Article(id=1311998748721504560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2505.25053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743177600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734477452, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734477452, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734477452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734477452, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1194, endPage=1204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998750474723633, articleId=1311998748721504560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Analysis of Meteorological Causes of Aircraft Turbulence in the Southwest Region, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aircraft turbulence is primarily caused by atmospheric turbulence, which is closely related to changes in wind speed, temperature, and topography. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in the southwestern region, where the complex terrain and the significant uplifting effect of the plateau on air currents make aircraft highly susceptible to turbulence. The turbulence event experienced by flight MU5954, operating from Tengchong to Kunming on 4 April 2024, was analyzed using reanalysis data, topography data, satellite data, and aircraft in-flight reports. The results showed that the turbulence occurred near the boundary between the windward and leeward slopes of the mountains, where the air currents were unstable. The alternating positive and negative distributions of vertical velocity, divergence, and vorticity in the upper-level jet stream, combined with the convergence of cold and warm airflows, jointly triggered atmospheric turbulence, making the aircraft susceptible to turbulence during flight.

, authors=Fei WANG1, Lujun XU2, Shanshan LIANG3, Yaohui LI4, Huizhi LIU1, Xiangqing LIU5, authorsList=Fei WANG, Lujun XU, Shanshan LIANG, Yaohui LI, Huizhi LIU, Xiangqing LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lujun XU, Yaohui LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998764856992108, articleId=1311998748721504560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=西南地区飞机颠簸的气象成因分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

飞机颠簸主要由大气湍流引起,而湍流的形成与风速变化、温度变化、地形等因素密切相关。尤其在西南地区,由于地形复杂,高原对气流的抬升作用显著。飞机在穿越这些区域时,容易受到不稳定气流的影响,出现颠簸。利用再分析数据、地形数据、卫星数据和航空器空中报告对2024年4月4日由腾冲飞往昆明的MU5954航班颠簸事件进行分析,结果表明飞机颠簸位置下方为山脉迎风坡和背风坡的分界区域,气流不稳定。垂直速度、散度、涡度的正负相间分布和冷暖平流交汇,这些因素共同作用引发大气湍流,使飞机在飞行过程中易发生颠簸。

, authors=王菲1, 许鲁君2, 梁珊珊3, 李耀辉4, 刘辉志1, 刘翔卿5, authorsList=王菲, 许鲁君, 梁珊珊, 李耀辉, 刘辉志, 刘翔卿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许鲁君, 李耀辉, authorNote=

王菲,女,硕士研究生,主要从事陆气相互作用研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
许鲁君,女,副研究员,主要从事陆面过程和大气边界层研究,E-mail:
李耀辉,男,研究员,主要从事天气、气候与气候变化以及航空气象等方面的研究,E-mail:
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王菲,女,硕士研究生,主要从事陆气相互作用研究。E-mail:

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王菲,女,硕士研究生,主要从事陆气相互作用研究。E-mail:

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The black shadings represent the terrain., figureFileSmall=jF9f8AAC3owBxYXFRGc4xQ==, figureFileBig=r3xZh9/b/2bTxwIvLZMnLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998778081632687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2024年4月4日07:00温度平流剖面(单位:K s−1):(a)沿25°N;(b)沿98°E。黑色星号为飞机颠簸位置,黑色阴影区域为地形。, figureFileSmall=jF9f8AAC3owBxYXFRGc4xQ==, figureFileBig=r3xZh9/b/2bTxwIvLZMnLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998778173907376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=(a) Temperature advection (units: K s−1), (b) horizontal temperature gradient index (units: 10−5 K m−1) at 500 hPa at 0700 UTC on 4 April 2024. 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The black star indicates the aircraft turbulence location., figureFileSmall=cc8Q0at6mrNWiK3vOE27jQ==, figureFileBig=6ZQs2xviNiUNv7jHBu5IAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998781000868277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2024年4月4日07:00 500 hPa(a)垂直风切变指数(单位:10−3 s−1)、(b)MOSCAT概率预报因子指数(单位:10−3 m s−2)。黑色星号为飞机颠簸位置。, figureFileSmall=cc8Q0at6mrNWiK3vOE27jQ==, figureFileBig=6ZQs2xviNiUNv7jHBu5IAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998781114114487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=As in Fig. 4, but for cross sections of the divergence (units: 10−4 s−1)., figureFileSmall=6nBNDD8tkpfX0R9UN+4ISA==, figureFileBig=z18IIGiIoyPzBe3otwCbwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998781567099320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=CN, label=图8, caption=同图4,但为散度(单位:10−4 s−1)剖面。, figureFileSmall=6nBNDD8tkpfX0R9UN+4ISA==, figureFileBig=z18IIGiIoyPzBe3otwCbwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998781843923385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=(a) Divergence (units: 10−4 s−1), (b) horizontal divergence index (units: 10−4 s−1) at 500 hPa at 0700 UTC on 4 April 2024. The black star indicates the aircraft turbulence location., figureFileSmall=maEW4wq4Og1yzKZZ9Fd/4A==, figureFileBig=/VsIgs7JnA0BFl0JQT5suQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998781927809466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2024年4月4日07:00 500 hPa(a)散度(单位:10−4 s−1)、(b)水平辐散指数(单位:10−4 s−1)。黑色星号为飞机颠簸位置。, figureFileSmall=maEW4wq4Og1yzKZZ9Fd/4A==, figureFileBig=/VsIgs7JnA0BFl0JQT5suQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998782301102523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=As in Fig. 4, but for cross sections of the vorticity (units: s−1)., figureFileSmall=b0TQHuH4qmVDKjkg/OTmYA==, figureFileBig=othF7g1/gWRyjnHlAAVvtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998782758281660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=CN, label=图10, caption=同图4,但为涡度(单位:s−1)剖面。, figureFileSmall=b0TQHuH4qmVDKjkg/OTmYA==, figureFileBig=othF7g1/gWRyjnHlAAVvtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998783085437373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The distribution of vorticity (units: s−1) at 500 hPa at 0700 UTC on 4 April 2024. The black star indicates the aircraft turbulence location., figureFileSmall=ulZPMDsKW9QH2isR9FjsiQ==, figureFileBig=KpTN6G1KdhAF4M0f5DEGbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998783509062079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2024年4月4日07:00 500 hPa涡度(单位:s−1)分布。黑色星号为飞机颠簸位置。, figureFileSmall=ulZPMDsKW9QH2isR9FjsiQ==, figureFileBig=KpTN6G1KdhAF4M0f5DEGbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998783613919680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Thresholds of aircraft turbulence indices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IVWS/10−3 s−1IMos/10−3 m s−2IDIV/10−4 s−1IHTG/10−5 K m−1
无颠簸40.300.8
轻度颠簸61.10.41.3
中度颠簸81.70.81.8
重度颠簸102.71.22.3
严重颠簸123.31.62.8
), ArticleFig(id=1311998784008184257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998748721504560, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

飞机颠簸指数的阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IVWS/10−3 s−1IMos/10−3 m s−2IDIV/10−4 s−1IHTG/10−5 K m−1
无颠簸40.300.8
轻度颠簸61.10.41.3
中度颠簸81.70.81.8
重度颠簸102.71.22.3
严重颠簸123.31.62.8
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西南地区飞机颠簸的气象成因分析
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王菲 1 , 许鲁君 2 , 梁珊珊 3 , 李耀辉 4 , 刘辉志 1 , 刘翔卿 5
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1194-1204
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1194 -1204
西南地区飞机颠簸的气象成因分析
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王菲1 , 许鲁君2 , 梁珊珊3, 李耀辉4 , 刘辉志1, 刘翔卿5
作者信息
  • 1云南大学大气科学系, 昆明650500
  • 2中国科学院大气物理研究所, 北京100029
  • 3中国民航大学, 天津300300
  • 4中国民用航空飞行学院, 广汉618307
  • 5云南机场集团有限责任公司腾冲机场分公司, 腾冲679100
通讯作者:
许鲁君,女,副研究员,主要从事陆面过程和大气边界层研究,E-mail:
李耀辉,男,研究员,主要从事天气、气候与气候变化以及航空气象等方面的研究,E-mail:
作者简介:

王菲,女,硕士研究生,主要从事陆气相互作用研究。E-mail:

Analysis of Meteorological Causes of Aircraft Turbulence in the Southwest Region
Fei WANG1 , Lujun XU2 , Shanshan LIANG3, Yaohui LI4 , Huizhi LIU1, Xiangqing LIU5
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500
  • 2Institute of Atmosphere Physics, Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100029
  • 3Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300
  • 4Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307
  • 5Tengchong Airport Branch, Yunnan Airport Group Corporation Limited, Tengchong 679100
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2505.25053
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飞机颠簸主要由大气湍流引起,而湍流的形成与风速变化、温度变化、地形等因素密切相关。尤其在西南地区,由于地形复杂,高原对气流的抬升作用显著。飞机在穿越这些区域时,容易受到不稳定气流的影响,出现颠簸。利用再分析数据、地形数据、卫星数据和航空器空中报告对2024年4月4日由腾冲飞往昆明的MU5954航班颠簸事件进行分析,结果表明飞机颠簸位置下方为山脉迎风坡和背风坡的分界区域,气流不稳定。垂直速度、散度、涡度的正负相间分布和冷暖平流交汇,这些因素共同作用引发大气湍流,使飞机在飞行过程中易发生颠簸。

飞机颠簸  /  西南地区  /  气象条件  /  高原地形

Aircraft turbulence is primarily caused by atmospheric turbulence, which is closely related to changes in wind speed, temperature, and topography. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in the southwestern region, where the complex terrain and the significant uplifting effect of the plateau on air currents make aircraft highly susceptible to turbulence. The turbulence event experienced by flight MU5954, operating from Tengchong to Kunming on 4 April 2024, was analyzed using reanalysis data, topography data, satellite data, and aircraft in-flight reports. The results showed that the turbulence occurred near the boundary between the windward and leeward slopes of the mountains, where the air currents were unstable. The alternating positive and negative distributions of vertical velocity, divergence, and vorticity in the upper-level jet stream, combined with the convergence of cold and warm airflows, jointly triggered atmospheric turbulence, making the aircraft susceptible to turbulence during flight.

Aircraft turbulence  /  Southwestern region  /  Meteorological conditions  /  Plateau topography
王菲, 许鲁君, 梁珊珊, 李耀辉, 刘辉志, 刘翔卿. 西南地区飞机颠簸的气象成因分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1194 -1204 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2505.25053
Fei WANG, Lujun XU, Shanshan LIANG, Yaohui LI, Huizhi LIU, Xiangqing LIU. Analysis of Meteorological Causes of Aircraft Turbulence in the Southwest Region[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1194 -1204 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2505.25053
飞机颠簸是指飞机在飞行过程中,由于受到气流或其他外部因素的影响,出现突然忽上忽下、左右晃动和振颤等现象。强烈的颠簸不仅会给乘客和机组人员带来身体的不适,也会影响飞机的飞行状态和机动性能,增加潜在的风险。例如,2023年7月10日中国国际航空股份有限公司CA1524航班在飞行过程中突遇晴空颠簸,导致两人受伤。2024年5月21日新加坡航空有限公司SQ321航班遭遇了严重颠簸,飞机在3分钟内从11300 m高度急剧下降到9400 m,造成1人死亡,30人受伤。除了对机上人员的安全造成威胁外,飞机颠簸也给航空业带来了一定的经济损失。据统计,仅在美国,由于颠簸造成的飞机磨损、飞行员为避免颠簸改变航线而增加的燃油消耗等,使航空业每年损失1.5亿至5亿美元。研究发现,气候变化使晴空湍流出现的频率提高,颠簸平均持续的时间也在变长(Prosser et al., 2023),这意味着人们乘坐飞机出行时遇到颠簸的可能性在不断增加。因此,飞机颠簸是确保飞行安全面临的一个重大挑战。研究分析飞机颠簸的原因,可以为颠簸预防策略的制定提供理论依据。
研究表明,飞机颠簸是由大气湍流引起的(李子良和黄仪方, 2008)。飞机在飞行过程中受到来自不同方向、不同速度的气流影响,这些气流会对飞机产生不同的力,导致飞行姿态发生变化,进而使飞机出现晃动等现象。Sharman和Lane(2016)指出晴空湍流(Rossow and James, 2000; Wasson et al., 2022)、对流湍流(Sharman and Lane, 2016; Sharman and Trier, 2019)、低空急流(Clark and Peltier, 1984; Petenko et al., 2020)、山地波湍流(Doyle et al., 2011)以及飞机尾流涡旋所产生的湍流(Sharman et al., 2006)均是导致飞机颠簸的原因。大量的飞行实践说明飞机颠簸和大气湍流通常发生在具有以下特征的区域:(1)风垂直切变区,(2)风水平切变区,(3)流场辐合或辐散区,(4)流场水平变形区,(5)流场变化不连续区,(6)强水平温度梯度区(干全等, 2002)。在我国,根据飞机颠簸事件的空间分布,可以发现西南地区、西藏地区是我国飞机颠簸的主要高发区(张林意等, 2024),这些地区地理环境复杂,天气多变,极大地增加了航空安全保障的难度。特别是由盆地飞往高原机场的时候,经常会出现飞机颠簸。通过对不同高原航线飞机颠簸的概率进行分析,发现云贵高原航线的飞机颠簸概率较大(黄仪方等, 2011)。并且高原航班在进离场阶段遭遇颠簸的频率要远远高于巡航阶段(黄萌等, 2024)。
西南地区地形复杂,高原的抬升作用显著。当气流经过高原地区时,被迫上升,形成强烈的垂直运动,这种地形引起的气流变化会增强高空风速,从而有利于高空急流的形成。高空急流内部具有强大的水平风切变和垂直风切变,这导致飞机在急流附近遭遇颠簸的可能性较高,且发生颠簸时,颠簸强度较大。高原地区的地形有利于山地背风波的形成,背风波中,垂直气流和水平气流存在明显差异。背风波的波动影响范围在水平方向可伸展几十千米至几百千米,垂直方向可伸展到整个对流层,对飞行产生极大影响(徐海等, 2007)。许多飞行报告显示,飞机进入波动气流后,往往一两分钟就丧失几百米的高度,而且丧失高度的过程完全处于平滑无扰的状态,而后又抬升,如此反复多次。如果在夜间或云中飞行,飞行人员在丧失高度时毫无警觉,就极易导致飞行事故。Hines(1960)的研究发现,垂直传播的山地背风波随高度增加,空气密度减小,振幅会随之增大或者产生风切变,任意一个情况均会导致重力波破碎并产生湍流(Prusa et al., 1996; Fritts and Alexander, 2003)。
由于高原地面辐射增温不均匀,地面加热会产生明显的水平温度切变和水平风切变(特别是在加热中心区域),加热中心伴随上升运动,加热中心外侧伴随下沉运动(邹波, 2004),从而触发局地热力对流。不均匀加热也会导致大气层结不稳定,一旦遇到外界扰动,便容易发展出积云对流。热力—动力耦合效应通过云系特征显现:观测到的未闭合的细胞状云系、地形云和积云线次数较多。具体而言,随着季节从春到夏,高原上空暖空气开始活跃,而地面温度比较低,暖空气和地面之间温差较大,对流强烈,容易形成未闭合的细胞状云系。积云线则是由积云、浓积云组成。因此,云内或云的周边地区乱流较强,飞机经过该云系时往往会引发中度或中度以上的颠簸(孙智博, 2011)。综上所述,高原地区的热力作用是造成飞机颠簸的关键因素之一,高原热力作用通过引发大气动力变化,促使湍流发展,显著增加了飞机飞行过程中的颠簸风险。
随着近年来民航业的快速发展,民航作为西南地区重要的交通运输方式之一,研究该地区飞机飞行安全尤为重要。本文聚焦于西南地区复杂地形下发生的颠簸事件,探究地形如何通过影响动力和热力因素改变气象条件,进而导致飞机颠簸的机制。
本文所用到的气象数据来源于欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的ERA5再分析数据集(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu [2025-03-20])。ERA5是ECMWF第五代全球大气再分析产品,提供了自1950年至今的全球气候数据。该数据集的水平分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,垂直方向上包含37个等压面,从近地面的1000 hPa延伸至高层大气的1 hPa,涵盖了不同高度层中大气变量的每小时再分析数据,包括散度、位势高度、位势涡度、经向风和纬向风等要素。
本文对地形的分析采用ETOPO(Earth Topography)2022数据(https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/etopo-global-relief-model [2025-03-20])。该数据集由美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)下属的国家环境信息中心(NCEI)2022年发布,集成了来自区域和全球数据集的地形、测深和海岸线数据,以实现对地球表面物理特征全面、高分辨的呈现。ETOPO 2022数据集包括基岩数据、高程数据和冰面数据,每类数据均提供15弧秒、30弧秒、60弧秒三种分辨率的版本,以满足不同精度的需求。
本文用到的卫星数据为MODIS/Aqua数据(https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/search/ [2025-03-20])。MODIS是搭载在Aqua卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪,Aqua卫星在当地时间下午大约01:30从南向北(升轨)经过赤道,夜间01:30左右从北向南(降轨)经过赤道,这种特殊的过境时间对于观测下午的对流活动和云的形成发展过程具有重要意义。Aqua卫星提供的数据产品包括MYD00F、MYD021KM、MYD0HKM、MYD02QKM、MYD03等,涵盖了多种类型和分辨率的数据:MYD00F包含未经处理的原始数据,MYD021KM、MYD0HKM、MYD02QKM分别提供1 km、500 m、250 m分辨率的校准辐射率数据,MYD03是1 km分辨率的地理定位数据,为精确分析提供地理位置参考。
颠簸数据来源于话音方式的航空器空中报告(以下简称“航空器报告”)。航空器在飞行过程中遇到颠簸、积冰、风切变等危险天气时,飞行员通过语音的方式向空管部门进行报告,再由管制部门向气象预报员传递飞机信息。航空器报告主要包括重要天气发生的时间、位置、高度、强度、航班号、机型等信息。相较于卫星数据,航空器报告能够客观地反映出颠簸的真实情况,是研究颠簸最直观的数据资料。
飞机颠簸的形成与多种气象条件密切相关,其中动力因素通过改变大气的风场结构,导致飞机遭遇强烈的风速变化。热力因素通过引发对流运动,增强湍流的强度和频率,从而引发飞机颠簸。根据大气环境场中的气象要素值计算颠簸指数,对飞行过程中是否有遭遇颠簸的风险有一定的指示。本文主要选取垂直风切变指数(IVWS),MOSCAT概率预报因子指数(IMos),水平辐散指数(IDIV),水平温度梯度指数(IHTG)计算并分析。
(1)垂直风切变指数
具有风速垂直切变环境的重力波称为K-H(Kelvin-Helmholtz)波。垂直风切变与产生颠簸的K-H波有关。垂直风切变指数(IVWS)表达式为
$ {I}_{\text{VWS}}={\left({\left| \frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right| }^{2}+{\left| \frac{\partial v}{\partial z}\right| }^{2}\right)}^{\frac{1}{2}} , $
其中,u、v、z分别表示纬向风、经向风、高度。
(2)MOSCAT概率预报因子指数
MOSCAT概率预报因子指数(IMos)被认为是NCEP嵌套网格模型(NGM)模式输出统计(MOS)的概率预测中最有效的预报因子,其表达式为
$ I_{\text{Mos}}=VD_{\text{ef}}, $
其中,$ V $为合成风速,$ V=\sqrt{\left(u^2+v^2\right)} $;Def为水平变形项,是切变变形项和拉伸变形项的矢量和,$ {D}_{\text{ef}}=\sqrt{\left({D}_{\text{SH}}{}^{2}+{D}_{\text{ST}}{}^{2}\right)} $。DSH为切变变形项,$ {D}_{\text{SH}}= \partial v/ \partial x+ \partial u/\partial y $。DST为拉伸变形项,$ {D}_{\text{ST}}=\partial u/ \partial x- \partial v/\partial y $。
(3)水平辐散指数
水平风场的强辐合辐散区与风场的切变区域对应良好,并且辐合可以对锋生产生作用。水平辐散指数(IDIV)表达式为
$ {I}_{\text{DIV}}=\left| \frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right| . $
(4)水平温度梯度指数
由热成风定义及其表达式可知,水平温度(T)梯度可以用来判断垂直风切变和风场形变,因此可作为颠簸诊断指数。水平温度梯度指数(IHTG)表达式为
$ {I}_{\text{HTG}}=\sqrt{{\left| \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right| }^{2}+{\left| \frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right| }^{2}} . $
上述颠簸指数的阈值如表1所示,阈值的选取主要来源于参考文献(苏腾, 2016; 申燕玲等, 2017; 刘雷, 2018; 闫文辉等, 2022)。
颠簸指数通过量化的方式,将复杂的气象条件转化为具体的数值。垂直风切变指数、MOSCAT概率预报因子指数、水平辐散指数从动力方面对颠簸评估。水平温度梯度指数从热力角度评估颠簸。借助颠簸指数,不仅有助于更好地分析颠簸产生的原因,还能为飞行员提供更准确的飞行建议和安全措施。
造成飞机颠簸的直接原因是大气湍流。湍流中气流方向和速度的剧烈变化,导致飞机垂直方向上原有的受力平衡被打破,进而引发颠簸现象。常见的引起大气湍流的因素包括风速变化、温度变化、地形因素等。我国西南地区,地形复杂且天气条件多变,气流经过山地时受到阻碍和扰动,容易出现湍流。在这样的背景下,飞机在西南地区飞行时遭遇颠簸的频率显著增加。
本文选取的颠簸事例为2024年4月4日06:49(协调世界时,下同),由云南省保山市腾冲机场飞往昆明机场的MU5954航班在腾冲上空(24.95°N,98.48°E),高度5700 m处发生轻度颠簸,持续时间为20~30 s。
为了便于分析,取此次颠簸事件的发生位置为(25°N,98°E)。根据飞机所在高度5700 m,将几何高度(z)转换为位势高度(Z):
$ Z\equiv \frac{\phi }{{g}_{0}}=\int \nolimits_{0}^{\phi }\frac{\text{d}\phi }{{g}_{0}}=\int \nolimits_{0}^{z}\frac{g}{{g}_{0}}\text{d}z , $
其中,g0是全球海平面上重力加速度(g)的平均值(9.8 m s−2),$ \phi $表示位势高度。由于g在对流层和平流层低层中随高度变化并不太大,因而位势高度Z和几何高度z在数值上相当。
根据标准大气的规定,在11000 gpm以下的大气是多元大气。压高公式为
$ Z=\frac{{T}_{0}}{\mathit{\Gamma }}\left[1-\left(\frac{p}{{p}_{0}}\right)\frac{\mathit{\Gamma }{R}_{\text{d}}}{{g}_{0}}\right] ,$
其中,p、Rd分别表示气压、干空气气体常数;p0=1013.25 hPa、T0=288.15 K、$ \mathit{\Gamma } $=0.0065 K gpm−1。代入位势高度后,确定颠簸位置所在高度对应的气压为490 hPa。
腾冲驼峰机场坐落于保山市西北部,海拔高度为1887.8 m,属于典型的高原机场。机场西南侧空旷无高山遮挡,东侧紧邻高黎贡山(图1)。这种大幅度的地形起伏对气流产生了显著影响,易形成山谷环流、山地波等特有现象。研究表明,腾冲机场常年盛行西南风(吴加传和刘翔卿, 2017),当西南气流遇到高黎贡山的阻挡时,气流被迫绕流、爬升。这一过程加剧了气流的不稳定性,进而引发湍流,对途径该区域的飞机产生不利影响。
根据2024年4月4日的卫星观测结果(图2)可以看出,云南上空存在大范围的山地波状云系,并且与该地区的山脉走向大致平行。这一现象与西风带气流遇到南北走向的山脉时被迫抬升的情况密切相关。部分气流在迎风坡上升,冷却后水汽凝结,形成云带,通常与山脉走向相平行。当气流到达背风坡时开始下沉,温度逐渐升高,不利于云的形成,因此,山脉背风坡一般为少云或者无云的区域。这种上升气流和下沉气流的交替出现,形成了波动,在传播过程中进一步发展成山地波。对于MU5954航班,从腾冲飞往昆明的航程中,飞机不可避免需要穿越山地波影响的区域,存在航行方向与山地波的传播方向大致垂直的状态。飞机经历垂直气流方向的频繁变化时,升力与重力之间的平衡被打破,进而出现颠簸。
飞机颠簸的发生与大气环流之间存在密切联系。根据大气的环流形势,可以得出天气系统的分布信息。天气系统通过影响风速、风向、气压和温度等气象要素,导致飞机遭遇气流的突然变化,发生颠簸。2024年4月4日07:00,根据500 hPa天气形势(图3),云贵高原附近100°E~120°E之间存在一个低压槽,槽线附近气流呈明显的气旋性弯曲。飞机颠簸位置的风速为27 m s−1,风向为西风,处于槽后脊前,靠近槽线。临近区域温度梯度大,容易引发湍流。在云南省,南北方向上存在风速梯度差异。北部地区的风速范围主要集中在10~20 m s−1,而南部地区的风速更大,范围大致为20~30 m s−1。飞机穿越风速梯度较大的区域时,气流的不均匀性会导致飞机遭遇强烈的湍流和风切变,进而破坏飞机的飞行姿态和稳定性,可能引发颠簸。
温度变化是热力湍流形成的主要驱动力,在高原表现得尤为明显。高原海拔高,太阳辐射强,由于地形起伏不平,导致地表接收的太阳辐射极不均匀。特别是在午后,地表因太阳辐射强烈增温,导致近地面空气受热上升,与周围较冷空气形成显著垂直温差,从而引发热力对流。在颠簸位置下方,西风带中的气流沿迎风坡上升时,低海拔的暖空气被输送到高海拔,这一过程表现为98°E以西存在暖平流。气流越过山脉,沿背风坡下沉,高海拔的冷空气被输送到低海拔,表现为98°E以东存在冷平流(图4a)。沿纬线方向,25°N以北存在暖平流,以南存在冷平流(图4b)。根据p坐标系中不计摩擦力的地转方程可知,暖平流产生上升运动,冷平流产生下沉运动,即零温度平流线两侧的垂直运动方向相反(黄仪方和马婷, 2012)。说明(25°N,98°E)附近是冷暖平流的过渡区域(图5a),温度梯度大,同时也是上升气流和下沉气流的过渡区域。当飞机穿越该区域时,会先后受到不同方向和速度的气流影响,原有的飞行受力平衡被打破,可能发生颠簸。
水平温度梯度指数(IHTG)在热成风背景下代表形变和垂直风切变,常常被用作航线预报(林嘉希, 2021)。IHTG值越大,表示水平温度梯度越强,相应的大气稳定性越差,飞机颠簸的可能性越高。位置(25°N,98°E)IHTG的值为0.8×10−5 K m−1,云南北部的多数区域IHTG值大于1.3×10−5 K m−1(图5b)。根据IHTG阈值与颠簸程度的对应关系,当IHTG>0.8×10−5 K m−1时,表明大气中存在较强的水平温度梯度,这种温度梯度的变化会导致空气密度的不均匀分布,进而影响飞机的升力,飞机穿越这些区域时,很可能会出现轻度或轻度以上颠簸。
风速变化引起的大气湍流往往体现在垂直气流、辐合、辐散等对飞机升力改变的因素。垂直速度是天气分析诊断中的关键物理量,它反映了大气中垂直运动的强度和方向,对天气系统的形成和发展起着至关重要的作用。根据前文对环流形势的分析,颠簸发生的位置位于西风带,西风气流遇到南北走向的山脉时受到阻挡,在迎风坡被抬升,在98°E以西形成了上升气流区,最大上升速度0.5 Pa s−1。当气流越过山脉后,在背风坡下沉,形成了98°E以东的下沉气流区,最大下沉速度0.7 Pa s−1(图6a)。沿纬线方向,在25°N以南为下沉气流区,最大下沉速度0.4 Pa s−1,而25°N以北是上升气流区,最大上升速度0.7 Pa s−1(图6b)。这说明颠簸位置东西、南北两侧的垂直气流方向均是相反的,是上升、下沉气流的过渡区,垂直速度梯度较大。在这种环境中,垂直气流速度变化快、方向突变,飞机很可能出现突然跃升或下降的现象,导致颠簸。
垂直风切变指数(IVWS)越大,说明垂直风切变越强,风速或风向的变化越快,反之,指数越小,则表示垂直风切变较弱。位置(25°N,98°E)的IVWS值为6×10−3 s−1,云南省内大部分地区IVWS值在4×10−3~8×10−3范围内(图7a)。位置(25°N,98°E)附近多数区域IMos值大于0.3×10−3 m s−2(图7b)。根据指数阈值与颠簸的关系得出结论,该区域存在较强的垂直风切变,且发生湍流的概率较大,飞机在此区域飞行容易发生轻度颠簸或中度颠簸。
散度的分布可以反映大气中气流的辐合或辐散情况。并且根据达因补偿原理,大气上下层速度辐合辐散相互补偿以维持大气运动的平衡和稳定,可以由上下两层气流的辐合辐散关系,对气流的垂直运动进行分析。当上层气流辐合,下层气流辐散时,两层之间气流作下沉运动。同理,当下层气流辐合,上层气流辐散时,两层之间气流作上升运动。上层气流的辐散或辐合越强,两层之间气流的垂直运动越强,越容易引发飞机颠簸(黄仪方和马婷, 2012)。分析此次颠簸事件的散度分布情况发现,颠簸位置处于散度负值区,气流辐合,上方400 hPa附近气流辐散,即两气压层之间存在上升运动,气流沿迎风坡上升。随着地形高度的下降,98°E以东下层辐散,上层辐合,存在下沉运动,气流沿背风坡下沉(图8a),这与对垂直速度分布的诊断一致。25°N附近区域以南,700~400 hPa气压层之间上层气流辐合,下层气流辐散,存在下沉运动,25°N以北则是上层气流辐散,下层气流辐合,存在上升运动(图8b),这表明沿纬向方向,500 hPa附近是下沉气流和上升气流的过渡区。在500 hPa气压层上,位置(25°N,98°E)的散度值为10−6 s−1,南侧散度为负,北侧散度为正(图9a)。这种正负散度的过渡区域,气流的辐合和辐散变化剧烈,通常伴随风速和风向的快速变化,飞机经过该区域时容易发生颠簸。
水平辐散指数较高的区域通常伴随着气流的快速变化,这种变化可能导致大气湍流的产生,从而增加飞机颠簸的可能性。位置(25°N,98°E)南北两侧的水平辐散指数相对较大,介于0~0.8×10−4 s−110之间(图9b)。结合水平辐散指数阈值和颠簸强度的关系,颠簸发生位置附近气流存在较强的辐合或辐散,气流的扰动可能引发大气湍流,从而导致飞机出现轻度或中度颠簸。
涡度用于描述流体的旋转程度,当气团的涡度值为正时,表示该气团出现逆时针转动;反之,涡度为负值时,气团顺时针转动。从涡度的垂直分布情况可以看出,颠簸位置下方,98°E以西的迎风坡为反气旋性环流影响区域,以东的背风坡为气旋性环流影响区域(图10a)。25°N处于负涡度区,南北均是正涡度区(图10b),即在该高度气压层上,(25°N,98°E)临近区域涡度梯度大,受到气旋性环流和反气旋性环流的共同影响,气流的方向和速度变化大。500 hPa涡度场也可以观察到,位置(25°N,98°E)处于正负涡度的过渡区域(图11),这种涡度分布与颠簸发生的位置对应关系较好,因此,当飞机穿越正负涡度的过渡区时,容易发生颠簸。
通过上面对垂直速度、水平风的变化、散度以及涡度的分布进行诊断,可以得出,在西风带中,当气流遇到南北走向的山脉阻挡时,会在迎风坡被抬升,随后在背风坡下降,形成上升与下沉气流的过渡区域,这与飞机颠簸发生的位置相对应。正负散度以及正负涡度的过渡区也和颠簸位置对应良好,这种动力场对应关系使得该区域的气流不稳定,影响飞机飞行。
本文通过对西南地区飞机颠簸的气象条件进行深入分析,揭示了飞机颠簸的成因及其与气象条件的关系。在此基础上,以2024年4月4日发生在腾冲至昆明航线上的飞机颠簸为例进行分析。通过对地形因素、环流形势、热力因素、动力因素的诊断,得出发生此次颠簸的可能原因:
(1)造成飞机颠簸的直接原因是大气湍流,常见的引起大气湍流的因素有风速变化、温度变化、地形因素以及天气系统等。
(2)西南地区地形复杂,高原的抬升作用更明显,与其他地区相比,飞机颠簸频次更高。并且在分析飞机颠簸的原因时需要重点关注地形的影响。地形通过动力和热力的综合作用,在高原上空产生山地波及未闭合的细胞状云系、积云线等特殊云状,在这些区域存在强烈的垂直气流和湍流,对飞行影响显著,容易引发颠簸。
(3)腾冲机场西南侧空旷,东侧靠近高黎贡山,西风带中的气流遇到南北走向的山脉受到阻挡,在迎风坡产生上升气流,背风坡产生下沉气流,在高空形成山地波状云系。颠簸位置下方是山脉迎风坡和背风坡的分界处,附近垂直速度、散度、涡度的正负相间分布,以及冷暖平流的过渡区,与颠簸位置有较好的对应关系。这些区域易产生不稳定气流,是导致飞机颠簸的重要因素。
考虑到西南地区不同区域在地形特征与气象条件方面存在显著差异,这些差异可能导致飞机颠簸的类型和成因有所不同。因此,未来的研究将拓展至更多西南地区的事例,例如飞行航线为高原与盆地之间的颠簸等,通过对比分析不同事例中的飞机颠簸特征及其成因机制,进一步验证并完善本研究的结论,以期为西南地区航线飞行安全提供更具普适性和针对性的理论支持。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2505.25053
  • 接收时间:2025-03-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-29
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    1云南大学大气科学系, 昆明650500
    2中国科学院大气物理研究所, 北京100029
    3中国民航大学, 天津300300
    4中国民用航空飞行学院, 广汉618307
    5云南机场集团有限责任公司腾冲机场分公司, 腾冲679100

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许鲁君,女,副研究员,主要从事陆面过程和大气边界层研究,E-mail:
李耀辉,男,研究员,主要从事天气、气候与气候变化以及航空气象等方面的研究,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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