Article(id=1309584845811057096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.6038/pg2026II0511, pmid=null, cstr=32085.14.pg2026II0511, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742659200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-23, revisedDate=1760630400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790158958151, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158958151, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158958151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158958151, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584674813472796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, year='2026', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='500', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158917382, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790210867428, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309802569166316486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, issueId=1309584674813472796, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=228, endPage=250, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584846020772297, articleId=1309584845811057096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=EN, title=Forward analysis of multicomponent seismic response characteristics in pore-fracture type reservoirs, columnId=null, journalTitle=Progress in Geophysics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the deepening of exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, especially pore-fracture reservoirs with both pore and fracture reservoir structures have become a research hotspot. Due to the complexity of geological conditions and the band limit of seismic data, these reservoirs often show hidden characteristics on longitudinal seismic data, and it is very necessary to carry out multi-wave seismic response analysis of pore-fracture reservoirs. In this paper, we combine the anisotropic fluid substitution theory of Gassmann equation and Thomsen anisotropic parameter theory to carry out equivalent HTI medium petrophysical modeling; use 2.5-dimensional staggered-grid finite-difference method to carry out highly efficient elastic fluctuation orthotropic simulation; and analyze the characteristics and sensitivity of the multi-wave AVO and AVAz responses in a variety of geological conditions. The model characterization shows that the PP wave near-deviation amplitude and PS wave far-deviation amplitude are more sensitive to the changes of fracture density and porosity, which can better reflect the changes of the two parameters; the amplitudes of different offset distances have similar characteristics of the changes with water saturation, and there is a sudden change near 90%; the PP wave AVAz characteristics show that the amplitude amplitude amplitude is near-deviation and far-deviation, and the PS wave shows the opposite trend, and all of them are periodic changes, which can indicate the The PS wave AVAz characteristics show an opposite trend in amplitude, and both of them change periodically, which can indicate the fracture orientation; the defining equation of the PS wave tuned thickness is deduced, which complements the characterization of the multi-wave tuned thickness. The significance of the pore-fracture type reservoir response characteristics to the actual data interpretation is summarized, which provides an important reference for understanding the fluctuation response characteristics of complex pore-fracture reservoirs, helps to understand the actual seismic data phenomena of complex pore-fracture reservoirs, and can effectively assist the design of the interpretation scheme to improve the accuracy of the interpretation.

, authors=RuiChen TANG1, ZhiGuo FU1, 2, Cheng YIN1, 2, *, XiangSheng BAO3, authorsList=RuiChen TANG, ZhiGuo FU, Cheng YIN, XiangSheng BAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Cheng YIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584853922841078, articleId=1309584845811057096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=孔隙-裂缝型储层多波地震响应特征正演分析, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着非常规油气藏勘探开发的深入, 特别是同时具有孔隙和裂缝储集结构的孔隙-裂缝型储层成为了研究热点.因其地质条件的复杂性, 及地震资料的带限性, 这类储层在纵波地震资料上常常表现出隐蔽性特点, 十分有必要开展孔隙-裂缝储层多波地震响应分析.本文结合Gassmann方程各向异性流体替换理论和Thomsen各向异性参数理论, 开展等效HTI介质岩石物理建模; 使用2.5维交错网格有限差分法, 进行了高效的弹性波动正演模拟; 分析了多种地质条件下的多波AVO和AVAz响应特征和敏感性.模型特征分析表明PP波近偏振幅、PS波远偏振幅对裂缝密度和孔隙度变化更敏感, 可更好地反映两参数的变化; 不同偏移距的振幅随含水饱和度变化特征相似, 在90%附近存在突变现象; PP波AVAz特征表现为振幅幅度近偏强远偏弱, PS波呈相反趋势, 且均呈周期性变化, 可指示裂缝方位; 推导了PS波调谐厚度的定义式, 补齐了多波调谐厚度的特征分析.总结了孔隙-裂缝型储层响应特征对实际资料解释的意义, 为理解复杂孔隙-裂缝储层波动响应特征提供了重要参考, 有助于理解复杂孔隙-裂缝储层实际地震资料现象, 可有效辅助解释方案设计, 提升解释的准确性.

, authors=唐瑞晨1, 符志国1, 2, 尹成1, 2, *, 鲍祥生3, authorsList=唐瑞晨, 符志国, 尹成, 鲍祥生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尹成, authorNote=

唐瑞晨, 女, 1999年生, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为复杂储层多波正演响应分析与解释方法.E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
尹成, 男, 1965年生, 教授, 研究方向为地震属性分析、地震采集优化设计.E-mail:
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唐瑞晨, 女, 1999年生, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为复杂储层多波正演响应分析与解释方法.E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图1, caption=孔隙-裂缝型储层地质条件示意图(孔隙(蓝)和裂缝(红)), figureFileSmall=9hAYiLGCMNInL1FxJmqm/g==, figureFileBig=pY+Oy7FmAR/MJkTUSACyjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584859916501540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of the staggered arrangement of discrete stress-velocity equation wavefield components, figureFileSmall=t4m6wHrsZlGTjQ6ei861zg==, figureFileBig=zEvjudZXWbAQFrkaPYOKwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584860054913573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图2, caption=离散应力速度方程波场分量的交错排列示意图

(a) 网格空间交错示意图;(b) 网格时间空间交错示意图;(c) 不同时刻网格时间空间交错示意图.

, figureFileSmall=t4m6wHrsZlGTjQ6ei861zg==, figureFileBig=zEvjudZXWbAQFrkaPYOKwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584860365292070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Model schematic diagram, figureFileSmall=6aNuRAIScFAasai1pwC1vA==, figureFileBig=iUlEZigR6yn0EAd05WpxnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584860440789543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图3, caption=模型示意图, figureFileSmall=6aNuRAIScFAasai1pwC1vA==, figureFileBig=iUlEZigR6yn0EAd05WpxnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584860528869928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Processing flow chart, figureFileSmall=Nw9dzcPxnzqaFJryF+KplQ==, figureFileBig=JUUiYMJUTPAyCn38tSxopQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584860767945257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图4, caption=处理流程图, figureFileSmall=Nw9dzcPxnzqaFJryF+KplQ==, figureFileBig=JUUiYMJUTPAyCn38tSxopQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584860851831338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=AVO curves of amplitude variation with reservoir thickness, figureFileSmall=d6zvvm1wuIMZxJR/Ud0OsQ==, figureFileBig=JhjbRAW2TDKUrbm5DgflCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584860952494635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图5, caption=振幅随储层厚度变化AVO曲线

(a) PP波的储层厚度变化AVO曲线;(b) PS波的储层厚度变化AVO曲线.

, figureFileSmall=d6zvvm1wuIMZxJR/Ud0OsQ==, figureFileBig=JhjbRAW2TDKUrbm5DgflCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584862852514348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Parameter distribution diagram for PS-wave tuning thickness, figureFileSmall=REgStIyPp+PJcieUBr/6vQ==, figureFileBig=jUKC8sch1DUwdHzZkqc4xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584862986732077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PS波调谐厚度参数分布图, figureFileSmall=REgStIyPp+PJcieUBr/6vQ==, figureFileBig=jUKC8sch1DUwdHzZkqc4xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863083201070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Curves of model parameters with porosity variation, figureFileSmall=pANaY/gCE2e2jyuQaz0PTA==, figureFileBig=HEk3SbPO4OfsKB72S3d9kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863158698543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图7, caption=模型参数随孔隙度变化曲线

(a)纵、横波速度随孔隙度变化曲线;(b)Thomsen各向异性参数随孔隙度变化曲线;(c)密度随孔隙度变化曲线.

, figureFileSmall=pANaY/gCE2e2jyuQaz0PTA==, figureFileBig=HEk3SbPO4OfsKB72S3d9kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863276139056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=AVO curves and gradient variation curves with porosity, figureFileSmall=4DviW9OzDYp+H8LCXQHavw==, figureFileBig=abfVvE85MTnbXVPNq1CRHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863380996657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图8, caption=振幅随孔隙度变化AVO曲线与梯度变化曲线

(a) PP波的储层孔隙度变化AVO曲线;(b) PS波的储层孔隙度变化AVO曲线;(c) PP波的孔隙度变化不同偏移距梯度曲线;(d) PS波的孔隙度变化不同偏移距梯度曲线.

, figureFileSmall=4DviW9OzDYp+H8LCXQHavw==, figureFileBig=abfVvE85MTnbXVPNq1CRHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863485854258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Response, normalized, and gradient curves of amplitude variation with porosity, figureFileSmall=NxRdRxhGxEFalq+impvvlg==, figureFileBig=kXQ7+xPdW0LLPs6XHMNXUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863590711859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图9, caption=振幅随孔隙度变化的响应、标准化和梯度曲线.

(a) PP波振幅随孔隙度变化曲线;(b) PS波振幅随孔隙度变化曲线;(c) 振幅随孔隙度变化标准化曲线;(d) 振幅标准化梯度曲线.

, figureFileSmall=NxRdRxhGxEFalq+impvvlg==, figureFileBig=kXQ7+xPdW0LLPs6XHMNXUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863699763764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Curves of model parameters with fracture density variation, figureFileSmall=3gKKpPpaYmoosEYqORxkRg==, figureFileBig=lwerT3KWEGEWP0nBe9SsHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863796232757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图10, caption=模型参数随裂缝密度变化曲线

(a)垂向、水平横波速度随裂缝密度变化曲线;(b) 垂向、水平纵波速度随裂缝密度变化曲线;(c) Thomsen各向异性参数随裂缝密度变化曲线.

, figureFileSmall=3gKKpPpaYmoosEYqORxkRg==, figureFileBig=lwerT3KWEGEWP0nBe9SsHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863884313142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=AVO curves and gradient variation curves with fracture density, figureFileSmall=wHWPd4m8jgIrm5ALUlEzEA==, figureFileBig=or0a1G1KV33rF5RIzTw8cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584863968199223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图11, caption=振幅随裂缝密度变化AVO曲线与梯度变化曲线

(a) PP波的储层裂缝密度变化AVO曲线;(b) PS波的储层裂缝密度变化AVO曲线;(c) PP波的裂缝密度变化不同偏移距梯度曲线;(d) PS波的裂缝密度变化不同偏移距梯度曲线.

, figureFileSmall=wHWPd4m8jgIrm5ALUlEzEA==, figureFileBig=or0a1G1KV33rF5RIzTw8cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864064668216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Response, normalized, and gradient curves of amplitude variation with fracture density, figureFileSmall=tEC5e2fD/wygcK903ZP0yw==, figureFileBig=77p7ZKtLJaT9FfNflL67tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864203080249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图12, caption=振幅随裂缝密度变化的响应、标准化和梯度曲线

(a) PP波振幅随裂缝密度变化曲线;(b) PS波振幅随裂缝密度变化曲线;(c) 振幅随裂缝密度变化标准化曲线;(d) 振幅标准化梯度曲线.

, figureFileSmall=tEC5e2fD/wygcK903ZP0yw==, figureFileBig=77p7ZKtLJaT9FfNflL67tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864299549242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Curves of model parameters with water saturation variation, figureFileSmall=YrCHCGyVI4gfJtKgcRnCdQ==, figureFileBig=LZhadHQJxNayTbPaHHSHxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864400212539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图13, caption=模型参数随含水饱和度变化曲线

(a)纵、横波速度随含水饱和度变化曲线;(b) 密度随含水饱和度变化曲线;(c) Thomsen各向异性参数随含水饱和度变化曲线.

, figureFileSmall=YrCHCGyVI4gfJtKgcRnCdQ==, figureFileBig=LZhadHQJxNayTbPaHHSHxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864513458748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Amplitude variation curves with water saturation, figureFileSmall=VZOQ8Ob9oZhyrolIIp1E+w==, figureFileBig=8pgf3wMXW/HUMZMxUaG1TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864601539133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图14, caption=振幅随含水饱和度变化振幅曲线

(a) PP波的储层含水饱和度变化AVO曲线;(b) PS波的储层含水饱和度变化AVO曲线.

, figureFileSmall=VZOQ8Ob9oZhyrolIIp1E+w==, figureFileBig=8pgf3wMXW/HUMZMxUaG1TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864710591038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Response, normalized, and gradient curves of amplitude variation with water saturation, figureFileSmall=q0SoyMzB10MsUIrf68QSbQ==, figureFileBig=eEkRlFWBDNvEr2TOvwkJ6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864828031551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图15, caption=振幅随含水饱和度变化的响应、标准化和梯度曲线.

(a) PP波振幅随含水饱和度变化曲线;(b) PS波振幅随含水饱和度变化曲线;(c) 振幅随含水饱和度变化标准化曲线;(d) 振幅标准化梯度曲线.

, figureFileSmall=q0SoyMzB10MsUIrf68QSbQ==, figureFileBig=eEkRlFWBDNvEr2TOvwkJ6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584864987415104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Curves of model parameters with fracture azimuth variation, figureFileSmall=5IWHjssktAf2eUENwEI7qw==, figureFileBig=qzpqb/Z7G2M9OjEeBblI9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584865075495489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图16, caption=模型参数随裂缝方位角变化曲线

(a)垂向、水平纵波速度随裂缝方位角变化曲线;(b) 垂向、水平横波速度随裂缝方位角变化曲线;(c) Thomsen各向异性参数随裂缝方位角变化曲线.

, figureFileSmall=5IWHjssktAf2eUENwEI7qw==, figureFileBig=qzpqb/Z7G2M9OjEeBblI9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584865171964483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Amplitude variation curves with fracture azimuth, figureFileSmall=FThrdLknqKPOk/YabeqXbA==, figureFileBig=3tfw54Cv0m+itD96R9J0WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584865457177156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图17, caption=振幅随裂缝方位角变化曲线

(a) PP波的储层裂缝方位角变化AVO曲线;(b) PS波的储层裂缝方位角变化AVO曲线.

, figureFileSmall=FThrdLknqKPOk/YabeqXbA==, figureFileBig=3tfw54Cv0m+itD96R9J0WA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867155870278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Shot records of the X, Y, and Z components of PS waves in the same fracture azimuth, figureFileSmall=ooDQ4bXTykOcP9p78i5V8Q==, figureFileBig=wUYdgO6MPzDPdMqDulQHFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867252339271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图18, caption=同裂缝方位角PS波的X、Y、Z分量炮记录

(a) φ=0°的X分量炮记录;(b)φ=0°的Y量炮记录;(c) φ=0°的Z量炮记录;(d) φ=30°的X分量炮记录; (e) φ=30°的Y分量炮记录;(f) φ=30°的Z分量炮记录.

, figureFileSmall=ooDQ4bXTykOcP9p78i5V8Q==, figureFileBig=wUYdgO6MPzDPdMqDulQHFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867344613960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Response, normalized, and gradient curves of amplitude variation with fracture azimuth, figureFileSmall=3d/fiWO5KfYaRiCtD9K6kQ==, figureFileBig=cjZWNgxtsu4dpzIOWatUNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867474637385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图19, caption=振幅随裂缝方位角变化的响应、标准化和梯度曲线

(a) PP波振幅随裂缝方位角变化曲线;(b) PS波振幅随裂缝方位角变化曲线;(c) 振幅随裂缝方位角变化标准化曲线;(d) 振幅标准化梯度曲线.

, figureFileSmall=3d/fiWO5KfYaRiCtD9K6kQ==, figureFileBig=cjZWNgxtsu4dpzIOWatUNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867575300682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Amplitude response of pore-fracture model, figureFileSmall=JK72t8ehx1yE7wTJtTNiKA==, figureFileBig=vUuR75pYa5GcF3tadA1+Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867680158283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图20, caption=孔-缝模型振幅响应

(a) PP波的孔-缝模型响应曲面;(b) PS波的孔-缝模型响应曲面;(c) PP波的孔-缝模型响应曲线;(d) PS波的孔-缝模型响应曲线.

, figureFileSmall=JK72t8ehx1yE7wTJtTNiKA==, figureFileBig=vUuR75pYa5GcF3tadA1+Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867764044364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=AVO characteristic curves with porosity and fracture density variation, figureFileSmall=4blKzsEEeDyZiHsP4OPo+w==, figureFileBig=U/lK05AYnZptw5XTDdrX5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867868901965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=图21, caption=孔隙度和裂缝密度变化的AVO特征曲线

(a) PP波的裂缝密度0.01孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(b) PP波的裂缝密度0.04孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(c)PP波的裂缝密度0.07孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(d) PP波的裂缝密度0.10孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(e) PP波的裂缝密度0.13孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(f) PS波的裂缝密度0.01孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(g) PS波的裂缝密度0.04孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(h) PS波的裂缝密度0.07孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(i) PS波的裂缝密度0.10孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线;(j) PS波的裂缝密度0.13孔隙度变化的AVO特征曲线.

, figureFileSmall=4blKzsEEeDyZiHsP4OPo+w==, figureFileBig=U/lK05AYnZptw5XTDdrX5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584867986342478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Geophysical parameters table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数值
砂岩体积模量/Pa36.6
泥岩体积模量/Pa20.9
砂岩体积比0.95
泥岩体积比0.05
砂岩密度/(g/cm3)2.65
泥岩密度/(g/cm3)2.25
水体积模量/Pa2.38
气体积模量/Pa0.02
水的密度/(g/cm3)1.2
气的密度/(g/cm3)0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868078617167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地球物理参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数值
砂岩体积模量/Pa36.6
泥岩体积模量/Pa20.9
砂岩体积比0.95
泥岩体积比0.05
砂岩密度/(g/cm3)2.65
泥岩密度/(g/cm3)2.25
水体积模量/Pa2.38
气体积模量/Pa0.02
水的密度/(g/cm3)1.2
气的密度/(g/cm3)0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868170891856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Parameter design for the 1st, 2nd, and 4th Layers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层号H/mVp/(m/s)Vs/(m/s)ρ/(kg/m3)εγδθ/(°)φ/(°)
160052003002263200000
240048402635258600000
3changechangechangechangechangechangechange90°change
4100055002895267000000
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868258972241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第1、2、4层的参数设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层号H/mVp/(m/s)Vs/(m/s)ρ/(kg/m3)εγδθ/(°)φ/(°)
160052003002263200000
240048402635258600000
3changechangechangechangechangechangechange90°change
4100055002895267000000
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868355441234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Parameter settings for reservoir thickness variation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层号H/mVp/(m/s)Vs/(m/s)ρ/(kg/m3)εγδθ/(°)φ/(°)
310/20/30/35/40/50
/60/70/80/90/100
423726012379-0.1104-0.0827-0.0433900
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868443521619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

储层厚度变化参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层号H/mVp/(m/s)Vs/(m/s)ρ/(kg/m3)εγδθ/(°)φ/(°)
310/20/30/35/40/50
/60/70/80/90/100
423726012379-0.1104-0.0827-0.0433900
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868531602004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

AVO characteristics with amplitude variation as a function of reservoir thickness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP视调谐厚度随偏移距增大而增大;储层厚度无论大小,AVO特征弱调谐特征不受偏移距影响;偏移距和储层厚度的变化会产生相同的振幅.
PS视调谐厚度变化特征不明显;储层厚度无论大小,AVO特征强
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868653236821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

振幅随储层厚度变化的AVO特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP视调谐厚度随偏移距增大而增大;储层厚度无论大小,AVO特征弱调谐特征不受偏移距影响;偏移距和储层厚度的变化会产生相同的振幅.
PS视调谐厚度变化特征不明显;储层厚度无论大小,AVO特征强
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868753900118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table5, caption=

Test parameters for PS-wave tuning thickness

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第k组模型参数ΔhpsΔhppγfγvCh
131321.43481.94410.9747
236361.88250.9955
334341.82041.0174
434331.78071.0320
534331.71761.0559
631291.69651.0642
735331.65951.0790
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868846174807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

PS波调谐厚度测试参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第k组模型参数ΔhpsΔhppγfγvCh
131321.43481.94410.9747
236361.88250.9955
334341.82041.0174
434331.78071.0320
534331.71761.0559
631291.69651.0642
735331.65951.0790
), ArticleFig(id=1309584868930060888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table6, caption=

AVO characteristics of amplitude variation with porosity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP孔隙度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到近偏振幅响应更强烈,即近偏振幅对孔隙度更敏感随孔隙度的增加,振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对孔隙度是具有敏感性的;低孔隙度AVO特征弱,高孔隙度AVO特征强
PS孔隙度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到远偏振幅响应更强烈,即远偏振幅对孔隙度更敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869022335577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

振幅随孔隙度变化的AVO特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP孔隙度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到近偏振幅响应更强烈,即近偏振幅对孔隙度更敏感随孔隙度的增加,振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对孔隙度是具有敏感性的;低孔隙度AVO特征弱,高孔隙度AVO特征强
PS孔隙度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到远偏振幅响应更强烈,即远偏振幅对孔隙度更敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869122998874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table7, caption=

AVO characteristics of amplitude variation with fracture density

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP随裂缝密度的增加,近、中偏振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对裂缝密度是具有敏感性的;裂缝密度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到近偏振幅响应更强烈,即近偏振幅对裂缝密度更敏感低裂缝密度的AVO特征弱,高裂缝密度AVO特征强
PS随裂缝密度的增加,振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对裂缝密度是具有敏感性的;裂缝密度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到远偏振幅响应更强烈,即远偏振幅对裂缝密度更敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869223662171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

振幅随裂缝密度变化的AVO特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP随裂缝密度的增加,近、中偏振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对裂缝密度是具有敏感性的;裂缝密度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到近偏振幅响应更强烈,即近偏振幅对裂缝密度更敏感低裂缝密度的AVO特征弱,高裂缝密度AVO特征强
PS随裂缝密度的增加,振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对裂缝密度是具有敏感性的;裂缝密度变化时,提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,得到远偏振幅响应更强烈,即远偏振幅对裂缝密度更敏感
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869303353948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table8, caption=

AVO characteristics of amplitude variation with water saturation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP不同偏移距的振幅随含水饱和度变化特征相似;含水饱和度不变时,振幅随偏移距增大逐渐减弱;含水饱和度为95%~100%出现振幅突变,是由PP波速度突变引起的.无
PS随含水饱和度变化振幅变化很小
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869383045725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

振幅随含水饱和度变化的AVO特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP不同偏移距的振幅随含水饱和度变化特征相似;含水饱和度不变时,振幅随偏移距增大逐渐减弱;含水饱和度为95%~100%出现振幅突变,是由PP波速度突变引起的.无
PS随含水饱和度变化振幅变化很小
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869483709022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table9, caption=

AVAz characteristics of amplitude variation with fracture azimuth

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP同裂缝方位角时,PP波AVAz特征表现为振幅幅度近偏强远偏弱的特征;PP波在φ=90°, 即波的传播方向顺裂缝传播时,两侧AVAz特征对称无
PS同裂缝方位角时,PS波AVAz特征表现为振幅幅度近偏弱远偏强的特征;方位角的存在会出现横波分裂现象
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869643092575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

振幅随裂缝方位角变化的AVAz特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP同裂缝方位角时,PP波AVAz特征表现为振幅幅度近偏强远偏弱的特征;PP波在φ=90°, 即波的传播方向顺裂缝传播时,两侧AVAz特征对称无
PS同裂缝方位角时,PS波AVAz特征表现为振幅幅度近偏弱远偏强的特征;方位角的存在会出现横波分裂现象
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869743755872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table10, caption=

Differences in AVO characteristics between the dense background layer and porous-fractured development in PP and PS waves

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP孔缝发育层:裂缝密度不变时,孔隙度增加,AVO特征单调递减变为单调递增的趋势;孔隙度不变时,裂缝密度增加,AVO特征整体形态不变而振幅截距有微小变化致密背景层:AVO特征呈现单调递减的趋势
PS孔缝发育层:裂缝密度不变时,孔隙度增加,AVO特征整体形态不变而出现振幅梯度增加趋势;孔隙度不变时,裂缝密度增加,AVO特征整体形态不变而出现振幅截距较PP波增加更多
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869840224865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

PP波和PS波的致密背景层AVO特征与孔缝发育的AVO特征差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波型自有特征共有特征
PP孔缝发育层:裂缝密度不变时,孔隙度增加,AVO特征单调递减变为单调递增的趋势;孔隙度不变时,裂缝密度增加,AVO特征整体形态不变而振幅截距有微小变化致密背景层:AVO特征呈现单调递减的趋势
PS孔缝发育层:裂缝密度不变时,孔隙度增加,AVO特征整体形态不变而出现振幅梯度增加趋势;孔隙度不变时,裂缝密度增加,AVO特征整体形态不变而出现振幅截距较PP波增加更多
), ArticleFig(id=1309584869940888162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=EN, label=Table11, caption=

The significance of seismic response characteristics of pore-fracture type reservoirs for the interpretation of actual data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征地震资料解释指导意义
PS波的调谐厚度特征在常用纵波和横波工程观测条件下,即主频比约1.4348,速度比[1.72, 1.94]范围内,两者调谐厚度基本一致,表明可联合应用最强的调谐振幅来共同约束调谐厚度解释;也有助于关注多波对岩性、物性差异的反映.
近偏PP波对裂缝密度变化更敏感指出利用近偏PP波资料可更好地反映孔隙度和裂缝密度的变化情况
近偏PP波对孔隙度变化更敏感
远偏PS波对裂缝密度变化更敏感指出利用远偏PS波资料可更好地反映孔隙度和裂缝密度的变化情况
远偏PS波对孔隙度变化更敏感
含水饱和度变化时振幅呈增大趋势,且存在振幅突变指出含水饱和度在90%~100%范围内
随裂缝方位变化,PP、PS波振幅呈周期变化方位变化为较为明显的标志,非常有利于表征裂缝
孔隙度对PP、PS波振幅的影响远大于裂缝密度指示了联合PP、PS波振幅的响应幅度可用于区分储层类型
PP波和PS波的致密背景层AVO特征与孔缝发育的AVO特征存在明显差异指示裂缝和孔隙储集空间
), ArticleFig(id=1309584871664747107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584845811057096, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

孔隙-裂缝型储层地震响应特征对实际资料解释的意义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征地震资料解释指导意义
PS波的调谐厚度特征在常用纵波和横波工程观测条件下,即主频比约1.4348,速度比[1.72, 1.94]范围内,两者调谐厚度基本一致,表明可联合应用最强的调谐振幅来共同约束调谐厚度解释;也有助于关注多波对岩性、物性差异的反映.
近偏PP波对裂缝密度变化更敏感指出利用近偏PP波资料可更好地反映孔隙度和裂缝密度的变化情况
近偏PP波对孔隙度变化更敏感
远偏PS波对裂缝密度变化更敏感指出利用远偏PS波资料可更好地反映孔隙度和裂缝密度的变化情况
远偏PS波对孔隙度变化更敏感
含水饱和度变化时振幅呈增大趋势,且存在振幅突变指出含水饱和度在90%~100%范围内
随裂缝方位变化,PP、PS波振幅呈周期变化方位变化为较为明显的标志,非常有利于表征裂缝
孔隙度对PP、PS波振幅的影响远大于裂缝密度指示了联合PP、PS波振幅的响应幅度可用于区分储层类型
PP波和PS波的致密背景层AVO特征与孔缝发育的AVO特征存在明显差异指示裂缝和孔隙储集空间
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孔隙-裂缝型储层多波地震响应特征正演分析
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唐瑞晨 1 , 符志国 1, 2 , 尹成 1, 2, * , 鲍祥生 3
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 228-250
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 228 -250
孔隙-裂缝型储层多波地震响应特征正演分析
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唐瑞晨1 , 符志国1, 2, 尹成1, 2, * , 鲍祥生3
作者信息
  • 1西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500
  • 2中国石油物探重点实验室页岩气地球物理研究室, 成都 610500
  • 3广东石油化工学院, 茂名 525000
通讯作者:
尹成, 男, 1965年生, 教授, 研究方向为地震属性分析、地震采集优化设计.E-mail:
作者简介:

唐瑞晨, 女, 1999年生, 硕士研究生, 研究方向为复杂储层多波正演响应分析与解释方法.E-mail:

Forward analysis of multicomponent seismic response characteristics in pore-fracture type reservoirs
RuiChen TANG1 , ZhiGuo FU1, 2, Cheng YIN1, 2, * , XiangSheng BAO3
Affiliations
  • 1Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 2Shale Gas Geophysics Laboratory of China Petroleum Geophysical Exploration Key Laboratory, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 3Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0511
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随着非常规油气藏勘探开发的深入, 特别是同时具有孔隙和裂缝储集结构的孔隙-裂缝型储层成为了研究热点.因其地质条件的复杂性, 及地震资料的带限性, 这类储层在纵波地震资料上常常表现出隐蔽性特点, 十分有必要开展孔隙-裂缝储层多波地震响应分析.本文结合Gassmann方程各向异性流体替换理论和Thomsen各向异性参数理论, 开展等效HTI介质岩石物理建模; 使用2.5维交错网格有限差分法, 进行了高效的弹性波动正演模拟; 分析了多种地质条件下的多波AVO和AVAz响应特征和敏感性.模型特征分析表明PP波近偏振幅、PS波远偏振幅对裂缝密度和孔隙度变化更敏感, 可更好地反映两参数的变化; 不同偏移距的振幅随含水饱和度变化特征相似, 在90%附近存在突变现象; PP波AVAz特征表现为振幅幅度近偏强远偏弱, PS波呈相反趋势, 且均呈周期性变化, 可指示裂缝方位; 推导了PS波调谐厚度的定义式, 补齐了多波调谐厚度的特征分析.总结了孔隙-裂缝型储层响应特征对实际资料解释的意义, 为理解复杂孔隙-裂缝储层波动响应特征提供了重要参考, 有助于理解复杂孔隙-裂缝储层实际地震资料现象, 可有效辅助解释方案设计, 提升解释的准确性.

孔隙-裂缝型储层  /  岩石物理  /  HTI介质  /  各向异性参数  /  AVO  /  AVAz

With the deepening of exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, especially pore-fracture reservoirs with both pore and fracture reservoir structures have become a research hotspot. Due to the complexity of geological conditions and the band limit of seismic data, these reservoirs often show hidden characteristics on longitudinal seismic data, and it is very necessary to carry out multi-wave seismic response analysis of pore-fracture reservoirs. In this paper, we combine the anisotropic fluid substitution theory of Gassmann equation and Thomsen anisotropic parameter theory to carry out equivalent HTI medium petrophysical modeling; use 2.5-dimensional staggered-grid finite-difference method to carry out highly efficient elastic fluctuation orthotropic simulation; and analyze the characteristics and sensitivity of the multi-wave AVO and AVAz responses in a variety of geological conditions. The model characterization shows that the PP wave near-deviation amplitude and PS wave far-deviation amplitude are more sensitive to the changes of fracture density and porosity, which can better reflect the changes of the two parameters; the amplitudes of different offset distances have similar characteristics of the changes with water saturation, and there is a sudden change near 90%; the PP wave AVAz characteristics show that the amplitude amplitude amplitude is near-deviation and far-deviation, and the PS wave shows the opposite trend, and all of them are periodic changes, which can indicate the The PS wave AVAz characteristics show an opposite trend in amplitude, and both of them change periodically, which can indicate the fracture orientation; the defining equation of the PS wave tuned thickness is deduced, which complements the characterization of the multi-wave tuned thickness. The significance of the pore-fracture type reservoir response characteristics to the actual data interpretation is summarized, which provides an important reference for understanding the fluctuation response characteristics of complex pore-fracture reservoirs, helps to understand the actual seismic data phenomena of complex pore-fracture reservoirs, and can effectively assist the design of the interpretation scheme to improve the accuracy of the interpretation.

Pore-fracture reservoir  /  Petrophysics  /  HTI medium  /  Anisotropy parameter  /  AVO  /  AVAz
唐瑞晨, 符志国, 尹成, 鲍祥生. 孔隙-裂缝型储层多波地震响应特征正演分析. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 228 -250 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0511
RuiChen TANG, ZhiGuo FU, Cheng YIN, XiangSheng BAO. Forward analysis of multicomponent seismic response characteristics in pore-fracture type reservoirs[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 228 -250 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0511
目前,孔隙-裂缝型储层逐渐成为非常规油气藏的勘探开发的一类重要的地质研究目标.然而,孔隙、裂缝共存的结构具有明显的非均质性和各向异性,增加了储层预测的多解性,为勘探开发带来巨大的挑战,甚至造成了储层预测的“陷阱”.单一孔隙型储层理论不再能满足复杂地质结构的特征分析,因此十分必要采用更符合实际储层地质条件的岩石物理理论,构建更贴近实际储层特征的地质模型,研究孔、缝并存的储层地震响应特征,对实际资料解释具有重要的指导意义.
前人已对单一孔隙型或裂缝型储层的特征分别进行过大量侧重岩石物理的分析研究.
在孔隙型储层的研究方面,研究逐渐从孔隙介质弹性力学转向孔隙介质弹性理论的微观特征(秦小英,2023).张玉华(2007)结合Xu-White模型与Gassmann方程,基于实际测井资料建立多层模型,并采用Zoeppritz方程进行正演模拟,分析孔隙度、泥质含量以及含水饱和度对波速、泊松比以及反射系数的影响;李勇根和徐胜峰(2008)基于合成记录的正演模拟,分析地层厚度、孔隙度以及流体饱和度变化引起地震响应的规律;苏云(2010)基于Biot理论建立双相层状模型,并采用高阶交错网格有限差分方程正演,分析孔隙度变化、填充流体类型对共炮点记录与AVA特征曲线的影响;李红梅(2013)推导了孔隙黏弹性介质反射率法的正演模拟方法,分析了孔隙黏弹性介质的AVO特性和孔隙度、流体类型、品质因子对AVO响应的影响;李键(2014)使用Gassmann方程研究了砂岩储层内部气、水层在不同孔隙度条件下的AVO地震响应特征;万秀娟(2012)基于波动方程和Gassmann方程正演,分析孔隙中不同种类填充物的响应特征;化世榜(2016)结合White斑块饱和理论构建含流体孔隙介质模型,分析孔隙度、渗透率和流体类型对纵波速度与衰减的影响.
在裂缝型储层研究方面,裂缝作为油气储集空间、运移通道,及地震各向异性成因等许多因素逐渐成为研究焦点,裂缝勘探技术在油气开发中占有十分重要的地位(刘敬寿等,2019).刘百红等(2010)根据线性滑移模型理论结合Vavrycuk的P波反射系数公式,分析裂缝密度、方位、填充物的AVO特征;袁振宇(2014)采用旋转交错网格有限差分算法模拟黏弹性裂缝型储层,分析基质Q值、填充流体、裂缝密度、纵横比、倾角、方位角变化对振幅的影响;符伟(2016)针对水平裂缝选用传播矩阵反射率法进行模拟,分析其PP波AVO响应,针对垂直裂缝选用Schoenberg反射率法进行模拟分析PP波在储层厚度、裂缝密度、水平层理、黏弹性顶底界面的方位AVO响应特征;钟雨(2016)推导声波二维交错网格波动方程并进行正演模拟,分析裂缝规模对振幅的影响;陆能等(2017)使用简化的反射率法模拟并分析了PP波入射角变化、上覆层各向异性程度对目标层顶底界面反射波AVAz特征的影响;李良泉(2017)使用波动方程数值模拟,分析裂缝模型、孔洞模型、缝洞组合的响应特征;蒋存浩(2021)采用Hudson模型、Chapman单、双裂缝模型对裂缝介质进行数值模拟,分析流体类型、裂缝密度、孔隙度对纵波速度和各向异性参数的影响.
随着非常规油气藏的勘探开发,孔隙、裂缝两者混合的储层具有更为复杂的波场和响应特征.潘博(2017)进一步推导出Gurevich(2003)的饱和多孔HTI介质等效介质理论,建立煤岩裂缝储层、页岩裂缝储层和致密砂岩裂缝储层的两层理论模型,使用Ruger在2002年提出的HTI介质的PP、PS波反射系数公式进行数值模拟正演,研究含水饱和度、裂缝尺度大小变化的AVO反射系数响应特征;窦喜英等(2017)推导出Thomsen裂缝模型的广义各向异性参数,并将其引入HTI介质的PP、PS波的弹性反射系数方程中,研究PP、P-SV波反射系数随着入射角、方位角、裂缝密度、含水饱和度的变化响应特征;杨帅等(2018)基于Biot-Gassmann流体替换理论和Thomsen各向异性理论建立等效HTI模型,通过Ruger的HTI介质反射系数近似公式正演模拟,分析含裂缝致密砂岩的PP、PS1、PS2波裂缝密度变化时AVO反射系数响应特征;秦小英(2023)基于Wood理论、SCA理论构建单孔隙和孔隙加微裂缝模型,得出孔隙加微裂缝模型更能够反映缝孔介质的非均质性,并基于致密砂岩的储层厚度和孔隙度的空间展布构建三维岩石物理模板对含气饱和度进行定量解释.
上述对孔隙-裂缝型储层多种地质条件的岩石物理特征研究较多,而对其多波地震波场响应特征分析还缺乏系统性分析.为了促进对孔隙-裂缝型储层的多波响应特征的系统认识,并指导多波地震资料解释,本文从测井数据中提取相关弹性参数,结合Gassmann方程各向异性流体替换理论和Thomsen各向异性理论构建孔隙-裂缝模型,使用2.5维(2.5D)交错网格有限差分法,以较高精度高效地正演三维弹性波动波场,并对正演的炮记录进行预处理,进而分析储层厚度、裂缝方位角、裂缝密度、孔隙度和含水饱和度变化的PP、PS波响应特征以及敏感性,推导出了PS波调谐厚度的定义式,补充了多波调谐厚度特征分析.最后,总结了各项特征对实际资料解释的意义,为实际应用提供了有益的参考.
研究孔隙-裂缝型储层地震波响应特征时,要充分考虑到岩石干骨架、孔隙、裂缝和流体之间的关系.本文针对含流体的孔隙-裂缝型储层使用Gassmann方程各向异性流体替换理论和Thomsen各向异性参数理论,逐级耦合基质矿物、定向裂缝和孔隙流体,构建孔隙-裂缝模型(刘姝娴等,2024),并通过交错网格有限差分法,进行2.5D弹性波动方程正演,进而分析孔隙-裂缝型储层的多波地震响应特征.
岩石物理学中为了使得理论模型与实际地质情况更接近,认为孔隙-裂缝型储层是由岩石骨架、裂缝和孔隙,并填充流体构成的.如图 1所示,红色的是垂直裂缝,蓝色的是孔隙.其中,模型具体的基础弹性参数如表 1所示,这些参数是孔隙-裂缝型储层模型搭建以及响应分析所必需的.
对于多孔饱含流体的各向异性介质,Gurevich(2003)基于Gassmann(1951)各向异性流体替换方程,推导了多孔HTI介质流体替换的显示表达式,使用干刚度矩阵和附加流体效应表示各向异性岩石的饱和刚度矩阵:
$\boldsymbol{C}_{i j}^{\mathrm{sat}}=\boldsymbol{C}_{i j}^{\mathrm{dry}}+\alpha_i \alpha_j M . \quad i, j=1, \cdots, 6, $
其中,α是Biot-Willis系数(Biot and Willis, 1957),Cijdry是各向异性介质的干刚度矩阵(Schoenberg and Sayers, 1995):
$\boldsymbol{C}_{i j}^{\mathrm{dry}}(\mathrm{HTI})=\left[\begin{array}{cccccc}M_{\mathrm{b}}\left(1-\varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & \lambda\left(1-\varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & \lambda\left(1-\varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\lambda\left(1-\varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & M_{\mathrm{b}}\left(1-r^2 \varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & \lambda\left(1-r \varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\lambda\left(1-\varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & \lambda\left(1-r \varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & M_{\mathrm{b}}\left(1-r^2 \varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}\right) & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & \mu & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \mu\left(1-\varDelta_{\mathrm{T}}\right) & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \mu\left(1-\varDelta_{\mathrm{T}}\right)\end{array}\right], $
干刚度矩阵部分:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}M_{\mathrm{b}}=\lambda+2 \mu, r=\frac{\lambda}{M_{\mathrm{b}}} \\\varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}=\frac{4 d c}{3 g(1-g)}, \varDelta_{\mathrm{T}}=\frac{16 d c}{3(3-2 g)}\end{array}, \right.$
流体效应部分:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha_0=1-\frac{K}{K_{\mathrm{g}}}, \alpha_1=\alpha_0+\frac{K \varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}}{K_{\mathrm{g}}}, \alpha_2=\alpha_3=\alpha_0+\frac{K \lambda \varDelta_{\mathrm{N}}}{K_{\mathrm{g}} M_{\mathrm{b}}} \\K^*=\frac{1}{9} \sum\limits_{i=1}^3 \sum\limits_{j=1}^3 C_{i j}^{\mathrm{dry}}, M=\frac{K_{\mathrm{g}}}{\left(1-\frac{K^*}{K_{\mathrm{g}}}\right)-\varphi\left(1-\frac{K_{\mathrm{g}}}{K_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)}\end{array} .\right.$
Thomsen(1986)在研究各向异性介质的基础上,证明了现存介质大多都呈弱-中各向异性,总结出了具有明确物理意义的TI介质的各向异性参数α, β, ε, δ, γ.
在VTI介质中地震波在传播的过程中水平速度和垂直速度会存在差异,则Thomsen各向异性参数与刚度矩阵之间的关系如下:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha=\sqrt{\frac{C_{33}}{\rho}}, \beta=\sqrt{\frac{C_{44}}{\rho}} \\\varepsilon=\frac{C_{11}-C_{33}}{2 C_{33}}, \gamma=\frac{C_{66}-C_{44}}{2 C_{44}}, \delta=\frac{\left(C_{13}+C_{44}\right)^2-\left(C_{33}-C_{44}\right)^2}{2 C_{33}\left(C_{33}-C_{44}\right)}\end{array}, \right.$
其中,α表示纵波的垂向速度,β表示横波的垂向速度.
由于孔隙-裂缝型储层较为复杂,使用2D弹性波动方程正演还未能较好模拟实际的波动特征;3D弹性波动方程可以更好地模拟波在三维空间的传播,但会消耗大量的时间;而2.5D弹性波动方程可在三维空间的2D区域内近似模拟三维波动特征,具有三分量记录,大大节约了计算量,对TTI介质的研究有良好的适用性,如式(6)所示:
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l}\rho \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial \sigma_{x x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \sigma_{x z}}{\partial z} \\\rho \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial \sigma_{y x}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \sigma_{y z}}{\partial z} \\\rho \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial t}=\frac{\partial \sigma_{x z}}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial \sigma_{z z}}{\partial z} \\\frac{\partial \sigma_{x x}}{\partial t}=C_{11} \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+C_{16} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial x}+C_{15}\left(\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial z}\right)+C_{14} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial z}+C_{13} \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z} \\\frac{\partial \sigma_{z z}}{\partial t}=C_{13} \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+C_{36} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial x}+C_{35}\left(\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial z}\right)+C_{34} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial z}+C_{33} \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z} \\\frac{\partial \sigma_{y z}}{\partial t}=C_{14} \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+C_{46} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial x}+C_{45}\left(\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial z}\right)+C_{44} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial z}+C_{34} \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z} \\\frac{\partial \sigma_{x z}}{\partial t}=C_{15} \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+C_{56} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial x}+C_{55}\left(\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial z}\right)+C_{45} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial z}+C_{35} \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z} \\\frac{\partial \sigma_{y x}}{\partial t}=C_{16} \frac{\partial v_x}{\partial x}+C_{66} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial x}+C_{56}\left(\frac{\partial v_z}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v_x}{\partial z}\right)+C_{46} \frac{\partial v_y}{\partial z}+C_{36} \frac{\partial v_z}{\partial z}\end{array} .\right. $
本文孔隙-裂缝介质模型正演使用了较高精度的交错网格有限差分法(鲁雁翔,2019;张兆谦等,2024)进行波动模拟.波场分量如图 2所示,包含两个速度分量和三个应力分量,展示了某一时刻应力与速度的对应交错关系,图 2a是该时刻波场五分量的空间交错示意图,各分量之间相差半个节点,黑色为速度分量,白色为应力分量.图 2b是该时刻和前半时刻对应的波场量的交错示意图,表征了交错网格在时间上的交错.图 2c是当前时刻的应力分量值(速度分量值)和相邻半个时刻的速度分量(应力分量值),计算下一时刻的应力分量值(速度分量值),往复循环遍历每一时刻对应的波场值从而得到波场的数值模拟结果.
本文分析孔隙-裂缝型储层在多物性参数变化情况下的响应特征,为此将多个实验模型沿Y轴方向排列为一个总体模型,如图 3所示.模型的第3层为目标储层,是本文分析的目标.其余的第1、2、4层不能过于复杂,设置为各向同性标准层.平行于Oxz面设置剖面模型,其中红色线为模型分界线,第Ⅰ部分是储层厚度变化模型示意图,第Ⅱ部分是控制储层厚度不变,裂缝方位角、孔隙度、裂缝密度和含水饱和度变化的模型示意图.其中,x方向宽度为400个网格,即400道,道间距5 m,z方向长度210个网格,层间距5 m,炮点位置在(x, z)=(200, 10)网格点处(图中红色标记处),目标储层是裂缝倾角为90°的HTI介质,图 3左上角是储层裂缝方位角示意图,以逆时针方向为正方向,正演分析的是偏移距分别为0、18、36、54、72、90网格处目标层顶界面的响应特征.
每个模型的剖面从图 3中抽取,储层厚度变化模型从第Ⅰ部分中抽取,储层的方位角、裂缝密度、孔隙度和含水饱和度变化模型从第Ⅱ部分根据相应的参数变化进行抽取.基于目标层会随条件变化,这里先确定第1、2、4层的参数设计,如表 2所示,从左到右的参数依次是:层数、每层的厚度、纵波速度、横波速度、密度、三个各向异性参数、倾角以及方位角.
经过基于交错网格有限差分法的2.5D弹性波动方程正演后,需要对每道记录进行预处理从而便于后续的响应特征分析,图 4是具体的处理流程.PS波的自激自收那一道初至波相位是对称的直接进行下一步处理,处理结束后PS波仅取除自激自收的其他道数据.以储层厚度100 m的模型为例说明前三步,以孔隙度变化模型的近偏数据为例说明最后一步,见附录图A1.
(1) 道集选排.抽取PP、PS波单道记录,按模型参数变化排序,构成道集,供AVO振幅响应特征分析使用.
(2) 相位处理.将初至波处理为以主波峰(谷)为基准的对称形式,以便目标储层层位的确定.
(3) 初至去除.初至波的能量远大于反射波,淹没了反射能量,使用初至波切除的方式消除干扰,以便观察反射特征.
(4) 参考基准的标准化.使用梯度进行敏感性分析的过程中,引入选取基准的标准化方法,统一PP、PS波的振幅能量级别,如式(7)所示.各种比较分析的基准选取将在后文中具体说明.式(7)为:
$I_{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{I_{\mathrm{i}}-I_{\mathrm{basis}}}{I_{\mathrm{basis}}}.$
储层厚度变化模型的参数设置如表 3所示,储层厚度范围为10~100 m,使用孔隙-裂缝型储层等效介质理论,控制裂缝方位角0°, 裂缝倾角90°, 裂缝密度0.07,孔隙度0.13,含水饱和度50%, 计算出纵、横波速度(Vp、Vs)、密度(ρ)以及各向异性参数值(ε、δ、γ)进行正演.提取PP、PS波的不同偏移距振幅数据得到振幅随储层厚度变化AVO曲线,如图 5所示.表 4小结了多波的自有特征,PP波的视调谐厚度随偏移距增大而增大,而PS波的视调谐厚度随偏移距变化不明显,PS波储层厚度变化的AVO特征相比于PP波更强;多波的共有特征,随储层厚度的变化均存在调谐特征并且不受偏移距的影响,因调谐特征的振幅变化是非线性的偏移距和储层厚度的变化会产生相同的振幅.
在地震勘探中,调谐现象是指当地层厚度与地震波的主频波长相匹配时,反射波发生干涉导致最大振幅的现象,这时的厚度称为调谐厚度.PP波的调谐厚度通常由地层厚度等于四分之一波长(λ/4)时的干涉效应来定义.由于PS波是由纵波转换为横波的复合波,其传播速度较PP波不同,因此对应的波长也有所变化.根据波长与速度的关系,PS波的调谐厚度可以通过PP波调谐厚度的定义并结合PS波的波速进行推导,从而得到PS波调谐厚度定义.根据PP波的调谐厚度的定义(Widess, 1973):
$\Delta h_{\mathrm{pp}}=\frac{v_{\mathrm{p}} T_{\mathrm{p}}}{4}=\frac{v_{\mathrm{p}}}{4 f_{\mathrm{p}}}=\frac{\lambda_{\mathrm{p}}}{4}, $
其中,vp为目标层的纵波速度,Tp为纵波的子波周期,λp为纵波的波长,fp为PP波主频.波的传播过程是纵波入射PS波反射,并且层厚为λ/4时双程时差为T/2(陆基孟和王永刚,2011),由此推导PS波的调谐厚度:
$ \frac{\Delta h}{v_{\mathrm{p}}}+\frac{\Delta h}{v_{\mathrm{s}}}=\frac{T_{\mathrm{s}}}{2}, $
$\Delta h\left(1+\gamma_{\mathrm{v}}\right)=\frac{T_{\mathrm{s}}}{2} \cdot v_{\mathrm{p}}, $
$\Delta h=\frac{v_{\mathrm{p}}}{2 \cdot f_{\mathrm{s}} \cdot\left(1+\gamma_{\mathrm{v}}\right)}, $
又因$ \gamma_{\mathrm{f}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{p}}}{f_{\mathrm{s}}} \Rightarrow f_{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{p}}}{\gamma_{\mathrm{f}}}$:
$\Delta h_{\mathrm{ps}}=\frac{v_{\mathrm{p}} \cdot T_{\mathrm{p}} \cdot \gamma_{\mathrm{f}}}{2 \cdot\left(1+\gamma_{\mathrm{v}}\right)}, $
其中,根据式(8)可知,$ \frac{v_{\mathrm{p}} \cdot T_{\mathrm{P}}}{2}=\frac{\lambda_{\mathrm{p}}}{2}=2 \Delta h_{\mathrm{pp}}$,令Ch=$ 2 \frac{\gamma_{\mathrm{f}}}{1+\gamma_{\mathrm{v}}}$:
$\Delta h_{\mathrm{ps}}=\Delta h_{\mathrm{pp}} \cdot C_{\mathrm{h}}, $
其中,γf为PP、PS波的主频比,γv为PP、PS波的速度比.
下面分析常见的一些多波地震参数条件下的多波调谐厚度关系:根据表 5与图 6所示,主频比1.4348,速度比在[1.72, 1.94]区间内,PS波调谐厚度系数在[0.97, 1.05]区间内,PP和PS波的调谐厚度几乎相等,即Δhpp≈Δhps.此特征表明,如分析小于调谐厚度的薄储层时,可不用考虑调谐的影响,这将有利于多波反射特征反映岩性、物性差异.
模型储层孔隙度参数变化情况如图 7所示,控制裂缝方位角0°, 裂缝倾角90°, 裂缝密度0.07,储层厚度100 m,含水饱和度50%, 储层孔隙度范围为0.01~0.25.纵、横波速度和密度随孔隙度增加呈减小趋势,Thomsen各向异性参数有不同程度的变化趋势.提取PP、PS波的不同偏移距的振幅数据得到振幅随孔隙度变化AVO曲线与梯度曲线,如图 8所示.表 6小结了多波的共有特征,随孔隙度增大纵、横波速度和密度减小导致目标储层与第二层的波阻抗差异增大,振幅的幅度呈现增大趋势;低孔隙度AVO特征弱,高孔隙度AVO特征强.对于PP波进一步提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,可见近偏振幅响应更强烈,即近偏的振幅对孔隙度更敏感;对于PS波进一步提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,可见远偏振幅响应更强烈,即远偏的振幅对孔隙度更敏感.
抽取近偏入射角10°的PP、PS波振幅响应曲线,如图 9所示,孔隙度变化对PP、PS波振幅幅度影响呈增大趋势,在致密背景的基础上,分析孔隙发育的情况,因此以孔隙度0.01为基准,由基准标准化的梯度曲线可见孔隙度对PP波振幅的影响更大.
模型储层裂缝密度参数变化情况如图 10所示,控制裂缝方位角0°, 裂缝倾角90°, 储层厚度100 m,含水饱和度50%, 孔隙度0.13,储层裂缝密度范围为0.01~0.13.纵、横波的垂向和水平速度及Thomsen各向异性参数随裂缝密度的增大呈减小趋势,其中水平传播的纵波和横波是垂直裂缝传播的,所以速度减小的斜率更大;垂向传播的纵波和横波是顺裂缝传播的,所以速度减小的斜率较小,而Schoenberg线性滑动理论对快横波没有影响所以垂向传播的横波没有变化(帅达等,2019),并且Schoenberg线性滑动理论将裂缝在理想情况下等效为一个很薄的平面,即裂缝的总体积无限小,因此裂缝所在区域的密度不会因为裂缝的存在而发生改变(Schoenberg,1980).提取PP、PS波的不同偏移距的振幅数据得到振幅随裂缝密度变化AVO曲线与梯度曲线,如图 11所示.表 7小结了多波共有特征,低裂缝密度的AVO特征弱,高裂缝密度AVO特征强.对于PP波随裂缝密度的增加因波阻抗差异的变化,近、中偏振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对裂缝密度是具有敏感性的;进一步提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,可见近偏振幅响应更强烈,即近偏振幅对裂缝密度更敏感;对于PS波随裂缝密度的增加因波阻抗差异的变化,振幅幅度呈增大趋势,指出振幅对裂缝密度是具有敏感性的;进一步提取不同偏移距振幅的梯度值,可见远偏振幅响应更强烈,即远偏振幅对裂缝密度更敏感.
抽取近偏入射角10°的PP、PS波振幅响应曲线,如图 12所示,裂缝密度变化对PP、PS波振幅幅度影响呈增大趋势,在致密背景的基础上,分析裂缝发育的情况,因此以裂缝密度0.01为基准,由基准标准化的梯度曲线可见裂缝密度对PS波振幅的影响更大.
模型储层含水饱和度参数变化情况如图 13所示,控制裂缝方位角0°, 裂缝倾角90°, 裂缝密度0.07,储层厚度100 m,孔隙度0.13,储层含水饱和度范围为0.10~1.00,纵波速度在含水饱和度为90% ~100%时,出现Domenico效应(Domenico,1974),横波速度变化很小,如图 13a所示,Thomsen各向异性参数γ几乎没有变化表明了垂直方向和水平方向横波速度差异很小.提取PP、PS波的不同偏移距的振幅数据得到振幅随含水饱和度变化AVO曲线,如图 14所示.表 8小结了PP波不同偏移距的振幅随含水饱和度变化特征相似;含水饱和度不变时,振幅幅度随偏移距增大逐渐减弱;含水饱和度为95% ~100%出现振幅突变,是由PP波速度突变引起的,即Domenico效应;对于PS波振幅随含水饱和度变化很小.
入射角10°的PP、PS波振幅响应曲线,如图 15所示,含水饱和度对PP、PS波振幅幅度影响呈减小趋势,对PS波的影响较小,且在含水饱和度90% ~100%时PP波速度出现突变引发Domenico效应(Domenico,1974),从而引起振幅突变.以饱和水为背景,分析含气的情况,因此以饱和水为基准,由基准标准化的梯度曲线可见含水饱和度对PP波振幅的影响更大.
模型储层裂缝方位角参数变化情况如图 16所示,控制裂缝倾角90°, 裂缝密度0.07,储层厚度100 m,孔隙度0.13,含水饱和度50%, 储层裂缝方位角范围为0° ~180°变化.垂向纵波速度顺裂缝方向传播几乎没有改变,水平纵波速度垂直裂缝方向传播呈先增大后减小趋势;垂向横波速度呈先减小后增大趋势,水平、垂向横波速度在φ=90°处对称,水平横波速度在φ=45°时出现最大值,说明此方位横向传播的横波能量最强,Thomsen各向异性参数有不同程度的改变. 提取PP、PS波的不同偏移距的振幅数据得到振幅随裂缝方位角变化AVO曲线,如图 17所示.表 9小结了PP波同裂缝方位角时,AVAz响应特征表现为振幅幅度近偏强远偏弱;在φ=90°处,即波的传播方向顺裂缝传播时,波阻抗差异的影响,导致振幅最小,两侧AVAz响应特征对称;对于PS波同裂缝方位角时,AVAz响应特征表现为振幅幅度近偏弱远偏强;如图 18所示,(a)、(b)、(c)分别是方位角0°的X、Y、Z分量炮记录,(d)、(e)、(f)分别是方位角30°的X、Y、Z分量炮记录,Y分量炮记录说明了方位角的存在会出现横波分裂的现象.
近偏入射角10°的PP、PS波振幅响应曲线,如图 19所示,裂缝方位角对PP、PS波振幅影响基于φ=90°对称,在致密背景的基础上,裂缝方位角为90°时地震波顺裂缝传播,因此以裂缝方位角90°为基准,由基准标准化的梯度曲线可见裂缝方位角对PS波振幅的影响更大.
设置储层厚度100 m、裂缝方位角0°、裂缝倾角90°、含水饱和度50%, 改变裂缝密度0.01~0.13、孔隙度0.01~0.21,进行正演,选用孔隙-裂缝模型敏感的近偏记录进行响应特征分析.顶界面反射振幅随孔隙度、裂缝密度参数变化如图 20所示,可以将其分为4类:致密储层(Ⅰ类)、裂缝型储层(Ⅱ类)、典型孔隙-裂缝型储层(Ⅲ类)和孔隙型储层(Ⅳ类).
从整体上,孔隙度变化对PP、PS波的振幅幅度变化影响更大.致密储层区域,孔隙度和裂缝密度的对振幅幅度的影响较小;典型孔隙-裂缝型储层区域,孔隙度和裂缝密度的对振幅幅度的影响较大,裂缝、孔隙均对储集空间有较大贡献;而裂缝型储层、孔隙型储层区域,孔隙度和裂缝密度的对振幅幅度的影响居于前两者之间.
由于地震波在背景致密地层中传播本身也有AVO特征,下面对背景AVO特征和孔隙、裂缝因素引起的AVO特征进行了分析,如表 10和图 21所示.
综上所述,PP波和PS波的致密背景层AVO特征与孔缝发育的AVO特征存在明显差异,说明PP波和PS波振幅响应可用于指示裂缝和孔隙储集空间.
实际地震数据是复杂的,解释意义具有多解性,尽管本文利用了孔隙-裂缝型储层模型有限的变化情况进行了正演响应特征分析,已能呈现一些对实际资料解释新的参考意义,见表 11.
本文针对孔隙-裂缝复合结构的储层,结合Gassmann方程各向异性流体替换理论和Thomsen各向异性理论,构建了孔隙-裂缝介质模型,进行了弹性波正演模拟,分析了多波响应特征,获得了以下认识:
(1) 结合Gassmann方程各向异性流体替换理论和Thomsen各向异性理论,构建更加贴近实际地质条件的储层模型,可更好地表达孔隙-裂缝型储层的物性特征.
(2) 应用了2.5D交错网格有限差分法,进行了弹性波动方程正演,更加高效地模拟孔隙-裂缝储层在厚度、裂缝密度、裂缝方位角、孔隙度和含水饱和度地质条件变化的波场响应特征.
(3) 推导了PS波调谐厚度的计算公式,分析了PP波、PS波调谐厚度的关系,在常用主频比1.4348,速度比[1.72, 1.94]范围内,PP、PS波的调谐厚度两者几乎相等.
(4) 孔隙-裂缝型储层振幅响应特征:PP波的近偏振幅对裂缝密度和孔隙度更敏感;PS波的远偏振幅对裂缝密度和孔隙度更敏感;含水饱和度在90%附近出现振幅突变的Domenico效应;不同偏移距的振幅随含水饱和度变化特征相似;PP波AVAz响应特征表现为振幅幅度近偏强远偏弱,PS波呈相反趋势.
(5) 孔隙-裂缝型储层的正演模拟的响应分析的特征可以作为实际资料解释的参考依据.常规多波资料PP、PS波的调谐厚度基本一致,表明可以联合最强调谐振幅约束调谐厚度解释,也有助于关注多波对岩性、物性差异的反映;PP波近偏振幅、PS波远偏振幅对裂缝密度和孔隙度变化更敏感,可更好地反映两参数变化;含水饱和度在90%附近存在振幅突变现象;随裂缝方位角变化,PP、PS波振幅呈周期性变化,可指示裂缝方位;孔隙-裂缝综合地震响应表明孔隙度对PP、PS波振幅的影响远大于裂缝密度,可联合PP、PS波振幅响应幅度区分储层类型;孔隙-裂缝储层的PP波和PS波AVO响应特征有别于致密背景层,可用于指示裂缝、孔隙储集空间.
下一步将结合实际资料,应用以上特征,开展孔隙-裂缝型储层高精度解释方法研究.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0511
  • 接收时间:2025-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-23
  • 修回日期:2025-10-17
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    1西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500
    2中国石油物探重点实验室页岩气地球物理研究室, 成都 610500
    3广东石油化工学院, 茂名 525000

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尹成, 男, 1965年生, 教授, 研究方向为地震属性分析、地震采集优化设计.E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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