Article(id=1309584675832692963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026JJ0203, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026JJ0203, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746547200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-07, revisedDate=1757692800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158917624, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158917624, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158917624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158917624, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=42, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584677619466468, articleId=1309584675832692963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Marine metal mineral resources-potential source area for sustainable development of people on earth, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The continents and the oceans are the two members of the earth family. They are all "Earths". The "Earths" cultivate, lived and multiplied on the land and sea, and together maintain social progress, economic prosperity, and the development of science and technology. And continue to create the future. The ocean occupies 70.8% of the total area on this earth, and contains rich and diversified various metal mineral resources. It is a strategic base for the sustainable development of the demand and supply of metal mineral resources in human society. To this end, the main issues discussed in this article are: (1) my country's inland important mineral resources are in short supply, the situation is grim and where to go! (2) Marine mineral resources are abundant, diverse, and have great potential, (3) Submarine metal nodule mineral resources gather, (4) Discovery of many metal sulfide deposits and natural gold in the Indian Ocean, (5) Marine mineral resources in China Exploration and discovery. Obviously, marine mineral resources, exploration, development and utilization are the inevitable trajectory of my country's construction and sustainable development!

, authors=JiWen TENG1, 2, 3, YuChen WANG1, 3, GuoBin TANG1, 3, authorsList=JiWen TENG, YuChen WANG, GuoBin TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584689166385478, articleId=1309584675832692963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=海洋金属矿产资源——地球人可持续发展的潜在源域, columnId=1309584677757878501, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=院士论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大陆和海洋乃地球大家庭中的两大成员, 即全为“地球人的园地”.“地球人”在陆地和海域耕耘、繁衍生息,共同维系着社会的进步、经济的繁荣和科学与技术的发展,并不断创造未来.在这地球上海洋占有所有面积的70.8%, 并蕴藏着丰富的、多样化的的各种金属矿产资源,是人类社会可持续发展的金属矿产资源需求与供给的战略基地.为此本文将主要讨论的问题为:(1)我国陆内重要矿产资源紧缺,形势严峻与向何而去!(2)海洋地域金属矿产资源丰富、多样,且潜力巨大,(3)海底金属结核矿产资源聚集,(4)印度洋中诸多金属硫化物矿床和自然金的发现,(5)我国海域金属矿产资源的勘探和发现.显见,海域金属矿产资源的勘探,开发和利用乃我国建设与可持续发展的必然轨迹!

, authors=滕吉文1, 2, 3, 王玉辰1, 3, 唐国彬1, 3, authorsList=滕吉文, 王玉辰, 唐国彬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

滕吉文,男,1934年生,教授,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要从事地球物理学和地球动力学研究. E-mail:

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滕吉文,男,1934年生,教授,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要从事地球物理学和地球动力学研究. E-mail:

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照片来自:底部上升流:Ross(2007);热液口:Devey等(2007);地壳中的微生物:Orcutt等(2011);真光层:Moores和Vine(1971);冷泉微生物群落:Vanreusel等(2009);珊瑚礁:(中国大洋发现计划办公室和海洋地质国家重点实验室,2018).

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已知矿产地集中沿大洋中脊的离散板块边界(海底扩张中心)、火山岛弧的后面(弧后盆地)以及岛弧附近和板内火山中心处分布.

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(a)巨型管状蠕虫簇;(b)最大的巨型管状蠕虫可达2.5 m长;(c)巨型管状蠕虫切面.

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注意纵、横轴均为对数坐标.

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Clarion Clipperton Zone是太平洋多金属结核富集分布区(Mukhopadhyay et al., 2008).

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★-测试点所在位置;Pl-斜长石;Phi-钙十字沸石.

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(a)世界有关国家活动区;(b)中国合同区.

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(a)左图为海马号ROV观测到的海山斜坡区连片分布的板状结壳和斜坡低洼处分布的砾状结壳,右图为深海浅钻采获的富钴结壳及其下覆基岩样品;(b)海马号ROV采获的砾状结壳样品,结壳表面见有典型瘤状凸起,核心物质为蚀变玄武岩角砾;(c)拖网采获的钴结核.

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(a)西太平洋富稀土深海沉积物涂片(取自水下5677 m处沉积物-水界面约3 m处),主要物质组成为:黏土矿物、沸石及少量鱼骨屑、微结核等;(b)(c)沉积物中挑选出的鱼骨屑(粒径大于63 μm);(d)鱼骨屑BSE图像,其化学成分相当于磷灰石(CaO=47.99%, P2O5=35.22%, F=2.76%).

, figureFileSmall=zboMK1CgMmBdf4q92GS8Pg==, figureFileBig=iPfpYf+PbTnzognK2h9jOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584700772024733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=Differences in age and expansion rate of modern oceanic shells, figureFileSmall=gormfdlvi1chZVvXsscaxw==, figureFileBig=gCnqAGJwkKbbFWgl3FARbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584700855910814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图25, caption=现代洋壳的年龄与扩张速率的差异

(a)洋壳年龄分布(据Müller et al., 2008改);(b)各大洋海底扩张速率和裂谷面积的比较(据Harris et al., 2014改).

, figureFileSmall=gormfdlvi1chZVvXsscaxw==, figureFileBig=gCnqAGJwkKbbFWgl3FARbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584700943991199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.26, caption=Schematic diagram of the distribution of potential ore deposits in the oceanic lithosphere (redrawn from Rona, 2003 with permission from Elsevier), figureFileSmall=t5UYvDpEHYMd7fD05RqzOg==, figureFileBig=0d0zGYrROjwLco2B3KjnRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701044654496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图26, caption=大洋岩石圈潜在矿床的分布示意图(经爱思唯尔许可,从Rona,2003重新绘制), figureFileSmall=t5UYvDpEHYMd7fD05RqzOg==, figureFileBig=0d0zGYrROjwLco2B3KjnRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701132734881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.27, caption=Modern global terrain and plates, figureFileSmall=JTNomG4mBw58A6eKTuUp5Q==, figureFileBig=PX5kcsSMW7HBc6nP/01ITw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701229203874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图27, caption=现代全球的地形与板块

(a)地形与水深图(Amante and Eakins, 2009);(b)全球主要板块分布图(据 https://commons.wikimedia.org,经编辑修改).

, figureFileSmall=JTNomG4mBw58A6eKTuUp5Q==, figureFileBig=PX5kcsSMW7HBc6nP/01ITw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701308895651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.28, caption=Mantle convection drives plate motion, figureFileSmall=n6/dATNfsSoO8Q3WJ/dtlw==, figureFileBig=P4wQEL2FBLpVY/KAk46MOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701392781732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图28, caption=地幔对流驱动板块运动

地幔对流是板块运动的主要驱动力,构造运动的基本能量来自地球内部,他们以对流的方式传递.地幔内部的炽热物质上涌到岩石圈底部.并开始水平运动,冷却下沉再加热上升,形成一个周而复始的物质循环流动.

, figureFileSmall=n6/dATNfsSoO8Q3WJ/dtlw==, figureFileBig=P4wQEL2FBLpVY/KAk46MOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701485056421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.29, caption=Schematic diagram of the exchange of matter and energy in the deep ocean area (Neal et al., 2008), figureFileSmall=PCFsvNjxTfoYHaymI3TeUQ==, figureFileBig=7fv+1f+/oaDot0mwXkr5Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701573136806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图29, caption=海洋地域深部物质与能量交换示意图(Neal et al., 2008), figureFileSmall=PCFsvNjxTfoYHaymI3TeUQ==, figureFileBig=7fv+1f+/oaDot0mwXkr5Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701665411495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.30, caption=Location map of the Middle Valley and Escanaba trough on the Juan de Fuca-Gorda ridge expansion system (A) and the relative positions of Bent Hill and the southern massive sulfide mounds (Bent Hill and ODP Mound) and the ODP 139th and Location map of the 169th voyage drilling station (b) (Shipboard Scientific Party, 1998; Zierenberg and Miller, 2000), figureFileSmall=UeHrYr0/rtHLQg+x1Euekg==, figureFileBig=QfytPbAbPbC5nM6qcYhkVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701745103272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图30, caption=Juan de Fuca-Gorda洋脊扩张系统上Middle Valley和Escanaba海槽构造位置图(a)以及Bent Hill以及南部块状硫化物丘体(Bent Hill和ODP Mound)相对位置及ODP第139航次和第169航次钻孔站位图(b) (Shipboard Scientific Party,1998;Zierenberg and Miller, 2000), figureFileSmall=UeHrYr0/rtHLQg+x1Euekg==, figureFileBig=QfytPbAbPbC5nM6qcYhkVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701837377961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.31, caption=South-north profile of the Middle Valley Bent Hill massive sulfide deposit and ODP sulfide mound revealed by ODP 139th and ODP 169th drilling(Zierenberg et al., 1998), figureFileSmall=V9WC0r3+ymJi/V9N3Ju+NA==, figureFileBig=TKJBGt5G78Fw93fhxL5MHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584701933846954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图31, caption=ODP第139航次和ODP第169航次钻探揭示的Middle Valley Bent Hill块状硫化物矿床和ODP硫化物丘南北向剖面示意图(Zierenberg et al., 1998), figureFileSmall=V9WC0r3+ymJi/V9N3Ju+NA==, figureFileBig=TKJBGt5G78Fw93fhxL5MHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702051287467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.32, caption=Lithofacies diagram of recharge zone and mineralization in the massive sulfide zone, figureFileSmall=Mdi1qKAwoPG7X3ONIEVmYA==, figureFileBig=36Z25d5AYe9W6SpQQf0nnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702156145068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图32, caption=块状硫化物带内补给带和矿化物岩相图

(a)(b)Bent Hil下方的补给带;由磁黄做矿、等轴古巴矿、黄铁矿、磁铁矿和硬石膏组成的近垂向单条和多条块状硫化物脉,切制热液蚀变和固结成岩的沉积物(ODP169-856H-24R-1);(c)由细脉与某些裂隙封闭形成的脉合并产生的黄铜矿、等轴古巴矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿复合矿脉(ODP 169-856H-21R-1,90~108 cm);(d)条带状硫化物与交错层理砂岩,富铜硫化物的水平发育类似于沉积构造并交代砂岩,注意其缺失垂直发育的矿脉(169-856H-31R-1,99~106 cm);(e)857站位岩床中黄铁矿变斑晶的显微照片(样品ODP139-857C- 60R-1),包裹的硅酸盐颗粒未发生蚀变,硫化物的沉淀显然与合水蚀变无关,反射光(Zierenberg and Miller, 2000).

, figureFileSmall=Mdi1qKAwoPG7X3ONIEVmYA==, figureFileBig=36Z25d5AYe9W6SpQQf0nnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702235836845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.33, caption=The location of the TAG hydrothermal zone structure, figureFileSmall=oeYALdnDPFrITLVHAmxbuQ==, figureFileBig=1MPk6liFAnqnE7tVgsrvKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702319722926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图33, caption=TAG热液区构造位置

(a)红色星指示TAG热液丘的位置)及TAG热液丘详细的海底地形图;(b)ODP第158航次的五个站位(Herzig et al., 1998;Szitkar and Dyment, 2015).

, figureFileSmall=oeYALdnDPFrITLVHAmxbuQ==, figureFileBig=1MPk6liFAnqnE7tVgsrvKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702411997615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.34, caption=Schematic diagram of the internal structure of the TAG hydrothermal mound drilled on the 158th voyage of ODP (Hannington et al., 1998), figureFileSmall=Le+Vm1LzjPZl28cC7zhkNw==, figureFileBig=8QpFmdIrbvZhyvWV1iIOFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702508466608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图34, caption=ODP第158航次钻探的TAG热液丘内部结构示意图(Hannington et al., 1998), figureFileSmall=Le+Vm1LzjPZl28cC7zhkNw==, figureFileBig=8QpFmdIrbvZhyvWV1iIOFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702604935601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.35, caption=Schematic diagram of the distribution of hydrothermal deposits in the PACMANUS hydrothermal field at the top of the Pual ocean ridge and the active hydrothermal area of the chimney group containing massive sulfides (Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002a, b), figureFileSmall=XPiGc4HMCrB4qTuS/4vASg==, figureFileBig=S1x57DQvfib5nCEfv3lDwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702693015986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图35, caption=沿Pual洋脊顶端PACMANUS热液场中热液矿床的分布以及含有块状硫化物烟囱群活动热液区示意图(Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002a, b)

红色圆点为大洋钻探井位位置.

, figureFileSmall=XPiGc4HMCrB4qTuS/4vASg==, figureFileBig=S1x57DQvfib5nCEfv3lDwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702793679283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.36, caption=Simplified meridional section along the Pual Ocean Ridge (Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002a, b), figureFileSmall=msFJdNxTzv8JG8EF/gGGSA==, figureFileBig=mNr9yL/M+frlTZJJxkYXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584702890148276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图36, caption=沿Pual洋脊高地的简化经向剖面图(Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002a, b), figureFileSmall=msFJdNxTzv8JG8EF/gGGSA==, figureFileBig=mNr9yL/M+frlTZJJxkYXnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584704593035701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.37, caption=Snowcap (station 1188) and Roman Ruins (station 1189)hydrothermal convection system and model diagram of hydrothermal alteration zone, figureFileSmall=TSKquBY8O3ZXGi97MOGQRg==, figureFileBig=akDIpYRa2hjTmocvkfrfnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584704693698998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图37, caption=Snowcap(1188站位)和Roman Ruins(1189站位)的热液对流系统及其热液蚀变带模式图(Lackschewit et al., 2004)

流体流动的大致路径和等温线是根据氧同位素数据预测的温度和矿物学特征来推断.

, figureFileSmall=TSKquBY8O3ZXGi97MOGQRg==, figureFileBig=akDIpYRa2hjTmocvkfrfnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584704836305335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.38, caption=(a)MBA distribution between In and Ga, and regional crustal thickness between 4915′E and 51″20′E (modified after reference 26); (b)Crustal thickness calculated based on gravity data (Mendel et al., 2003), figureFileSmall=1lRKbowxzPXfnxn/ZL8p2Q==, figureFileBig=yv4VwiQJfY+gmDZPj6a1eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584704941162936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图38, caption=(a) In和Ga区段的MBA分布及局部区域(49°15′~51°20′E)的地壳厚度(Sauter et al., 2009);(b)根据重力数据推算的地壳厚度(Mendel et al., 2003)

C2An.y=2.581 Ma,C3n.y=4.18 Ma,C3An.y=5.894 Ma,C4n.o=8.072,Ma,C5n.o=10.949 Ma. C6n. o=20.131 Ma,C8n.o=26.554 Ma;红色五角星代表热液喷口的位置.

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(a)独居石;(b)锆石;(c)钛铁矿;(d)金红石.

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Sea sand mines(provided by the Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences), figureFileSmall=rGpmw76KdbOvWuEtaQqL7A==, figureFileBig=F8y6qZtTuDir5GHQj4toVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584705662583232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图42, caption=南海砂矿远景区分布图(中国科学院海洋研究所提供), figureFileSmall=rGpmw76KdbOvWuEtaQqL7A==, figureFileBig=F8y6qZtTuDir5GHQj4toVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584705742275009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.43, caption=Distribution of crust and nodule metal mine resources in the South China Sea(provided by the Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences), figureFileSmall=x6Bn0hmQ7TjN1GwYscElUg==, figureFileBig=gc0tfv3tyLWFU+5P4esHvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584705817772482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图43, caption=南海结壳、结核金属矿资源分布图(中国科学院海洋研究所提供), figureFileSmall=x6Bn0hmQ7TjN1GwYscElUg==, figureFileBig=gc0tfv3tyLWFU+5P4esHvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584705901658563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.44, caption=Discovery of ancient hydrothermal chimney(Zhou et al., 2018), figureFileSmall=2rTgtDZR2mpoWryT/4/Gsw==, figureFileBig=d31ROBndZbC4aiqTl87ybQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584705993933252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图44, caption=古热液烟囱的发现(周怀阳等,2018), figureFileSmall=2rTgtDZR2mpoWryT/4/Gsw==, figureFileBig=d31ROBndZbC4aiqTl87ybQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706123956677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.45, caption=Discovery of submarine hydrothermal zone and potential of mineral resources (According to the Interridge database data), figureFileSmall=pyVY0dDSNE7ABgB+pfUS6w==, figureFileBig=3AaprJGyn16gArFjH7lMNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706207842758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图45, caption=海底热液区的发现与矿物资源的潜力(据Interridge数据库资料), figureFileSmall=pyVY0dDSNE7ABgB+pfUS6w==, figureFileBig=3AaprJGyn16gArFjH7lMNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706295923143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.46, caption=Schematic diagram of submarine hydrothermal migration, figureFileSmall=4yTzn0/bsK9DhpWYTQy4Jw==, figureFileBig=/lUYakPI8iYKH/SKXUjKhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706384003528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图46, caption=海底热液运移示意图, figureFileSmall=4yTzn0/bsK9DhpWYTQy4Jw==, figureFileBig=/lUYakPI8iYKH/SKXUjKhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706480472521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.47, caption=Formation mechanism of submarine hydrothermal sulfide deposits, figureFileSmall=uDZU+sW4bSjzKqnMr64aEw==, figureFileBig=YPlocvGtvqW4eZctSAhflg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706576941514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图47, caption=海底热液硫化物矿床形成的机理, figureFileSmall=uDZU+sW4bSjzKqnMr64aEw==, figureFileBig=YPlocvGtvqW4eZctSAhflg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706644050379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Fig.48, caption=The newly discovered hydrothermal zone with a submergence of 3805 m on the seabed(provided by the Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences), figureFileSmall=Vz35hjsBHGHlcXDKcTz9QA==, figureFileBig=B44bYIepreWaISLftNnvmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706732130764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=图48, caption=下潜3805 m在海底最新发现的热液区(中国科学院海洋研究所提供), figureFileSmall=Vz35hjsBHGHlcXDKcTz9QA==, figureFileBig=B44bYIepreWaISLftNnvmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584706820211149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Leading global metal producers (after Hein et al., 2013)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素产量最高产量/%产量第二产量/%产量第三产量/%
铝澳大利亚31中国18巴西14
砷中国47智利21摩洛哥13
镉中国23韩国12哈萨克斯坦11
铬南非42印度17哈萨克斯坦16
钴刚果40澳大利亚10中国10
铜智利34秘鲁8美国8
锗中国71俄罗斯4美国3
金中国13澳大利亚9美国9
氦美国63阿尔及利亚19卡塔尔12
铟中国50韩国14日本10
铁中国39巴西17澳大利亚16
铅中国43澳大利亚13美国10
锂智利41澳大利亚24中国13
锰中国25澳大利亚17南非14
钼中国39美国25智利16
镍俄罗斯19印度尼西亚13加拿大13
铌巴西92加拿大7%??
钯俄罗斯41南非41美国6
铂南非79俄罗斯11津巴布韦3
稀土中国97印度2巴西1
硒日本50比利时13加拿大10
银秘鲁18中国14墨西哥12
锡中国37印度尼西亚33秘鲁12
铀加拿大21哈萨克斯坦19澳大利亚19
钒中国37南非35俄罗斯26
锌中国25秘鲁13澳大利亚12
), ArticleFig(id=1309584706929263054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全球重要金属元素产量排名表(据Hein et al., 2013)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素产量最高产量/%产量第二产量/%产量第三产量/%
铝澳大利亚31中国18巴西14
砷中国47智利21摩洛哥13
镉中国23韩国12哈萨克斯坦11
铬南非42印度17哈萨克斯坦16
钴刚果40澳大利亚10中国10
铜智利34秘鲁8美国8
锗中国71俄罗斯4美国3
金中国13澳大利亚9美国9
氦美国63阿尔及利亚19卡塔尔12
铟中国50韩国14日本10
铁中国39巴西17澳大利亚16
铅中国43澳大利亚13美国10
锂智利41澳大利亚24中国13
锰中国25澳大利亚17南非14
钼中国39美国25智利16
镍俄罗斯19印度尼西亚13加拿大13
铌巴西92加拿大7%??
钯俄罗斯41南非41美国6
铂南非79俄罗斯11津巴布韦3
稀土中国97印度2巴西1
硒日本50比利时13加拿大10
银秘鲁18中国14墨西哥12
锡中国37印度尼西亚33秘鲁12
铀加拿大21哈萨克斯坦19澳大利亚19
钒中国37南非35俄罗斯26
锌中国25秘鲁13澳大利亚12
), ArticleFig(id=1309584707050897871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Nodules reserve from CC area compared with global lands based reserve (after Hein et al., 2013)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属CC区多金属结核储量/106 t全球陆地储量/106 t
Mn59295200
Cu2241300
Ti59900
Zn29480
REE17150
Ni278150
Zr657
Mo1219
Li2.714
Co4213
W1.36.3
Nb0.43
Bi—0.68
Y1.90.48
Te0.070.05
), ArticleFig(id=1309584707143172560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CC区多金属结核储量与全球陆地相储量(据Hein et al., 2013)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
金属CC区多金属结核储量/106 t全球陆地储量/106 t
Mn59295200
Cu2241300
Ti59900
Zn29480
REE17150
Ni278150
Zr657
Mo1219
Li2.714
Co4213
W1.36.3
Nb0.43
Bi—0.68
Y1.90.48
Te0.070.05
), ArticleFig(id=1309584707243835857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Mineral composition and content of polymetallic nodules in the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号ω(矿物)/%
石英斜长石钙十字沸石水羟锰矿钡镁锰矿碳氟磷灰石
注: “—”表示未检出.
112.76.511.263.66—
2214.08.210.548.618.8—
3315.98.911.958.44.8—
4413.21210.561.62.7—
5510.511.719.335.516.26.8
668.12116.944.29.8—
7713.311.419.448.47.5—
8810.1615.757.710.5—
), ArticleFig(id=1309584707340304850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

研究区多金属结核矿物成分及其含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号ω(矿物)/%
石英斜长石钙十字沸石水羟锰矿钡镁锰矿碳氟磷灰石
注: “—”表示未检出.
112.76.511.263.66—
2214.08.210.548.618.8—
3315.98.911.958.44.8—
4413.21210.561.62.7—
5510.511.719.335.516.26.8
668.12116.944.29.8—
7713.311.419.448.47.5—
8810.1615.757.710.5—
), ArticleFig(id=1309584707424190931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Mean content of selected elements of manganese nodules in various locations (Petersen et al., 1970)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CC区中印度洋海盆秘鲁海盆库克群岛
Mn/%28.424.434216.1
Ni/%1.31.11.30.4
Cu/%1.110.60.2
Co/%0.210.110.050.41
T/%0.280.40.161, 20
Mo/10-6590600547295
Li/10-6131110311—
REE+Y/10-681310394031665
), ArticleFig(id=1309584709101912532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

世界主要海底多金属结核资源区各主要金属元素含量 (Petersen et al., 1970)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CC区中印度洋海盆秘鲁海盆库克群岛
Mn/%28.424.434216.1
Ni/%1.31.11.30.4
Cu/%1.110.60.2
Co/%0.210.110.050.41
T/%0.280.40.161, 20
Mo/10-6590600547295
Li/10-6131110311—
REE+Y/10-681310394031665
), ArticleFig(id=1309584709185798613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Table5, caption=

Global oceanic seamount cobalt crust resources (according to Zhang et al., 2015)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称干结壳资源量/108 t锰/108 t钴/108 t镍/108 t铜/108 t钼/108 t铂/t
太平洋513.2440~1026.4880109.1670~218.33403.3053~6.61062.2172~4.43440.6364~1.27280.2207~0.441417707~35414
大西洋116.5032~233.006417.7434~35.48680.4252~0.85040.3262~0.65240.099~0.1980.0303~0.0606
印度洋81.4849~162.969811.9375~23.8750.2371~0.47420.2502~0.50040.0896~0.17920.0326~0.06522648~5296
三大洋1081.1661~2162.3322138.8480~277.69603.9676~7.93522.7936~5.58720.8251~1.65020.2836~0.567220355~40710
), ArticleFig(id=1309584709286461910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

全球三大洋海山钴结壳资源量(据张富元等,2015)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称干结壳资源量/108 t锰/108 t钴/108 t镍/108 t铜/108 t钼/108 t铂/t
太平洋513.2440~1026.4880109.1670~218.33403.3053~6.61062.2172~4.43440.6364~1.27280.2207~0.441417707~35414
大西洋116.5032~233.006417.7434~35.48680.4252~0.85040.3262~0.65240.099~0.1980.0303~0.0606
印度洋81.4849~162.969811.9375~23.8750.2371~0.47420.2502~0.50040.0896~0.17920.0326~0.06522648~5296
三大洋1081.1661~2162.3322138.8480~277.69603.9676~7.93522.7936~5.58720.8251~1.65020.2836~0.567220355~40710
), ArticleFig(id=1309584709420679639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Table6, caption=

Exploration contract for cobalt-rich crusts (Wei et al., 2017)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号签订者签订时间赞助国合同区位置合同到期时间
1日本国家石油天然气和金属公司(Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation)2014.1.27日本西太平洋2029.1.26
2中国大洋协会2014.4.29中国西太平洋2029.4.28
3俄罗斯联邦自然资源和环境部(Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation)2015.3.10俄罗斯西太平洋2030.3.9
4巴西矿产资源勘查公司(Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais)2015.11.9巴西大西洋里奥格兰德洋隆2030.11.8
5韩国政府海洋和渔业部(Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries)待签约韩国西太平洋
), ArticleFig(id=1309584709521342936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

富钴结壳勘探合同表(韦振权等,2017)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号签订者签订时间赞助国合同区位置合同到期时间
1日本国家石油天然气和金属公司(Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation)2014.1.27日本西太平洋2029.1.26
2中国大洋协会2014.4.29中国西太平洋2029.4.28
3俄罗斯联邦自然资源和环境部(Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation)2015.3.10俄罗斯西太平洋2030.3.9
4巴西矿产资源勘查公司(Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais)2015.11.9巴西大西洋里奥格兰德洋隆2030.11.8
5韩国政府海洋和渔业部(Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries)待签约韩国西太平洋
), ArticleFig(id=1309584709617811929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=EN, label=Table7, caption=

The content of major elements(%) and rare earth elements(×10-6) of the pelagic clay from the Pacific and India Ocean

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域统计值沉积物类型SiO2TiO2Al2O3Fe2O3MnOMgOCaONa2OK2OP2O5LaCePr
注:数据来源:①朱克超等, 2015;②③kato et al, 2011;④王汾连等,2016;⑤张霄宇等, 2013;⑥黄大松, 2016;⑦刘季花, 2004;⑧黄牧等, 2014.
太平洋中部(n=90)①最小值沸石黏土、远洋黏土45.880.3111.063.920.542.241.393.992.340.4564.1056.617.4
最大值55.690.7716.249.131.974.706.997.754.314.3834413660.5
平均值50.140.5614.546.491.333.223.125.463.361.70156.6100.6837.3
中北太平洋(n=284)⑧最小值沸石黏土、远洋黏土23.660.122.982.360.041.440.77—0.890.1333.2823.3210
最大值71.201.822133.17.576.694.15—5.372.25175.2190.651.09
平均值50.300.5212.5101.853.522.08—3.020.8394.7995.2628.84
中北太平洋(n=706)⑨最小值其他类型沉积物2.720.010.220.120.040.270.39—0.010.045.311.691.28
最大值81.333.1221.5533.7611.7610.768.43—5.543.3120912652.7
平均值51.280.417.885.410.752.4614.48—1.570.4744.3741.8312.6
西太平洋海盆④沸石黏土46.130.512.616.431.452.513.376.003.621.82157.793.6543.5
沸石黏土38.480.5510.686.031.792.3210.044.992.916.31637.9291.8176.5
西太平洋海山区(n=5)⑤最小值沸石黏土——————————74.598.822
最大值——————————22714063.5
平均值——————————153.9116.143.8
中印度洋海盆(n=17)⑥最小值沸石黏土11.940.173.504.891.621.011.39—1.280.28104107.527.6
最大值25.80.397.8312.763.971.9219.58—2.590.9622723259.6
平均值24.030.347.126.992.281.723.07—2.320.5316720444.9
东太平洋CC区表层⑦⑧平均值沸石黏土(n=5)50.660.5911.187.531.463.462.005.382.940.8910478.730.0
平均值钙质软泥(n=20)—0.051.310.970.161.0344.51.810.310.1037.812.615.9
平均值硅质黏土(n=10)540.6611.326.390.453.211.255.162.710.4456.179.017.3
平均值硅质软泥(n=7)55.340.6810.76.280.833.221.784.762.380.7574.377.819.9
区域统计值NdSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuY∑REYδCe
太平洋中部(n=90①)最小值7717.14.1918.102.9616.93.679.711.338.481.2792.9430.90.19
最大值27260.212.965.301165.715.240.15.8034.95.2562617490.67
平均值16937.688.1640.426.7439.59.0224.083.4120.73.153359910.35
中北太平洋(n=284)②最小值33.868.181.826.761.076.361.263.620.523.460.5431.82010.17
最大值21350.0112.4356.468.4352.5610.7630.414.1425.83.9333011321.34
平均值115.427.66.7328.974.3826.615.3014.82.0512.91.931446100.46
中北太平洋(n=706)③最小值5.311.210.261.430.231.510.320.940.140.880.138.231.80.10
最大值19345.311.446.87.3745.79.1925.53.5421.93.132499451.73
平均值51.611.82.9212.91.9412.02.436.910.966.120.9268.32780.45
西太平洋海盆④19040.6410.0348.017.8944.0711.0628.573.8924.793.58316.710240.24
798189.540.5201.930.98183.542.31106.913.986.312.45121040220.19
西太平洋海山区(n=5)⑤最小值92.923.15.3824.13.6222.44.3312.301.6910.81.62—3970.48
最大值27561.414.169.310.464.813.137.85.1532.34.99—10190.86
平均值188.843.510.147.57.244.58.9225.523.4722.023.32—7190.65
中印度洋海盆(n=17)⑥最小值11027.56.8829.94.4125.55.0114.551.9512.21.89160.5685.50.4
最大值2455915.166.19.8658.511.633.34.5727.24.1236713920.8
平均值18244.511.2748.87.27438.424.353.2719.82.99260.610720.56
东太平洋CC区表层⑦⑧平均值1423308.0035.82.3831.36.5617.25.3915.32.341708530.31
平均值335.912.435.70.925.521.622.370.382.090.2520.91680.14
平均值75.718.04.3418.91.7816.93.539.692.398.471.3288.54900.58
平均值96.522.85.5124.12.8121.74.6512.32.6311.21.751206180.47
), ArticleFig(id=1309584709760418266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584675832692963, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

太平洋和印度洋不同海域深海沉积物中的主量元素(%)和稀土元素含量(×10-6)特征对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域统计值沉积物类型SiO2TiO2Al2O3Fe2O3MnOMgOCaONa2OK2OP2O5LaCePr
注:数据来源:①朱克超等, 2015;②③kato et al, 2011;④王汾连等,2016;⑤张霄宇等, 2013;⑥黄大松, 2016;⑦刘季花, 2004;⑧黄牧等, 2014.
太平洋中部(n=90)①最小值沸石黏土、远洋黏土45.880.3111.063.920.542.241.393.992.340.4564.1056.617.4
最大值55.690.7716.249.131.974.706.997.754.314.3834413660.5
平均值50.140.5614.546.491.333.223.125.463.361.70156.6100.6837.3
中北太平洋(n=284)⑧最小值沸石黏土、远洋黏土23.660.122.982.360.041.440.77—0.890.1333.2823.3210
最大值71.201.822133.17.576.694.15—5.372.25175.2190.651.09
平均值50.300.5212.5101.853.522.08—3.020.8394.7995.2628.84
中北太平洋(n=706)⑨最小值其他类型沉积物2.720.010.220.120.040.270.39—0.010.045.311.691.28
最大值81.333.1221.5533.7611.7610.768.43—5.543.3120912652.7
平均值51.280.417.885.410.752.4614.48—1.570.4744.3741.8312.6
西太平洋海盆④沸石黏土46.130.512.616.431.452.513.376.003.621.82157.793.6543.5
沸石黏土38.480.5510.686.031.792.3210.044.992.916.31637.9291.8176.5
西太平洋海山区(n=5)⑤最小值沸石黏土——————————74.598.822
最大值——————————22714063.5
平均值——————————153.9116.143.8
中印度洋海盆(n=17)⑥最小值沸石黏土11.940.173.504.891.621.011.39—1.280.28104107.527.6
最大值25.80.397.8312.763.971.9219.58—2.590.9622723259.6
平均值24.030.347.126.992.281.723.07—2.320.5316720444.9
东太平洋CC区表层⑦⑧平均值沸石黏土(n=5)50.660.5911.187.531.463.462.005.382.940.8910478.730.0
平均值钙质软泥(n=20)—0.051.310.970.161.0344.51.810.310.1037.812.615.9
平均值硅质黏土(n=10)540.6611.326.390.453.211.255.162.710.4456.179.017.3
平均值硅质软泥(n=7)55.340.6810.76.280.833.221.784.762.380.7574.377.819.9
区域统计值NdSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuY∑REYδCe
太平洋中部(n=90①)最小值7717.14.1918.102.9616.93.679.711.338.481.2792.9430.90.19
最大值27260.212.965.301165.715.240.15.8034.95.2562617490.67
平均值16937.688.1640.426.7439.59.0224.083.4120.73.153359910.35
中北太平洋(n=284)②最小值33.868.181.826.761.076.361.263.620.523.460.5431.82010.17
最大值21350.0112.4356.468.4352.5610.7630.414.1425.83.9333011321.34
平均值115.427.66.7328.974.3826.615.3014.82.0512.91.931446100.46
中北太平洋(n=706)③最小值5.311.210.261.430.231.510.320.940.140.880.138.231.80.10
最大值19345.311.446.87.3745.79.1925.53.5421.93.132499451.73
平均值51.611.82.9212.91.9412.02.436.910.966.120.9268.32780.45
西太平洋海盆④19040.6410.0348.017.8944.0711.0628.573.8924.793.58316.710240.24
798189.540.5201.930.98183.542.31106.913.986.312.45121040220.19
西太平洋海山区(n=5)⑤最小值92.923.15.3824.13.6222.44.3312.301.6910.81.62—3970.48
最大值27561.414.169.310.464.813.137.85.1532.34.99—10190.86
平均值188.843.510.147.57.244.58.9225.523.4722.023.32—7190.65
中印度洋海盆(n=17)⑥最小值11027.56.8829.94.4125.55.0114.551.9512.21.89160.5685.50.4
最大值2455915.166.19.8658.511.633.34.5727.24.1236713920.8
平均值18244.511.2748.87.27438.424.353.2719.82.99260.610720.56
东太平洋CC区表层⑦⑧平均值1423308.0035.82.3831.36.5617.25.3915.32.341708530.31
平均值335.912.435.70.925.521.622.370.382.090.2520.91680.14
平均值75.718.04.3418.91.7816.93.539.692.398.471.3288.54900.58
平均值96.522.85.5124.12.8121.74.6512.32.6311.21.751206180.47
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海洋金属矿产资源——地球人可持续发展的潜在源域
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滕吉文 1, 2, 3 , 王玉辰 1, 3 , 唐国彬 1, 3
地球物理学进展 | 院士论坛 2026,41(1): 1-42
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地球物理学进展 |院士论坛 2026 , 41 (1) : 1 -42
海洋金属矿产资源——地球人可持续发展的潜在源域
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2吉林大学, 长春 130026
3中国科学院大学, 北京 100049, bio={"content":"

滕吉文,男,1934年生,教授,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要从事地球物理学和地球动力学研究. E-mail:

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滕吉文,男,1934年生,教授,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要从事地球物理学和地球动力学研究. E-mail:

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滕吉文1, 2, 3 , 王玉辰1, 3, 唐国彬1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029
  • 2吉林大学, 长春 130026
  • 3中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
作者简介:

滕吉文,男,1934年生,教授,研究员,中国科学院院士,主要从事地球物理学和地球动力学研究. E-mail:

Marine metal mineral resources-potential source area for sustainable development of people on earth
JiWen TENG1, 2, 3 , YuChen WANG1, 3, GuoBin TANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2Ji Lin University, Changchun 130026, China
  • 3Chinese Academy of Sciences University, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0203
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大陆和海洋乃地球大家庭中的两大成员, 即全为“地球人的园地”.“地球人”在陆地和海域耕耘、繁衍生息,共同维系着社会的进步、经济的繁荣和科学与技术的发展,并不断创造未来.在这地球上海洋占有所有面积的70.8%, 并蕴藏着丰富的、多样化的的各种金属矿产资源,是人类社会可持续发展的金属矿产资源需求与供给的战略基地.为此本文将主要讨论的问题为:(1)我国陆内重要矿产资源紧缺,形势严峻与向何而去!(2)海洋地域金属矿产资源丰富、多样,且潜力巨大,(3)海底金属结核矿产资源聚集,(4)印度洋中诸多金属硫化物矿床和自然金的发现,(5)我国海域金属矿产资源的勘探和发现.显见,海域金属矿产资源的勘探,开发和利用乃我国建设与可持续发展的必然轨迹!

大陆  /  海洋  /  金属矿产资源  /  金属矿结核  /  潜力

The continents and the oceans are the two members of the earth family. They are all "Earths". The "Earths" cultivate, lived and multiplied on the land and sea, and together maintain social progress, economic prosperity, and the development of science and technology. And continue to create the future. The ocean occupies 70.8% of the total area on this earth, and contains rich and diversified various metal mineral resources. It is a strategic base for the sustainable development of the demand and supply of metal mineral resources in human society. To this end, the main issues discussed in this article are: (1) my country's inland important mineral resources are in short supply, the situation is grim and where to go! (2) Marine mineral resources are abundant, diverse, and have great potential, (3) Submarine metal nodule mineral resources gather, (4) Discovery of many metal sulfide deposits and natural gold in the Indian Ocean, (5) Marine mineral resources in China Exploration and discovery. Obviously, marine mineral resources, exploration, development and utilization are the inevitable trajectory of my country's construction and sustainable development!

Continent  /  Ocean  /  Metal mineral resources  /  Metal nodules  /  Potential
滕吉文, 王玉辰, 唐国彬. 海洋金属矿产资源——地球人可持续发展的潜在源域. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 1 -42 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0203
JiWen TENG, YuChen WANG, GuoBin TANG. Marine metal mineral resources-potential source area for sustainable development of people on earth[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 1 -42 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0203
在我们人类居住的地球上,海洋占有的总面积为70.8%, 是我们人类生活、生存与可持续发展的摇篮.海洋是为人类提供物质资源的源泉地,当然也是各国纷争之地(图 1),当今我国要快速工业化,科技要大力发展,经济要腾飞,要建设世界科技强国,没有足够的,大量的,多类型的各种金属矿产支撑,消耗则一切皆为空话.可是当今我国的战略性的重要金属矿产紧缺,对外依存度逐日攀升.显然,在当今多元化利用世界资源的同时,必须立足于本土.那么出路何在?而上天、下海、入地乃必然选择!
地球上的海域辽阔,海洋地域潜伏着丰富的、巨量的、不同种类的金属矿产资源,我们地球人必须拥抱海洋,开发海洋.探查和利用海洋中的金属矿产资源,以推动我国社会与经济的发展,使之多元化的为人类的可持续发展和为人类营造一个良好的生活与生存空间服务乃必然之途!
图 1表现出复杂地形变化的全球海底地形图,似海水被排空后的效果.洋底水深、而洋壳地球物理、地球化学特征却提供了约200百万年以来的岩石圈与地球刚性外壳构造及岩浆运移过程的记录.标志着“洋脊”或“海隆”的部分为产生新海洋岩石圈的海底扩张中心,而“海沟”的地方为俯冲带,是一个板块下插于另一板块之下并带回地幔的场所.本图还清楚的显示了海山链和大规模火成岩省,二者都被认为是由地球深部上涌的地幔柱获得热量和有关的岩浆活动所致.全球海底地形图由卫星影像得到(W.Smith and D.Sandwell).
我们人类世世代代在地球上面耕耘,繁衍生息,开垦着这片沃土,以为人类生活与生存!所以说,地球是人类的母亲!
地球上面有五大洲:亚洲,欧洲,非洲,美洲(北美洲,南美洲)和大洋洲.有四大洋:太平洋,大西洋,印度洋,北冰洋.有近233个国家.它们在地球上面分布的地理位置各异,而在这不同的地理位置下面,即地球深部所存储的金属矿产资源当必不一,有的地域丰富,有的地方贫乏.基于金属矿产资源在海域分布的极不均匀,故强化海洋地域的地球物理勘探,以发现大型、超大型矿床和多金属矿集区势在必行.那么为什么要加速强化海洋地域的金属矿产资源的勘探呢!
以我国为例,我国地大,人口众多达14亿,而物并不博,我国缺油,少气,富煤,关键性重要矿产资源亦十分缺乏,而不论是资源,还是能源对外依存度均大(图 2),且与日逐增 ①.
①  王安建,王安尚. 2021. 全球矿产资源形式报告. 北京: 中国地质调查局,中国地质科学院,全球矿产资源战略研究中心.
(1) 2020年,中国进口矿产品总额4633亿美元,同比下降10.8%, 其中能源矿产品下降幅度最大,达到22.4%.能源矿产品占58.2%, 金属矿占40.3%.
(2) 2020年,24种主要矿产品种,中国有11种进口量超过全球一半(钴矿、铬矿、铀矿、贵金属矿、铝土矿、镍矿、铌钽锆钒矿、锰矿、锡矿、铜矿、铁矿石),有8种矿产品进口量占全球的20% ~50%(铅矿、钛矿、硫磺、锌矿、钨矿、钼矿、原油、其他金属矿).
对外依存度计算公式为:
$ \begin{aligned} \text { 对外依存度 }= & \text {(总消费量 }- \text { 一次资源产量 }- \text { 二次资源 }\\ & 产量)/消费量方 × 100 \% . \end{aligned}$
2020年中国主要矿种对外依存度如图 3所示,从图中可知:
(1) 2020年,45种主要矿产中,中国有31种矿产对外依存,另有14种矿产对国外净出口.
(2) 2020年,对外依存度超过70%的有铌、铬、钴、镍、锰、铂族、铜、石油等8种矿产.
(3) 对外依存度在50% ~70%之间的有硼、铁、钾盐等3种矿产.
(4) 对外依存度在30% ~50%之间的有锡、钽、天然气、铝土矿、银、锌、锂、硫等8种矿产.
(5) 31种对外依存的矿产中,钴、镍、锰、铂族、石油、硼、锡、锌、硫、铅、稀土、钼、钨、锑、高岭土等15种矿产对外依存度同比2019年上升.
(6) 对外依存的矿产中,铬、铁、钽、天然气、铝土矿、银、锂、金、铍、煤炭等10种矿产对外依存度同比下降.
(1) 进口总额
2020年,中国进口金属矿产品总价值1866亿美元;其中铁矿石1228亿美元,占65.8%;铜矿357亿美元;铝土矿50亿美元.
(2) 主要来源
大洋洲(澳大利亚)是主要进口来源地,总进口金额802亿美元,拉丁美洲633亿美元,位居其次,非洲164亿美元,亚洲137亿美元,欧洲96亿美元.
人类的生存和社会的发展,在许多方面都要依赖于地球上各生态系统所提供的物产(goods)和服务(services).而“下海”则是人类生活与生存的必然轨迹.
全球海域面积约占总体的70.8%左右,大陆坡外的天然气水合物、海域高品位金属矿产结核、大洋中脊的多金矿矿床等将必会为社会进步,经济腾飞,科技发展,军事防范等储多领域的坚强后盾.理解海洋,认识海洋,开发海洋是时代的步伐,是国家的战略需求,是强国富民的保障.为此,21世纪乃是国人拥抱海洋,强化海洋开发和建设强有力的国家屏障的新时代,它将必会造福人民!
由地球内部热量驱动的热液作用是洋壳内最重要并广泛存在的地质作用之一.1977年,载人深潜器“Alvin”号在加拉帕戈斯扩张中心首次发现海底热液喷发,向人们揭示了地球内部在海底的主要散热方式(周怀阳等,2018).
(1) 海底成矿及交叉学科的发展
作为现代海底的天然热液成矿实验室,海底热液活动为陆地古代同类型多金属硫化物矿床的成矿机制研究指明了方向,极大地促进了矿床学研究的迅速发展.另一方面,在海底热液喷口周围富集的以化学合成微生物为初级生产力的热液生物群落为人们提供了研究深部生物圈的窗口,催生了地球科学与生命科学之间一些新兴交叉学科的蓬勃发展(如地质微生物学、微生物地质学).
(2) 海底水岩作用与微生物群落生长
洋壳深部岩浆房或正在冷却的岩浆岩的热驱动热液循环,促使热液在其循环路径上与围岩发生水-岩相互作用.热液循环中的水-岩作用研究是理解洋壳与海洋之间物质与能量交换及其通量的关键.在水-岩相互作用过程中,流体与周围岩石不断发生相互间的离子交换,如流体中的Mg等组分进入岩石,岩石中的Fe,Zn,Mn,Si等释放进入流体.在围岩发生蚀变的同时,流体成分逐渐演化,构成了全球地球化学循环中最基本的一种过程.水岩相互作用产生的各种挥发性组分(H2,H2S,CH4等)和还原性组分以及海底之下十分复杂的温度梯度,为深部生物圈中多种多样微生物群落的生长或栖息提供了必需的物质和能量基础(图 4).深部生物圈的存在及大小对地球系统影响的方式可能是我们目前还不能理解的.生活在热液口、泥火山及深海甲烷造漏区的微生物可以在没有太阳能的情况下合成有机碳.尽管量上还不确定,但是这些化能自养生物在碳循环及其他循环上同样起着重要的作用.
(1) 大洋钻探的揭示
因为热液循环过程主要发生在海底之下,要真正了解海底热液循环系统及其各种反应过程的发生与发展,必须依靠大洋钻探等手段.迄今为止,大洋钻探在全球海底共探测了4个代表不同地质构造背景的海底热液循环系统,使得人们对现代洋壳中的水-岩相互作用、地壳蚀变以及硫化物成矿的多样性等取得了突破性的认识.
最早的一次针对热液系统的深海钻探是1978—1979年在加利福尼亚湾Guaymas盆地实施的DSDP第64航次.通过对基底上覆蚀变沉积物的分析表明,该处应存在两种不同的热液系统:一种是与浅层沉积物中玄武质侵入体有关的热液活动,其热液循环距离比较短、热液温度比较低(100~200 ℃);另一种是与深部比较大的岩浆侵入体有关的长程且高温(约300 ℃)的热液活动.
(2) 三大海底热液系统
在三大海域的热液活动系统中有中速扩张的东北太平洋洋中脊Middle Valley、慢速扩张的大西洋洋中脊TAG和弧后扩张中心PACMANUS三种不同构造背景的海底热液系统(图 5).
① 沉积环境
Midle Valley热液区位于东北太平洋胡安·德富卡洋脊Endeavour洋脊段的北端.该热液区的特点是,热液活动和硫化物矿床赋存于覆盖在基岩之上的沉积物中,该沉积物主要是半远洋沉积物和源自大陆边缘的晚更新世浊积岩,这套沉积物的厚度一般为500 m左右,最厚处可达2000 m.有沉积物覆盖的扩张中心是理想的钻探区.在这样的热域中,高温能够出现于比较浅的位置,一旦有流体排放出现,则可产生非常大的硫化物矿床.沉积物也可以保存相对连续的有关岩浆、构造和热事件的层序记录中,以提供这些过程时空变化上的线索.
② 硫化物矿床的发现
ODP第139航次以探究有沉积物覆盖的扩张洋中脊的热液循环过程及其产物为总体目标,在Middle Vhley的4个站位(855~858站位)共钻取了22个孔,钻探了两个热液上升流区和一个热液反应区).856站位钻探的Bent Hil(BH)是一个大的块状硫化物高丘,丘两侧较陡而其基座近于水平.858站位是一个活动的高温热液喷口,其喷出的流体温度可达276 ℃.1996年,ODP第169航次在Middle Valley钻到了磁化物矿体和热液补给带(高温富金属流体穿过补给带到达海底),其深部的富金属带矿石的含铜量高达16%(Zierenberg et al., 1998, 2000),这是目前发现的海底矿床中铜含量最高的,进一步提高了人们在陆地和海洋进行矿床勘探的兴趣(Rona,2003).另一方面,还发现在185 ℃的高温环境下微生物群落水平也尚存在.
(1) 热物质运动与海洋环境
随着大陆内部矿产资源的多年开发和不断日增的需求.在海陆交互地带,大陆架和深海地区的地球物理勘探日趋迫切,因为陆上的金属矿产资源紧缺,急需给予补给.基于岩石圈与水圈在海域,大洋中脊,弧后扩张盆地与陆缘乃发生热物质-化学作用的耦合地域.其构造格局却为热液物质上涌与围岩蚀变和物质运营提供了通道和岩相场所.
(2) 热源活动与成矿
在海底的热液活动和物质与能量的交换及反响不论对岩石圈,水圈,生物圈均会产生巨大影响,且在海底含矿元素的聚集,并在适宜构造和岩相条件下形成多元金属元素的聚集成矿.这里且为认知海洋,特别是深海极端条件下生命演化和热液生物及成矿作用的天然实验室(Colman et al., 2017).
虽然这已成为海域(特别是深海)地球物理勘探的重要领域(图 6).
欧美各国在海域金属矿产勘探方面远早于我国,我国起步较晚,但进展迅速.
(1) 海底矿床和热液区的快速发现
从全球来看,由20世纪中叶至今,即近100年左右的时间里,在不足1%的海底地带,竟已发现了百余个金属矿床和水热活动区,其发展速度和在有限的范围内确远远超过了在大陆陆内地区所能发现的矿床.
截止2019年4月,在全球已发现了354处热液区,包括298个活动热液区,56个不活动的热液区(按Interiidge数据库资料),另外还有354个推测的活动热液区(图 7).
(2) 金属矿产结核和“黑烟囱”
在全球三大洋区金属矿产结核、砂矿、硫化物矿床在海底蕴藏量十分丰富(图 8),在大洋中脊处的“黑烟囱”地带堆积的金属矿产资源丰盛而集中.基于海域的国际和国家安全与防范诸多方面的需求,故国家与公海海底的资源与海疆不仅具有显著的战略意义,而确为一个国家或地区的经济繁荣与发展的重要科技支撑.
(3) 海底热液活动与物质-能量交换的深层过程
海域是海陆汇聚的活动交换地带,又是海洋特有环境下深部物质与能量的强烈交换地带,他们均受制于海底深层动力过程的制约,与成矿关系密切.这一系列的深层动力过程表明,环太平洋所辖的广大海域与大陆内部一样,在成山,成盆,成岩,成矿,成灾的进程中热液作用与活动是第一位的.
海底热液活动系统是理解与认识地球内部物质重新分界,调整和物质与能量交换的“窗口”,它必然地涉及到海底与壳、幔深处物质运动的深层过程-物质运动的行为与轨迹.特别是硫化物矿床形成的深层过程和动力机制等必须深化研究,因为它是海底硫化物矿床形成与聚集的核心所在.
地球在其演化的早期,其生物圈的面貌,为海域,即深海物质运动的状态和研究提供了前提和导引.深海调查发现,在2500 m深处的大洋中脊处,海底冒出浓浓“黑烟”的高度可达10 m左右的“黑烟囱”,以及海洋深处炽热物质运动的行为和样式(图 9).该图提供了生动的固体地球和海洋之间化学与能量流以及热流系统如何维系令人惊奇的不同生态系统的例子.喷口直径约为10 mm(视频图像来自日本深海6500深潜器,并由联邦科学与工业研究组织).
(1) 海底强烈的热液活动生物群系的分布
海水沿着洋中脊海底的裂隙下渗到4000~5000 m深处与岩体相接触;当温度上升300~400 ℃后,比重由1.0降到0.7,固质物因轻而上升,由于充满了细颗粒的金属硫化物故呈黑色,且使上升的热液成黑烟状.这些黑烟囱生长很快,也会很快倒伏,形成一片金属硫化物矿床(图 10).
这是当今正在形成的活的金属矿床,对成矿理论研究,特别是其形成与演化的深层动力过程确具有非常重要的科学与应用价值. 这种类型的深海海底的新资源很多国家,如美国,德国等均在取样研究.
(2) 热液生物群,黑烟囱与海底金属硫化物矿床
深海热液活动,渗入海底下面数千米深处的海水与上涌的岩浆进行着强烈的物质与能量的交换,从黑烟囱口热液喷出,形成金属硫化物矿床,并持久地支撑独特的“热液生物群系”生长.这里生物的食物链与依靠光合作用的食物链大不相同.这种深海生物圈约占全球总生物量的1/10(图 11、图 12).
热液生物圈的发展改变了人类对生物圈的基本认识,一种是由叶绿素做基础,依赖太阳辐射能,通过光合作用在有氧环境下制造有机物,另一种为热液生物生长的基础是硫细菌,即依靠地球内部的地热能,通过化学合成的途径在无氧环境下制造有机物.因此地球上有两种食物链,既有光食物链和黑暗食物链.
深海热液区更加有趣的是热液生物样.1977年美国“阿文号”深潜器在加拉帕戈斯海沟发现在黑烟囱区布着独特的深海动物群,引起了轰动.
在海域海底下面微生物细胞数量的分布是有层次的.乃致在海底极端的温压条件下部仍有生物群落生长(图 13、图 14).至今人们对“深部生物圈”的规模,数量,组分,层次的研究尚远远不够.同时也存在争议.
我国东海冲蝇海槽已发现多处热液生物群系,特别是在“黑烟囱”地带的繁盛生物群系乃是最为重要的细菌成矿的区域.如图 14a所示,深潜器探测洋中脊的深海热液活动.渗入海底下数千米深处的海水与上涌的岩浆进行物质交换并升温,从“黑烟囱”口呈热液喷出,形成金属硫化物矿床,并支持独特的“热液生物群”.如图 14b所示,热液产地是深海“沙漠中的绿洲”,生物密度高出周围10000倍到100000倍.
显然,深海生物圈的新发现,乃20世纪地球科学在海域的研究中的重大成就之一,是发现了深海生物圈.在深海大洋之下,曾认为其不仅是黑暗无光的世界,而且毫无生机,但热液生物群和深海生物圈的发现则表明存在“黑暗食物链”,尤其引人注目的还有“古细菌”.许多深海生物无口、无消化器官,依靠硫细菌提供营养,热液产地是深海“沙漠中的绿洲”,生物密度高出周围10000倍到100000倍.据估计,这种深海生物围要占全球总生物量的1/10(Fisher et al., 2007;Spiess et al., 1980).
海域金属矿产资源丰富,潜力巨大,如上述的热液黑烟囱、白烟囱和红海海底的多金属矿软泥均属这类物质, 而块状硫化物矿,包括方铅矿,闪锌矿,黄铜矿,还包括金,银在内的其他金矿硫化物, 它们主要分布在太平洋海隆,大西洋和印度洋中脊以及大洋边缘的弧后扩展中心部位.在这一系列金属矿物中,以结核,结壳为主的金属矿物主要分布在大洋海底,硫化物主要沿洋脊分布(图 15).
海底蕴藏着极其丰富的,多种类的矿产资源,多金属结核是包围核心的铁、锰,氢氧化物壳层组成的核形石,由于其高含铁,镍,锰、钴等元素而具有巨大的经济价值. 他们以结核状散布在海底深处,且品味很高.当今已发现有30多种金属矿元素,其中最具商业开发价值的是有锰结核、铜结核、钴结核,镍结核等.
美国,俄罗斯,日本,法国,韩国和印度是进行多金属结合研究,开发和捕获等活动较早的国家.
随着全球经济的发展,世界各国均面临着严峻的资源危机,大力勘查,开发与利用深海固体矿产资源已成为很多国家的必然选择(何高文等,2011).
(1) 理论意义
在人类社会的发展进程中,人们越来越认识到,为了可持续发展的征程,海洋已成为实现21世纪经济发展的重要领地.
在深海金属结核矿产资源形成的过程中,热液作用,生物群系,系统的记录了古海洋环境介质属性与环境的变迁信息,是古海洋学,地质学,矿物成因学诸多领域的研究的载体.
(2) 应用价值
多金属结核含有高品质的N,Cu,Mn,Co,Mo,Li,REE和Ga等多种科技发展所需要的金属元素,是重要的海域产出的战略性矿产资源(Balaram et al., 2006;Baturin and Dubinchuk, 2010;Cronan,2006;崔迎春等,2008;冯旭文等,2003),全球每年Co产量的26%.要用于航天领域的合金材料,世界上每年Co消耗量目前
为36900 t.并以每年4%左右的速度递增.随着国际经济和政治形势的日趋复杂,作为战略性资源储备,各国对大洋多金属结核矿产资源的勘探,开采已在全方位的展开,人类已经把目光聚集在大洋深海的金属结核矿和富钴结核资源(张振国,2007).
(3) 一个有待深化研究与探索的问题
在海洋海底,金属矿产资源形成的深层动力过程中,大洋深处的,特别是极端环境下的生物群系和生长,他们为海域成矿作出了重大贡献(图 15).因为原有生物进行化学合成主要出现在深海冷泉和热液口的黑暗环境下,依靠地球内部提供的CH4,H2S,NH2,Fe2+等成分,特别是神奇的鱼(图 16)(张晴丹,2019).
(1) 重要金属矿产资源的排序
在全球范围内重要矿产资源对各国的发展十分关键,在全球的排行榜中(表 1),我国有17种, 排在前三位,有13种可排名第一.但尽管如此,如Cu、Ni、Pt、Nb、Se等元素,而我国的产量在全球范围内却排不到前三位,但是这几种元素在各类深海矿产资源中含量却很高,其中多金属结核资源就具含量较高的Ni、Cu等.
(2) 深海多金属结核资源调查的重要地域之一——CC区
在全球范围内,大陆与海洋CC区相比(表 2),可见,估算CC区的资源量要比陆地多很多.CC区多金属结核的Mn、Ni、Co、Y和Te等金属元素资源量要高很多,Mo元素相似,而其他元素则要低于陆地上相应资源.整体上,CC区多金属结核金属矿的战略意义非常高,这也是有十多个国家和机构争相在这里申请勘探矿区的原因.
(3) 海洋多金属结核资源调查的重要地之二——中印度洋海盆
印度洋海域目前与国际海底管理局签订多金属结核勘探合同的国家和机构仅有印度一国.印度在中印度洋海盆10°S~16°30′S和72° ~80°E范围内划分出其多金属结核合同区,命名为印度洋结核区(Indian Ocean Nodule Field,IONF).据估算该海域的多金属结核资源量约有1400百万吨.资源量估算显示印度洋海域的结核量仅次于太平洋CC区,其多金属结核资源量可能是全球第二大区域.同时,这里很可能是印度洋唯一的铁锰矿产沉积区.据保守估算,这一区域潜在的各种金属资源量为Mn为14×106 t、Ni为7×106 t、Cu为6.5×106 t以及Co为0.85×106 t.
多金属核矿的样本在太平洋海上分布较多,多呈球状,由于它的用途广泛,经济价值高.如在医学,药学,地球科学,材料科学,农业科学,航天,航海中均有重要用途(吴俊富等,2007;王玮等,2012;Beaula and James, 2014;Ulyanova et al., 2014;Mukherjee and Yadav, 2016;Wang et al., 2018).铁锰结核的形成受构造运动、流体活动、洋流变化、碳酸盐补偿深度、海洋初级生产力等因素的影响,成因类型可能并不单一(Barutin et al., 2014).
(1) 分布与储量巨大
锰结核广泛分布在世界海洋水深2000~6000 m的海底表层,而以生成于海水深度为4000~6000 m海底的品质最佳(图 17).
锰结核总储量估计在30000亿吨以上.其中,以北太平洋分布面积最广,储量约占一半以上,即为12000亿吨.锰结核密集的地方(3万亿吨),每平方米面积上有100多千克,几乎一个挨着一个的铺在海底.
锰结核储量巨大,且还会不断的生长,生长速度因地因时而异,平均每一千年长1 mm.按这样计算,全球锰结核每年要增长1000万吨.为此,有人称其为“取之不尽,用之不竭”的可再生金属矿物资源(王成厚,1986).
世界主要海底的各种金属结核中的金属含量丰富(表 2).特别是铜,锂和稀有矿种.
(2) 类型与显微结构
X射线衍射分析结果显示,该区的结核样品主要含有水羟锰矿、钡镁锰矿、钙十字沸石、斜长石和石英,5号样品检出碳氟磷灰石(表 3).锰相矿物以水羟锰矿为主,特征峰位出现在0.245 nm和0.142 nm,质量分数为35.5% ~63.6%, 钡镁锰矿的特征峰位为0.98 nm和0.48 nm,质量分数则在3%~19%.研究区域结核样品中的长石主要为斜长石,除6号样品含量较高,为21.0%外,其余质量分数均在10%左右,钙十字沸石的平均质量分数为14.4%.
西太平洋某海山地区的多金属结核矿样品分析与测试显示,锰相矿物的显微结构多样,柱状构造,掌状构造,光填构造,鲕状构造,纹层状构造.树枝状构造,叠层状构造,花瓣状构造等.
(3) 矿物颗粒与矿物微晶.
研究区域的样品中还出现了一些单矿物颗粒和矿物微晶,单矿物颗自型、半自型、他形均可见,部分颗粒形成核心,铁锰质矿物绕其层层向外生长.自型-半自型晶粒截面可见菱形、长方形、梯形、正方形、十字形等形状(图 18a、b、d、e),大小从几十个微米到几百个微米,多出现在结核核心附近.矿物微晶多形成结核局部微构造的核心(图 18c、f、g、h),矿物微晶可见长石和钙十字沸石,还有铁锰质矿物微晶,其中铁锰质矿物微晶由多个微晶层叠起形成花瓣状或鲕状,铁锰质矿物绕其向外生长.
海域的水羟锰矿与陆地上不同,即其特征当必各异,亦受到多种要素的制约(冯旭文等,2003;钱江初等,2006;萧绪琦等,1997;许晓明等,2017;张振国等,2013).
自20世纪50年代开始,世界各国对国际海底深海多金属结核.富钴结核,多金属硫化物等深海固体矿产倍加关注,且勘查力度在不断增大.多金属结核是最早由英国“挑战号”进行环球考察时发现(1872~1876).在大西洋加纳利群岛的法劳岛西南300 km处,水深4360 m的海底采集到了多金属结核,在随后的调查中发现世界大多数海域均普遍存在着多金属结核,美国,俄罗斯均为最早开展深海多金属结核调查的国家.相继日本,法国,韩国,德国,英国,印度均一一进行了调查(Baturin and Yemel'yanov,1992;Baturin and Dubinchuk, 2010; Baturin et al., 2014; Hein et al., 2013).
至今已有海金连组织(由东欧几个国家联合组织),俄罗斯,韩国,中国,日本,法国,印度,德国,秘鲁,汤加,基里巴斯,比利特,英国,新加坡和库克群岛等,先后与联合国国际海底管理局签订了多金属结核勘探合同,其中除印度的合同在中印度洋海盆外,其他国家的勘探合同均位于东太平洋CC区.
从20世纪60年代人们开始重点关注深海多金属结核资源以来,世界各国针对深海多金属结核的航次调查遍布太平洋、印度洋和大西洋,结果显示多金属结核资源主要分布于各大洋水深4000~6000 m的深海盆地.整体来看,具有经济价值同时也是目前世界各国关注较多的深海多金属结核资源主要分布在东太平洋CC区、中印度洋海盆、库克群岛和秘鲁海盆等(图 19).
(1) 东太平洋CC区
东太平洋CC区多金属结核被认为最具有经济价值,其丰度范围为0~30 kg/m2,平均丰度约15 kg/m2.CC区多金属结核预估的储量约21×109 t,其中含有Mn约6×109 t,这一储量比已知的陆地全部锰储量还要大.同时,CC区多金属结核的Ni含量(270 Mt)和Co含量(44 Mt)分别是陆地上储量的3倍和5倍(Hein et al., 2013).但CC区多金属结核的整体分布并不是均匀的,整体上,CC区中部和北部的多金属结核储量要多于南部、西南和东部(International Seabed Authority,2010).在CC区,品位高的多金属结核Ni+Cu含量可达2% ~2.6%.库克群岛区域的多金属结核资源因为其具有高品位的Co而备受关注,其单一样品的Co含量可以达到0.5%, 这基本上达到目前已报道的海底矿产资源的最高值.
(2) 印度洋海盆
在中印度洋海盆最富集的区域是IONF区(Indian Ocean Nodule Field),约覆盖300000面积(Mukhopadhyay et al., 2017;Mukhopadhyay and Ghosh, 2010),该区域总的多金属结核储量约有1400 Mt, 平均丰度约4.5 kg/m2,同时赋存21.84 Mt的Ni+CutCo资源,覆盖面积可达30 km2.
(3) 秘鲁海盆
秘鲁海盆多金属结核平均丰度约有10 kg/m2,最高可达50 kg/m2,与CC区相比,秘鲁海盆的多金属结核具有相似的Ni和Mo含量、低的Cu、Co含量和REY(REE+Y)以及高的Li含量和Mn/Fe比值(表 4).
富钴结壳(又称铁锰结壳、富钻铁锰结壳)是继多金属结核资源之后被发现的又一种深海沉积固体矿产资源,主要分布于海山、岛屿斜坡和海底高地上,水深范围一般为800~2500 m.富钻结壳在太平洋、大西洋和印度洋的海底均有分布(图 20,表 5).其中以太平洋居多,而在太平洋的广大海域中,西、中太平洋海山区是富钻结壳的主要产出区,主要包括麦哲伦海山区、马尔库斯一威克海山区、马绍尔海山区、中太平洋海山区、夏威夷海岭、莱恩海山区等几座大型海山链(刘永刚等,2014).
富钴结壳具有巨大的潜力和经济价值,并具有重要战略意义,20世纪以来许多国家在一系列海域开展了大量的调查与研究.
(1) 富钴结壳潜力巨大
富钴结壳富含Co、Ni、Cu、Ph、Zn等金属元素以及稀土元素(REE)和铂族元素(PGE),其中Co含量尤为显著,最高可达2%, 是陆地原生矿钻含量的20倍以上(栾锡武,2006),是多金属结核矿中钻含量的2.5倍以上(沈裕军等,2004). 最新研究表明,全球三大洋海山钻结壳分布面积为3039452.14 km2, 干结壳资源量(1081.1661~2162.3322)×108 t,三大洋的富钻结壳资源量详见表 1(张富元等,2015).由于富钴结壳具有巨大潜在经济价值和战略意义,美国和日本等国还进行了富钴结壳的试采(图 21).
至今,中国、日本、俄罗斯和巴西和韩国等五国已成功与国际海底管理局签订了富钴结壳勘探合同(图 21,表 6),美国等发达国家占有技术优势.
(2)富钴结壳特征
富钴结壳按铁锰壳层厚度可分为结膜、结皮和结壳等3种类型,其中结膜的壳层厚度为0.1~0.5 cm;结皮的壳层厚度为0.5~1.0 cm;结壳的壳层厚度则大于1.0 cm(潘家华和刘淑琴,1999).按形态可分为板状结壳,砾状结壳和钴结核3种类型(图 22).其板状结壳是海山富钴结壳的主要产出类型,是结晶程度很低的铁锰氧化物和氢氧化物沉积,具有胶状结构(Koschinsky and Hein, 2003).
矿物细成多元,主为自生的铁锰矿物,以及少量的碎屑和深海自生矿物.其化学组成含有30多种化学元素,主为Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu等元素,伴生元素有Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、Rh、Oe、Y、稀土、Mo、V、Bi、Sn、Pb、Zn、Be、Rb、Ce、Sr、Ba、Nb、Sc、Ti、Zr、Hf、U、Th等.
(1) 分布特征
富钴结壳中Co含量最高的洋区为太平洋,其次是印度洋和大西洋.中国南海富钴结壳Co含量最低,在太平洋中又以夏威夷群岛海域,中太平洋海山区和马绍尔群岛海域的富钴结壳中含Co元素最高(图 23).新壳层Co含量低于老壳层(Wiltshire et al., 1999),且结壳的Co含量通常随水深增大而逐降低(赵宏樵和姚龙奎,2003).它与深海盆地的多金属结核相比,富钴结壳在化学成分上有明显差异,即具高Co,Fe含量和Mn,Li,Cu含量相对要低,且广为分布在大洋水下海山上,即斜坡及平顶边缘(赵俐红,2005).
(2) 物源
结壳来源属多元(Cronan,1980),即可分为地内和地外两种.前者源自下地壳和地幔,后者源自上地壳,而对结壳形成最直接的来源应该是海域底层水体、海山岩石碎屑和风化物质、来自海山内部的热液物质,水柱中的生物群系(马维林,2006).
稀土元素是高新技术的战略性元素.全世界陆地稀土的储藏量估计为1.1亿t(据日本东京大学网站资料).美国地质调查局公布的数据为9900万t.中国是稀土资源大国,但产量在逐减.
(1) 稀土元素富集与分布
从统计出发,富含稀土元素的沉积物主要分布在南太平洋东部和北太平洋的中部(图 23,表 7),水深4500~5500 m处,较陆地碳酸岩型稀土矿床显著富集轻稀土(主要为La、Ce、Pr和Nd),深海沉积物中则显著地富集重稀土元素(Kato et al., 2011).南太平洋东部海域沉积物中ΣREY含量可达1000×10-6~2230×10-6,北太平洋东部和夏威夷群岛西部海域REY=400×10-6~1000×10-6,且厚度可达30 m,局部可达70 m;东太平洋北部Juan de Fuca断裂的西部海域中REY中等富集,厚度一般为5~40 m.
(2) 日本发现一富含超高稀土含量区
日本于2013年在其经济专属区南鸟岛附近海域发现海底之下3 m左右的浅层沉积物中存在富含超高稀土含量的沉积物,其中的REY中可达6600×10-6,是全球最高浓度的有工业利用价值的稀土.更为重要的是,其重稀土元素镝的浓度是中国稀土矿山的32倍. 据推算,该区域稀土总储量约为680万t,相当于日本227年的国内消费量(王汾连等,2016).
稀土金属的富集与海底沉积物类型及赋存的载体关系密切.
(1) 富稀土沉积物类型
主要为多金属沉积物和深海黏土等,且多分布于东太平洋洋脊附近,而深海黏土则广泛分布于北太平洋的中部和西部海域,是太平洋最重要的富稀土沉积物类型(Yasukawa et al., 2014;Kato et al., 2011;张霄宇等,2013).由于受到物质组分的制约,故深海黏土、硅质软泥、硅质黏土、钙质软泥中稀土元素含量依次减少.
依据物质组成,可划分为沸石黏土和远洋黏土,且沸石黏土要比远洋黏土具有更高的稀土含量,亦为主要类型.
(2) 富稀土元素赋存载体
基于深海稀土成矿潜力的沉积物主要为沸石黏土、远洋黏土和多金属软泥,而多金属软泥主要分布于东太平洋洋脊(EPR)附近,稀土元素多赋存于与海底热液作用有关的铁锰氧化物和氢氧化物岩相中(Kato et al., 2011).
远洋黏土和沸石黏土广泛分布于远离洋脊中心的中、西太平洋海域及部分印度洋海域中(Kato et al., 2011;张霄宇等,2013;Kon et al., 2014;Yasukawa et al., 2014;朱克超等,2001),即为富稀土沉积物类型.这类沉积物主要组成物质包括黏土矿物、沸石、生物残渣、微结核及少量石英、长石等碎屑矿物(图 24).
在多金属矿的发现中,大洋钻探起到了重要作用.不论在太平洋、大西洋、还是在印度洋各地均发现了丰富的硫化物矿床和其在大洋中脊处的聚集.
基于大洋中脊处为深部炽热物质在地幔对流上升流驱动下,大洋中脊扩张,呈张裂状展布,且裂隙丛生(图 25),而从地壳深处上升的炽热物质中,其深部含矿元素与围岩蚀变,并冷却沉淀,在不同的温、压和岩相及岩-水作用耦合下,含矿元素在不同时期与边界条件下形成矿床,这里多为大型、超大型金硫化物矿床的源地(图 25、图 26).
大陆漂移,海底扩张与其集成的板块构造问世是一种新的地球观,改变了传统地球科学所理解的地球内部物质仅为几何运动的格局,提出了以水平运动为主导的板块构造学说(Kearey and Vine, 1990)(图 27).
(1) 全球可划分为诸多的大小板块
这些板块的边界均以大洋中脊为界,块体之间的相互作用当必导致板块边界——大洋中脊处的活动与深部物质与能量的强烈交换,而驱动各板块运动的立即为地幔对流.构造运动的基本能量却为来自地球内部并以对流的方式传递.
(2) 传动带的作用
基于地幔对流的驱动,上地幔岩石圈的物质漂曳在软流圈上且呈水平向运动,在海-陆边界处,岩石圈物质向下俯冲,消减进入地幔深处,而在大洋中脊处却上升形成了一个完整地对流环(图 28).
为此地幔深处的高温炽热物质才能得以在中脊处上升,上升的炽热物质在大洋中脊“开口”处冷却堆积,周而复始的物质运动与循环,故在中脊处有充分的含矿元素聚集成矿.
(3) 深部物质运移的动力过程
地球内部核幔边界的相互作用驱动着热物质的传输,基于深部物质与能量的交换,不仅导致地幔热柱上升,且在大洋中脊处形成通道,壳幔介质与海水的耦合影响着海底生物群系的生长与变迁,且矿物之元素堆积形成矿床(图 29).
太平洋东北部的洋中脊快速扩张(Middle Valley),大西洋中脊在慢速扩张(TAG)和弧后扩张中心(PACMANOS)乃三种不同构造背景下的热液系统(图 30),且各具特点.
(1) 该区热液活动的特点
Middle Valley热液区位于东北太平洋胡安·德富卡Endeavour洋脊段的北端(图 30a).该热液区的特点是,热液活动和硫化物矿床赋存于覆盖在基岩之上的沉积物中,该沉积物主要是半远洋沉积物和源自大陆边缘的晚更新世浊积岩,这套沉积物的厚度一般为500 m左右,最厚处可达2000 m.因为在区域上连续性、相对无渗透性的沉积物覆盖在零年龄的洋壳上,限制了热液流体的下渗和排放,也将下覆洋壳的热液物质隔离开来.因此,有沉积物覆盖的扩张中心是理想的找矿勘探区.在这样的热液分布区,高温热液能够出现在比较浅的部位,一旦有流体排放出现,则可以产生非常大的硫化物矿床.
(2) 钻井证实Bent Hill(BH)大硫化物分布区
ODP第139航次以探究有沉积物覆盖的扩张洋中脊的热液循环过程及其产物为总体目标,在Middle Valley的4个站位(855~858站位)共钻取了22个孔,钻探了两个热液上升流区和一个热液反应区(图 30b).856站位钻探的Bent Hill(BH)是一个大的块状硫化物高丘,丘两侧较陡而其基座近于水平.858站位是一个活动的高温热液喷口,其喷出的流体温度可达276 ℃.1996年,ODP第169航次在Middle Valley钻到了硫化物矿体和热液补给带(高温富金属流体穿过补给带到达海底),其深部的富金属带矿石的含铜量高达16%(Zierenberg et al., 1998),这是目前发现的海底矿床中铜含量最高的矿体,故进一步提高了人们在陆地和海洋进行矿床勘探的兴趣(Rona,2003).同时发现,即使在185 ℃的高温环境中,微生物群落似乎仍然存在,虽然其数量与较低温度的海底表面相比要低很多(Cragg et al., 2000;Summit et al., 2000).
ODP第139航次856站位(Bent Hill)对胡安·德富卡洋脊北部Midlevaey的硫化物岩芯进行研究,建立了块状硫化物矿床的垂直分带.在超过90 m深度的剖面中,热液沉积物从上至下可分为以块状黄铁矿为主的分带;
(1) 分为三个带
(a) 带Ⅰ.含少量闪锌矿和磁铁矿.该带的特点是富集Zn、大量的微量元素(特别是Cd,Mn,Sn和Sb)以及脉石矿物中的一些元素(Si,Al,Mg和Ba).这些元素在该带的上部其含量达最大值,而该带的下部却富集Cu,Se和Ca.
(b) 带Ⅱ.主要由富含磁黄铁矿的块状硫化物和少量黄铁矿、磁铁矿(856H孔中28~48 mbsf)组成,微量元素亏损.
(c) 带Ⅲ.块状硫化物几乎全由黄铁矿组成(856H孔中48~75 mbsf,856G孔中40~65 mbsf),Ge,As,Sb,Pb和TI在其中相对富集.
(d) 带Ⅳ.以磁黄铁矿为主,含少量黄铜矿,Cu,Co和Bi最为富集.
基于Middle Valley热液区Bent Hill的856H孔,可见自上而下为块状硫化物,硫化物补给带,层间浊积岩和运移沉积物.
(2) 距离856H孔的350 m的1035孔与ODP丘体南的238 m长岩芯比较
岩芯中热液沉积物的空间结构和物质组成与856H孔完全不同,该孔包括三个硫化物矿带,夹有补给带和微弱矿化沉积物(图 30、图 31).块状硫化物由粗粒黄铁矿组成,被不等量的闪锌矿(5% ~40%),铁磁矿(最高达30%),粘土矿物,少量黄铜矿和微量方铅矿充填或交代.富铜层在Bent Hill块状硫化物和ODP丘体中存在的深度相同,故它们可能同属一个层位(图 32).
(3) 两种流体作用与成矿
Middle Valley硫化物的矿物学和矿物结构还表明,在矿床沉积的过程中存在两种不同的热液流体.一种是高温、低pH的热液流体,沉淀出磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿、重晶石、黄铜矿、黄铁矿和白铁矿等矿物.随着热液丘体的发育而持续进行,热液再改造作用会使部分闪锌矿和黄铜矿溶解和迁移.随后是海水主导的流体循环事件,具有高氧浓度、中性至碱性pH和低温(约100 ℃)等特征的流体导致原生磁黄铁矿的氧化和后期富镁硅酸盐和碳酸盐的沉淀(图 32).
TAG活动热液硫化物丘体是一个大型的、成熟的矿床,丘体直径约200 m,高50 m,以玄武岩为围岩,活动热液流体温度范围变化较大,最高温度大于360 ℃.ODP第158航次的科学目的是调查慢速扩张、无沉积物覆盖洋脊活动热液系统的流体流动、地球化学通量、相关的蚀变和矿化作用、微生物作用以及地下结构特征等.
该航次在TAG活动热液丘5个位置(TAG-1,TAG-2,TAG-3,TAG- 4和TAG-5;图 33)共开展了17个钻孔的钻探工作,钻孔集中在热液硫化物丘直径约200 m范围的区域内.
(1) 钻孔揭示了热液上升流中的块状硫化物沉淀及其热液再改造的特征(Humphris et al., 1995)
根据这5个站位钻取的样品,地质学家估计该热液丘的硫化物约有300万吨,这便更吸引了经济地质学家的注意(Rona,2003).钻探也揭示TAG热液硫化物丘中有十分明显的矿物分带以及巨量海水侵入地下的证据,并存在大量的硬石膏.硬石膏作为一种十分易溶的矿物,罕见于古代块状硫化物矿床和蛇绿岩中(Moores and Vine, 1971).硬石膏的形成和溶解有助于形成角砾状的硫化物网脉,可使硫化物丘不断增长(Humphris and Tivey, 2000).
(2) 成矿与矿物分带
ODP第158航次揭示出大西洋洋中脊TAG热液区中热液沉淀物的空间结构与物质组成,且与Middle Valley热液区明显不同.从钻井深达125 m的剖面上可以看出,呈“叠碗状”的TAG活动热液丘(图 34)由上至下可划分为:块状硫化物带,硫化物-硬石膏带,硫化物-二氧化硅-硬石膏带,硫化物-二氧化硅带和硅化围岩-绿泥石化玄武岩矿带五个部分,且经历了多阶层的演化,它是以黄铁矿为主要矿物组合并亏损,Cu,Zn和微量元素,其下面的基底最终蚀变成黄铁矿-石英组合,且含硫化物高.
(3) TAG热液区与Middle Valley热液区相比明显不同
由图 33可知,在深达125 m的剖面上可以看出呈“叠碗状”的TAG活动热液丘(图 34).由上至下可划分为:块状硫化物带,硫化物-硬石膏带,硫化物-二氧化硅带,和硅化围岩-绿泥石化玄武岩矿带五部分,而黑烟囱和白烟囱的垮塌则构成了硫化物矿床的堆积.
大多数对流热量损失发生在丘体中部黑烟囱区,低温弥散流发生在丘体表面的碎屑中;Kremlin地区白烟囱喷出的流体是中央上升流通过裂隙向矿床边缘输送的结果;热液在上升流区边缘冷却,导致硫化物和二氧化硅沉淀在丘体两翼的黄铁矿角砾岩中;矿床内部的黄铁矿角砾岩经历持续的热液再改造作用,最终在矿床两翼顶部薄薄的区域内造成Zn富集和低温相矿物的沉淀.
在新几内亚的马努斯弧后盆地(PACMANUS)为汇聚型板块边界,由五个活动的喷口组成,发现热液区下方蚀变十分广泛.
(1) 黑烟囱群区
控制热液喷发和成矿到海底的渗透性由广泛分布的断层为主导通道.它与Middle Valley和TAG均不相同,在1670 m深处,英安岩-流纹岩熔岩小丘上有低温弥散流热液活动,在1189钻位处(Roman Rains)是一个高温热液黑烟囱区,水深1693~1710 m,跨度达150 m,且为许多大型的,活动的和不活动的柱状硫化物烟囱.这也以黄铜矿为主,含有少量黄铜矿,闪锌矿,磁黄铁矿,白铁矿和方铅矿,还发现了自然金(图 35).
(2) PACMANUS热液区蚀变随深度变化
在Roman Ruin(钻位1189)处除海底近表层有一套厚10~40 m的未径蚀变的流纹岩和石英岩外,普遍存在蚀变(Shipboard Scientific Party, 2002a, b),且随深度变化,还存在异地差异(图 36).
该剖面展示出PACMANUS海底热液蚀变的主要特征.因为在Satanic Mills没能穿过未蚀变的熔岩,而在Snowcap和Roman Ruins之间未蚀变火山岩盖层的下界是假设的;在Snowcap和Roman Ruins下面的蚀变系统不确定是否如图中所示,在相对浅的深度是相互连起来的;在Snowcap下面含叶蜡石的酸性硫酸盐蚀变带的边界也是推测的,在1188孔含方石英和石英的蚀变带之间的过渡带没有显示.
钻探结果显示,Snowcap的火山岩序列中可识别出五个蚀变带(图 37a),自上而下依次为:①在260~310 ℃的温度下叶蜡石“漂白带”局部改造绿泥石±伊利石-方石英——斜长石蚀变带:②在230 ℃温度下的绿泥石±混合层粘土蚀变;③绿泥石和伊利石蚀变;④在250~260 ℃温度下的伊利石和绿泥石±伊利石混合层蚀变;⑤在290~300 ℃温度下的伊利石±绿泥石蚀变.
从Roman Ruins的两个钻孔(1189A和1189B)取得的长英质岩石尽管位置接近,但显示出不同的蚀变特征.孔1189A的特征是在约250 ℃形成均匀的绿泥石-伊利石蚀变,被后来350 ℃下时形成的石英脉叠加改造.
相比之下,1189B孔出现了四个蚀变带(图 37b),自上而下依次为:①约300 ℃形成的伊利石±绿泥石蚀变;②235 ℃的绿泥石±伊利石蚀变;③绿泥石±伊利石及混合层粘土蚀变;④220 ℃下的绿泥石±伊利石蚀变.
中印度洋海岭为非洲板块与印度洋板块的交界处,属中速扩张洋脊类型,扩张速率为47.5 mm/a,这里将为海底热液活动地区之一.由于该热液区而发现“黑烟囱”,且巨大(高可达20 m,直径2 m),散布在长100 m,宽90 m的范围内.喷口热液流体(273° ~382°).源源不断地从硫化物烟囱固体壁上的众多孔口和蜂窝结构中喷射而出,以富含Fe,低PH值,氯度和含量较多为特征.
(1) 自然金的发现
中印度洋脊扩张迅速,Edmond热液区块状硫化物矿石样品主要成分为黄铁矿-黄铜矿为主的富Fe块状硫化物.通过扫描电镜观察和X射线光电子能谱分析,在硫酸盐矿石和富Fe块状硫化物中首次发现了自然金,最大粒径可达20 μm左右,主要呈不规则粒状或板状,且与硬石膏、闪锌矿等硫化物颗粒紧密共生,少量以次显微金形式沉淀在自形黄铁矿晶体表面.
(2) 成矿
Au富集程度较高,平均含量约为6700×10-6. 另外还有Ag等.这表明,贵金属元素的富集成矿作用与海底热液活动晚期的中低温成矿阶段有关.
推断金在该区以高温、酸性和氯度较高为特征的热液流体中主要呈AuCl2-或AuHS0形式迁移.
现代海底“黑烟囱”及其多金属硫化物矿产的发现,是全球海洋地质调查开展近30多年来取得的最重要科学成果之一.可以这样认识,海水与深部上涌的炽热流体混合,在喷出口流体发生分异并重新调整,故发生相分离,并使其在传导过程中逐冷却,此乃导致Au有效沉淀与堆积的控制要素.
(1) 海底热液成矿作用不仅能形成十分重要的金属(Cu、Fe、Zn)硫化物矿床,而且也会导致金、银等贵金属元素的明显富集.
(2) 海底热液系统可视为深入研究火山成因块状硫化物矿床(VMS)成矿机制的理想天然实验室,这对于重新认识陆上块状硫化物矿床的贵金属元素矿化机制具有重要意义.
我国最早对海域金属矿产资源的勘探重视不够,故起步较晚.当然,原因是多方面的,为此,不论在海域金属矿产的调查和勘探实施不仅较晚,而且在技术上,乃至认识上与欧美及苏联(现今的俄罗斯)有着较大差距.自改革开放后,特别是近20年来,不论是对海洋金属矿产资源,油气能源和海洋疆土诸多方面给予了极大的关注与各方面的投入,并显现出重要成效与权属.
20世纪60年代初已注意到多金属结核资源的潜在经济价值和科学意义,但行动不速.
(1) 20世纪已开启大洋调查
自20世纪70年代开始,80年代,90年代已在中太平洋和东太平洋取得成果,2001年与国际海底管理局签订了《勘探合同》,近十余年国家海洋局“大洋一号”,中国地调局“海洋四号”,“海洋六号”在CC区的我国多金属结核勘探区和西太平洋多金属结核区取得丰硕成果.
(2) 争得了CC区的勘探与开采权
2015年7月20日,经国际海底管理局第21届理事会核准,我国五矿集团获得了72, 740 km2的海底多金属结核矿区的专属勘探权和优先开采权(东太平洋西区).这是我国获得的第2份多金属结核的勘探合同.基于CC区战略价值高,竞有十多个国家相争激烈,故这份合同来之不易.
当今印度洋也只有印度一国与国际海底管理局签署了勘探与开采合同,初步估计金属结核资源量可达1400万吨,可能是全球第二大金属核矿物的聚集地,其中Mn为144×106 t;Ni为7×106 t;Ca为6.5×106 t;Co为0.85×106 t,潜力巨大.
(1) 2011年7月已由国际海底管理局批准,我国已获得西南印度洋的10000 km的多金属硫化物探区的优先开采权.我国2010年的大洋环球20和第21航次在SWIR发现了第一个热液喷出口的热液活动区,取得了这一地带的地壳与上地幔结构(图 38).
(2) 西南印度洋大洋中脊处的地球物理场特征
SWIR热液活动区属超慢速扩张脊热液喷出口的出现概率与扩张速度及构造作用相关,因为强烈的物质分异,调整和物质与能量的交换当必会导致热液喷出口的增加.
① 多波束水深测量、重力场、磁力场的特征均表征着在大洋中脊的In~Ga地质,水深浅,洋脊西翼地形,地壳厚度及扩张速率的不均匀性,而MBA,RMBA低值则意味着地壳较厚或地幔较热.
② 三维地震反射勘探有重大发现;即查明SWIR活动热液区下部的岩浆房或熔融体,这对研究与探索大规模热液硫化物矿床,热液喷出口的深层过程和动力学响应具有重要意义.
中国大洋科考第20航次第七航段的科学家在东经63.5度附近的西南印度洋大洋中脊上,首次发现以地幔岩为基底的海底多金属硫化物区,并取到1吨多样品.这是世界上首次在西南印度洋超慢速扩张洋中脊上发现的以地幔岩为基底的多金属硫化物.
近年来,由于对海域矿产资源勘探的加速,尽管为期不长,而却有不少的发现.
我国南海近年来开展了海底调查,特别是深潜器的利用,为海底金属矿产勘探插上了“翅膀”,故可潜入海底,并使之有众多的新发现.
中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所和海洋研究所的吴时国研究院,董冬冬研究员等在南海海域发现了大量的各种类型的金属结核,结壳,砂矿和硫化物矿床.
(1) 南海海底的固体矿产资源(图 39~图 47)
多金属结核,也称锰结核,富含锰、铜、钴、镍,赋存于水深4000~6000 m的洋盆中,分布于深海沉积物表层,多为直径0.5~15 cm的球状、或不规则状结核体.
富钴结壳指海底基岩风化表面形成的富含锰、铁、钻、镍等多种金属元素的外壳,一般为1~3 cm厚.由于特别富钴,故也称富钴结壳.
海底热液多金属硫化物矿床指富含金、银、钴、镍、铂等金属的硫化物矿物资源,主要来源于地下的热液流体与洋壳岩石相互作用.
海砂是指陆源碎屑物质被径流搬运至河口、大陆架后,经波浪、潮流、沿岸流等反复作用,所形成的一些化学性能稳定和密度较大的有用矿物.
(2) 南海丰富的矿砂资源及其分布规律(图 40),南海重砂异常区与物源(图 41)
重砂矿物的富集不仅受物源的影响,也受沉积物底质类型的控制.
我国南海海已圈闭的砂矿异常区和高含量区底质类型主要为细砂,其次为粉砂质砂和中细砂,其他类型分布少.
世界上大部分陆架砂矿的钛铁矿、锆石等砂矿物也都赋存于细砂和粗粉砂中,具有沉积物粒度分布集中及机械分异良好的现象.
(3) 南海砂矿资源成矿远景区(图 42)
砂矿成矿主要受母岩类型、气候和水动力条件、海岸和地貌类型、沉积作用和成矿时代以及构造运动与海平面变化的控制.
南海海域砂矿资源可分为2个大成矿带:北部陆源有色、稀有、稀土金属砂矿成矿带,矿种为锡石、锆石、独居石、磷忆矿、钯钮铁矿、钛铁矿、砂金、石英砂等.
南部巽他陆架砂矿成矿带,有用矿物为锆石、钛铁矿、独居石、金红石和石榴石等.
(4) 可能的铁锰结核与结壳资源(图 43)
南海结核、结壳属水成成因,与大洋沉积物相比,其金属元素的丰度比较低,不如太平洋的丰富,但稀土元素含量高,其稀土主要以离子吸附型形式存在.
南海结核、结壳中稀土配分模式与太平洋北部的结核结壳明显不同.表现出的特征为:南海结核、结壳遭受海水的作用比太平洋北部大,而太平洋北部结核遭受成岩作用影响比南海大.这显然与南海结核、结壳所处的独特沉积环境有关.
(5) 古热液烟囱样品(图 44)
相对于现代大洋扩张中心较新的热液活动来说,对南海海底古热液区的发现和研究,对金属成矿及其后期风化富集过程研究、深部生物圈探索、与潜在金属资源开发等都具有十分重要的意义(周怀阳等,2018).
(6) 代表成果之一:海底热液地质过程及其资源环境效应
资源角度:海底硫化物富含铜、锌、金、银,是潜在的矿产资源,可为国家海底能源战略提供重要科学支撑(图 45).
截止2019年4月,共发现354处热液区,包括298个活动热液区,56个不活动热液区(据Interridge数据库等资料),还有354处推测的活动热液区.
(7) 代表成果之二:海底热液系统与动力过程
① 科学角度.海底热液系统是了解深部物质运动过程的窗口(图 45),是跨圈层动力过程与能量物质循环的重要纽带,对水体、沉积和生态环境均会产生显著影响.
② 存在问题.海底热液活动的物质输运过程及其对硫化物等热液产物形成与聚集的制约机理?
热液作用过程对海底环境的影响机理,过程尚不十分清楚,而这张是示意图(图 46)仅为表征其基本框架.
(8) 代表成果之三:系统揭示全球热液多金属硫化物形成机制
热液系统及其成矿的控制机理如图 47所示,明确海底多金属硫化物中Re和Os主要来自海水;提出古代硫化物中的初始187Os和188Os比值可示踪古海水的Os同位素组成特征;明确玄武岩为洋中脊硫化物的形成提供了硫和铅.
2018年中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所(三亚),海洋研究所(青岛)利用加拿大遥控深海机器人“ROPOS”对从南海东北到南部陆坡的“冷泉”,“海山”和特殊沉积区进行了33次科学下潜考察,下潜最深达3850 m.最近发现的新型海底矿物资源如图 48所示.
2018年利用加拿大遥控深潜机器人“ROPOS”,对从南海东北到中南部陆坡的冷泉、海山和特殊沉积区高效地进行了33次科学下潜考察,水下时间累计320 h,单次水下科学作业时间最长达33 h.累计航程4810 km,下潜最大深度为3850 m.
首次在南海2座海山上各发现一处古热液区,分别命名为“南溴”热液区和“楼兰”热液区,并采集到古热液烟囱样品.这是一项具有重要价值的科学发现.
基于上述可见,海洋地域辽阔广大,蕴藏着大量的,各种类型的金属矿产资源与结核矿种.我国南海有着多样的各种不同类型的金属矿藏.在我国快速工业化与经济腾飞之际,必须强化海域金属矿产资源的勘探与开发,并建起我国海域金属矿产、特别是稀有金属矿产供给的武器战略后备基地.
陆地和海洋同属于地球的家族.而海洋要占到全球面积的71%, 且有着最长的陆缘和海岸线,海洋是国家海疆的要域,是金属矿产资源丰富的潜在重域,是地球人可持续发展的资源源泉,而开发海洋,勘探海洋的金属矿产资源是我国快速工业化,经济腾飞和科技创造的需求.当今我国关键性与战略性等重要矿产资源紧缺,对外依存度与日俱增之际,在多元化利用世界资源的同时,必须立足于本土.为此,强化海洋金属矿产资源的勘查开发已成为我国可持续发展和建设世界科技强国的矿产资源的战略后备基地.
在海洋金属矿产资源的勘查,开发和利用的征程上尚有诸多的理论方法,技术(包括硬件和软件)等一系列难题有待攻克,21世纪是我国必须强化南海海域探查,开发和利用海洋矿产资源的世纪,同时还要力争更多的公海地域的勘探与开发权,故应给予极大的关注.显然,向海洋“进军”已为我国开发海洋矿产资源在前进征程上的必然轨迹!地球物理学必须以其科学内涵和功能为该领域的发展和创造未来的做出更大的贡献,加速成为世界海洋研究与探索的劲旅.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0203
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07
  • 修回日期:2025-09-13
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    1中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029
    2吉林大学, 长春 130026
    3中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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