Article(id=1309584693763338417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026JJ0028, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026JJ0028, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745683200000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-27, revisedDate=1758556800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158921900, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158921900, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158921900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158921900, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584693998219442, articleId=1309584693763338417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Offshore wind resource assessment based on CYGNSS wind speed data, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To expand the application of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) in the field of ocean monitoring, this paper, based on the CYGNSS wind speed products from 2020 to 2023, combined with the wind speed reference data, makes a systematic assessment of the accuracy of CYGNSS wind speed products and analyses the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources in the tropical and subtropical waters of China. Systematic assessment, and analyses of the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources in China's tropical and subtropical seas. The experimental results show that the extrapolated wind speed accuracy of the CYGNSS wind speed product is improved by about 47% after the correction of sea surface roughness, and it has a good matching accuracy with the reference data, which meets the needs of wind energy assessment. In the study area, wind energy resources are more abundant in the southeastern sea, among which the Taiwan Strait has the highest annual average wind power density, reaching more than 550 W/m2. In the southern part of the South China Sea, wind energy resources are relatively scarce, and the annual average wind power density is lower than 250 W/m2; the wind power density of each sea area has significant seasonal differences, and the distribution of wind energy resources in the East China Sea is relatively stable in all seasons, with the distribution maintained at more than 300 W/m2 all year round, while in the South China Sea there is a more violent seasonal fluctuation, and the difference between the average wind power density of the winter and summer seasons is significant; in terms of the potential for development, the wind power density in shallow waters in the southern part of the Yellow Sea is relatively high. In terms of developing potential, the southern Yellow Sea and other sea areas have high wind energy reserves and technological development capacity in shallow waters, while the northeastern part of the South China Sea and other sea areas show great development potential in deep waters.

, authors=HaoXing LI1, ShuangCheng ZHANG1, *, MeiJiang LIU2, Xin ZHOU1, Ning LIU1, MingShuo TAO1, ZhuoZhong HONG3, authorsList=HaoXing LI, ShuangCheng ZHANG, MeiJiang LIU, Xin ZHOU, Ning LIU, MingShuo TAO, ZhuoZhong HONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ShuangCheng ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584697492074691, articleId=1309584693763338417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=基于CYGNSS风速数据的海上风能资源评估, columnId=1309584675773968415, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为拓展全球导航卫星系统反射测量技术(Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry, GNSS-R)在海洋监测领域的应用,本文基于2020年至2023年的CYGNSS风速产品,结合风速参考数据对CYGNSS风速产品的精度进行了系统评估,并分析了中国热带及亚热带海域的风能资源分布特征.实验结果表明:CYGNSS风速产品经海面粗糙度修正后,外推风速精度提高约47%, 与参考数据之间具有良好的匹配精度,满足风能评估需求.在研究区域内,东南海域风能资源较为丰富,其中中国台湾海峡的年平均风功率密度最高,达到550 W/m2以上.南海南部风能资源较为匮乏,年平均风功率密度低于250 W/m2;各海区风功率密度具有显著的季节性差异,东海海域在各个季节的风能资源分布较为稳定,常年维持在300 W/m2以上,南海则存在较为剧烈的季相波动,冬夏两季平均风功率密度差距较大;就开发潜力而言,黄海南部等海区在浅水海域风能蕴藏量及技术可开发量较高,而南海东北部等海区在深水海域展现出巨大开发潜力.

, authors=李昊星1, 张双成1, *, 刘梅姜2, 周昕1, 刘宁1, 陶铭硕1, 洪卓众3, authorsList=李昊星, 张双成, 刘梅姜, 周昕, 刘宁, 陶铭硕, 洪卓众, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张双成, authorNote=

李昊星,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,从事GNSS反射测量原理及应用研究. E-mail:

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张双成,男,1979年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事对地观测与防灾减灾研究及应用. E-mail:
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(a)粗糙度固定;(b)粗糙度修正.

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(a)41040站;(b)42057站;(c)51000站;(d)51002站;(e)51004站;(f)船测风速.

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(a)4月;(b)7月;(c)10月;(d)1月.

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(a)风速;(b)风功率密度.

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(a)春季;(b)夏季;(c)秋季;(d)冬季.

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Basic parameters of wind speed measurement data

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数据来源站号/时期纬度/(°)经度/(°)观测时段测风间隔
NDBC浮标数据5100014.536306.8642020.01—2023.121 h
5100416.973278.4252020.01—2023.121 h
5100223.528206.2082020.01—2023.121 h
4104017.042202.2542020.01—2023.121 h
4205717.538207.7702020.01—2023.121 h
船测数据2020.2——2020.04—2020.063 s
2021.2——2021.04—2021.063 s
2021.3——2021.07—2021.093 s
), ArticleFig(id=1309584706014900493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584693763338417, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风速实测数据基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源站号/时期纬度/(°)经度/(°)观测时段测风间隔
NDBC浮标数据5100014.536306.8642020.01—2023.121 h
5100416.973278.4252020.01—2023.121 h
5100223.528206.2082020.01—2023.121 h
4104017.042202.2542020.01—2023.121 h
4205717.538207.7702020.01—2023.121 h
船测数据2020.2——2020.04—2020.063 s
2021.2——2021.04—2021.063 s
2021.3——2021.07—2021.093 s
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Characterisation of errors in CYGNSS and measured wind speed data

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数据来源站号/时期RMSE/(m/s)MAE/(m/s)BIASR匹配数量
NDBC数据410401.250.90-0.140.833636
420571.250.85-0.030.871954
510001.471.000.110.804086
510021.360.99-0.120.823803
510041.380.960.170.773930
船测数据2020.21.300.88-0.260.832338
2021.21.431.050.390.734339
2021.31.160.94-0.170.941456
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CYGNSS与风速实测数据误差特征分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据来源站号/时期RMSE/(m/s)MAE/(m/s)BIASR匹配数量
NDBC数据410401.250.90-0.140.833636
420571.250.85-0.030.871954
510001.471.000.110.804086
510021.360.99-0.120.823803
510041.380.960.170.773930
船测数据2020.21.300.88-0.260.832338
2021.21.431.050.390.734339
2021.31.160.94-0.170.941456
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Distribution of wind energy resource characteristics at 100 m height in 2020—2023

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海区100 m风速/(m/s)100 m风功率密度/(W/m2)
最小值最大值平均值最小值最大值平均值
黄海南部4.0111.777.8939.69998.63304.89
东海西北部4.7711.478.2666.50924.38348.52
东海西南部5.0410.958.6578.82805.15400.14
东海东北部4.5010.858.1855.65782.22337.11
东海东南部7.0610.978.31215.50809.62352.39
中国台湾海峡6.2712.779.61151.141276.66557.95
中国台湾以东洋面6.679.758.30181.37567.07353.48
巴士海峡4.9212.058.8773.041072.74436.40
北部湾3.949.557.8037.33534.10295.87
南海西北部4.8912.078.5371.461078.23383.79
南海东北部6.0411.589.15135.01951.04473.86
南海中西部3.3917.147.7323.773084.12286.97
南海中东部4.369.957.7050.76604.05287.76
南海西南部4.3111.767.2249.01995.22243.90
南海东南部3.148.756.8618.96411.47201.77
), ArticleFig(id=1309584706388193553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584693763338417, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2020—2023年100 m高度风能资源特征分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区100 m风速/(m/s)100 m风功率密度/(W/m2)
最小值最大值平均值最小值最大值平均值
黄海南部4.0111.777.8939.69998.63304.89
东海西北部4.7711.478.2666.50924.38348.52
东海西南部5.0410.958.6578.82805.15400.14
东海东北部4.5010.858.1855.65782.22337.11
东海东南部7.0610.978.31215.50809.62352.39
中国台湾海峡6.2712.779.61151.141276.66557.95
中国台湾以东洋面6.679.758.30181.37567.07353.48
巴士海峡4.9212.058.8773.041072.74436.40
北部湾3.949.557.8037.33534.10295.87
南海西北部4.8912.078.5371.461078.23383.79
南海东北部6.0411.589.15135.01951.04473.86
南海中西部3.3917.147.7323.773084.12286.97
南海中东部4.369.957.7050.76604.05287.76
南海西南部4.3111.767.2249.01995.22243.90
南海东南部3.148.756.8618.96411.47201.77
), ArticleFig(id=1309584706484662546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584693763338417, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Distribution of wind energy resource development potential in coastal marine areas

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海区风能蕴藏总量/(kW/m2)技术可开发量/(kW/m2)
0~30 m30~50 m50 m以上0~30 m30~50 m50 m以上
黄海南部13.397.7517.9810.276.0814.1
东海西北部1.7810.8710.01.368.537.88
东海西南部0.624.2370.70.493.3255.5
中国台湾海峡2.784.7615.492.183.7412.16
北部湾2.848.0810.112.166.317.93
南海西北部0.984.4039.020.773.4530.62
南海东北部2.697.92136.172.116.21106.89
), ArticleFig(id=1309584706597908755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584693763338417, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

沿岸海区风能资源开发潜力分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区风能蕴藏总量/(kW/m2)技术可开发量/(kW/m2)
0~30 m30~50 m50 m以上0~30 m30~50 m50 m以上
黄海南部13.397.7517.9810.276.0814.1
东海西北部1.7810.8710.01.368.537.88
东海西南部0.624.2370.70.493.3255.5
中国台湾海峡2.784.7615.492.183.7412.16
北部湾2.848.0810.112.166.317.93
南海西北部0.984.4039.020.773.4530.62
南海东北部2.697.92136.172.116.21106.89
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基于CYGNSS风速数据的海上风能资源评估
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李昊星 1 , 张双成 1, * , 刘梅姜 2 , 周昕 1 , 刘宁 1 , 陶铭硕 1 , 洪卓众 3
地球物理学进展 | 固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026,41(1): 83-94
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地球物理学进展 |固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026 , 41 (1) : 83 -94
基于CYGNSS风速数据的海上风能资源评估
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李昊星1 , 张双成1, * , 刘梅姜2, 周昕1, 刘宁1, 陶铭硕1, 洪卓众3
作者信息
  • 1长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054
  • 2福建信息职业技术学院,福州 350003
  • 3厦门市海域使用动态监测中心,厦门 361012
通讯作者:
张双成,男,1979年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事对地观测与防灾减灾研究及应用. E-mail:
作者简介:

李昊星,男,2001年生,硕士研究生,从事GNSS反射测量原理及应用研究. E-mail:

Offshore wind resource assessment based on CYGNSS wind speed data
HaoXing LI1 , ShuangCheng ZHANG1, * , MeiJiang LIU2, Xin ZHOU1, Ning LIU1, MingShuo TAO1, ZhuoZhong HONG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2Fujian Polytechnic of Information Technology, Fuzhou 350003, China
  • 3Sea Area Use Dynamic Monitoring Center of Xiamen, Xiamen 361012, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0028
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为拓展全球导航卫星系统反射测量技术(Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry, GNSS-R)在海洋监测领域的应用,本文基于2020年至2023年的CYGNSS风速产品,结合风速参考数据对CYGNSS风速产品的精度进行了系统评估,并分析了中国热带及亚热带海域的风能资源分布特征.实验结果表明:CYGNSS风速产品经海面粗糙度修正后,外推风速精度提高约47%, 与参考数据之间具有良好的匹配精度,满足风能评估需求.在研究区域内,东南海域风能资源较为丰富,其中中国台湾海峡的年平均风功率密度最高,达到550 W/m2以上.南海南部风能资源较为匮乏,年平均风功率密度低于250 W/m2;各海区风功率密度具有显著的季节性差异,东海海域在各个季节的风能资源分布较为稳定,常年维持在300 W/m2以上,南海则存在较为剧烈的季相波动,冬夏两季平均风功率密度差距较大;就开发潜力而言,黄海南部等海区在浅水海域风能蕴藏量及技术可开发量较高,而南海东北部等海区在深水海域展现出巨大开发潜力.

全球导航卫星系统反射测量技术  /  风速  /  风功率密度  /  风能蕴藏量  /  技术可开发量  /  水深

To expand the application of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) in the field of ocean monitoring, this paper, based on the CYGNSS wind speed products from 2020 to 2023, combined with the wind speed reference data, makes a systematic assessment of the accuracy of CYGNSS wind speed products and analyses the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources in the tropical and subtropical waters of China. Systematic assessment, and analyses of the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources in China's tropical and subtropical seas. The experimental results show that the extrapolated wind speed accuracy of the CYGNSS wind speed product is improved by about 47% after the correction of sea surface roughness, and it has a good matching accuracy with the reference data, which meets the needs of wind energy assessment. In the study area, wind energy resources are more abundant in the southeastern sea, among which the Taiwan Strait has the highest annual average wind power density, reaching more than 550 W/m2. In the southern part of the South China Sea, wind energy resources are relatively scarce, and the annual average wind power density is lower than 250 W/m2; the wind power density of each sea area has significant seasonal differences, and the distribution of wind energy resources in the East China Sea is relatively stable in all seasons, with the distribution maintained at more than 300 W/m2 all year round, while in the South China Sea there is a more violent seasonal fluctuation, and the difference between the average wind power density of the winter and summer seasons is significant; in terms of the potential for development, the wind power density in shallow waters in the southern part of the Yellow Sea is relatively high. In terms of developing potential, the southern Yellow Sea and other sea areas have high wind energy reserves and technological development capacity in shallow waters, while the northeastern part of the South China Sea and other sea areas show great development potential in deep waters.

GNSS-R  /  Wind speed  /  Wind power density  /  Wind energy reserves  /  Technology development capacity  /  water depth
李昊星, 张双成, 刘梅姜, 周昕, 刘宁, 陶铭硕, 洪卓众. 基于CYGNSS风速数据的海上风能资源评估. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 83 -94 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0028
HaoXing LI, ShuangCheng ZHANG, MeiJiang LIU, Xin ZHOU, Ning LIU, MingShuo TAO, ZhuoZhong HONG. Offshore wind resource assessment based on CYGNSS wind speed data[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 83 -94 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0028
二氧化碳的过度排放与能源危机对全球环境和世界发展造成了巨大威胁(Koivisto et al., 2020).为应对全球气候变化,我国计划在2030年前实现碳排放达峰,并在2060年前实现碳中和,以减少化石燃料的使用.海上风电作为一种成熟的新能源形式,具有风能储量大、不占用陆地资源等优势,随着远洋漂浮式风电场等新技术的发展,其开发潜力和商业化前景广阔(de Assis Tavares et al., 2022).
海面风速是评估海上风能资源的核心指标,广泛且长期的风速监测对于海域风能资源的评估具有重要意义(Cowin et al., 2023).当前,海上风能资源的评估主要依赖于传统的单点测风数据和卫星遥感风场数据.对于局部或近海海域的风能评估,通常采用沿海气象站部署的测风仪收集风速数据,并结合数值模拟进行分析(王静等,2014;金永德和卢智林,2018).这些方法能够提供局部海域的风能评估,但由于其覆盖范围有限,难以满足大范围海上风能评估的需求.因此,ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis v5)、CCMP(Cross Calibrated Multi-Platform Ocean Surface Wind Velocity)等综合多种风场数据的时空再分析数据集成为大范围、长期风能评估的主要数据来源,尤其对近海和中远海风能资源的评估具有重要意义.
近年来,卫星遥感技术在海上风能资源评估中的应用逐渐得到广泛关注,主要分为主动遥感和被动遥感两类.主动遥感技术,例如合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)等在风能评估领域具有较高的时间分辨率和精度优势,但其探测范围较为有限,且数据处理过程复杂.星载GNSS-R作为一种新兴的被动遥感技术,近年来在土壤湿度、内陆水体以及海面风场等对地观测领域展现出了巨大的应用潜力(Zhou et al., 2022;Zhang et al., 2021;Nan et al., 2022).GNSS-R技术通过接收全球导航卫星系统的直射信号与反射信号,以提取镜面点信息,从而实现高时空分辨率的探测.与主动遥感技术相比,GNSS-R具有较强的信号穿透性、较广的覆盖范围和较低的使用成本等优势(张双成等,2024).在海面风场反演方面,GNSS-R技术已经得到广泛应用,当前的主流反演方法包括基于Zavorotny-Voronovich模型的经验函数法以及基于深度学习的机器学习模型(Ruf et al., 2019a, b).随着算法模型及众多GNSS-R卫星平台的发展,其为风能评估、气象预报及海洋观测提供了新的技术支撑(Bu et al., 2023).
本研究以2020—2023年CYGNSS L2级风场产品作为GNSS-R数据源,通过将其与参考数据进行时空匹配与精度验证,系统评估了CYGNSS风速产品的可靠性.基于匹配分析结果,进一步探讨了研究区域风能资源的空间分布及变化特征,为区域风能资源评估提供了可靠的科学依据.图 1展示了本研究的整体技术路线.
根据《近海预报海区划分》将中国海域划分为18个海区,图 2展示了各海区的基本位置及水深分布(中华人民共和国自然资源部,2020).本次研究区域覆盖中国南海、东海及黄海部分海域,包括4至18海区.
CYGNSS(CycloneGlobal Navigation Satellite System)是于2016年发射的GNSS-R星座系统,包含8颗小型卫星.每颗卫星搭载GNSS-R有效载荷,且每个延迟-多普勒测量仪(DDMI)具备四个GPS L1频段信号传输通道,能够同时接收四个由地球表面反射的GPS信号(刘奇等,2021),平均重访周期为7.2 h.CYGNSS的主要任务是监测热带气旋的动态,8颗卫星以35°的轨道倾角在距地580 km的泛热带地区运行,覆盖南北纬38°之间,为该区域提供高频次的地表观测数据.
本文使用的数据为美国国家海洋和大气管理局National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)发布的CYGNSS L2级风速产品(Saïd et al., 2022).此数据产品针对官方风速产品中存在的星间偏差问题,采用三维查找表方法估算每颗卫星轨迹上观测值与反演值的系统偏差,并通过严格的质量控制程序进行修正,最终提高了数据的精度和一致性(Du et al., 2024).
本研究选用了两类数据集作为CYGNSS风速产品精度验证的实测数据,包括美国国家浮标数据中心(National Data Buoy Center,NDBC)提供的浮标数据以及中国东海海域的船测风速数据,表 1展示了这些风速实测数据的基本参数.NDBC浮标数据选自位于东太平洋和大西洋的五个站点,观测范围为2020年1月1日至2023年12月31日,观测间隔为1 h;而中国东海船测数据涵盖2020年第二季度、2021年第二以及第三季度的数据,空间范围位于北纬26°至31°、东经120°至116°区域,观测间隔为3 s,主要用于验证CYGNSS风速产品在中国海域的精度.图 3展示了船测风速点的空间分布情况.
上述风速实测数据均为单点测量结果,其中NDBC浮标的空间位置固定,而船测数据则因测量船的移动而导致每个风速点具有不同的经纬度坐标.为确保数据间的有效关联性,本研究采用时间间隔不超过10 min、空间距离不大于25 km的匹配标准(Han et al., 2025).CYGNSS风速点与实测风速点之间的空间距离采用Haversine公式计算,其是一种基于球面几何学原理的距离计算方法,广泛应用于地理空间分析,利用经纬度计算球面两点之间的最短路径,公式如下:
$a=\sin ^2\left(\frac{\Delta \varphi}{2}\right)+\cos \left(\varphi_1\right) \cdot \cos \left(\varphi_2\right) \cdot \sin ^2\left(\frac{\Delta \lambda}{2}\right),$
$c=2 \cdot \operatorname{atan} 2(\sqrt{a}, \sqrt{1-a}), $
$d=R \cdot c,$
式中,φ1和φ2为两个数据点的纬度;Δφ和Δλ分别为纬度差和精度差;R为地球半径,一般取6371 km;a和c为中间变量.
本研究采用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF) 发布的ERA5再分析风速数据集作为参考数据之一,主要用于与CYGNSS数据的精度评定及海面粗糙度的计算.该数据集覆盖范围为全球,包含10 m及100 m风速集,时间分辨率为1 h,空间分辨率为0.25°, 时间跨度为2020年1月1日至2023年12月31日.ERA5再分析数据作为参考值被大量应用于卫星遥感海面风速反演的研究中,本研究使用空间双线性插值及时间线性插值方法进行数据匹配,此方法被广泛应用于GNSS-R风速数据与再分析格网数据的匹配中,具有较好的时空精度(Clarizia and Ruf, 2020;Ruf et al., 2019a, b).
水深数据是表征海底地形形态的关键参数,在海洋科学研究、资源勘探和海洋工程等领域具有重要应用.目前主要的水深数据获取手段包括船载声学测深、卫星测高反演和多源数据融合技术(欧阳明达,2022),其中多源融合产品因其覆盖范围广、精度适中的特点,适用于大范围近海水深测绘需求.本文使用的海洋水深数据为GEBCO(General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans) 全球水深数据集,这是一项集成全球海洋深度信息的高分辨率地形数据产品(Kapoor,1981).其基于多种数据采集手段,包括船载测深、卫星遥感与水下声纳技术,通过全球范围内的测量成果,构建了一个精确描述全球海洋地形的模型.该数据集覆盖全球范围,空间分辨率为1″,能够精确呈现从浅海到深海的详细地形特征.
同一海洋位置在不同海面高度的风速差异较大,星载GNSS-R海面风速反演一般考虑距离海面10 m高度的风速大小,而风能资源评估中考虑到海上风电机组的建设尺寸,需要讨论距离海面高度100 m高度的风速特征.为了在同一海拔高度比较浮标和CYGNSS风速产品的数据及风能资源评估结果,需要利用海面风速与高度的对数关系将卫星风速转换为距海面100 m高度处的风速,具体公式如下(Badger et al., 2016):
$V(z)=\frac{u *}{\kappa}\left[\ln \left(\frac{z}{z_0}\right)-\psi_{\mathrm{m}}\right],$
式中,V(z)是高度z处的风速(m/s);κ是卡尔曼常数;ψm是受大气稳定性修正的参数,在稳定的大气条件下,ψm通常为正数,反之则为负数.获取ψm的空间分布信息有助于提高风速外推的精度,Badger等基于WRF模型及SAR风速数据得到波罗的海海域100 m高度处ψm的范围在-2.5到0之间,在大气稳定性修正前后,风速差异约为0.5 m/s.
由于缺少相应的长期海洋大气观测数据,一般假定海洋环境长期处于中性稳定的情况下,ψm=0.这种情况下,可从如下公式计算高度外推后的风速(许遐祯等,2017):
$v=v_{\text {ref }} \frac{\ln \left(z / z_0\right)}{\ln \left(z_{\text {ref }} / z_0\right)},$
式中,vref为当前风速;zref为当前风速对应高度;v为目标风速;z为目标高度.z0为海表面粗糙度,可从如下公式计算:
$z_0=\alpha_{\mathrm{c}} \frac{u_*^2}{g},$
式中,αc为Charnock系数;g为地球重力加速度;u*为海面摩擦速度.当参考风速已知时,海表面粗糙度可通过公式(4)和(6)迭代得到.
在风能资源评估中需要综合考量多项关键指标,以全面揭示区域内风能开发的潜力和效益.本研究围绕风功率密度、风能蕴藏总量以及技术可开发量三个核心指标,系统地分析了目标区域的风能输出强度、储量规模及技术经济可行性,以此来综合评估研究区域的风能资源分布及发展前景.
风功率密度是指单位面积上可利用的风能功率(Kozai et al., 2012),是评估风能资源的重要指标,能够直接影响风力发电机组的布局和性能优化.平均风功率密度是指单位时间内通过垂直于气流单位面积上的风能.平均风功率密度可以利用统计方法得到,公式如下(Hasager et al., 2015):
$E=\frac{1}{2} \rho \bar{V}_i^3,$
式中,E为平均风功率密度,单位为W/m2;ρ为空气密度,标准海平面下,ρ=1.225 kg/m3;Vi为第i次计算的平均风速,平均风速计算公式如下(Doubrawa et al., 2015):
$\bar{V}=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{i=1}^n V_i,$
式中,V为平均风速;Vi为第i次计算的风速;n为样本总数.
风能蕴藏总量是评估区域风能资源开发潜力的核心指标,其计算需要通过划分风功率密度等级并统计对应区域面积,实现资源潜力的量化分析,具体公式如下(蔡继峰等,2021):
$E=\frac{1}{100} \sum\limits_{i=1}^N S_i P_i,$
式中,E为区域风能蕴藏总量,N为风功率密度等级数,Si表示年平均风功率密度等值线间的区域面积,Pi为对应等级的风功率密度代表值.计算过程中,风功率密度按50 W/m2间隔递增分级,各等级代表值取区间中值.
技术可开发量指在工程可行性与能量转换效率约束下,区域内风力发电机组可实际利用的风能资源潜力. 其计算需筛选年平均风功率密度≥150 W/m2的高效区域,并通过叶轮扫掠面积修正系数0.785(π/4)剔除叶片间隙及非连续扫掠导致的无效区域. 该方法既避免理论值高估,又精准量化实际能量捕获效率,可为风电场规划与机组优化提供科学依据(丁杰等,2022).
为了全面评估本研究中风速反演方法的精度与可靠性,本研究选取均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)、平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error, MAE)、偏差(Bias)以及相关系数(Correlation Coefficient, R)作为误差评估指标.具体计算公式如下:
$\mathrm{RMSE}=\sqrt{\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(A_i-B_i\right)^2}{n}},$
$\mathrm{MAE}=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left|A_i-B_i\right|}{n},$
$\mathrm{BIAS}=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\left(A_i-B_i\right)}{n},$
$R=\frac{\sum\left(A_i-\bar{A}\right)\left(B_i-\bar{B}\right)}{\sqrt{\sum\left(A_i-\bar{A}\right)^2 \sum\left(B_i-\bar{B}\right)^2}},$
式中,Ai为参考风速风速;Bi为CYGNSS风速;A为参考风速平均值;B为CYGNSS风速平均值;n为样本总数.
长时间、大范围的海面风场反演中,局部特殊海域条件对整体结果的影响较小,假设在中性稳定的大气条件下,海面粗糙度通常可定为0.0002 m(Badger et al., 2019).但在风速外推过程中,随着外推高度的增加,累积误差亦会逐渐增大.为此,选取2023年1月1日至12月31日的ERA5 10 m和100 m参考风速数据,与CYGNSS风速数据时空匹配后,利用迭代算法对风速点处海面粗糙度进行修正计算.随后,通过比较CYGNSS风速外推至100 m高度与ERA5数据之间的精度差异,评估了海面粗糙度修正前后的效果.
结果显示,当海面粗糙度固定时,CYGNSS风速外推至100 m与ERA5数据的相关系数为0.81,RMSE为2.69 m/s,BIAS为1.47 m/s,MAE为1.81 m/s;而经过修正后,相关系数提高至0.91,RMSE降低至1.41 m/s,BIAS降至0.06 m/s,MAE降至0.99 m/s. 如图 4所示,海面粗糙度修正在很大程度上提升了CYGNSS风速外推与ERA5数据的匹配度.
在对CYGNSS风速产品与风速实测数据进行匹配并计算误差指标的过程中,深入分析了风速产品的精度特征,如表 2及图 5所示.在与浮标数据的对比分析中,RMSE在1.25 m/s至1.47 m/s之间波动,MAE介于0.85 m/s与1.00 m/s之间,相关系数及BIAS则较为稳定.这些结果表明,CYGNSS风速产品在大部分浮标站点的匹配中均展现出较高的精度,能够较好地反映海面风速的变化趋势.在与船测数据的对比分析中,整体结果显示出较高的精度水平,RMSE最低为1.16 m/s,MAE为0.88 m/s,BIAS为-0.17 m/s,且相关系数达到了0.94.这些数值表明,CYGNSS风速产品在东海地区船测数据的匹配中具有较高的准确性和一致性,能够较为可靠地反映实际风速状况.
为表征ERA5再分析数据与CYGNSS风速产品之间的匹配精度,分别选取2023年1月、4月、7月和10月的ERA5风速数据作为四个季节的代表样本,构成完整的年度样本集.通过对CYGNSS风速数据与ERA5数据进行时空匹配,并结合样本数据分布情况展开精度评估.实验结果如图 6所示,不同月份之间的样本匹配数量及精度指标差异较小,其中RMSE平均为1.96 m/s,MAE为1.14 m/s,BIAS为0.48,相关系数达到0.80.尽管相较于浮标和船测数据的匹配结果,CYGNSS与ERA5的匹配误差略大,但其依然展现出较高的相关性和一致性,进一步验证了CYGNSS风速产品在再分析数据对比研究中的可靠性与适用性.
2.2节结果表明,CYGNSS风场数据与参考数据具有较高的相关性,在验证了时空匹配方法行之有效的基础上,也证明可用于风能资源评估.依据上文提出的风速外推及风功率密度计算方法,基于2020年1月1日至2023年12月31日的CYGNSS风场数据,统计得出研究区域的年均风能资源分布特征(见表 3).
图 7直观展示了风速及风功率密度的空间分布特征. 风能资源丰富地区主要分布在广东、福建和浙江沿海海域,整体呈东北-西南走向,其中中国台湾海峡区风能资源最为丰富,年平均风速超过9.5 m/s,风功率密度超过550 W/m2.这主要归因于其特殊地理位置与我国近海盛行风向一致,季风通过海峡引发狭管效应,导致风能丰富且集中,而由其延伸至的南海东北部海区同样具有较高的平均风速.东海海域风能资源分布呈现出“南高北低”的特征,其中东海西南部平均风功率密度均超过400 W/m2,显示出较高的风能开发潜力.南海中部及西部海域风能资源相较匮乏,年平均风速均为超过9.5 m/s,加之其远离陆地,风能利用难度较大,该区域目前风能开发潜力有限.
将3至5月定义为春季,6至8月定义为夏季,9至11月定义为秋季,12月至翌年2月定义为冬季.图 8展示了2020年至2023年研究区域100 m高度处风功率密度的四季分布特征.整体来看,风能资源呈现显著的“春秋弱、冬夏强”季节性特征:冬季风能最为充沛,中国台湾海峡平均风速达12.74 m/s,对应风功率密度高达1174.31 W/m2,展现出卓越的开发价值;而夏季各海域指标显著衰减,南海东南部与西南部风功率密度仅相当于冬季基准值的16% ~17%, 暗示该时段风电产能可能受限.区域对比显示,东海海域表现突出,其春夏两季风功率密度仍稳定维持在300 W/m2以上,具备持续开发潜力;南海则存在较为剧烈的季相波动,冬夏风功率密度差异可达800 W/m2.值得注意的是,中国台湾海峡冬季风功率密度冠绝研究区,结合其平缓海床地形,可成为海上风电布局的战略节点;南海东北部的强化现象则可能与冬季季风与地形辐合效应的协同作用密切相关.
当前,海上风能资源的开发主要依赖于风电场的建设,将风能转化为电能.海上风电场的建设及运作需要顾及风能资源丰富程度、风能稳定性、海洋水深等多种因素.水深是影响海上风能资源开发难度和效率的关键因素之一.通常情况下,深水区的风速较高,风能资源相对丰富,但风电机组的建设和维护难度都会更大.而远离海岸的区域,风能资源的稳定性较差,同样会影响风电机组的运行效率.因此目前大部分海上风电场仍集中在沿岸海域开展建设.
表 4详细展示了研究区域内七个沿岸海区在不同水深区间的风能资源开发潜力分布,涵盖风能蕴藏总量及技术可开发量两项核心指标.数据显示,各海区风能资源分布呈现显著空间分异特征:随着水深增加,各海区风能蕴藏总量和技术可开发量大多呈阶梯式增长,尤其在50 m以上深水区表现突出.从技术开发效率来看,各海区技术可开发量占蕴藏总量的比例稳定在76% ~79%区间,开发潜力均衡性较强.具体而言,黄海南部在浅水区(0~50 m)具有显著优势,其风能蕴藏总量达21.14×107 kW/m2,技术可开发量16.35×107 kW/m2,综合开发效率达77.4%, 凸显其作为近海风电优质开发区的战略地位.而南海东北部在深水区(50 m以上)展现出巨大开发潜力,风能蕴藏总量高达136.17×107 kW/m2,技术可开发量达106.89×107 kW/m2,占比78.5%, 表明该区域是未来深海风电规模化开发的重点靶区.
为了拓展星载GNSS-R在海洋监测领域的应用,本文基于CYGNSS风场数据,对比了与风速参考数据的精度指标,随后利用CYGNSS风速数据对中国热带及亚热带海域进行了风能评估,并结合季节性差异与水深因素,分析了研究区域内不同海区风能资源的空间分布特征.实验结果表明:
(1) CYGNSS风速数据经过海面粗糙度修正后风速外推精度显著提高,与参考数据经时空匹配后,精度评定结果较高,验证了CYGNSS风速数据在海面风速反演中的可靠性与适用性,表明其在风速监测中的高精度与可行性.
(2) 风能资源的空间分布具有明显区域及时间差异.在研究区域内,中国台湾海峡的风能资源表现最为突出.季节性差异对风能资源的分布具有重要影响.大多数海区的风能资源呈现出显著的季节性波动,这对不同季节风能资源的评估与利用提出了更高要求,并为区域风能开发提供了重要的季节性参考.
(3) 沿岸海区在风能资源开发中的潜力各不相同,黄海南部等海区在浅水海域风能蕴藏量较大,而南海东北部等海区在深水海域展现出巨大开发潜力,适合于未来远洋海上风电的利用.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0028
  • 接收时间:2025-04-27
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-27
  • 修回日期:2025-09-23
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    1长安大学地质工程与测绘学院,西安 710054
    2福建信息职业技术学院,福州 350003
    3厦门市海域使用动态监测中心,厦门 361012

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张双成,男,1979年生,教授,博士生导师,主要从事对地观测与防灾减灾研究及应用. E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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