Article(id=1309584675832685184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026II0561, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026II0561, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744732800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-16, revisedDate=1758038400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158917625, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158917625, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158917624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158917624, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=129, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584677644624513, articleId=1309584675832685184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Study on mid-lithospheric discontinuities in the South China block based on S-wave receiver functions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities (MLD) are an important interface recently discovered in the continental lithospheric mantle. They are closely related to the formation and tectonic evolution of the continental lithosphere. However, their origin remains unclear and has not reached a consensus. The South China Block has a very complex lithospheric structure. Its internal structure and evolution have long been major issues in geoscience. The mechanism of regional lithospheric thinning in the eastern part is still highly debated. Recent seismological studies have found evidence of MLD in the lithospheric mantle of the central and western South China Block. To further investigate the spatial distribution of MLD within the South China Block, this study uses seismic data recorded by national network stations distributed across the block. The single-station S-wave receiver function stacking technique and the k-means+[KG-*2/5]+clustering analysis method are applied to systematically detect MLD in the South China Block. The results show that MLD in the South China Block is mainly distributed in the Upper Yangtze Block. The depth ranges from 75 to 130 km. Beneath some stations in the Sichuan Basin, two possible MLD signals are observed in the mantle lithosphere. The MLD may have originally formed as the continental Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) at shallow depths. The ancient magmatic ocean LAB might have been captured or preserved. As the lithosphere cooled, it migrated to greater depths and now appears as the current LAB. In the eastern part of the South China Block, the lithosphere may have delaminated along the original MLD due to the influence of the subduction and retreat of the ancient Pacific Plate. Later, under thermal erosion and extensional forces, the lithosphere continued to thin. The MLD interface was destroyed. As a result, no MLD is observed in the eastern part of the South China Block. This study provides new insights into the spatial distribution and possible formation mechanisms of MLD in the South China Block. It also contributes to understanding the complex lithospheric evolution of the region.

, authors=SiYuan LI1, MengKui LI1, ShuangXi ZHANG2, 3, *, authorsList=SiYuan LI, MengKui LI, ShuangXi ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=ShuangXi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584680047960724, articleId=1309584675832685184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=基于S波接收函数的华南块体岩石圈中部不连续面研究, columnId=1309584675773968415, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

岩石圈中部不连续面(Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities, MLD)是近年来在大陆岩石圈地幔中发现的一个重要界面, 与大陆岩石圈的形成、构造演化等过程息息相关. 华南块体具有非常复杂的岩石圈结构, 其内部构造与演化一直以来都是地球科学界关注的重大问题, 而近年的一些研究发现了其中西部岩石圈地幔存在MLD的地震学证据. 为了进一步研究华南块体内MLD的空间分布特征, 本文利用分布于华南块体的国家台网地震台站记录, 使用单台S波接收函数叠加技术及k-means++聚类分析筛选方法, 开展华南块体MLD的系统性探测. 结果表明华南陆块内MLD主要分布在上扬子地块, 深度分布在75~130 km, 四川盆地部分台站下方地幔岩石圈内可见两个可能的MLD信号. MLD可能是原大陆LAB (Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary, LAB)在浅部形成, 而古岩浆洋LAB被捕获或保留后随着岩石圈的冷却向深部迁移表现为现在的LAB. 华南陆块东部由于受到古太平洋板块俯冲回撤的影响, 可能沿着原MLD发生拆沉, 后在热侵蚀作用和伸展作用的影响下岩石圈继续减薄, MLD界面遭到破坏, 因而在华南东部未见MLD.

, authors=李思远1, 李孟奎1, 张双喜2, 3, *, authorsList=李思远, 李孟奎, 张双喜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张双喜, authorNote=

李思远, 女, 2000年生, 硕士研究生, 主要研究远震接收函数及应用. E-mail:

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张双喜, 男, 1963年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事地球物理学、测绘工程研究. E-mail:
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李思远, 女, 2000年生, 硕士研究生, 主要研究远震接收函数及应用. E-mail:

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(a)研究区位置示意图;(b)华南陆块主要构造及台站分布.三角形为固定地震台站,黑线为构造边界,虚线表示隐伏断裂(Zhao et al., 2023),白线为南北重力梯度带(Deng et al., 2021)(彩图详见网络首发版).

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方框为研究区,圆点代表震中位置.

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(a)原始数据;(b)黑线为原始数据RMSE,灰线为重排序后的RMSE;(c)重排序的数据.

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灰色区域内发现岩石圈下方存在低速界面.

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黑色三角形和圆点分别代表层析成像结果中的Moho和LAB深度(Li et al., 2022a, b).

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基于S波接收函数的华南块体岩石圈中部不连续面研究
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李思远 1 , 李孟奎 1 , 张双喜 2, 3, *
地球物理学进展 | 固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026,41(1): 115-129
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地球物理学进展 |固体地球物理及空间物理学(大气、行星、地球动力学、重磁电及地震学、地热学) 2026 , 41 (1) : 115 -129
基于S波接收函数的华南块体岩石圈中部不连续面研究
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李思远1 , 李孟奎1, 张双喜2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉大学地球与空间科学技术学院, 武汉 430079
  • 2武汉城市学院, 武汉 430083
  • 3武汉大学测绘学院, 武汉 430079
通讯作者:
张双喜, 男, 1963年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事地球物理学、测绘工程研究. E-mail:
作者简介:

李思远, 女, 2000年生, 硕士研究生, 主要研究远震接收函数及应用. E-mail:

Study on mid-lithospheric discontinuities in the South China block based on S-wave receiver functions
SiYuan LI1 , MengKui LI1, ShuangXi ZHANG2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
  • 2City University of Wuhan, Wuhan 430083, China
  • 3School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0561
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岩石圈中部不连续面(Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities, MLD)是近年来在大陆岩石圈地幔中发现的一个重要界面, 与大陆岩石圈的形成、构造演化等过程息息相关. 华南块体具有非常复杂的岩石圈结构, 其内部构造与演化一直以来都是地球科学界关注的重大问题, 而近年的一些研究发现了其中西部岩石圈地幔存在MLD的地震学证据. 为了进一步研究华南块体内MLD的空间分布特征, 本文利用分布于华南块体的国家台网地震台站记录, 使用单台S波接收函数叠加技术及k-means++聚类分析筛选方法, 开展华南块体MLD的系统性探测. 结果表明华南陆块内MLD主要分布在上扬子地块, 深度分布在75~130 km, 四川盆地部分台站下方地幔岩石圈内可见两个可能的MLD信号. MLD可能是原大陆LAB (Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary, LAB)在浅部形成, 而古岩浆洋LAB被捕获或保留后随着岩石圈的冷却向深部迁移表现为现在的LAB. 华南陆块东部由于受到古太平洋板块俯冲回撤的影响, 可能沿着原MLD发生拆沉, 后在热侵蚀作用和伸展作用的影响下岩石圈继续减薄, MLD界面遭到破坏, 因而在华南东部未见MLD.

华南块体  /  S波接收函数  /  岩石圈中部不连续面(MLD)  /  岩石圈-软流圈边界(LAB)

The Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities (MLD) are an important interface recently discovered in the continental lithospheric mantle. They are closely related to the formation and tectonic evolution of the continental lithosphere. However, their origin remains unclear and has not reached a consensus. The South China Block has a very complex lithospheric structure. Its internal structure and evolution have long been major issues in geoscience. The mechanism of regional lithospheric thinning in the eastern part is still highly debated. Recent seismological studies have found evidence of MLD in the lithospheric mantle of the central and western South China Block. To further investigate the spatial distribution of MLD within the South China Block, this study uses seismic data recorded by national network stations distributed across the block. The single-station S-wave receiver function stacking technique and the k-means+[KG-*2/5]+clustering analysis method are applied to systematically detect MLD in the South China Block. The results show that MLD in the South China Block is mainly distributed in the Upper Yangtze Block. The depth ranges from 75 to 130 km. Beneath some stations in the Sichuan Basin, two possible MLD signals are observed in the mantle lithosphere. The MLD may have originally formed as the continental Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) at shallow depths. The ancient magmatic ocean LAB might have been captured or preserved. As the lithosphere cooled, it migrated to greater depths and now appears as the current LAB. In the eastern part of the South China Block, the lithosphere may have delaminated along the original MLD due to the influence of the subduction and retreat of the ancient Pacific Plate. Later, under thermal erosion and extensional forces, the lithosphere continued to thin. The MLD interface was destroyed. As a result, no MLD is observed in the eastern part of the South China Block. This study provides new insights into the spatial distribution and possible formation mechanisms of MLD in the South China Block. It also contributes to understanding the complex lithospheric evolution of the region.

South China Block  /  S-wave receiver function  /  Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuity (MLD)  /  Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB)
李思远, 李孟奎, 张双喜. 基于S波接收函数的华南块体岩石圈中部不连续面研究. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 115 -129 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0561
SiYuan LI, MengKui LI, ShuangXi ZHANG. Study on mid-lithospheric discontinuities in the South China block based on S-wave receiver functions[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 115 -129 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0561
区域构造活动及动力学过程会在岩石圈中留下深刻的痕迹,因此关于岩石圈的结构和物理化学性质的研究始终是地球科学领域核心议题.近年来地震学家在大陆岩石圈地幔约60~160 km深度处发现了一个比岩石圈-软流圈边界(Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary,LAB)更强的不连续面,Fischer等(2010)首次将其命名为岩石圈中部不连续面(Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities,MLD),MLD主要表现为速度负梯度带,且在其深度范围内常伴随各向异性现象(徐义贤等, 2019).Selway等(2015)收集了全球S波接收函数,发现莫霍面下方最大负相位的深度通常集中在80~100 km范围内,并指出MLD在克拉通岩石圈中普遍存在,其成因可能与热力学条件、岩石成分变化以及各向异性密切相关.Ford等(2016)利用径向和垂向P波接收函数研究发现,MLD并不直接对应各向异性边界,暗示其成因可能更为复杂.Calò等(2016)通过联合反演研究北美地区,发现稳定克拉通内可能存在至少两个MLD,进一步揭示了MLD的多样性与复杂性.
MLD与LAB作为大陆岩石圈地幔中两个重要的间断面,记录了岩石圈从形成、构造演化到改造甚至破坏的全过程动力学信息.尤其是MLD的存在,可能直接反映了岩石圈内部的薄弱带或构造活动带,这些区域在岩石圈演化过程中可能成为应力集中或物质迁移的关键部位(Hirth and Kohlstedt, 2003).因此,研究MLD不仅能够揭示岩石圈内部的物理化学状态和动力学过程,还能为理解岩石圈的破坏机制提供重要线索(Fischer et al., 2010).MLD可能是岩石圈在长期构造应力作用下发生分层、拆沉或减薄的关键界面,其分布和特征可以为岩石圈破坏的时空演化提供深部结构约束(Kusky et al., 2007).此外,MLD的研究还有助于揭示板块构造的深部动力学机制,为大陆演化模型提供重要的理论支持(Bostock, 1998).总之,MLD的研究对于深入理解岩石圈的演化、破坏及其与板块构造的相互作用具有重要的科学意义.
华南块体位于太平洋和特提斯两大构造域的交接部位(Zhao and Cawood, 2012; Chen et al., 2014; 徐义贤等, 2019),具有复杂且漫长的演化过程,形成了独特的盆岭构造,也成为了矿产富集区.扬子地块与华夏地块经历了碰撞贴合-裂解-再聚合,在拼贴部位形成了江南造山带.尤其是晚中生代时期受古太平洋板块多角度俯冲的影响,经历了强烈伸展及岩浆、流体交代作用,形成丰富矿产.华南块体西部以四川盆地为主体,保留了厚而冷的古老克拉通岩石圈结构,东部则经历了强烈的岩石圈改造与破坏,发生了区域性岩石圈减薄(李廷栋, 2010; Zhang et al., 2013; Jiang et al., 2015).这种减薄的动力学机制至今仍存在很大的争议,而岩石圈结构可以为深部动力学背景提供直观且有效的约束.张耀阳等(2018)采用S波接收函数偏移研究华南岩石圈结构,发现在四川盆地区域125 km深度左右存在岩石圈内部间断面的信号,但未进行详细讨论且研究范围仅在线性剖面区域内.Chen等(2022)利用多阶背景噪声层析成像方法研究华南东部,发现横波速度图像在70 km深度存在大范围的低速层,并推测其可能为扬子克拉通中的MLD.沈旭章等(2024)给出的S波接收函数偏移结果中展示了可能存在MLD信号的深度范围,缺少对MLD空间分布的研究(沈旭章等, 2024).尽管目前在华南陆块内已有地震学证据表明了MLD的存在,但仍缺乏对MLD的系统探测.
本文基于421个华南块体固定地震台网台站的观测资料,采用S波接收函数方法及k-means+ +聚类分析筛选方法,系统开展华南块体内部MLD的探测及其空间分布特征研究,结合其他观测结果探讨MLD的形成机制及华南块体的构造演化等动力学问题.
本文收集了2012年1月—2016年12月华南块体及邻区中国地震台网共421个固定台站记录的观测资料,台站分布如图 1所示.为了剔除三重震相影响,从所有的地震事件中筛选出震级大于5级、震中距在50° ~90°范围内的远震事件.本研究最终筛选出887个远震事件,震中分布如图 2所示,主要分布在研究区的东南方向.对三分量地震记录进行去毛刺、去均值、去尖灭等预处理;截取S波前300 s和后300 s的波形记录,将入射波旋转至L-Q-T坐标系,反卷积后L分量即S波接收函数(S-wave Receiver Funtion,SRF).本文主要采用S波接收函数单台叠加技术,虽然不同方位、不同震中距接收函数穿刺点不同,但是研究区域内固定台网台站台间距较大,且远震事件主要分布在研究区的东南方向,叠加后的接收函数虽然不能反映出精细的岩石圈中部不连续面深度的空间变化,但可以反映出区域性的深度变化情况,进而反映出MLD深度的空间变化趋势.由于本文主要研究区域为华南陆块,对邻区如秦岭—大别造山带等区域不做详细讨论.
S波接收函数计算过程中,一个非常重要的过程就是进行波形数据分量旋转,即将台站观测的Z-N-E三分量旋转至L-Q-T坐标系.这是一个相对复杂的过程,且会很大程度影响计算得到的S波接收函数的可靠性.本文使用Zhang和Deng (2022)提出的S波接收函数的通用提取策略(GC_SRF)计算高质量S波接收函数.为了避免S波接收函数计算过程中人为因素的干扰,该方法通过对旋转角度和时窗长度两个主要的参数进行网格搜索,并利用相关性分析,获取精准的旋转角度和时窗长度用于S波接收函数的计算.本文研究中,旋转角度以4°增量从0°变化到60°, 时窗长度是以5 s增量从5 s变化到100 s.具体的计算过程如下:
(1) 对某个确定的时窗长度,计算不同旋转角度对应的接收函数,选取零时刻振幅最小的接收函数作为该时窗长度的最优S波接收函数,SRFmin(Win_Len).
(2) 对所有的时窗长度获取的最优S波接收函数通过(式(1))进行它的算数平均值,作为参考S波接收函数,SRFref,N为Win_Len的个数.
(3) 将不同旋转角度和时窗长度组合计算得到的接收函数SRFmin(Inci_Ang,Win_Len)与参考S波接收函数SRFref进行互相关计算(式(2)),其中CC表示互相关系数计算,互相关系数为CoefSRF(Inci_Ang,Win_Len),寻找与参考S波接收函数互相关系数最大的接收函数,即为最优S波接收函数.同时其所对应的参数对即为最优的旋转角度和时窗长度估值,该参数对也可以用作其他反卷积方法的输入参数.式(1)、(2)为:
$\mathrm{SRF}_{\mathrm{ref}}=\frac{1}{N} \sum \mathrm{SRF}_{\min \left(W_{i n} \_ \text {Len }\right)},$
$\begin{aligned}& \operatorname{Coef}_{\text {SRF }}(\text { Inci_Ang }, \text { Win_Len }) \\& \quad=\text { CC }\left[\text { SRF }_{\text {ref }}, \text { SRF }(\text { Inci_Ang }, \text { Win_Len })\right] .\end{aligned}$
为了提高数据准确性,进一步选择高质量的接收函数,采用Zhang和Deng(2022)提出的均方根误差(Root Mean Squared Error,RMSE)重排序法进行接收函数的质量控制.首先计算单个台站得到的所有S波接收函数与该站台平均S波接收函数之间的RMSE值,然后根据误差大小对所有SRF重排序(如图 3所示).重排序后选择一定比例的数据进行进一步筛选,数据比例根据实际情况确定,应遵循在满足质量的同时保证足够的接收函数的数量的原则.研究发现,RMSE百分比会影响Smp和SLp相位的振幅(Zhang et al., 2022),一致性较好且稳定的Smp相位是讨论SLp相位的前提(Abt et al., 2010).经对比不同百分比的筛选效果后,本文选用30%的RMSE比例对S波接收函数进行有效质量控制(图 3),此时能够在保证Smp相位尽量清晰的前提下,SLp相位也较为清晰可辨.
为筛选出一致性较好的接收函数序列,本文采用K-means+ +聚类分析算法(Arthur et al., 2007; Krueger et al., 2021)对单台S波接收函数序列进行进一步筛选.首先根据S波到时前9 s的波形相似性将接收函数分为四组,进行5次迭代,人工挑选出信噪比高、波形相似性高、零时刻振幅小且Moho面转换波显著的数据簇,然后对筛选出的接收函数进行100次bootstrapping抽取,最后将抽取的接收函数序列进行叠加,采用中位平均值(median average)序列作为最终的叠加S波接收函数,进行时深转换(Gama et al., 2021; Krueger et al., 2021).
以SC.AXI台站为例,图 4a为第一次迭代分组,图 4b为第二次迭代分组的情况.以第一次为例,图 4a上方为所有数据的叠加波形,下方为四组数据的叠加波形.可以发现程序根据波形相似性分组的结果每次不尽相同,根据各组波形与全叠加波形的相似性进行挑选,因而分别选择数据组1和2、数据组2和3.筛选高质量S波接收函数有助于最大限度地减少低质量接收函数中更为突出的旁瓣能量的影响,同时使用中位数平均值减少了单个异常值的影响.
对1.3节中得到的各个台站的叠加S波接收函数进行时深转换,以识别MLD和LAB深度.时深转换采用的模型为Li等(2022a, b)通过面波层析成像方法获取的中国大陆及邻近地区的岩石圈速度结构模型.已有的研究表明,MLD绝大多数表现为速度负梯度带,对应叠加图像中的负振幅信号(Yuan and Romanowicz, 2010; Selway et al., 2015).但Kind等(2017)认为,S波接收函数中Moho面以下所表现出来的负振幅信号并非来自岩石圈地幔界面,而是旁瓣效应影响.因而,识别MLD最大的难点在于如何区分旁瓣与真实信号.Shen等(2019)研究发现滤波旁瓣信号幅度一般不超过Smp幅度的20%;Zhang和Deng(2022)通过数值模拟发现,当旁瓣和负振幅信号完全分离时,旁瓣与Moho面Smp转换波的振幅比在0.248319~0.221201之间变化.因此本文选择更大的振幅比0.25为判定标准,认为当观测到的负信号振幅与Smp振幅比大于0.25时,则表示负振幅信号(或与旁瓣的结合),可以解释为MLD,否则则为旁瓣效应.MLD之下的负振幅信号则解释为LAB.
通过对研究区内各个台站得到的时深转换序列进行分析,可提取Moho面、MLD以及LAB的深度.提取的华南块体Moho面深度图像如图 5所示.图像显示,华南块体地壳厚度大约在25~60 km,横向变化剧烈,表现为由西北向东南呈现逐渐变薄的趋势.与深地震测深、接收函数、背景噪声、层析成像等研究结果较为一致(Li et al., 2014, 2023; 高佳佳和陈永顺,2017; Zhang et al., 2021; Chen et al., 2022; Han et al., 2023; Cheng et al., 2024; 邓阳凡等, 2011; 陈昌昕等, 2022),表明本文单台叠加结果的可靠性.
地壳厚度在南北重力梯度带(North-South Gravity Lineament, NSGL)两侧呈现剧烈变化.NSGL西侧上扬子地块的地壳厚度约35~60 km,其中青藏高原东南角地壳最厚达到60 km左右,四川盆地地壳厚度约40 km左右,较为平坦;云南南部地壳厚度约30 km,向东北方向逐渐增厚,在26°左右出现突变.NSGL东侧地壳明显减薄,中下扬子地块地壳厚度约30 km左右,且较为平坦;华夏地块地壳厚度约为25~35 km,总体上由西北内陆向东南沿海逐渐减薄,西南部临海地区地壳最薄约25 km.
根据时深转换结果提取的LAB深度得到华南块体岩石圈厚度分布图(如图 6所示).由图像可见华南陆块岩石圈厚度大约在65~195 km,横向变化剧烈,总体表现为由西北向东南呈现逐渐变薄的趋势.在图 6灰色区域内,发现岩石圈下方存在较连续的低速界面.
上扬子地块岩石圈厚度约80~195 km,上扬子北部LAB深度超过140 km,最深处位于四川盆地东南部(约195 km),向西南侧平缓抬升至120 km左右.而在北纬25° ~26°之处,LAB厚度突然发生减薄,可能是由于两侧所处的构造环境不同,北侧主要受青藏高原的推挤作用,南侧则受缅甸板块俯冲的影响导致岩石圈减薄.在华南陆块与印支块体交界附近岩石圈厚度约80 km左右.下扬子地块岩石圈明显减薄,LAB深度急剧上升至80 km左右,该急剧变化的分界线大致位于NSGL以东150 km左右,与层析成像等研究结果较相似(Li et al., 2022 a, b).而研究发现华北克拉通岩石圈厚度变化最剧烈的位置也位于南北重力梯度带东侧100~200 km处(Chen, 2010).
华夏地块岩石圈厚度约60~100 km,总体上呈现东北厚西南薄的特征,由内陆向沿海地区岩石圈逐渐减薄,变化较为平缓,南岭一代岩石圈明显减薄,可能是熔融物质上涌所导致,武夷山成矿带附近岩石圈厚度约95 km左右,西南邻海地区岩石圈最薄为65 km左右.
根据1.4节所述的识别方法,分析各台站时深转换结果并提取MLD深度,基本有四类情况(如图 7所示):存在一个明显的MLD、存在多个MLD、可能存在MLD、不存在MLD.
图 7a为SC.CD2时深转换结果,在101 km和140 km深度处可以看到两个较清晰的波峰,且振幅比均大于0.25,认为两个信号分别代表MLD、LAB界面.
图 7b为SC.EMS时深转换结果,在图像中存在三个较清晰的负振幅波峰.当存在多个负振幅波峰时,应先结合周边台站LAB深度结果,综合判断此台站图像中LAB对应的波峰,LAB以浅的波峰则对应MLD.因此结合周边台站SRF结果,认为此处LAB界面仅能对应深度最大的负振幅波峰,较浅的两个负振幅波峰对应MLD.因此在排除旁瓣干扰的情况下,认为该处存在两个MLD界面,分别位于81 km和120 km,LAB为155 km.
图 7c为YN.YOS时深转换结果,该负振幅信号较宽,无明显波峰出现,但振幅比大于0.25,推测可能存在MLD,但由于低频使得分辨率不高从而无法在波形上区分两个转换波,或LAB为厚度较大的过渡带使S波接收函数较不敏感.结合周边岩石圈厚度以及其他研究结果读取相对振幅最大处对应LAB,深度为129 km.
图 7d为AH.ANQ时深转换结果,图像中仅有一个负振幅波峰且振幅比大于25%, 对应LAB深度为84 km,不存在MLD.
综合所有台站提取的MLD深度得到华南陆块MLD的空间分布图(如图 8所示),图像中绿线所围区域为能看到MLD信号的大致范围.由图像可知,MLD主要分布于上扬子地块、江南造山带中段小部分区域,且在上扬子地块超过百分之九十的台站能看到MLD信号,下扬子地块未见MLD.在上扬子地块,四川盆地附近部分台站如YGD、EMS、WAS等台站在地幔岩石圈内看到两个负振幅信号,分别位于75~90 km和115~130 km,其他存在一个负振幅信号的深度约为90~110 km,江南造山带中段MLD深度约80 km左右,而川滇地区所见MLD位于80~90 km.
为了更清晰的展示华南陆块岩石圈结构的空间变化特征,也为了进一步研究图 6中灰色区域低速界面的形态,构建了两条南北向和两条东西向的剖面(位置见图 8),各剖面接收函数排列如图 9中所示:
剖面A-A′西起松潘—甘孜地块、扬子地块、江南造山带至华夏地块东北端,共32个台站.由图像可见,地壳厚度自西向东逐渐减薄,在上扬子地块约50 km,而江南造山带内约30 km左右,在湖北YDU台站处出现大幅减薄.岩石圈厚度总体上呈西厚东薄的特征,在四川盆地东侧出现小幅增厚至160 km,随后自LCH台站往东迅速减薄至90 km左右,下扬子地块及江南造山带区域LAB起伏较小.在四川盆地西侧向东至南北重力梯度带附近YDU台站下方岩石圈地幔100 km深度左右可见连续的负振幅信号,即MLD,在四川盆地东侧出现多个负振幅信号,且对应LAB加深位置.在NSGL东侧未见MLD,但在145 km左右深度处出现较连续的负速度梯度带(negative velocity gradients,NVG)信号,该信号向东延伸逐渐变浅,且逐渐与LAB信号融合不易分辨.
剖面B-B′西起青藏高原,经上扬子地块、江南造山带至华夏地块,共27个台站.由图像可见,地壳厚度总体呈自西向东逐渐减薄且较为连续,在四川盆地出现减薄,东部厚度约25 km左右.岩石圈厚度自西向东减薄且略有起伏,在川西最深达170 km左右,在四川盆地下方减薄至130 km左右,到江山—绍兴断裂东侧则逐渐减薄至100 km左右.在上扬子地块下方岩石圈中部100 km左右可见较连续的MLD信号,该界面向东逐渐变浅,但总体上变化不剧烈.在南岭成矿带区域下方120 km左右可见连续的NVG,深度变化不大,向东该信号消失.
剖面C-C′北起松潘—甘孜地块,经过四川盆地,南至印支地块,共19个台站.由图像可见,Moho面转换波信号较强烈且连续,在四川盆地地壳厚度约40 km左右,向南到TQU台站附近增厚至50 km左右,而在北纬26°DAY台站处出现骤减,随后向南逐渐减薄.岩石圈厚度由北向南逐渐减薄,在扬子地块内LAB界面为140 km左右且起伏较小,到DAY台站以南急剧减薄至100 km左右.在岩石圈地幔100 km深度左右可见较连续的MLD,并在DAY台站下方出现上突,再往南逐渐消失,可能是由于岩石圈减薄导致MLD消失或与LAB无法区分.
剖面D-D′北起华北克拉通,经下扬子地块、江南造山带、华夏地块,共19个台站.这条剖面穿过了长江中下游成矿带、钦杭成矿带东段以及武夷成矿带.由图像可见,Moho面转换波信号较强烈且连续,起伏不大,地壳厚度较均匀约30 km左右.岩石圈厚度呈现两边薄中间厚的下凹状,在北部厚约65 km,向南至江南造山带增厚至约100 km,继续向南减薄至80 km左右.在软流圈内约130~150 km存在NVG,信号在东南沿海火山岩带消失.虽然中间某些台站下方信号不明显,但总体上该负速度梯度信号较为连续,该界面也在江南造山带附近出现下凹,与LAB信号变化趋势较相似.
随着MLD的不断发现,它的成因也逐渐成为研究热点之一.根据MLD的地震学特征,目前已提出了冻结的LAB(Rader et al., 2015)、化学组分变化(Selway et al., 2015)、弹性调整的颗粒边界滑动(Cooper et al., 2017)、上地幔分层各向异性(Yuan and Romanowicz, 2010)、“集水器”假说(Fu et al., 2022)等成因模型,但是具体机制仍不清晰.徐义贤等(2019)认为克拉通岩石圈内部的熔体/流体交代作用和/或熔体结晶作用, 对MLDs的形成起到了重要作用,MLDs也可能与板块构造具有关联性.
在华南块体内MLD主要分布在上扬子地块,上扬子地块岩石圈受板块俯冲影响较小,且研究发现该区域是热壳冷幔结构(罗凡等, 2024),因此认为此处的MLD不是由上涌的含水流体使岩石圈水化而形成的.另一方面,研究发现方向各向异性只能在特定的几何形状中产生负相的S波接收函数,而径向各向异性更可能是形成某区域内相似的SRF负相(Selway et al., 2015).由图 9可知华南块体内MLD产生的负向相似,因此不是由方向各向异性形成.但是仍缺少华南上地幔不同深度各向异性梯度的数据,无法判断是否是由于上地幔径向各向异性形成.
上扬子地块可能直接保留了板块构造之前逐渐冷却的岩浆洋外壳,也可能通过别的机制捕获了大洋LAB,它随着冷却逐渐向深部迁移;原扬子地块LAB则在浅部表现为MLD,在后期的构造演化过程中由于其特别的温压或物质组成形成了富集挥发分或含水矿物(如角闪石)的区域,冻结的LAB模型也具有相似的过程.而华南块体东部由于受到古太平洋板块俯冲的影响,在伸展构造背景下发生减薄,下插板片在深部熔融诱发了强烈的构造-岩浆活动,使得岩石圈强烈减薄.因而在华南东部未见MLD,可能是由于LAB变浅导致与MLD在深度上已经“密不可分”;也可能目前见到的LAB即为原来的MLD,而原来的LAB已破坏拆沉.
华南陆块岩石圈厚度分布图显示(图 6),华南岩石圈厚度横向变化较大,呈西厚东薄的特征,分界线大致位于南北重力梯度带东侧150 km左右.在分界线以西岩石圈厚度大于120 km,江南造山带中段岩石圈存在局部增厚,而东侧岩石圈减薄至约65~95 km.
华南地块长期的构造过程受到了古华南、原特提斯、古特提斯、古太平洋的制约与影响(Shu et al., 2021).中生代经历印支运动和燕山运动,三叠纪时期受秦岭地块、印支地块、古太平洋板块三个方向的挤压作用使华南东部地壳发生加厚,侏罗纪时期开始转变为造山后伸展背景,俯冲板块脱水熔融上涌导致岩石圈和地壳显著伸展(Sun et al., 2018),岩石圈底部经热机械-化学侵蚀转变为软流圈的一部分,本文观测到的东部岩石圈下方的低速信号也印证了熔融物质的上涌;同时古太平洋板块的后撤可能伴随岩石圈拆沉(Jiang et al., 2015),使得华南东部岩石圈发生明显减薄.西部扬子地块则仍保持着克拉通属性,受改造程度较低.Li等(2024)通过S波接收函数CCP叠加方法研究长江中下游成矿带岩石圈厚度,发现该地区岩石圈均匀减薄至60 km左右,他们将其归因于岩石圈沿MLD发生拆沉,古太平洋俯冲破坏引发的冷却吸积作用使岩石圈增厚,但是相比于地幔对流带来的减薄来说作用较小,因而华南东部岩石圈最终继续减薄至60 km.
本文在华南西部上扬子地块内发现了MLD,深度主要分布在90~110 km,但是在东侧未见MLD,因此本文认为:华南东侧原来90~110 km内可能也存在MLD,在构造应力或热力学条件变化的影响下,MLD界面逐渐弱化,形成潜在的拆沉界面.在受古太平洋板块俯冲后撤的影响下,随着应力积累或密度差异增大,岩石圈沿着MLD发生分层,下部岩石圈与上部分逐渐分离,分离的下部岩石圈由于密度较大,逐渐下沉到软流圈中,上部岩石圈减薄.而俯冲引起的冷却吸积作用影响较小,残余的岩石圈受到热侵蚀和伸展构造环境的影响,东部岩石圈继续减薄至现今65~95 km.
在对各台站单台叠加图像进行分析时,发现华南陆块东部一些台站下方软流圈内也存在负振幅信号,圈定该区域范围(图 6)发现主要分布于华南东部的长江中下游成矿带、钦杭成矿带东段、武夷山成矿带及南岭成矿带北部.为进一步确认和研究该低速信号,构建了几条S波接收函数单台叠加剖面.在剖面A-A′、B-B′、D-D′中,可以看见在130~150 km范围内存在着较明显的低速界面.
中生代以来华南东部发生了强烈的构造-岩浆事件,经历了构造体制由特提斯构造向古太平洋构造体制的转换,广泛发育伸展性构造岩浆组合.Zhou和Li(2000)提出古太平洋板块俯冲角度改变导致地幔楔内发生局部熔融,诱发东部大面积的构造事件.许多地球化学和地球物理学研究认为,华南中生代多期次的挤压-伸展导致了软流圈物质上涌和壳幔物质交换(Yan et al., 2021).重磁资料表明长江中下游成矿带、钦杭成矿带位于莫霍隆起带,南岭成矿带和武夷山成矿带位于莫霍沉陷区且上地幔存在熔融低密度体(Yan et al., 2021).一些学者在下扬子地块下方地幔内发现低速异常,并解释为软流圈物质上涌或仍在冷却的地幔岩浆房淤积(Jiang et al., 2015; Ye et al., 2019);Xu等(2022)将华夏地块南部下方的低速异常解释为热物质上涌的通道.
岩石学和地球化学通过锆石铀-铅测年发现下扬子板块中生代火成岩年龄为136或135 Ma(Wu et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2013),根据埃达克岩、钙碱性岩的分布提出了洋脊俯冲模型(Ling et al., 2009).上涌的岩浆使俯冲的洋中脊打开了一个板片窗口,从而更多的岩浆上涌使得窗口附近洋壳发生部分熔融,古太平洋板块取代洋脊且滞留板块在100~200 km深度发生脱水导致熔融上涌(Jiang et al., 2015),本文该区域图像中的低速界面可能为地幔物质上涌的痕迹,上涌物质底侵后与地壳物质混合,经过MASH过程形成幔源物质为主的长江中下游成矿带.
钦杭成矿带东段主要形成铜金金属矿床,该区域经历了强烈的古太平洋板块平板俯冲作用,且俯冲角度增大使构造背景转变为伸展环境.板片脱水导致地幔楔融化,玄武质岩浆上涌侵入地幔,同时古太平洋板块的俯冲激活了各缝合带边界,使下地壳增厚融化并剥离.幔源岩浆与浅层地壳长英质岩浆混合富集形成矿床.因此认为本文该区域内出现的低速界面为上涌的熔融物质.
武夷山成矿带是一个铜、铅、锌成矿带,该区域受古太平洋板块俯冲的影响而岩浆活动频繁,K-Ar年龄及板块重建研究表明在燕山晚期大洋板块北西西向俯冲后拆沉并旋转后撤,地幔楔部分熔融,地幔物质上涌底侵下地壳发生熔融后经深大断裂或破碎带侵入上地壳,壳幔物质相互作用形成东部大火成岩省.因此该区域内的低速信号推测为熔融低密度体.
南岭成矿带主要为锡、钨矿床.该区域受古太平洋板块西向俯冲及远程应力影响,在南岭东部形成了双峰式火山岩.在华夏地块内部物质逃逸的影响下(董树文等,2019),形成了伸展背景.地球化学研究表明该地区存在软流圈物质上涌(华仁民,2005),也有地球物理研究发现地幔转换带内异常表明地幔物质上涌(Huang et al., 2021),本文观测到的低速界面可能为幔源物质上涌的痕迹.在伸展背景下,地幔物质熔融上涌,引发地壳内部分熔融并形成大量壳源为主的稀有金属成矿带.
本文基于华南块体及邻区中国地震台网共421个固定台站的观测资料,采用稳健的S波接收函数通用提取策略(GC_SRF),并使用k-means+ +聚类分析方法筛选高质量数据,进行了对华南块体MLD的系统性探测,获得以下认识:
(1) 华南陆块岩石圈厚度大约在65~195 km,横向变化大,由西北向东南逐渐减薄.上扬子地块中四川盆地区域岩石圈最厚约195 km,向东至下扬子地块岩石圈减薄至80 km左右,急剧变化之处约在南北重力梯度带东侧150 km左右.华夏地块东北厚西南薄,由内陆向沿海地区逐渐减薄,平均厚度约80 km.
(2) 华南陆块内MLD主要分布在上扬子地块及江南造山带中段小部分区域,深度分别为90~110 km和80 km左右,下扬子地块及华夏地块内未见MLD.四川盆地附近部分台站下方地幔岩石圈内可见两个负相位,分别位于75~90 km和115~130 km.
(3) 华南陆块东侧长江中下游成矿带、钦杭成矿带、南岭成矿带和武夷山成矿带下方地幔内130~150 km范围内存在着较明显的负速度梯度信号.结合中生代以来华南东部经历的强烈构造-岩浆事件和各成矿带成矿的动力学过程,推测该低速信号为上涌的熔融物质.
(4) 本区域内MLD的形成可能与冻结的LAB模型较为相似,冻结的大陆LAB在浅部形成MLD,大洋LAB则随着岩石圈的冷却向深部迁移.而华南陆块东部由于受到古太平洋板块俯冲回撤的影响,可能沿着原MLD发生拆沉,后在伸展构造背景下发生强烈的构造-岩浆活动,使得岩石圈继续发生减薄,原MLD也遭到破坏,因而在华南东部未见MLD.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0561
  • 接收时间:2025-04-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-16
  • 修回日期:2025-09-17
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    1武汉大学地球与空间科学技术学院, 武汉 430079
    2武汉城市学院, 武汉 430083
    3武汉大学测绘学院, 武汉 430079

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张双喜, 男, 1963年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事地球物理学、测绘工程研究. E-mail:
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属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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