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In both natural and industrial settings, the issue of underwater gas leakage has received increasing attention. This encompasses leaks resulting from ocean engineering endeavors as well as those that occur naturally. Such leaks have emerged as a major challenge for the protection of marine environments. To accurately obtain information from these emergencies and implement prompt responses, experts across various disciplines have been suggesting and investigating novel, dependable methods for detecting underwater gas leaks over the last few decades. Building upon thorough and detailed research of existing technologies, this article examines carrier detection and marine environmental detection, systematically evaluates the current leading technologies for detecting seabed gas leaks. Furthermore, the article offers a detailed analysis of the various challenges currently faced by gas leak detection and anticipates future development trends, with the aim of providing reference and insights for research and practice in related areas.

, authors=JiangHui LI1, DaoLong ZHOU1, ZiMing WANG2, Chao XU3, Tian ZHOU3, YuFei ZHENG4, authorsList=JiangHui LI, DaoLong ZHOU, ZiMing WANG, Chao XU, Tian ZHOU, YuFei ZHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584760465355461, articleId=1309584756023587501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, language=CN, title=海底气体泄漏检测技术研究进展, columnId=1309584711584932741, journalTitle=地球物理学进展, columnName=应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在自然界及工业界, 海底气体泄漏现象正逐渐吸引公众的广泛关注.这些泄漏既源于人为工程活动, 也包括自然发生的事件.它们已成为海洋环境保护面临的关键挑战之一.为了有效预警这些突发事件并迅速采取措施, 学者们在过去数十年中, 基于多学科理论, 不断提出并研究新的、可靠的海底气体泄漏检测技术.本文深入研究了现有技术, 并从载体检测与海洋环境检测两个维度出发, 系统地整理了当前主要的海底气体泄漏检测技术, 同时深入分析了当前检测技术面临的挑战, 并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望, 旨在为相关领域的研究与实践提供参考和启示.

, authors=李姜辉1, 周道隆1, 王子明2, 徐超3, 周天3, 郑玉飞4, authorsList=李姜辉, 周道隆, 王子明, 徐超, 周天, 郑玉飞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李姜辉, 男, 1988年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事离岸碳捕集、利用与封存和海洋声学探监测研究工作.E-mail:

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李姜辉, 男, 1988年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事离岸碳捕集、利用与封存和海洋声学探监测研究工作.E-mail:

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unstructuredReference=章月华, 刘彦, 吕庆田, 等. 2025. 二氧化碳地质封存地球物理监测技术研究进展与应用展望. 中国地质, 52(1): 159-179., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309584791331238822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=null, rfOrder=146, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周延东, 刘日柱. 1998. 我国海底管道的发展状况与前景. 中国海上油气(工程), 10(4): 1-5., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309584760708625094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584760717013703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, companyId=1309584760708625094, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, 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language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the main scenarios of a submarine gas leak, figureFileSmall=+COweeLmHMz40gr4q4bBfQ==, figureFileBig=tykuShhgpUFWpIJWL1LRAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584765670486781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图1, caption=海底气体泄漏主要场景示意图, figureFileSmall=+COweeLmHMz40gr4q4bBfQ==, figureFileBig=tykuShhgpUFWpIJWL1LRAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584765930533630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Classification of methods for seabed gas leakage detection, figureFileSmall=EGwCTmifpjdTcXoxsQKe9g==, figureFileBig=w/+LSMZYrnOYd0CPcei/kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584766022808319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海底气体泄漏检测技术分类方法, figureFileSmall=EGwCTmifpjdTcXoxsQKe9g==, figureFileBig=w/+LSMZYrnOYd0CPcei/kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584766106694400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of submarine gas leakage carrier detection, figureFileSmall=GXQLgU5MeSKvpv4mk6jHDw==, figureFileBig=s32iCvR8ACWVl2DL3TSAEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584766215746305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图3, caption=海底气体泄漏载体检测示意图, figureFileSmall=GXQLgU5MeSKvpv4mk6jHDw==, figureFileBig=s32iCvR8ACWVl2DL3TSAEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584766299632386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Negative pressure wave method pipeline inspection method illustration, figureFileSmall=x/dMCMrPoF/FCXgZU5dGQw==, figureFileBig=NvIkqyXrPogbFC0NFoknQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584766383518467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图4, caption=负压波法管道检测方法图示, figureFileSmall=x/dMCMrPoF/FCXgZU5dGQw==, figureFileBig=NvIkqyXrPogbFC0NFoknQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584766459015940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Acoustic emission gas leakage detection process, figureFileSmall=NPwQh3LRyu9pWxvCSGOryQ==, figureFileBig=JpXvEH7svTWUETeP94WZZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768140931845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图5, caption=声发射法气体泄漏检测流程, figureFileSmall=NPwQh3LRyu9pWxvCSGOryQ==, figureFileBig=JpXvEH7svTWUETeP94WZZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768233206534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Semi-permeable tubes used in LEOS leak detection systems(Bryce et al., 2002), figureFileSmall=biDwsPE7BlhuQyYjVLuzoA==, figureFileBig=9IwuEiohQ8D/vwhnUmqwew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768312898311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LEOS泄漏检测系统中所使用的半透管(Bryce et al., 2002)

(a) 结构示意图;(b) 实物图.

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(a) 斯瓦尔巴特群岛西部陆缘麻坑构造电磁和OBS联合探测(Goswami et al., 2015);(b) 挪威Nyegga麻坑构造OBS探测(Plaza-Faverola et al., 2010);(c) STEMM-CCS计划,在北海分析了一个麻坑构造中独特的主动源地震各向异性(Bayrakci et al., 2021);(d) 尼日尔河三角洲天然气水合物微地震探测(Sultan et al., 2011);(e) 斯瓦尔巴特群岛西部陆缘天然气水合物探测(Chabert et al., 2011);(f) 2009年广州海洋地质调查局南海北部陆坡天然气水合物地震调查(沙志彬等, 2014).

, figureFileSmall=gtNFtt+qsIOvcbSdSL66Jg==, figureFileBig=lUavMM5+T7eQ+l/OKE9rIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768627471114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Schematic diagram of underwater environmental monitoring of seabed gas leakage, figureFileSmall=M4wjKrVCfjmh+06oeJUKCw==, figureFileBig=ysiXalyOu+vWmuJFLKVAkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768711357195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图8, caption=海底气体泄漏水下环境监测示意图, figureFileSmall=M4wjKrVCfjmh+06oeJUKCw==, figureFileBig=ysiXalyOu+vWmuJFLKVAkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768820409100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Multibeam echosounder (70~100 kHz) imaging of a seabed methane plume on multibeam profiles(Li et al., 2020a), figureFileSmall=PIkXz6IwIJrZoA+7dyQWDQ==, figureFileBig=6UVAdnM0AmgLw7eNtsEmMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768887517965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图9, caption=多波束回声测深仪(70~100 kHz)在多波束剖面上对海底甲烷羽流的成像(Li et al., 2020a), figureFileSmall=PIkXz6IwIJrZoA+7dyQWDQ==, figureFileBig=6UVAdnM0AmgLw7eNtsEmMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584768958821134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=(a) Hydrophone array deployed on the seafloor; (b) Leaking carbon dioxide bubbles captured by a camera on the frame of the hydrophone array(Li et al., 2021), figureFileSmall=Ses8v47f2wYrc+2IZt031Q==, figureFileBig=z/0ZRpObPG3+j3Q2Wdy8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584769051095823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图10, caption=(a) 在海底布放的水听器阵列;(b)水听器阵列框架上的相机拍摄的泄漏的二氧化碳气泡(Li et al., 2021), figureFileSmall=Ses8v47f2wYrc+2IZt031Q==, figureFileBig=z/0ZRpObPG3+j3Q2Wdy8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584769147564816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=General flow chart for a subsea gas leakage monitoring program, figureFileSmall=whKs9CYNd3oWszvsWappgw==, figureFileBig=JB5WFXKH/s7UNkQ/VD3s2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584769231450897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=图11, caption=典型海底气体泄漏监测方案流程图, figureFileSmall=whKs9CYNd3oWszvsWappgw==, figureFileBig=JB5WFXKH/s7UNkQ/VD3s2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584769311142674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Conclusion of technology for seabed gas leakage detection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测分类检测方法技术描述主要优点主要缺点
载体检测内检测器法基于超声、漏磁、射线、涡流和热像等原理,利用传感器监测管道内部的参数变化检测精度高,定位能力强维护困难,需要专业人员操作
负压波法当管道某处突然发生泄漏时,泄漏点会产生瞬时压力下降,形成负压波反应迅速,能够实现实时检测,成本低微慢泄漏检测效果不佳
分布式光纤传感器法光纤沿管道铺设,异常活动引起光纤温度变化、光波导介质变化及弯曲拉伸应变灵敏度高,可实现长距离、大范围连续监测安装成本高,维护困难,光纤易受物理损坏
声发射法事先在管道外壁安装声音传感器,安装在管道外壁的声音传感器将接收并放大噪声灵敏度高,适合检测微小泄漏对海底噪声敏感,信号传播范围有限
特殊材料法烃敏半透管收集泄漏气体,敏感材料法采用会与泄漏物质发生反应的线缆灵敏度极高,效果直观,便于识别成本高,不能长期重复使用
地质监测法海底地震仪(OBS)多波分量地震探测检测范围广,能够提前预警理论不够完善
水下环境检测声学检测法主动声学法利用声波作为探测信号主动发送到水下目标,并通过接收反射信号来获取目标信息定位精度高,能够大范围扫描受海洋环境影响严重,能耗高
被动声学法利用水下环境中存在的自然声音或目标产生的声音来进行检测和识别能耗低,适合长时间远距离监测受环境影响大,处理算法复杂
水面遥感法利用遥感技术对水面及其周边区域进行监测和识别覆盖范围广、观测周期短,适合大范围快速扫描深水探测能力弱,无法识别溶解度高的气体
化学传感器法测量与泄漏直接或间接相关的海水中特定化学成分的浓度,如pH、pCO2等设备便携,适合现场快速测试受海洋环境影响大,需分析海洋环境数据
), ArticleFig(id=1309584769407611667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397311409356903, articleId=1309584756023587501, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海底气体泄漏检测技术归纳

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测分类检测方法技术描述主要优点主要缺点
载体检测内检测器法基于超声、漏磁、射线、涡流和热像等原理,利用传感器监测管道内部的参数变化检测精度高,定位能力强维护困难,需要专业人员操作
负压波法当管道某处突然发生泄漏时,泄漏点会产生瞬时压力下降,形成负压波反应迅速,能够实现实时检测,成本低微慢泄漏检测效果不佳
分布式光纤传感器法光纤沿管道铺设,异常活动引起光纤温度变化、光波导介质变化及弯曲拉伸应变灵敏度高,可实现长距离、大范围连续监测安装成本高,维护困难,光纤易受物理损坏
声发射法事先在管道外壁安装声音传感器,安装在管道外壁的声音传感器将接收并放大噪声灵敏度高,适合检测微小泄漏对海底噪声敏感,信号传播范围有限
特殊材料法烃敏半透管收集泄漏气体,敏感材料法采用会与泄漏物质发生反应的线缆灵敏度极高,效果直观,便于识别成本高,不能长期重复使用
地质监测法海底地震仪(OBS)多波分量地震探测检测范围广,能够提前预警理论不够完善
水下环境检测声学检测法主动声学法利用声波作为探测信号主动发送到水下目标,并通过接收反射信号来获取目标信息定位精度高,能够大范围扫描受海洋环境影响严重,能耗高
被动声学法利用水下环境中存在的自然声音或目标产生的声音来进行检测和识别能耗低,适合长时间远距离监测受环境影响大,处理算法复杂
水面遥感法利用遥感技术对水面及其周边区域进行监测和识别覆盖范围广、观测周期短,适合大范围快速扫描深水探测能力弱,无法识别溶解度高的气体
化学传感器法测量与泄漏直接或间接相关的海水中特定化学成分的浓度,如pH、pCO2等设备便携,适合现场快速测试受海洋环境影响大,需分析海洋环境数据
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海底气体泄漏检测技术研究进展
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李姜辉 1 , 周道隆 1 , 王子明 2 , 徐超 3 , 周天 3 , 郑玉飞 4
地球物理学进展 | 应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026,41(1): 388-404
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地球物理学进展 |应用地球物理学(油气、金属矿、海洋、环境、工程、仪器等) 2026 , 41 (1) : 388 -404
海底气体泄漏检测技术研究进展
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李姜辉, 男, 1988年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事离岸碳捕集、利用与封存和海洋声学探监测研究工作.E-mail:

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李姜辉, 男, 1988年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事离岸碳捕集、利用与封存和海洋声学探监测研究工作.E-mail:

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李姜辉1 , 周道隆1, 王子明2, 徐超3, 周天3, 郑玉飞4
作者信息
  • 1厦门大学海洋与地球学院, 厦门 361005
  • 2厦门大学材料学院, 厦门 361005
  • 3哈尔滨工程大学水声工程学院, 哈尔滨 150001
  • 4中海油田服务股份有限公司, 天津 065201
作者简介:

李姜辉, 男, 1988年生, 博士, 教授, 主要从事离岸碳捕集、利用与封存和海洋声学探监测研究工作.E-mail:

Advances in detection technologies for seabed gas leakage
JiangHui LI1 , DaoLong ZHOU1, ZiMing WANG2, Chao XU3, Tian ZHOU3, YuFei ZHENG4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 2College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
  • 3College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
  • 4China Oilfield Services Limited, Tianjin 065201, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0429
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在自然界及工业界, 海底气体泄漏现象正逐渐吸引公众的广泛关注.这些泄漏既源于人为工程活动, 也包括自然发生的事件.它们已成为海洋环境保护面临的关键挑战之一.为了有效预警这些突发事件并迅速采取措施, 学者们在过去数十年中, 基于多学科理论, 不断提出并研究新的、可靠的海底气体泄漏检测技术.本文深入研究了现有技术, 并从载体检测与海洋环境检测两个维度出发, 系统地整理了当前主要的海底气体泄漏检测技术, 同时深入分析了当前检测技术面临的挑战, 并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望, 旨在为相关领域的研究与实践提供参考和启示.

海底气体  /  泄漏检测  /  载体  /  环境  /  管道  /  海底碳封存

In both natural and industrial settings, the issue of underwater gas leakage has received increasing attention. This encompasses leaks resulting from ocean engineering endeavors as well as those that occur naturally. Such leaks have emerged as a major challenge for the protection of marine environments. To accurately obtain information from these emergencies and implement prompt responses, experts across various disciplines have been suggesting and investigating novel, dependable methods for detecting underwater gas leaks over the last few decades. Building upon thorough and detailed research of existing technologies, this article examines carrier detection and marine environmental detection, systematically evaluates the current leading technologies for detecting seabed gas leaks. Furthermore, the article offers a detailed analysis of the various challenges currently faced by gas leak detection and anticipates future development trends, with the aim of providing reference and insights for research and practice in related areas.

Seabed gas  /  Leak detection  /  Carrier  /  Environment  /  Pipelines  /  Marine carbon storage
李姜辉, 周道隆, 王子明, 徐超, 周天, 郑玉飞. 海底气体泄漏检测技术研究进展. 地球物理学进展, 2026 , 41 (1) : 388 -404 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0429
JiangHui LI, DaoLong ZHOU, ZiMing WANG, Chao XU, Tian ZHOU, YuFei ZHENG. Advances in detection technologies for seabed gas leakage[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2026 , 41 (1) : 388 -404 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2026II0429
海底气体泄漏是自然界和工业领域中常见的现象,对海洋环境安全构成了重大威胁.例如,海底油气管道的泄漏不仅破坏海洋生态系统,还可能对海洋产业经济和人类健康带来潜在风险.在真实的海底环境中,气体泄漏不仅可由人为工程活动引起,还可能自然发生(图 1).
在工程性泄漏中,如海底管道、海底碳封存的泄漏问题.海底管道可分为海底表面管道和海底埋地管道.随着海洋油气资源的持续开发,海底管道已经成为油气资源运输、收集和分配的关键组成部分.1954年美国的Brown & Root公司在墨西哥湾的Cameron气田铺设了世界上第一条海底管道.中国首条海底管道于1973年在山东黄岛采用浮托法铺设,管道长度达到500 m(周延东和刘日柱, 1998).目前,我国海底管道总里程超过9000 km,其中油气混输管道、天然气管道、注水管道、原油管道分别占比40%、19%、26%、13%(陈海龙等, 2020).然而,长期处于外部海水环境和内部输送介质腐蚀作用下的海底管道,加之可能的第三方破坏、自然灾害以及工程质量问题,其泄漏风险不容小觑(秦志亮等, 2011; 王红红和刘国恒, 2017; 范丽丽等, 2023).历史上也曾多次发生海底管道气体泄漏事件,据美国矿产管理局(Minerals Management Service, MMS)统计,1967—1987这20年间墨西哥湾共发生690起海底管道事件,平均每年35起(Herbich, 1981).2000年10至11月,我国东海平湖油气田的海底输油管道岱山段因先后两次遭波流冲刷而断裂,导致上海部分居民天然气供应中断,修复花费超过2000万元人民币(许文兵, 2003).海底管道泄漏事故频发,导致了巨大的经济损失.因此,寻找有效技术手段以确保海底设备的安全运行,一直是海底管道工程领域的关注焦点.
另一个可能由工程活动引起的海底气体泄漏场景是海底碳封存.海底碳封存被认为是解决人类温室气体排放问题的一个关键策略.目前,全球范围内已启动了多个海底二氧化碳(CO2)地质封存项目,包括1996年挪威北海的Sleiper封存项目、2008年挪威巴伦支海的Snøhvit封存项目、2016年日本在北海道附近进行的30万吨CO2海底封存试验,以及2019年澳大利亚在西北近海油气田的Gorgon项目等(Ringrose, 2018; Marshall, 2022; 许晓艺等, 2023).我国近海CO2封存潜力巨大,具备多个适宜海底碳封存的沉积层盆地,但由于起步较晚,开展的地质封存项目有限(Li, 2025; 李姜辉等, 2023a).海底碳封存项目必须对气体泄漏进行严密监测.由于海底碳封存区域广阔且海洋环境复杂,气体泄漏的风险贯穿于多个环节.例如,注入井筒可能因海水长期腐蚀而破损,从而引发气体泄漏;储层环境的变化,如局部压力增加,也可能降低储层的密闭性,导致CO2沿着不稳定的流体通道在地层中迁移.当气体运移至海床时,会形成气泡并逸出到海水中,严重时,还会聚集形成气体羽流.为了避免重大的海底地质安全风险,运用海底气体泄漏检测技术对潜在风险进行预警显得尤为关键.通过综合运用多种监测技术,可以有效判断注入海底地层的CO2是否存在泄漏、确定泄漏的具体位置、追踪其扩散路径,并评估其对海洋生态系统可能产生的影响(张海滨等, 2023).
此外,海底自然气体泄漏主要源自三种现象:海底火山喷发、冷泉活动以及热液喷口气体释放.海底火山喷发不仅释放大量热量和岩浆,还释放了二氧化碳、甲烷、硫化氢等气体,形成大量气泡.这些气体的释放会对海洋环境产生显著影响,可能导致局部海域酸化和氧气浓度下降.冷泉活动广泛分布于海洋环境,该区域通常富含天然气水合物,气体通过冷泉进入海水,形成气体羽流,影响局部环境与生物群落.通过对水层气体羽流的识别,不仅有助于天然气水合物的开发,还对温室效应、碳循环及深海生物科学研究具有重要参考意义(杨力等, 2018; 唐俊红等, 2020; 孙涛等, 2022).海底热液活动是指富含金属元素、甲烷、二氧化碳等化学组分的高温流体从海底喷出或溢出的现象,常伴随塔状或柱状烟囱体及硫化物堆积等特征(曾志刚等, 2020).
随着我国在海洋资源开发、环境保护和灾害预防领域的持续进步,海底气体泄漏检测技术的需求不断增长.我国海洋油气资源丰富,海底油气田的开发已成为国家能源战略的关键部分.随着海底管道铺设里程的不断增长和海底油气输送网络的日益复杂化,对泄漏监测和风险控制的要求也在不断提升.气体泄漏通常伴随着气体羽流和气泡的产生,利用这些泄漏信号对海底地质活动进行早期预警,有助于减少灾害带来的损失.此外,随着我国对海洋环境保护的日益重视,海底气体泄漏检测技术在识别和监测温室气体的自然排放、评估天然气水合物开发对环境的影响等方面扮演着重要角色.应用恰当的泄漏检测技术可以帮助我们及时了解气体排放情况,为制定有效的环境保护措施提供必要的数据支持.
本文基于我国对海洋环境保护和海洋经济发展的需求,对现行的海底气体泄漏检测技术进行了全面的梳理,深入探讨了各种检测方法的先进性和优缺点,分析了该领域技术发展所面临的挑战,并展望了海底气体泄漏检测技术的发展趋势,旨在为低成本、高可靠性的海底气体检测技术的发展提供参考.
为了全面系统地总结海底气体泄漏检测技术,本文提出了一种基于特定标准对现有方法进行分类的框架.这些检测技术大多依赖于对特定物理量或现象的测量与观测,这些物理量或现象通常包括气体的浓度、流速、压力、声学特性、光学特性等信息,或这些信息的组合.因此,在进行分类时,主要根据这些物理量来进行区分. 例如,在光学相关文献中,气体泄漏检测方法通常被划分为光学方法和非光学方法两大类(Sivathanu, 2003; Batzias et al., 2011).
根据检测过程中人工干预的程度,检测方法可以分为自动检测、半自动检测和手动检测三大类(Murvay and Silea, 2012).自动检测是通过完善的监控系统实现的,它能够在无需人工干预的情况下自动识别并报告气体泄漏事件(如使用光纤传感器);半自动检测则在一定程度上依赖于人工的输入或辅助来完成(如采用数字信号处理);而手动检测则完全依赖于人工操作的设备和系统(如使用激光雷达).
此外,一些学者建议将气体泄漏检测技术划分为直接检测和间接检测两大类别(Folga, 2007).直接检测技术涉及使用肉眼观察或利用便携式设备沿管线进行巡查,以直接测量气体泄漏情况;相比之下,间接检测方法则是通过观察温度和压力等物理参数的变动,来推断气体泄漏的可能性.
一种常见的分类方式是依据检测技术的性质,将其划分为硬件基础方法和软件基础方法(Scott and Barrufet, 2003),这两种方法有时亦被称为外部泄漏检测系统与内部泄漏检测系统(Gerhard et al., 2003). 基于硬件的方法主要依赖于特定的传感设备,如声学、光学和化学传感器,以探测气体泄漏;而软件方法则通过监控压力、温度、流量等管道参数的变化,并依据这些参数的异常来推断泄漏的可能性.
上述分类主要适用于陆地或管道气体泄漏检测.至于海底气体泄漏检测,目前还没有形成统一的分类体系.鉴于海洋环境的独特性,许多适用于陆地的气体泄漏检测技术难以直接应用于水下,同时在水下环境中实施技术与安装设备也面临更多挑战.因此,本文提出了一种相较更合理的海底气体泄漏检测技术分类方法(图 2).根据泄漏检测的定位(即,检测点是依附于载体还是在水下环境中),可以将海底气体泄漏检测技术分为载体检测和海洋环境检测两大类.
以下将以图 2中的分类方法作为框架,详细介绍海底气体泄漏检测技术的工作原理、优势及局限性,如表 1所示.
载体检测直接针对包含气体的载体进行,监测其物理和化学参数的变化.该类别主要包括内检测法、负压波法、分布式光纤传感器法、声发射法、特殊材料法以及地质监测法(图 3).
内检测法是一种成熟的气体泄漏检测技术,已在陆上管道泄漏检测领域得到广泛应用,并显示出在海底管道检测中应用的潜力.该技术通过在管道内部安装多种传感器或检测器,利用超声波、漏磁、涡流等原理,实时监控管道内部参数的变动,从而可及时发现并评估泄漏或损坏的迹象(宋生奎等, 2005).由于各种内检测技术基于不同的原理,它们也各有侧重:超声波检测技术通过测量管壁内外表面的反射时间差来评估管壁的厚度,适用于检测大直径管道中的腐蚀和裂纹等缺陷(彭湘桂, 2017);漏磁检测技术依据磁通量的量化来识别管道缺陷,适用于检测中小型管道中的腐蚀和径向裂纹(苏志华等, 2021; 杨理践等, 2016);涡流检测法,依托于电磁感应原理,可实现无接触的高速自动化检测(黄松岭等, 2011).这些检测器不仅具有高精度的特性,还能针对泄漏的高发区域进行精确安装,从而实现及时的评估.
目前,陆上油气管道的内检测技术已经相当成熟,能够有效地识别并量化管道中的金属损耗、几何变形等缺陷.这些技术为气体泄漏提供了及时的预警机制,显著降低了安全风险(李睿, 2024).然而,由于海底管道的长度以及缺乏阀门等特性,使得内检测器的维护和修理工作变得异常复杂.加之水下环境的错综复杂,一旦内检测器发生故障,修复工作将面临巨大的挑战.
在国际上,一些发达国家已经在海底管道检测设备技术领域积累了深厚的经验.美国研发了能够追踪海底管道的潜水车辆和雷达定位系统,并结合了漏磁检测等先进技术,以实现对管道内部的精确探漏(王怀江等, 2023).同时,国外己经有许多专业研制漏磁原理管道检测设备的公司,其中主要厂家有GE、ROSEN等.相对而言,国内在海底管道检测技术领域的发展起步较晚.尽管已经进行了一系列的理论和实验研究,但在水下环境的应用仍然处于初步探索阶段.例如,由天津大学开发的球形管道检测器,展现了经济性、用户友好性以及抗阻塞特性(郭世旭等, 2015).在应用领域,国内众多陆上管道检测企业,例如中石油管道局,已经实现了产品系列化.然而,在海底管道检测领域,这些企业的经验尚显不足.2006—2010年胜利油田成功研发了Φ325 mm规格的海底管道内检测工程样机(王怀江等, 2023),为我国海底管道内检测技术的发展奠定了基础.但由于技术和风险等原因,我国实际实施的海底管道内检测工程仍然偏少,内检测技术仍然落后,而且测试阶段离大规模实际工程应用还有相当长的距离(王金龙等, 2016).
在管道系统中,若某处发生突发泄漏,泄漏点会迅速经历压力骤降,导致负压波现象的产生(靳世久等, 1998).为了精确地定位泄漏点,可以利用安装在泄漏位置两端的传感器来监测压力信号的波动.通过计算由泄漏引起的负压波与上游及下游波动之间的时间差,可确定泄漏的确切位置.具体检测方法(图 4):设管道两端的压力传感器距离为L(m),当距离管道左侧X(m)处发生泄漏时,泄漏点波动传递到左端传感器用时为t1(s);传递到右端传感器用时为t2(s),管道内的流速为v0(m/s),负压波的波速为v(m/s);传感器先后检测负压波的时间差为Δt12=t1-t2,则可得到:
$t_{1} =\frac{X}{v-v_{0}}, $
$t_{2} =\frac{L-X}{v+v_{0}} ,$
$\Delta t =t_{1}-t_{2}=\frac{X}{v-v_{0}}-\frac{L-X}{v+v_{0}}, $
结合式(1)—(3)可得:
$\begin{equation*}X=\frac{1}{2 v}\left[L\left(v-v_{0}\right)+\Delta t\left(v^{2}-v_{0}^{2}\right)\right], \end{equation*}$
根据式(4),可以计算出管道的泄漏位置.
自该技术问世以来,负压波法一直在经历持续的优化与创新.针对微小和缓慢泄漏检测效果不佳的挑战,Silva等(1996)在1996年开发了一种改进的算法.该算法利用小波变换技术提取瞬态负压波信号,并精确地识别两端测量点信号的特征点,显著提升了检测的精确度.在负压波检测技术的基础上,目前存在两种常用的定位方法:一种是基于差分算法,它能迅速识别波形特征点;另一种方法则是通过确定相关函数的峰值点来实现定位.研究显示,将这两种方法结合使用,可以显著提高泄漏定位的准确性(王效东等, 2008).此外,王正等(2015)通过多压力传感器采集负压波信号,记录泵站内两组压力传感器接收负压波的顺序,并根据该顺序共同判断负压波的产生原因.该方法显著降低了误报率,并提高了定位的精确度.Zhang等(2015)提出了一种融合实时瞬态建模与负压波技术的混合方法,该方法能够精确地区分泄漏状况与正常操作状况.Jia等(2015)则提出了一种基于负压波技术的创新变形方法.该方法能够测量负压波的能量衰减曲线,并通过分析曲线交点来精确地定位泄漏点.
近年来,负压波法检测领域的研究主要集中在压力信号去噪技术上.Liu等(2021)提出了一种基于变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition, VMD)的自适应去噪技术,以及一种基于VMD的拐点提取技术.通过仿真和实验验证,这些方法能够有效抑制噪声干扰,并能精确、稳定地计算时差.为了解决压力信号中趋势分量对检测精度的潜在影响,Zhang和Lin(2023)开发了一种基于信号区间统计分布的趋势判断准则.刘爱明等(2024)改进了负压波定位算法,提出并推导了其泄漏位置粗区间的计算公式,实现了对泄漏点的准确定位.
尽管负压波技术拥有高灵敏度和精确的定位能力,并且成本相对低廉,但它无法探测到微小的负压波变化.因此,该技术主要适用于侦测突发性或大规模泄漏事件,对于已经发生的微小泄漏或渗漏则不够敏感(吴希明等, 2022).负压波技术能够检测到的泄漏量通常限制在原油总流量的1%以上,以及天然气总流量的5%以上(Scott and Barrufet, 2003).在水下环境中,大规模泄漏往往会在海面上迅速显现,这也是负压波技术在水下应用中面临的主要局限.
管道泄漏不仅会引发管道壁及其周围土壤的振动,还会导致介质和温度的改变.当光纤沿着管道铺设时,气体泄漏等异常活动将直接引起光纤温度的波动、光波导介质特性的变化,以及光纤的弯曲、拉伸或压缩变形.因此,分布式光纤技术能够有效地检测应变和温度的异常变化,从而实现对水下管道泄漏的实时监测,尤其适用于长距离、大范围的连续监控.从光纤中光的传播原理来看,光纤传感器的检测方法包括反射分布式光纤检测(王清月等, 2006)、干涉分布式光纤检测(谭靖等, 2006)和准分布式光纤光栅检测(LeBlanc et al., 1996; Chan et al., 1999; Nellen et al., 2002)等多种类型;而从光纤探测信号的种类来看,检测方法可分为分布式振动传感(Distributed Vibration Sensor, DVS)、分布式声波传感(Distributed Acoustic Sensor, DAS)和分布式温度传感(Distributed Temperature Sensor, DTS)等.
近年来,分布式光纤检测技术持续进步.任何物质的泄漏都会在泄漏点周围引起温度变化,基于这一现象,Walker和Carr(2003)首次提出了分布式温度传感(DTS)技术,用于检测埋地无水氨管道中的泄漏.他们发现,泄漏的气态氨会随着泄漏量的增加而引起周围环境温度的下降.Tennyson等(2004)利用布里渊光纤传感系统监测由外部干扰引起的应变,发现该系统对不同土壤深度的特定载荷具有敏感性.Bhuiyan等(2016)在研究泄漏区域周围的温度监测时指出,传感器接收到的信号强度受到热梯度水平对流的显著影响.Wang等(2016)开发了一种新型的分布式温差传感器(Distributed Differential Temperature Sensor, DdTS),其灵敏度高达0.0005 ℃,定位精度达到数米级别.Zhang(2018)提出了光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG)传感器,解决了干涉式光纤传感器相位测量的不确定性问题.Wang等(2022)结合压缩传感理论与FBG管道传感器阵列,提出了一种无需增加传感器数量的管道泄漏检测与定位方法,显著提升了定位精度和稳定性.Chen等(2024)在2024年提出了一种基于光纤光栅应变传感技术的负压波检测方法,验证了该方法在管道泄漏检测和定位中的有效性.其平均定位精度小于0.5 m,定位误差在3.96% ~7.36%之间.
分布式光纤传感器技术在复杂海底管道的泄漏监测中表现突出.例如,德国Mittelplate油田项目应用DTS技术对位于瓦登海国家公园的管道进行实时监测,显著减少了对敏感生态系统的潜在影响.尽管如此,施工和成本的限制通常导致光纤仅铺设在管道的一侧.在泄漏点距离较远或位于光纤铺设的对侧,特别是在泄漏强度较弱的情况下,及时检测到泄漏可能会变得困难.目前,分布式光纤主要用于监测如船只拖锚、海底地质活动、海上作业等强外力作用的场合,或在海洋工程的混凝土结构中,通过埋设或贴附光纤来监测局部变形、腐蚀、开裂等问题.鉴于海洋环境的特殊性,一旦光纤受损,其修复和更换将面临巨大的挑战.
声发射检测技术是一种非接触式的监测方法,需在管道的外壁安装声学传感器,例如谐振式传感器和宽带传感器.当管道出现泄漏时,泄漏点会产生特定的声波信号.这些信号被安装在外壁的传感器捕捉并放大.随后,通过计算机软件对这些声波信号进行处理,将其转换成可分析的声波形数据(Su et al., 2019).通过对这些数据进行深入分析,可以有效地监测管道泄漏情况,并精确地定位泄漏点(Miller et al., 1999)(图 5).
在进行泄漏检测时,泄漏信号一般可以被归类为突发型和连续型两种.为了更精确地提取这些信号序列,研究人员提出了运用小波分析等尖端滤波技术来减少信号中的噪声干扰,并结合小波包分解等手段,以实现对泄漏信号的精确定位(Pan et al., 2011; Xiang et al., 2011).
基于管道泄漏声源的特性及其发声机制研究,Liang等(2013)依据气动声学原理构建了一个声场,在维持低误报率的同时,显著增强了对微小泄漏的检测灵敏度.近年来,声发射检测技术的研究重点转向了对信号处理算法的优化.通过与人工智能技术的融合,研究人员开发出了更为高效和精确的识别算法.Lang等(2018)基于小波包分解,提出了具有独立分量回归(Independent Component Regression, ICR)的深度置信网络(Deep Belief Network, DBN),实现了管道泄漏检测并识别出泄漏孔大小.Cui等(2024)结合了改进的自适应噪声完全集合经验模态分解(Improved Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise, ICEEMDAN)与概率神经网络(Probability Neural Network, PNN),在稳定性、抗干扰性能和检测精度方面实现了显著提升.
声发射技术在检测流量较低、压力较高的管道方面具有独特优势.在对埋地管道进行探测时,该技术的灵敏度显著超越其他检测手段,并能实现对泄漏源的精确定位(别沁等, 2007).然而,声发射技术的效能受到测量点分布的影响.当测量点间距增大时,其检测效能会相应降低.因此,在实际应用中,通过优化传感器布局,可以在一定程度上提升检测的准确性.
特殊材料法一般是通过在被淤泥覆盖的海底管道外部铺设烃敏半透管来应对泄漏问题.该方法通过管外泄漏的碳氢化合物分子扩散穿过管外的薄膜进入打孔的塑料管内,利用空气定期循环,将积聚在管内的碳氢化合物分子随气流输送到传感模块进行检测(Sperl, 1991).图 6展示了LEOS泄漏检测系统中所使用的半透管,通过测量样品从泄漏点到测量站的传输时间,系统可以精确确定泄漏的存在及位置(Bryce et al., 2002).尽管如此,由于铺设检漏管的成本高昂,这种方法在深水环境下的应用受到了限制.
另一方面,敏感材料法监测技术(Sandberg et al., 1989)利用能与泄漏物质发生反应的敏感材料制成的线缆,通过测量线缆的电阻、电容等特性来检测泄漏.这些方法都是为特定气体设计的,材料对泄漏气体具有选择性反应,能够通过颜色变化或化学反应直观地显示泄漏情况,展现出极高的灵敏度.但是,由于材料的耐腐蚀性和环境因素的限制,这些方法的适用场景有限,并且难以实现长期重复使用.此外,分段密封法(Lowes, 1990)和针对双层管道的真空环法(Langner and Bass, 2001)等技术,也因为复杂的水下工艺条件而未能得到广泛的应用.
上述载体检测技术主要适用于海底管道这类设施.然而,对于海底地质气体泄漏来说,目前,垂直地震剖面(Vertical Seismic Profile, VSP)、微震、井间地震和时延地震等常见的地质监测方法,已在全球多个CCUS项目中得到了广泛应用,如Sleipner、Weyburn、Frio、Otway等国外项目及神华CCS、吉林油田、胜利油田等国内项目(章月华等,2025).
为了实现有效的监测,海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer, OBS)的多波分量地震探测技术得到了广泛的应用.通过这项技术,研究人员能够研究海底地壳内的储层结构和流体状态.鉴于流体与周围岩层在地震学特性上的差异,采用多波多分量海底地震方法能够对地层内部进行精确探测(钱伯章和朱建芳, 2008).目前全球已有多项研究利用OBS对海底流体进行探测的实例,如图 7所示(魏垚等, 2023).
OBS多分量地震探测技术拥有显著的优势,包括广泛的监测范围、较深的探测深度、较高的信噪比以及较大的偏移距等.这些优势使得该技术能够执行长期、大范围的海底气体泄漏监测,并提前发出预警.通过应用这项技术,我们能够对封存盆地进行持续的长期监测,深入分析盆地内部的储层结构和流体动态变化,进而评估封存气体的泄漏风险,并及时发出预警.(魏垚等, 2023).
水下环境监测专注于对水体本身或其内部气体泄漏产生的物质(例如气泡)进行检测,通过间接手段判断气体是否泄漏.该监测方法涵盖了声学检测技术(包括主动声学法和被动声学法)、水面遥感技术以及化学传感技术(图 8).
在海底气体泄漏的场景下,天然气管道的破裂、气井的密封失效、海底冷泉的排放以及可燃冰的分解均会导致大量甲烷气体的释放.鉴于甲烷在水中的溶解度相对较低,这些气体往往会迅速形成大量气泡(陈江欣等, 2017; 张闪闪等, 2020; 孙浩等, 2022).考虑到海水介质的独特属性,电磁波在水中的传播会遭受显著的衰减,而声音则能在水下实现较远距离的传播.由于声学设备能够覆盖广泛的工作范围(从数米到数百米),并且能够与水中气泡的声学特性相结合,因此它们成为了检测海底气体泄漏的优选工具(段沛然等, 2020; 单晨晨等, 2020).根据声学传感器的差异,声学检测可以进一步划分为主动声学法和被动声学法.
主动声学法的核心理念在于主动发射声波至水下目标,并通过捕捉反射回来的声波信号来获取目标信息.在海底气体泄漏的检测领域,该方法特别指通过向气泡羽流发射声波,并利用水和气体之间显著的声阻抗差异产生的强烈回声来评估气体泄漏的程度;如图 9所示,Li等(2020a)在北海对大规模甲烷渗漏进行了主动声学的探测.这项技术所使用的声学设备种类丰富,涵盖了单波束扫描声呐、多波束声呐、探鱼声呐、侧扫声呐、合成孔径声呐以及海底剖面仪等多种设备(李姜辉等, 2023b).
自21世纪初,主动声学技术在海底气体泄漏检测领域得到了广泛的应用.Greinert等(2006)运用分裂波束系统对黑海的天然气水合物矿床进行了探测,并成功地在声学图像中辨识出火焰状的气泡羽流.Naudts等(2008)利用单波束声呐对黑海的油气喷发现象进行了详尽的研究,声呐图像清晰地展示了从海底向上延伸的“火焰状”气体羽流.栾锡武等(2010)在鄂霍茨克海通过侧扫声呐图像识别出海底天然气水合物的气羽流,这些气羽流在图像上呈现出明显的亮斑特征;同年,Sahling等(2010)使用搭载避障声呐的遥控潜水器(ROV)对黑海的一个天然气水合物矿区进行了观察,并成功记录了水下气体泄漏的声反向散射信号.
随着技术的持续发展,主动声学技术的应用范围也在不断扩大,其从基础的定性分析逐渐转向更为精确的定量测量.Leblond等(2014)利用坐底声呐系统对泄漏气体进行了全面的定量分析.Blomberg等(2017)将合成孔径声呐技术与信号处理、泄漏气体声学理论及空间特性相结合,成功在北海实现了泄漏气体的自动检测.Young等(2018)采用声透镜声呐技术,结合粒子图像测速法,精确测量了泄漏气体的流速.同年,Blomberg等(2018)再次利用分裂波束扇区的波束空间相干性,实现了对水中气体的自动检测.
近年来,主动声学技术的应用效果得到了进一步的证实.在2019至2020年间,Uchimoto等(2019, 2020)通过一系列原位实验,展示了侧扫声呐在探测水体中气泡方面的潜力.他们的研究成功在海底约6 m的深度观察到了两种不同大小的气泡,其直径大约为1 cm和1~2 mm.与此同时,Li等(2020a)融合了多波束成像技术和单波束回声测深仪,用于估算海底气体渗漏的通量.在北海大规模甲烷渗漏监测项目中,该方法取得了显著的成效.Nadimi等(2021)通过利用气泡和管道散射场在合成孔径不同角度的相干组合进行泄漏检测,清晰地区分不同范围内的气泡信号.Guo等(2022)介绍了一种舰载冷渗声呐系统,该系统基于气泡的共振原理来测量水下不同深度的散射强度,通过对南海冷渗水的调查和测量,证明了该冷渗声呐系统在识别海底冷渗方面具有良好的性能.
主动声学法可实现对水下目标的远程监测,无需与目标直接接触,同时保证了较高的定位精度.尽管如此,这项技术同样遭遇了若干挑战,包括较高的能耗、复杂的设备构成,以及海洋环境因素(例如水温和水质)和海底地形对声波传播造成的衰减和失真影响.
被动声学技术的核心优势在于它利用水下环境中自然存在的声波或由目标物体发出的声波,而非主动发射声波.该技术通过水听器捕捉目标或环境发出的声音信号,获取目标信息,具有较低的能耗,适合在海洋环境中执行长期、低干扰的监测任务.在监测海底气体泄漏方面,被动声学技术通过侦测气泡形成及其壁面振动所产生的声学特性来实现泄漏的检测.这些声学特性随后可以借助特定的气泡识别算法转换为具体的泄漏数据.例如,Li等(2021)基于被动声学技术,通过布防水听器阵列在北海进行了受控CO2泄漏的测量以及估算(图 10).
近年来,被动声学技术在监测海底气体泄漏方面取得了显著的进展.例如,Nikolovska和Waldmann(2006)设计的被动声学测量装置能够精确测量7.2~16.8 mL/min的气体泄漏流量,误差控制在3%以内.Leighton和White(2012)提出了一种处理大规模泄漏气泡重叠情况的测量方法,通过理论推导和声信号反演技术来估计泄漏量,验证了利用声信号功率谱反演气泡尺寸方法的可行性.Li等(2020b)在西西里岛附近的天然二氧化碳喷口浅水区进行了高通量泄漏实验,针对1.3~2.2 L/min的泄漏量,误差控制在40%以内,在特定条件下误差可缩小至10%以内.基于此,Li等(2021)提出了一种自适应气泡识别方法,该方法能够在嘈杂环境中识别单个气泡,确定气泡尺寸分布并估算气体通量,同时通过北海的受控CO2泄漏实验验证了该方法的可行性.Zhang等(2023)通过互补集成经验模态分解(Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, CEEMD)方法实现了气泡体积振荡的模型辨识,实现了气泡体积的高精度测量.
被动声学法的优势在于无需主动发射声波信号,从而避免了对水下生物和环境的干扰,适合于长期监测,并在某些场合下展现出更高的隐蔽性和环保性.然而,这项技术同样面临挑战,包括海洋环境噪声的干扰、弱信号检测的难题,以及信号处理算法的复杂性,还有其在不同海洋环境下的自适应能力等问题.
水面遥感检测主要用于监控和辨识水面及其邻近区域的各类目标.该技术借助航空或卫星平台采集水面影像数据,并通过一系列数据处理与分析流程,能够精确地辨认出水面上的多种目标和特征,包括海底气体泄漏等现象(Ellis and Scott, 2004; Manfreda et al., 2018).通过这些平台,我们能够获取包括可见光、红外和雷达等多种波段的高分辨率影像数据.随后,经过几何校正、大气校正、辐射校正等预处理步骤,影像的清晰度和精确性得以提升.水面遥感技术能够迅速地进行大范围扫描,适用于宏观尺度的泄漏检测,例如海面气体异常浓度区域.此外,它还可以通过无人机等平台进行远程操作,展现出极高的灵活性.
水面遥感检测技术以其广泛的覆盖范围、短暂的观测周期以及无需直接接触目标对象的显著优势,为水面及其周边区域提供了全面和实时的监控能力. 此外,该技术能够与地理信息系统(Geographical Information System, GIS)等先进科技相结合,从而实现监测数据的空间分析和直观的可视化展示.
目前,水面遥感技术已被广泛应用于海上溢油监测.Fingas和Brown(2017)概述了用于检测原油海洋石油泄漏的多种遥感技术.尽管如此,水面遥感技术主要关注于监测水面以上的对象,其探测深度受到水体透明度和传感器技术等限制.因此,在探测深水区域或水下目标方面,其能力相对有限.此外,在识别海底气体泄漏等目标时,水面遥感技术容易受到水面反射、光照条件、水质等因素的干扰,这可能影响识别的准确性.特别是在复杂海况或光照条件不佳的情况下,影像数据的质量和分辨率可能受到影响,进一步降低目标识别的精度.同时,对于如二氧化碳等能溶解于水中的气体,水面遥感技术无法高效地检测其是否发生泄漏;而对于如甲烷等不溶于水的气体,水面遥感技术则能有效地检测并实时监测其在海表的泄漏情况.
化学传感器具备精确检测和测量特定化学物质或参数的能力,能够不间断地监控海水中的关键化学指标,包括溶解氧含量、盐度、pH值、温度以及氨氮、硝酸盐、磷酸盐等化学物质的浓度.这些化学参数的异常波动往往预示着海洋环境可能存在的异常情况,例如水质污染或生态系统的变化.
化学传感器以其卓越的气体选择性和灵敏度,以及便携性,适合用于现场的快速检测.在监测海底气体泄漏时,这些传感器在检测化学异常时可能会遇到一定的时延.鉴于海水中化学成分的丰富性和分布不均,分析时必须综合考虑全面的海洋环境数据,并利用海洋学与化学过程模型来精确确定化学物质的基线浓度.在海底部署化学传感器时,通常会通过搭载潜器或在特定位置安装原位传感器来进行化学检测.在这一过程中,必须考虑到海洋生物活动和洋流可能引起的化学成分变化.因此,海洋化学传感设备必须具备强大的抗结垢和抗生物附着性能,以保证其在复杂海洋环境中的稳定性和可靠性(李姜辉等, 2023b).
随着深海资源开发活动的不断深入,精确地检测海底气体泄漏已经成为了维护海洋生态安全和确保工程稳定性的关键措施.然而,鉴于该技术领域所面临的众多挑战,研究人员在挑选合适技术时,必须全面考虑技术特性与适用环境等关键因素.
选择海底气体泄漏检测技术不仅取决于技术本身的优势,还必须考虑监测环境的复杂性和实际应用的需求.尤其是在深海等复杂环境中,单一技术往往无法满足所有需求.因此,综合运用多种检测技术,以发挥各自的优势,已经成为当前研究和应用的主流趋势.
例如,分布式光纤传感器技术因其卓越的空间分辨率和实时监测能力,在长距离、大范围的海底气体泄漏监测中表现出独特的优势.通过将光纤铺设在海底管道或地质结构中,可以精确定位气体泄漏点.然而,当光纤传感器单独使用时,仍面临挑战,特别是在水流、温度变化和电磁干扰的影响下,其稳定性可能会受到限制.此外,光纤传感器的部署与维护成本较高,这限制了其在某些环境中的广泛应用.相比之下,声学技术为气体泄漏检测提供了更为广阔的应用前景.声学检测技术通过监测气泡释放时产生的声波信号,来判断泄漏是否发生.声波传播速度快且不易受到水下环境变化的干扰,适合于远距离气体泄漏探测.然而,声学技术的局限性在于其分辨率较低,容易受到海洋背景噪声和水流的干扰,这可能导致误报或漏报.因此,将分布式光纤传感器与声学技术相结合,可以互补各自的不足,提高监测的精度和覆盖范围.例如,可以依赖声学技术进行气体泄漏点的初步识别,确定泄漏区域,而分布式光纤传感器则可进一步提供泄漏的精确位置和实时动态信息,从而提供更高分辨率的数据支持.这种结合了声学与光纤传感器的多模态监测方式,能够在不同深度和环境条件下提供更全面的监测结果.
此外,水面遥感技术在浅水区或水面附近.通过监测水面气体的涌现和扩散特征,可及时识别出潜在的泄漏点.然而,水面遥感技术容易受到气象条件和海浪等因素的干扰,在波浪较大或风速较高时,水面信号可能会受到干扰,从而影响监测效果.因此,水面遥感技术通常与其他水下技术联合使用,以实现更全面的监测.例如,水面遥感可以作为海底气体泄漏的初步筛查工具,在识别出潜在泄漏点后,再结合声学或光纤传感器技术进行精确定位.
化学方法在探测海底气体泄漏方面同样能够实现定性和定量分析.化学传感器具备辨识特定气体化学成分的能力,特别是在深海环境中,对于某些特定类型的气体泄漏,它们展现出较高的敏感性和准确性.然而,化学传感器常常受到高压、低温等极端环境条件的制约,导致其稳定性不足,并且在高流速的气体环境中难以维持长时间的稳定运行.因此,化学传感器技术通常与其他声学、光学方法相结合,以弥补各自的不足,从而提高系统的整体稳定性和监测的精确度.
综合上述分析,海底气体泄漏检测技术的选择不应仅依赖于单一方法,而应通过融合多种技术的优势,从泄漏载体和气体环境两个维度进行全方位监测.这样可以构建一个高效、稳定且经济的综合监测系统,并制定出合理的海底气体泄漏监测方案(图 11).多种技术的结合不仅能在不同深度和环境条件下实现高效的气体泄漏监测,还能通过技术间的互补作用,提高监测的精度和可靠性.随着技术的持续发展,未来这种多技术融合的监测体系将在海底气体泄漏检测领域扮演更加重要的角色.
尽管近年来海底气体泄漏检测技术取得了显著的进展,它仍然面临着众多挑战.这些挑战不仅影响了技术的性能和广泛应用,还直接限制了其在复杂海洋环境中的可靠性和长期运行能力.
(1) 复杂的海洋环境:水下环境因其独特的物理特性——如高压、低温和高盐度等——对检测设备的设计提出了极为严格的要求.此外,海水的吸收和散射效应通常会对信号的传输与检测造成显著干扰,进而影响设备的性能和精确度.
(2) 气体扩散和混合:在海洋环境中,一旦发生气体泄漏,水流和其他因素的作用会导致泄漏气体迅速扩散,并与水中的其他物质发生混合.这种混合过程使得泄漏点周围的气体浓度分布变得不均匀,显著提高了准确确定泄漏点位置的难度和复杂性.
(3) 单一检测技术的局限性:当前,针对海底气体泄漏的检测技术在传感器的灵敏度、选择性以及稳定性等关键性能方面仍面临诸多限制,迫切需要进行进一步的改进和提升,以便能够满足广泛区域和高精度检测的要求.
(4) 能源供应:在水下环境中,传感器设备的稳定运行高度依赖于持续的能源供应.然而,鉴于水下环境的独特性,能源供给遭遇了诸多挑战.例如,电池的容量受限且难以更换,这为执行长期水下监测任务带来了严峻的挑战.
(5) 成本和效率:开发与部署海底气体泄漏检测系统,要求巨额资源的投入,涵盖购置传感器、数据采集与传输设备等关键硬件.同时,系统后期的维护与运营成本也不容忽视.
(6) 设备的维护和安装问题:鉴于海洋环境的独特性,设备的保养与安装遭遇显著的技术和经济难题.为了保障设备能够长期稳定地运行,设计阶段应着重考虑延长其使用寿命并减少维护开销.此外,安装和部署检测设备通常需要高昂的成本和复杂的技术支持,以确保检测设备的精确部署和稳定运行.
(7) 数据传输和处理:鉴于水下环境对无线信号传播的限制,海洋中通常采用声学信号进行数据传输.然而,水声通信技术尚未达到陆上无线通信技术的成熟度,特别是在大量数据的实时传输方面,仍存在显著的带宽局限性.因此,实时数据传输仍面临严峻挑战.为了精确地定位和量化泄漏,迫切需要开发更高效的数据处理和分析算法,以满足处理大量传感器数据的需求.
随着科技的不断进步,特别是传感器技术、数据处理算法以及智能化监测系统的飞速发展,海底气体泄漏检测领域未来将面临无限的发展机遇.展望未来,海底气体泄漏检测技术有望在以下关键领域通过创新和进步,进一步增强其性能,并拓展其应用范围:
(1) 各环节的技术创新:随着科学研究的不断深入,海底气体泄漏检测技术势必会迎来显著的创新和进步.这些进步将主要表现在传感器灵敏度的增强、数据采集与处理效率的提升,以及更精确和可靠的定位及监测方案的部署上.同时,人工智能和机器学习算法的持续进步,将促进传统检测技术与智能化方法的融合,从而大幅提高检测的准确性和工作效率.此外,研发新型环保传感器,推动绿色、可持续的检测技术,也将是未来发展的一个关键趋势.
(2) 多技术融合:未来的海底气体泄漏检测将融合多种技术手段,包括声学、光学、化学等领域的传感器技术,以提升检测的全面性和准确性.目前,众多研究正朝着这一目标迈进,例如,采用分布式光纤传感器取代单一的点式传感器,并结合高效的识别算法.此外,数据融合与交叉分析将成为关键的发展趋势,旨在更深入地理解水下环境的动态变化.
(3) 智能化监测系统:未来,海底气体泄漏检测技术的进步将逐步促成智能化监测系统的建立,预计该系统将集成自主决策和自动报警等尖端功能.这一变革将显著提升系统在识别异常状况和应对紧急情况方面的能力,降低对人工干预的依赖,替代大量的人工操作,缩短响应时间,进而提高监测工作的实时性和精确度.
随着对海洋资源的开发和环境保护需求的不断增长,海底气体泄漏检测技术已成为确保海洋工程和生态安全的关键.本文深入分析了现有文献,从载体检测和水下环境检测两个维度,全面概述了当前海底气体泄漏检测的主要技术及其研究进展,并对这些技术在不同应用场合的优劣进行了评估.尽管该领域已取得显著进步,但海底复杂环境带来的技术难题、设备维护挑战以及高昂成本问题仍然存在.展望未来,随着传感技术、数据分析技术与人工智能的深入融合,海底气体泄漏检测技术有望在精度、稳定性和覆盖范围上取得新的突破.通过多种技术的协同创新,预计将实现深海环境下的高效、低成本气体泄漏检测,为海洋生态保护和工程安全提供更加强有力的技术支撑.

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2026年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.6038/pg2026II0429
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
  • 修回日期:2025-07-05
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    1厦门大学海洋与地球学院, 厦门 361005
    2厦门大学材料学院, 厦门 361005
    3哈尔滨工程大学水声工程学院, 哈尔滨 150001
    4中海油田服务股份有限公司, 天津 065201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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