了更清晰地阐明场地效应,需要首先来了解波能流密度的概念,能流密度的物理意义为单位时间内垂直通过垂直于波的传播方向上单位面积的能量,其表达式为:
$\begin{equation*}J=\rho c \dot{u}^{2}, \end{equation*}$
式中,ρ为介质密度,为c波速,u表示质点位移,$\dot{u} $则表示u对时间的导数即振动速度.此外,密度与波速的乘积定义为波阻抗(单位为kg/(s ·m2),称作瑞利),即:
$\begin{equation*}Z=\rho c . \end{equation*}$
现考虑有相邻的两种满足完全弹性和各向同性的均质介质,有一组平行波垂直于这两种介质的交界面传播,其中有一束波依次通过两个介质中平行于交界面、大小相等的截面dS1和dS2,如图 4所示.不考虑波在界面的反射,则在相同时间内通过dS1和dS2截面的能量必然是相等的,因此能流密度也是相等的,即有J1=J2.
由此不难得出,地震波的振幅与波阻抗的平方根成反比;因此,地震波在密度小、速度小的介质中传播时,其振幅会变大,体现出波在不同介质中具有不同的场地效应.
在地震观测中,台站安装在地表较为普遍,而地表通常是相对较为松软的土层或风化了的岩石,其对地震波的振幅具有显著的放大效应;理想基岩通常被认为对地震波的振幅没有影响,可以近似忽略场地效应(Shearer, 2009),但也有研究认为基岩上的台站也会有一定的场地效应(Campillo et al., 1985).对于隧道矿山等岩土工程中的微震监测,传感器通常通过钻孔注浆的方式安装在岩体内部,可以视为埋入基岩中.因此可以认为,在岩土工程微震监测中采用钻孔注浆式安装方法传感器的条件下,如果岩体质量较好则可以近似忽略场地效应;但当传感器安装在质量较差的岩体中、或者安装方式采用了非钻孔注浆式安装(如表面式安装、导波杆式安装等)应当考虑场地效应.
地震学中进行场地效应评估主要有参考场地法、水平与垂直向谱比法和地面运动反演法等方法等(华卫等, 2010).参考场地法是用一个基岩台站作为标准参考台站来评估当前台站位置的场地效应(Borcherdt, 1970; Parolai et al., 2004);水平与垂直向谱比法假设地面运动的垂直分量振幅对场地响应不敏感,因此场地响应可以通过水平与垂直分量的比值来求得(Lermo and Chávez-García, 1993; Nakamura, 1989);地面运动反演法也叫多台多震联合反演方法,它是在假设震源为Brune模型的条件下,用多个震源多个台站同时反演震源谱和场地效应(Jin et al., 2000; Moya et al., 2000).在岩土工程微震监测中,多使用单分量传感器而较少使用三分量传感器,在少量使用三分量传感器的情况时其各分量方位也较难测定,以致P波和S波的入射方向难以计算,因此也很难确定对应水平与垂直向的波形,水平与垂直向谱比法也就难以直接应用;参考场地法和地面运动反演法直观上具有一定的参考价值,可以进行适应性验证.当前关于微震监测领域在场地效应方面的研究还较为缺乏,因此还亟待加强.
衰减是由微震波传播介质的非弹性和非均匀性引起的,其中由非弹性介质引起的微震波能量被吸收的衰减被称为固有衰减,而由非均匀性引起的衰减称为散射衰减.其中散射衰减并不造成微震波能量的降低,而是使能量在时间和空间上重新分配(Gibowicz and Kijko, 1994); 固有衰减和散射衰减在结果上表现出相似性,区分两者较为困难(Pujol, 2003),因此也经常作为一个整体研究.衰减的研究是一个涉及面非常大的题目(Pujol, 2003),不仅可以用来进行频谱校正,还可以用来反应地层地质、应力等诸多信息变化(Kern et al., 1997; 苏有锦, 2009),有着重要的意义和广泛的应用.学者们主要从实验分析(包括影响衰减的因素、衰减的物理机制等)、理论建模(包括非弹性机制理论、非均匀性散射理论、孔隙双向介质理论等)和数值计算(包括时域法、频域法等)等角度开展了衰减的研究(如图 5所示),本文重点关注对震源谱计算有直接影响的衰减数值计算方面.
地震学中衰减通常用指数形式来表示,即有:
$\begin{equation*}F(f, r)=\mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\pi f r}{c l}}, \end{equation*}$
其中:c表示波速,Q表示品质因子,有关衰减的计算均落脚到Q值的计算.
尽管上述有些理论模型已经描述了Q值的形式,但实际Q的取值是否与频率有关至今尚未有定论;有些研究认为Q是一个与频率无关的量(Hao and Tsvankin, 2023; Kjartansson, 1979),而有些研究则认为Q是依赖频率的(McNamara et al., 2012);这可能和不同条件下衰减的机制有关,通常认为散射衰减Q的频率依赖性强于固有衰减Q(Hoshiba, 1993).在地震学中,主流观点认为Q在不同频段时和频率关系不同(Havskov and Ottemöller, 2010),当频率f>1 Hz时,Q具有如式(11)依赖频率的形式;当频率f<1 Hz时Q值的形式尚有争议,但主流观点认识该区间内是恒定的.式(11)为:
$\begin{equation*}Q(f)=Q_{0} f^{\eta} . \end{equation*}$
基于固有和散射衰减等原理,研究人员开发了许多Q值的计算方法.广义来分,计算Q值可分为时域法和频域法(Tonn, 1989);时域法包括振幅衰减法、上升时间法、子波模拟法和解析信号法等;而地震学中频谱分析几乎都在频域进行,频域法还能满足对Q的频率依赖性的研究,因此频域法在应用最为广泛.在地震学中,主要利用四种资料进行衰减的计算:自由振荡、长周期的面波、体波以及尾波;相对而言,在岩土工程中传感器通常是耦合在岩体内部而远离自由表面,面波和自由振荡的观测结果较少,能利用的信号大多都是体波和尾波信号.
体波方法中的谱比法和Atkinson方法等是较为常用的方法.谱比法是一种较为直接的计算Q值方法,通过计算不同震源距信号的频谱比拟合得到Q值函数(Båth, 1974);基础的谱比法对场地要求比较严格,要求震源和多个传感器位于一条直线上,后人对谱比法进行了许多改进,以降低对场地条件的依赖,扩展了谱比法的适用范围(Chun et al., 1987; Chung et al., 2005). Atkinson和Mereu(1992)提出的回归分析法是地震学中使用十分广泛的Q值计算方法,其原理是使用多震源、多传感器数据来拟合理论震源谱,使数据整体最接近理论震源谱的Q值即为求得的Q值.尾波方法是基于散射理论开发出来的,其发展出来的方法较多,如基于Aki模型的计算方法、基于Sato模型的计算方法、尾波归一化方法和多流逝时间窗方法等诸多方法(王勤彩, 2007).
在岩土工程领域中有一些学者开展了该方面的研究,如Cichowicz和Green(1989)研究了矿山采场附近的尾波Q值变化;Spottiswoode(1993)提出了一种频谱衰减法来研究南非深层矿井中的Q值变化;Feustel (1995)则研究了谱比法、频谱衰减法和多流逝时间窗法来计算多个矿山或类矿山环境的Q值,并比较了这些算法的适用性和优劣;国内的刘辉(2018)使用Atkinson方法计算了白鹤滩水电站和阿舍勒铜矿的Q值;Zhu等(2022a)利用Atkinson方法计算了两个岩土工程中的衰减Q值,得到了与地震学中结果较为近似的衰减规律(低频Q值恒定,高频增加).这些研究具有很好的参考价值,但是仍然存在不少的问题还有待研究,比如:(1)微震信号通常与地震信号还有一定差异,比如信号的频率段与地震信号差异较大,尾波通常也较短,各种方法的适用性也应当予以充分验证并进行改进;(2)岩土工程中少量的研究结果多基于常Q模型,但是Q与频率的关系尚未有定论,尤其是特定工程条件下Q的频率依赖特性和规律还亟待研究;(3)地震学中经过大量计算已经建立起不同地域Q值的数据库,使得不同Q值计算结果有一定参考系,则Q值的大小可以反应地区的地质信息,而当前岩土工程微震领域还尚未建立Q值的参考系,使得计算结果的准确性还缺乏参考标准. 且计算Q值的方法没有哪一种是适用于任何情况的,要根据地质情况、多次试验对比选用.因此,围绕上述问题,开展工程尺度衰减的研究,对震源谱的准确计算无疑具有重要意义.
所谓震源谱是震源位移谱的简称,它表示当把震源视为一个点源时距离震源单位距离质点振动的频率-位移谱,是反应岩体破裂过程的定量信息.根据式(7),可以对观测到的微震信号(谱)进行归一化,得到观测震源谱(简称观测谱),表达式为:
$\begin{equation*}O(f)=S(f) /[G(r) \cdot F(f, r) \cdot R(f)] . \end{equation*}$
它意味着对微震信号(谱)经过几何扩散、衰减和场地效应修正之后方能得到观测谱.通常情况下需要确定合适的震源谱模型,并使用观测谱来拟合该震源谱模型,得到理论震源谱(简称震源谱).基于震源谱可以计算绝大部分的震源参数,如辐射能量、地震矩、应力降和震源半径等.只有选定了合适的震源谱模型才能提高刻画观测数据的准确性,因此震源谱模型选定对震源参数的计算至关重要,从而提高震源参数计算的稳定性和可靠性.
地震学围绕震源的破裂(即产生断层)过程建立了一些运动学模型,如单向传播矩形断层、双向传播矩形断层和圆盘型断层等模型,通过分析这些理论破裂运动学模型可以得到理论震源谱的形式. Aki和Richards(2002)指出,不论哪种合理的运动学模型,其远场位移谱在低频段应当近似常数,而高频段应当正比于频率的负幂;且大致可以由三个参数来表征:正比于地震矩的低频值、拐角频率和高频渐近线的幂(高频下降趋势).通常理论震源谱具有如图 6所示的形状,并可以由式(13)表示:
$\begin{equation*}O_{\mathrm{th}}(f)=\frac{\mathit{Ω}_{0}}{\left[1+\left(f / f_{\mathrm{c}}\right)^{a}\right]^{b}} ,\end{equation*}$
式中,Oth(f)为理论震源谱;Ω0表示正比于震源谱的低频水平,也称为零频极值;fc为拐角频率;γ=a·b为高频渐近线的幂.
上述模型为单拐角频率模型,但在面对复杂的地震过程时显得有些简单,因而一些学者提出了双拐角频率的模型(Atkinson, 1993; Ji and Archuleta, 2021; Sedaghati et al., 2020),如下列形式:
$O_{\mathrm{th}}(f)=\mathit{Ω}_{0}\left(\frac{1-\varepsilon}{\left[1+\left(f / f_{\mathrm{c} 1}\right)^{a}\right]^{b}}+\frac{\varepsilon}{\left[1+\left(f / f_{\mathrm{c} 2}\right)^{a}\right]^{b}}\right), $
式中,ε表示比例系数,fc1表示低拐角频率,fc2表示高频拐角频率.
而在地震学和微震领域实际使用时更多的是如下一般形式的简化理论震源谱(赵翠萍等, 2005):
$\begin{equation*}O_{\mathrm{th}}(f)=\frac{\mathit{Ω}_{0}}{1+\left(f / f_{\mathrm{c}}\right)^{\gamma}}, \end{equation*}$
其中,最为广泛使用的是γ=2时的ω-2模型(Brune模型)(Ahn et al., 2025; Brune, 1970),其次为γ=3时的ω-3模型(Savage, 1972).
上述两个震源谱模型的适用性也被广泛地讨论.有的学者认为不同的条件下符合不同的模型,如Nuttli(1983)认为板块间地震符合ω-2模型而板块内地震符合ω-3模型,而吴忠良等(1999)计算结果则显示大地震符合ω-2模型而小地震符合ω-3模型,也有些研究结果显示板块内或者小地震均符合ω-2模型(Chael, 1987; 郑建常等, 2016);在岩土工程领域,Mendecki(1997)在ISS系统中使用了ω-2模型来拟合震源谱;刘辉(2018)选取了阿舍勒铜矿和白鹤滩水电站进行验证得到结果均符合ω-3模型.
在工程条件下微震震源谱模型的研究大多直接采用地震学中已有的模型,这些模型的适用性还有待验证.对于震源谱模型的研究,首先要从理论上分析模型的适用性,其次要丰富不同工程的震源谱模型计算结果,分析不同岩土工程中的适用模型,确立震源谱模型或者工程条件与模型的关系,最终建立合适的微震震源谱模型.
如果确定了震源谱模型,则确定震源谱模型的控制参数,主要包括零频极值Ω0和拐角频率fc两个参数.通常需要使用观测谱数据来进行拟合得到上述参数,可以使用如下目标函数(Moya et al., 2000):
$\begin{equation*}\varepsilon=\sum \frac{\left[O_{\mathrm{th}}(f)-O(f)\right]^{2}}{\sqrt{O_{\mathrm{th}}(f) O(f)}} . \end{equation*}$
拟合方法多采用智能优化算法,如遗传算法(Moya et al., 2000)、差分进化算法(张晓朴等, 2020)和粒子群算法(郑建常和陈运泰, 2012)等,对于相同的震源谱模型、目标函数,这些算法本质上差异不大,均为搜寻使得目标函数最小的最优解,主要在全局搜索能力和收敛速度等性能方面有一定差异.但是不同的震源谱模型、不同的目标函数以及不同的频谱坐标系(拟合域为线性或者对数坐标系),会对震源谱参数的拟合结果产生显著影响(Cochran et al., 2024).拟合过程中尚需改进的地方有:(1)目标函数的形式,即采用何种目标函数形式可以更优地拟合理论震源谱(刘辉, 2018);(2)拟合方法,应当选择全局搜索能力优、收敛快的方法,并对计算过程中的群体规模、个体选择、变异操作等参数和步骤进行优化,从而加快寻找全局最优解的速度.
由于震源谱模型的复杂性,一些学者也通过非标准模型的方法拟合直接得到震源谱控制参数.如Eulenfeld等(2022)同时反演高频下降趋势和拐角频率;Jin等提出了一种非基于模型的方法估计的朝鲜核试验的Pg和lg波的衰减和高频下降趋势(Jin et al., 2024);Parolai(2024)基于Brune模型提出了一种使用复频域傅里叶相位谱拟合直接估计小到中型地震的震源拐角频率.而地震学中的震源谱研究主要针对震级较大的地震(MW≥3),小震由于频带的有限性(低频成分不发育、高频受噪声干扰大)震源谱的研究面临巨大的挑战(Parolai and Oth, 2022),而微震事件(大多MW<0)的震源谱模型和参数的确定则更加困难.
本文分析了震源谱计算的关键流程和步骤,以期尽可能全面考虑计算过程中所遇到的问题,这些步骤中每一个都值得作为一个单独的课题仔细研究,因此难免挂一漏万;除了文中论述到的问题,有些问题也与震源谱计算直接或间接相关,值得未来深入研究,如:
(1) 地震学中使用的均为三分量传感器,而岩土工程微震监测以单分量为主,在传感器组成上有一定差异,单分量传感器造成了一定的信息缺失,应当考虑多个单向传感器之间如何相互补偿,从而得到更为可靠的震源谱.
(2) 由于地球介质的尺度较大,地震学中研究几何扩散、场地效应和衰减等波传播因素多采用被动的震源;相比较而言,岩土工程的微震监测区域则小得多,作为被动震源的岩体破裂源信号信噪比也较弱,利用破裂源信号研究则十分困难,但可以考虑使用爆破、锤击和电火花震源等方式产生主动震源,结合工程物探方法研究影响微震波传播的介质特征.
(3) 微震波传播过程几何扩散、衰减等因素对震源谱计算均会产生影响,传播介质的复杂性和观测频带的有限性会导致结果的不确定性增加,除了研究波传播介质特征,还需要考虑这些因素的不确定性对震源谱的影响(Parolai and Oth, 2022; Shearer et al., 2025).
(4) 当前震源谱的模型大多都是基于远场的条件建立的,因此在计算近场的谱时则不适用.近场的情况相比远场更为复杂,在岩土工程微震监测中存在着较多的近场问题,有必要深入开展研究.
岩土工程中的微震震源谱计算是计算震源参数的重要基础步骤,由于其涉及的因素较多、过程复杂,在计算时有时很难考虑深入和全面.计算震源谱的主要步骤包括信号处理与震源定位、频谱计算、频谱校正和震源谱确定等步骤,充分考虑计算震源谱过程的每一个关键因素才能使计算结果更加可靠.其中:
(1) 微震信号处理与震源定位是进行震源谱计算的基础,只有准确的到时拾取和震源定位结果才能为震源谱的计算提供基本参数.
(2) 频谱计算时除了常用的DFT算法,还有延迟窗谱法和多窗谱方法,多窗谱方法由于其具有更低的频谱泄露和更高的分辨率等优点应当被更广泛地采用.
(3) 频谱校正是一个较为复杂的环节,包括几何扩散、衰减和场地效应等,考虑的因素较多且较为复杂,而衰减参数的计算作为一个重要课题尚应当开展更多研究.
(4) 工程中常用的震源谱模型主要有ω-2和ω-3模型,但更合适的模型仍需要更进一步研究;确定了震源谱模型后要选用合适的目标函数以及拟合方法,以提高震源谱拟合的准确性和速度.
通过对震源谱计算关键步骤综述,可以为震源谱准确计算提供参考,更为震源参数的计算提供基础.要实现这些目标,就需要对每个影响因素开展深入研究,其中频谱校正、震源谱确定应当引起更多重视,由此提高对岩体物理力学性质和岩体破裂过程的认识,为工程灾害的发生机制和孕育过程提供理论基础;也通过提高震源参数计算的稳定性和可靠性,进而为微震监测的规范化、标准化以及不同工程灾害的定量化预警提供理论支撑.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0447
  • 接收时间:2025-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-09
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    中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所, 岩土力学与工程安全全国重点实验室, 武汉 430071
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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