Article(id=1311998518764601469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744128000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734422627, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734422627, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734422627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734422627, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1205, endPage=1220, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998519087562878, articleId=1311998518764601469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Assessing Biases in CMA-MESO Summer Precipitation Forecasts over East China, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model (CMA-MESO) serves as a critical operational system for precipitation forecasting. However, its eight-times-daily rolling updates present new challenges for forecast evaluation. A comprehensive understanding of mean bias characteristics, variations across different forecast lead times, and error sources is key to model improvement. This study systematically evaluated the precipitation forecast performance of the CMA-MESO over East China during the summer of 2023. The key findings are as follows: (1) While the averaged multiple forecasts generally reproduced the spatial distribution patterns of observed precipitation, systematic biases existed in precipitation intensity and frequency. (2) The model significantly overestimated the precipitation amount for moderate-and-above rainfall events, with 3.7% underestimation of the frequency of no-rainfall events but 2.6% overestimation of the frequency of light rain events, along with elevated false alarm rates for heavy-and-above rainfall events. (3) The forecast performance showed a distinct lead-time dependence, with precipitation biases largest in 3~6 h nowcasting, gradually decreasing to a minimum in 21~24 h forecasts, and then increasing again in the 24~36 h range. (4) Physical analysis revealed that the nowcasting overestimation stemmed from excessive hydrometeor introduction during cloud analysis, and the overestimation in the forecast after 24 h resulted from excessive low-level wind speeds that promoted moisture transport to the target region.

, authors=Hao MIAO1, 2, Kefeng ZHU1, 2, Quan YANG1, 2, Wenru SHI1, 2, Weiguang LIU1, 2, Xin LI1, 2, authorsList=Hao MIAO, Kefeng ZHU, Quan YANG, Wenru SHI, Weiguang LIU, Xin LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kefeng ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998524221391009, articleId=1311998518764601469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=CMA-MESO模式对华东地区夏季降水预报偏差分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

CMA-MESO模式(China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model)是降水预报业务重要支撑,但每天8次滚动更新预报使得预报评估面临新挑战,理解平均偏差特征、不同预报时效特征差异以及误差来源,是改进模式的关键。本文系统分析了2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式降水预报性能,结果表明:(1)多时效预报平均能较好地再现观测降水空间分布特征,但在降水量级和发生频率方面存在系统性偏差。(2)模式对中雨及以上量级的降水量预报存在明显高估,对无降水事件频率预报较观测偏低3.7%,对小雨事件频率预报偏高2.6%,且对大雨及以上量级降水事件的空报率较高。(3)预报性能呈现显著的时效依赖性,降水偏差在3~6 h短临预报时达到最大值,随后随预报时效增加逐渐减小,在21~24 h达到最小值,并在24~36 h阶段再次增大。(4)物理原因分析表明,短临预报的降水高估与云分析同化引入过多水物质有关,而24 h后预报偏强则源于模式低层风速预报偏强导致的水汽输送过量。

, authors=缪昊1, 2, 朱科锋1, 2, 杨全1, 2, 史文茹1, 2, 刘伟光1, 2, 李昕1, 2, authorsList=缪昊, 朱科锋, 杨全, 史文茹, 刘伟光, 李昕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱科锋, authorNote=

缪昊,男,博士,副研究员,主要从事参数化研发和物理过程改进研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱科锋,男,副研究员,主要从事数值模式物理过程研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《大气科学》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pwUbnIKWvqgEdQdKv2Ztfg==, magXml=+SpQXpCf0ZtwMKipbYmxtQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=URTd0NvGgbMzwbCEH62bJw==, pdfFileSize=13279688, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=xWpk2ZzPnH3c/hMocQXSzA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Hi95LduZRjADx8bvOCQEIw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1311998526083661993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=miaoh@cma.gov.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1311998526234656941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, authorId=1311998526083661993, language=EN, stringName=Hao MIAO, firstName=Hao, middleName=null, lastName=MIAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Nanjing Innovation Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences-Jiangsu Meteorological Service, Nanjing 210041
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缪昊,男,博士,副研究员,主要从事参数化研发和物理过程改进研究。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 47(4): 925−942. doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2206.21090, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998524485632162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998524498215075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, companyId=1311998524485632162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Nanjing Innovation Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences-Jiangsu Meteorological Service, Nanjing 210041), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998524506603684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, companyId=1311998524485632162, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国气象科学研究院/江苏省气象局南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京210041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998525987192997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998525999775910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, companyId=1311998525987192997, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Severe Storm Disaster Risk/Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing 210041), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998526012358823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, companyId=1311998525987192997, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2江苏省强对流灾害风险预警重点实验室/中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室, 南京210041)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998528398917845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spatial distributions of mean precipitation [shadings, units: mm (3 h)−1] from (a) CMPAS (CMA Multi-source merged Precipitation Analysis System) observations, (b) multiple CMA-MESO (China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model) forecasts, and (c) forecast bias (forecast minus observations) over East China during the summer of 2023., figureFileSmall=NJM4twsf9ZEwkyNGJSIERg==, figureFileBig=xWpk2ZzPnH3c/hMocQXSzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998528482803926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2023年夏季华东地区(a)CMPAS三源融合观测、(b)CMA-MESO模式多时效预报以及(c)预报偏差(预报结果减去观测)的平均降水量[填色,单位:mm (3 h)−1]的空间分布。, figureFileSmall=NJM4twsf9ZEwkyNGJSIERg==, figureFileBig=xWpk2ZzPnH3c/hMocQXSzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998528688324823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Variation of daily mean precipitation (units: mm d−1) from CMPAS observations (black line) and multiple CMA-MESO model forecasts (red line) during the summer of 2023, for the same regions shown in Fig. 1. The different values represent the average of 12 forecasts at 3 h, 6 h, ···, 36 h in the cyclic forecast. The pink shadow indicates the range of multiple precipitation forecasts from CMA-MESO model, and r represents the correlation coefficient between multiple model forecasts and observations., figureFileSmall=BMOiMlAKqXEzUDl0qWOxXQ==, figureFileBig=yz/JBoD1su4QJhSyQ7ypVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998528751239384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2023年夏季 CMPAS观测(黑线)和CMA-MESO多时效预报(红线)的日平均降水量(单位:mm d−1)随时间的变化,区域范围参见图1。这里多时效为当前时刻所有预报平均,即循环预报中3 h、6 h、···、36 h共12次预报的平均,下同。粉色阴影表示12次不同预报时效降水分布范围,r表示模式多时效预报与观测之间的相关系数。, figureFileSmall=BMOiMlAKqXEzUDl0qWOxXQ==, figureFileBig=yz/JBoD1su4QJhSyQ7ypVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998528822542553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Spatial distributions of 3-h mean precipitation [shadings, units: mm (3 h)−1] from CMPAS observations for (a–h) from 0200 BJT (Beijing time) to 0200 BJT (the following day) over East China during the summer of 2023., figureFileSmall=WeNon+oDwMAOHEv3uW+WVQ==, figureFileBig=Tok+5XqnZamF/qxAkFu4Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530030502106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2023年夏季(a–h)02:00至次日02:00(北京时)华东地区CMPAS观测逐3 h平均降水量[填色,单位:mm (3 h)−1]的空间分布。, figureFileSmall=WeNon+oDwMAOHEv3uW+WVQ==, figureFileBig=Tok+5XqnZamF/qxAkFu4Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530118582491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Spatial distributions of 3-h mean precipitation deviations [shadings, units: mm (3 h)−1] from multiple CMA-MESO forecasts for (a–h) from 0200 BJT to 0200 BJT (the following day) over East China during the summer of 2023., figureFileSmall=YvM42spI1+wLDpgJ3qCf8w==, figureFileBig=pkefpo7HOGBEOqDBehPl3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530202468572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2023年夏季(a–h)02:00至次日02:00(北京时)华东地区CMA-MESO多时效预报逐3 h平均降水量偏差[填色,单位:mm (3 h)−1]的空间分布。, figureFileSmall=YvM42spI1+wLDpgJ3qCf8w==, figureFileBig=pkefpo7HOGBEOqDBehPl3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530319909085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Distribution of 3-h mean precipitation deviation [shadings, units: mm (3 h)−1] from multiple CMA-MESO forecasts from 0200 BJT to 0200 BJT (the following day) over East China during the summer of 2023. "×" indicates that the percentage of the corresponding forecast bias compared to observations exceeds 50%., figureFileSmall=W/X2K3/g2Mw/sQ8T95VS6w==, figureFileBig=ie8f2diht/4R2dBS/lMRKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530407989470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2023年夏季02:00至次日02:00(北京时)华东地区CMA-MESO不同预报时效预报逐3 h平均降水量偏差[填色,单位:mm (3 h)−1]。 ‘×’用来表示相比观测,模式在该时段内对应预报时效预报偏差的百分比超过50%。, figureFileSmall=W/X2K3/g2Mw/sQ8T95VS6w==, figureFileBig=ie8f2diht/4R2dBS/lMRKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530475098335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distributions of biases from multiple CMA-MESO forecasts (colored open circles) over East China during the summer of 2023 relative to CMPAS observations across different precipitation threshold intervals for (a) precipitation amount (frequency-weighted) [units: mm (3 h)−1], (b) precipitation intensity [units: mm (3 h)−1], and (c) precipitation frequency., figureFileSmall=aIOWSGWNG4Co1PtTWlcRQw==, figureFileBig=wPvIz28sgB+TnbcZxL45RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530542207200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式不同预报时效(彩色空心圆)预报值相对CMPAS观测在不同降水量阈值区间内:(a)降水量(降水频率加权)[单位:mm (3 h)−1]、(b)降水强度[单位:mm (3 h)−1]和(c)降水频率的偏差分布。, figureFileSmall=aIOWSGWNG4Co1PtTWlcRQw==, figureFileBig=wPvIz28sgB+TnbcZxL45RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530630287585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The Success Rate (SR), probability of detection (POD), TS score, and BIAS of multiple CMA-MESO forecasts across different precipitation thresholds intervals [P$ \gt $0.1, 3, 10, 20, 50, 70 mm (3 h)−1] over East China during the summer of 2023., figureFileSmall=kowFcUvqKJrovKVS3dOSow==, figureFileBig=BqqCzN4eNwpsRgXqkF1jTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530709979362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式多预报时效在不同降水量阈值范围[P$ \gt $0.1, 3, 10, 20, 50, 70 mm (3 h)−1]内的成功率(Success Rate,简称SR)、命中率(probability of detection,简称POD)、TS评分和BIAS。, figureFileSmall=kowFcUvqKJrovKVS3dOSow==, figureFileBig=BqqCzN4eNwpsRgXqkF1jTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530810642659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Spatial distributions of 48 h accumulated precipitation amounts (shadings, units: mm) from (a, b) CMPAS observations and (c, d) multiple CMA-MESO forecasts for two precipitation events on June 22–23 (left column) and July 27–28 (right column) in 2023. The black box indicates the area of high accumulated precipitation values., figureFileSmall=POMPh51WZWuqn35QlopBrQ==, figureFileBig=5tKOTUDUWXbRydIMcY3huQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530881945828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2023年6月22~23日(左列)和7月27~28日(右列)两次降水过程对应(a、b)CMPAS观测和(c、d)CMA-MESO多时效预报48 h累积降水量(填色,单位:mm)的空间分布。黑色框表示累积降水大值区范围。, figureFileSmall=POMPh51WZWuqn35QlopBrQ==, figureFileBig=5tKOTUDUWXbRydIMcY3huQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998530957443301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Variation of 3-h precipitation [units: mm (3 h)−1] for two precipitation events on (a) June 22–23 and (b) July 27–28 in 2023. The solid black, dashed black, and dashed gray lines represent CMPAS observations, multiple CMA-MESO forecasts (with assimilation), and multiple CMA-MESO forecasts (without assimilation), respectively. The colored scatter points represent different lead-time forecast values., figureFileSmall=apGCDXvBtbkNBI8qLgEmJw==, figureFileBig=vSnXSyahZQ9Sa2mLBXKaew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998531024552166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2023年(a)6月22~23日和(b)7月27~28日两次降水过程逐3 h降水量[单位:mm (3 h)−1]的时序变化,其中黑色实线、黑色虚线和灰色虚线分别代表CMPAS观测,CMA-MESO多时效预报平均(加同化)和CMA-MESO多时效预报平均(未加同化),颜色散点代表不同预报时效预报值。, figureFileSmall=apGCDXvBtbkNBI8qLgEmJw==, figureFileBig=vSnXSyahZQ9Sa2mLBXKaew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998531112632551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Vertical distributions of the mixing ratio (units: g kg−1) from multiple CMA-MESO forecasts for (a) cloud water, (b) cloud ice, (c) rain water, (d) snow, and (e) graupel for the precipitation event on June 22–23 in 2023., figureFileSmall=Uq0ErnKmGr4iBcPfuEi3xQ==, figureFileBig=G3tMlXS37R/NYIWgyLPjiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998531171352808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2023年6月22~23日降水过程CMA-MESO模式多时效预报同一时刻不同水成物含量(单位:g kg−1)的垂直分布:(a)云水(QCLOUD);(b)云冰(QICE);(c)雨水(QRAIN);(d)雪(QSNOW);(e)霰(QGRAUP)。, figureFileSmall=Uq0ErnKmGr4iBcPfuEi3xQ==, figureFileBig=G3tMlXS37R/NYIWgyLPjiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998531246850281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998518764601469, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Vertical distributions of circulation fields biases (forecast minus sounding observations) from multiple CMA-MESO forecasts for (a) zonal wind speed (units: m s−1), (b) meridional wind speed (units: m s−1), (c) temperature (units: K), and (d) specific humidity (units: g kg−1) for the precipitation event on June 22–23 in 2023., 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CMA-MESO模式对华东地区夏季降水预报偏差分析
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缪昊 1, 2 , 朱科锋 1, 2 , 杨全 1, 2 , 史文茹 1, 2 , 刘伟光 1, 2 , 李昕 1, 2
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1205-1220
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1205 -1220
CMA-MESO模式对华东地区夏季降水预报偏差分析
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缪昊1, 2 , 朱科锋1, 2 , 杨全1, 2, 史文茹1, 2, 刘伟光1, 2, 李昕1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国气象科学研究院/江苏省气象局南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京210041
  • 2江苏省强对流灾害风险预警重点实验室/中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室, 南京210041
通讯作者:
朱科锋,男,副研究员,主要从事数值模式物理过程研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

缪昊,男,博士,副研究员,主要从事参数化研发和物理过程改进研究。E-mail:

Assessing Biases in CMA-MESO Summer Precipitation Forecasts over East China
Hao MIAO1, 2 , Kefeng ZHU1, 2 , Quan YANG1, 2, Wenru SHI1, 2, Weiguang LIU1, 2, Xin LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Nanjing Innovation Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences-Jiangsu Meteorological Service, Nanjing 210041
  • 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Severe Storm Disaster Risk/Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing 210041
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25060
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CMA-MESO模式(China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model)是降水预报业务重要支撑,但每天8次滚动更新预报使得预报评估面临新挑战,理解平均偏差特征、不同预报时效特征差异以及误差来源,是改进模式的关键。本文系统分析了2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式降水预报性能,结果表明:(1)多时效预报平均能较好地再现观测降水空间分布特征,但在降水量级和发生频率方面存在系统性偏差。(2)模式对中雨及以上量级的降水量预报存在明显高估,对无降水事件频率预报较观测偏低3.7%,对小雨事件频率预报偏高2.6%,且对大雨及以上量级降水事件的空报率较高。(3)预报性能呈现显著的时效依赖性,降水偏差在3~6 h短临预报时达到最大值,随后随预报时效增加逐渐减小,在21~24 h达到最小值,并在24~36 h阶段再次增大。(4)物理原因分析表明,短临预报的降水高估与云分析同化引入过多水物质有关,而24 h后预报偏强则源于模式低层风速预报偏强导致的水汽输送过量。

CMA-MESO模式  /  降水预报  /  多时效预报  /  偏差成因

The China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model (CMA-MESO) serves as a critical operational system for precipitation forecasting. However, its eight-times-daily rolling updates present new challenges for forecast evaluation. A comprehensive understanding of mean bias characteristics, variations across different forecast lead times, and error sources is key to model improvement. This study systematically evaluated the precipitation forecast performance of the CMA-MESO over East China during the summer of 2023. The key findings are as follows: (1) While the averaged multiple forecasts generally reproduced the spatial distribution patterns of observed precipitation, systematic biases existed in precipitation intensity and frequency. (2) The model significantly overestimated the precipitation amount for moderate-and-above rainfall events, with 3.7% underestimation of the frequency of no-rainfall events but 2.6% overestimation of the frequency of light rain events, along with elevated false alarm rates for heavy-and-above rainfall events. (3) The forecast performance showed a distinct lead-time dependence, with precipitation biases largest in 3~6 h nowcasting, gradually decreasing to a minimum in 21~24 h forecasts, and then increasing again in the 24~36 h range. (4) Physical analysis revealed that the nowcasting overestimation stemmed from excessive hydrometeor introduction during cloud analysis, and the overestimation in the forecast after 24 h resulted from excessive low-level wind speeds that promoted moisture transport to the target region.

CMA-MESO model  /  Precipitation forecast  /  Multiple forecasts  /  Bias causes
缪昊, 朱科锋, 杨全, 史文茹, 刘伟光, 李昕. CMA-MESO模式对华东地区夏季降水预报偏差分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1205 -1220 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25060
Hao MIAO, Kefeng ZHU, Quan YANG, Wenru SHI, Weiguang LIU, Xin LI. Assessing Biases in CMA-MESO Summer Precipitation Forecasts over East China[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1205 -1220 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25060
强降水具有突发性高、局地性显著和致灾性强的特点,常引发城市积涝、山体滑坡和泥石流等次生灾害,对公共安全和经济发展构成了严重威胁。随着全球气候变暖的加剧,大气持水量的不断增加导致极端降水事件的发生频次和强度显著增长(Prein et al., 2017; Li et al., 2023)。在此背景下,提高降水预报的准确度不仅直接关系到防灾减灾工作的实际成效,更是推进气象业务高质量发展的关键环节。
中国气象局自主研发的中尺度天气数值预报系统(CMA-MESO),覆盖全国范围,凭借每天8次的快速更新同化与预报,在强对流天气监测和精细化降水预报领域展现出显著优势(黄丽萍等, 2017, 2022; 沈学顺等, 2020)。研究发现,CMA-MESO在强对流过程降水的预报性能上显著优于全球模式,尤其在强降水落区和量级的预报方面表现突出(张小雯等, 2020; 曲巧娜和吴炜, 2024; 王彬雁等, 2024)。然而受地形下垫面和区域气候特征差异的影响,CMA-MESO的预报性能存在显著的区域性差异:对中国东部地区的预报效果优于西部地区,平原地带的预报性能高于山区,复杂地形区的降水预报能力相对较弱(陈超君等, 2012; 毛冬艳等, 2014; 许晨璐等, 2017; 于翡等, 2018; 谢漪云和王建捷, 2021; 陈静等, 2022)。CMA-MESO在黄淮地区山区和平原的有效降水时次占比和降水强度均存在系统性低估,而对四川盆地及周边地区预报的小时降水量普遍高于观测值,其中夜间和午后至傍晚时段的预报正偏差最为显著(栗晗等, 2023; 叶茂等, 2024)。胡嘉缨等(2023)的研究也指出,CMA-MESO在山西复杂地形区的日降水预报中空报现象突出,盆地降水预报量级明显偏大,且小时降水预报偏差具有显著的时空分布差异。上述研究表明,CMA-MESO模式对降水的预报能力存在显著的地区性差异,传统的区域平均定量统计检验方法难以精确反映预报偏差的分布特征,无法满足当前精细化业务预报的需求。
华东地区位于东亚季风核心区,夏季降水受副热带高压、台风活动和局地热力对流的共同影响,降水时空分布极不均匀,强降水和台风暴雨等极端天气事件频发。作为我国经济最发达、人口最密集的区域之一,华东地区对精准降水预报的需求尤为迫切。然而现有研究表明,CMA-MESO模式在华东地区的降水预报中仍存在显著偏差,模式对极端强降水(>50 mm h−1)的空报率较高,同时对非强降水过程的降水量普遍高估(钟敏等, 2022; 蔡怡等, 2023)。此外,CMA-MESO模式对降水的预报能力还存在显著的时效性依赖,模式提前6 h、9 h和12 h的降水预报最接近观测,而在3 h短时临近预报时段,模式预报的正偏差显著增大。快速更新循环同化预报系统的降水预报偏差既源于资料同化环节的初始场误差,又与模式物理过程参数化的不确定性密切相关,且两者循环滚动相互影响,导致误差评估和溯源十分困难(蔡怡等, 2023; 庄照荣等, 2023)。此外,传统预报评分体系主要针对单一预报结果进行评估,难以有效反映滚动预报中不同起报时间的降水时空演变特征及其差异,这种评估局限性会进一步影响业务预报的订正效果(郭换换等, 2016; 曲巧娜和吴炜, 2024)。前人研究对多时效预报偏差的时空分布特征及其物理成因仍缺乏系统性分析,特别是针对该模式的多时效预报产品在强降水过程预报中的适用性评估,目前仍缺乏充分的验证研究。
为系统评估CMA-MESO 3 km模式的多时效(3~36 h)精细化降水预报性能,本文基于CMPAS(CMA Multi-source merged Precipitation Analysis System)三源融合降水产品,深入探讨了模式对2023年夏季华东地区的降水预报能力。结合典型强降水过程,进一步揭示不同预报时段降水偏差原因,为模式改进和业务化应用提供参考,对提升区域降水预报精度和防灾减灾能力具有重要意义。
观测降水数据采用国家气象信息中心发布的地面—卫星—雷达三源融合CMPAS降水产品,该数据集具有0.05°×0.05°的空间分辨率和1 h的时间分辨率。CMPAS通过融合地面观测站、气象卫星和天气雷达等多源观测数据,并采用先进的融合算法与质量控制技术,实现了对全国范围内降水时空分布的高精度反演,为研究提供了可靠的降水观测基准(潘旸等, 2018; 师春香等, 2019)。此外风速、温度、湿度等实况资料采用国家级(地面)气象观测站提供的探空数据,观测时间为协调世界时00:00、06:00、12:00和18:00。
模式预报产品来自于中国气象局自主研发的新一代高分辨率数值预报系统CMA-MESO(V5.0版本),其预报范围覆盖了(10°~60°N,70°~145°E)的区域,水平分辨率为0.03°×0.03°,垂直方向分为50层,模式顶层高度达到10 hPa。该模式基于先进的半隐式半拉格朗日差分方案构建动力框架,水平方向采用Arakawa-C网格点,垂直方向使用高度地形追随坐标,并采用全可压非静力平衡动力框架,模式物理过程参数化方案的具体配置可参考黄丽萍等(2022)。本文第4部分的数值试验采用与业务预报系统(黄丽萍等, 2022)完全一致的物理过程参数化方案及运行配置,仅关闭了资料同化模块。本文使用的观测数据和模式产品时间范围为2023年夏季(6~8月),研究区域为(24.5°~34°N,114°~122°E),覆盖了华东地区包括江苏、安徽、上海、浙江、福建和江西等省市。研究选取CMA-MESO模式逐3 h(协调世界时00:00、03:00、06:00、09:00、12:00、15:00、18:00和21:00)启动一次的预报产品,最长预报时效为36 h。所使用的变量包括地面降水、云水、云冰、雨水、雪和霰等水成物含量,以及水平纬向风、经向风、温度、湿度等环流背景场数据。
本文评估所用数据为基于全部起报时间(协调世界时00:00、03:00、06:00、09:00、12:00、15:00、18:00和21:00)和所有预报时效(3~36 h)的模式输出产品,使用3 h累积降水数据,分别进行了夏季平均、逐日和逐3 h的统计分析。采用以下统计指标定量分析降水预报偏差特征:(1)平均降水量,即统计时段内模式预报或观测降水量的算术平均值。(2)平均降水频率,定义为统计时段内模式预报或观测降水占统计总样本的百分比。(3)平均降水强度,指统计时段内总降水量与有降水时次数的比值,该指标仅针对存在降水的样本进行计算。采用最近距离插值法将CMA-MESO模式产品插值到CMPAS观测格点上,该方法直接使用最近的模式预报值,避免了相邻格点值的平滑效应,能够保留原始数据的局部特征和极端值。
为了比较模式产品在不同降水量级下的性能表现,选取命中率(probability of detection,简称POD)、成功率(Success Rate,简称SR)、TS评分和BIAS等降水评估指标来进行精细化评估(Chen et al., 2013):
$ \text{POD=}\frac{H}{H+M}\text{,} $
$ \text{SR=}\frac{H}{H+F}\text{,} $
$ \text{TS=}\frac{H}{H+M+F}\text{,} $
$ \text{BIAS=}\frac{H+F}{H+M}\text{,} $
其中,H(Hits)表示正确预报的降水事件数,M(Misses)表示实际发生但未被预报的降水事件数,F(False alarms)表示预报发生但实际未发生的降水事件数。POD用于衡量实际发生的降水事件中被正确预报的比例,SR用于衡量正确预报的降水事件占所有预报的比例,TS代表模式降水预报的技巧评分,其数值均介于0~1之间,数值越大表示模式预报能力越高;而BIAS用于衡量预报降水事件数与实际降水事件数的比值,越接近1说明模式预报能力越高。
降水量等级划分的参考依据为国家标准GB/T 28592-2012(中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局和中国国家标准化管理委员会, 2012),其将3 h累积降水量(记为P)依次划分成7个等级,具体为无降水[P<0.1 mm (3 h)−1]、小雨[0.1≤P<3 mm (3 h)−1]、中雨[3≤P<10 mm (3 h)−1]、大雨[10≤P<20 mm (3 h)−1]、暴雨[20≤P<50 mm (3 h)−1]、大暴雨[50≤P<70 mm (3 h)−1]和特大暴雨[P≥70 mm (3 h)−1]。
图1为2023年夏季华东地区CMPAS三源融合观测和CMA-MESO模式多时效预报的平均降水量空间分布。观测分析表明(图1a),降水核心区主要分布在长江下游冲积平原、浙闽海岸带以及皖赣丘陵过渡带,该分布格局与华东地区季风环流、热带气旋活动以及地形强迫抬升等因素存在显著关联。CMA-MESO模式预报能有效再现观测降水的空间分布特征,特别是对降水大值区的预报展现出较高的技巧(图1b),但整体上雨量偏强。定量分析显示(图1c),夏季平均降水量预报高估了0.3 mm (3 h)−1以上,尤其是在东部沿海地区偏差更为显著,这主要是因为CMA-MESO过强的低层风速增加了向东部沿海地区的水汽输送量,进而导致降水量偏多(Shi et al., 2024)。
图2展示了2023年夏季华东地区CMPAS三源融合观测数据和CMA-MESO模式多时效预报的逐日降水时序演变特征。观测结果(黑线)显示,研究时段内该地区经历了多次显著的峰值降水过程,其中7月27~29日受台风“杜苏芮”影响,图1对应区域范围的平均降水量达到28.8 mm d−1的夏季峰值。CMA-MESO模式的多时效预报结果(红线)与观测序列的时间相关系数达0.91,表明模式在降水过程演变特征(包括起止时间、持续时长和衰减趋势)的预报方面具有较高的技巧水平。进一步定量评估结果表明,模式存在显著的系统性正偏差,且偏差幅度(粉色阴影范围)与降水强度呈正相关关系。具体而言,当日降水量超过19.2 mm d−1 时,预报偏差开始明显增大;在峰值降水时段(区域平均降水量大于24 mm d−1),最大正偏差可达观测值的210%,这可能和CMA-MESO循环同化更新预报有关,在连续性降水过程中,CMA-MESO云分析不断引入水物质,导致峰值降水时段降水预报更容易偏强。不同预报时效(提前36~3 h)的结果间存在明显的离散分布现象,尤其在峰值降水事件中不同时效预报降水的一致性显著降低。总的来说,CMA-MESO对雨带的分布有较好的模拟,但定量降水明显高估,尤其是峰值降水时段。
图3展示了2023年夏季华东地区基于CMPAS观测的逐3 h平均降水量的空间分布。分析表明,该区域夏季降水分布呈现出显著的时空差异。在空间分布上,南部区域(包括福建、浙江和江西南部)主要表现为大范围的降水高值区,这与夏季活跃的台风系统、副热带高压的南北移动以及充足的水汽输送密切相关;而北部区域(如江苏中部和安徽北部)则以局地性降水中心为主,其形成机制则可能与地形强迫抬升、局地对流发展以及中尺度天气系统的触发作用有关。从时间演变特征来看,降水大值区分布具有明显的日变化规律,在北京时间11:00~20:00时段华东地区普遍分布降水中心(图3d–f),平均降水峰值超过1.8 mm (3 h)−1,其中午后至傍晚时段(图3e)最为典型,这一特征与华东地区夏季典型的午后对流性降水机制相吻合。相比之下,在其他时段除了相对局地的降水中心存在外,平均降水量普遍低于0.6 mm (3 h)−1,降水活动相对较弱。
图4为2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式多时效预报的逐3 h平均降水量偏差空间分布。与CMPAS观测相比,CMA-MESO模式在全天所有时段的降水量预报中均存在系统性正偏差,与前文关于模式普遍高估降水的结论相一致。降水预报系统性偏差在时空分布上呈现出显著的区域性和时段性差异:在南部区域(包括福建、浙江和江西南部),降水正偏差主要集中于北京时间14:00~23:00午后至夜间时段(图4e–g),最大偏差值超过1.2 mm (3 h)−1;而在北部区域(如江苏和安徽中部),降水正偏差则明显集中于白天时段(图4c–d)。研究表明这可能与模式预报了过强的低层风速有关(Shi et al., 2024),一方面过强风速导致夜间辐合增强,抬升造成更强的降水,另一方面,更多水汽输送到江淮流域,使得午后对流更容易在地形附近水汽聚集区域生成。
进一步分析了CMA-MESO模式对全天不同时段降水预报的偏差特征,图5展示了2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式在不同预报时效(提前36~3 h)下的逐3 h平均降水量偏差分布。可以看到,短临预报时段即3~6 h偏差达到最大值,平均降水量高估超过1.2 mm (3 h)−1。降水偏差随后随预报时效增加逐渐减小,在21~24 h达到最小值,此时降水预报偏差在0.3 mm (3 h)−1以内,表明该预报时效范围内模式对定量降水预报有较高的准确性。在24~36 h阶段再次增大,绝大多数预报时效的降水高估在0.15~0.45 mm (3 h)−1范围内。当前偏差随预报时效变化特征可能与模式同化系统和物理过程不一致有关。CMA-MESO通过云分析引入水物质信息,但这部分水物质并不能被模式物理过程完全吸收,也即当前分析场的水物质廓线和模式微物理在当前时刻模拟大气环境条件下的水物质廓线不一致(见后续讨论),导致模式积分后这部分水物质快速沉降到地面,因而初始预报阶段降水高估最为明显(张小雯等, 2020)。
图6展示了2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式在不同预报时效下,相对于CMPAS观测数据在3 h累积降水分级阈值范围内的平均降水量、降水强度和降水频率的偏差分布。从平均降水量的偏差分布(图6a)来看,CMA-MESO模式对中雨及以上量级[P≥3 mm (3 h)−1]的降水存在显著高估现象,其中暴雨量级[20≤P<50 mm (3 h)−1]的预报偏差最为突出,达到0.42 mm (3 h)−1。这种系统性高估现象可能与模式对水汽含量的模拟偏差密切相关,黄丽萍等(2017)的研究表明,CMA-MESO模式在预报中普遍存在水汽含量偏多的问题,这直接导致模式对中雨以上量级降水的预报偏差较大。在平均降水强度的偏差分布方面(图6b),模式对特大暴雨量级[P≥70 mm (3 h)−1]的降水强度存在显著低估,偏差达到−17.1 mm (3 h)−1,这可能和当前模式微物理方案降水无法正确模拟我国季风背景下高降水效率有关(Yin et al., 2023)。相比之下,模式对小雨、中雨和大雨量级的降水强度预报偏差较小[<2.1 mm (3 h)−1],表明其对中等强度降水的预报能力相对较好。从平均降水频率的偏差分布(图6c)来看,CMA-MESO模式对无降水[P<0.1 mm (3 h)−1]频率的预报较观测值偏低3.7%,而对小雨量级[0.1≤P<3 mm (3 h)−1]的预报频率则显著偏高2.6 %,这可能源于模式对云量和云水含量的模拟不够准确,导致对有无降水事件的判断出现偏差。此外,模式对中雨、大雨和暴雨量级的预报频率虽然也存在一定高估,但偏差相对较小,说明模式在捕捉中雨及以上量级[P≥3 mm (3 h)−1]降水事件的发生频率方面总体表现尚可。总的来说,对比CMA-MESO模式不同预报时效的预报偏差发现,平均降水量和平均降水强度的预报偏差随预报时效的缩短呈现先减小后增大的非线性变化趋势。这一特征与图5的分析结果一致,即模式在预报24 h前后(提前27~15 h)定量降水偏差最小,而在短时临近预报时段(提前6~3 h)偏差最大。
图7展示了2023年夏季华东地区CMA-MESO模式在不同预报时效下针对不同降水分级阈值范围内的SR、POD、TS评分和BIAS的综合评估结果。对于P≥0.1 mm (3 h)−1的降水事件,SR和POD均达到0.44以上,TS评分也超过0.3,表明模式对判别有无降水事件有一定的能力,且空报和漏报率均保持在较低水平。然而随着降水量级的增大,模式的预报能力呈现显著下降趋势。对于大雨[P≥10 mm (3 h)−1]以上量级的降水,TS评分普遍低于0.15,且SR值明显偏低,反映出模式对降水事件的预报偏多,空报率较高。值得注意的是,随着预报时效的缩短,模式对同一量级降水的POD呈现逐渐增大的趋势。在短临预报(6 h以内)阶段,POD值较24 h预报提高了20%以上,表明模式在短临预报中对降水空间分布和强度的刻画更加准确,漏报率显著降低。综合来看,CMA-MESO模式在晴雨天气判别和短时降水预报方面表现较好,但短临(提前6~3 h)预报的BIAS值明显增大至2,说明该阶段预报降水事件数明显偏多,模式精细化预报能力仍需进一步提升。
选取了2023年夏季华东地区两次具有代表性的强降水过程深入分析偏差原因,分别为6月22~23日一次梅雨锋降水(过程I)和7月27~28日台风影响的降水(过程II)。图8展示了两次降水过程对应的CMPAS观测和CMA-MESO模式多时效预报平均的累积降水量空间分布。观测结果表明(图8a),在过程I期间,受低涡切变线和西南暖湿气流的共同影响,江苏南部、浙江中西部、江西东北部及福建西北部出现了一次范围性大值降水过程,降水峰值区的48 h累积降水量超过50 mm,局部地区甚至达到100 mm以上。而在过程II期间(图8b),受台风“杜苏芮”和副热带高压外围暖湿气流的共同作用,福建和浙江沿海多地出现大到暴雨,其中福建宁德、福州以及浙江温州等地的局地48 h累积降水量超过250 mm,达到特大暴雨量级。
和夏季平均结果类似,CMA-MESO模式在多时效预报中存在显著的高估,具体表现为:(1)模式预报的48 h累积降水量普遍高于观测值,在降水峰值区,预报值较观测值偏高20%~40%;(2)模式预报的降水峰值落区范围明显大于实际观测范围,且在部分地区出现了虚假的大值降水中心。
从夏季平均结果看,降水过强一部分来源于初始阶段预报过强。业务运行的CMA-MESO通过云分析同化雷达资料,引入的水物质可能是其降水偏强的原因。图9展示了业务CMA-MESO预报的两次过程逐3 h降水量时间演变以及去掉同化过程的CMA-MESO预报结果。可以看到,业务CMA-MESO预报的平均降水量在整个降水过程中普遍呈现正偏差,其中在降水峰值时段,模式预报值较观测值偏高30%以上,突显出模式对强降水过程的高估倾向。对比不同预报时效的降水分布特征来看,模式预报表现出明显的时效依赖性:在提前36~12 h的预报时效阶段,模式普遍存在降水量低估现象,这可能与模式对天气系统演变趋势的捕捉能力不足有关,该阶段雷达资料同化影响有限;随着预报时效缩短至提前18~9 h,模式预报逐渐接近观测值,偏差缩小至10 %以内,表明该时效范围内模式对降水过程的模拟相对准确;然而,在短时预报阶段(提前6~3 h),模式预报转为明显高估,特别是提前3 h预报的高估现象最为显著,最大偏差超过40%。与去掉同化CMA-MESO模式预报结果(灰色虚线)对照分析表明,云分析同化引入的水物质是CMA-MESO初始6 h预报偏强的主要原因(李昕等, 2016; Borderies et al., 2019; 庄照荣等, 2023)。
图10展示了过程I(低涡切变线型降水)中CMA-MESO模式多时效预报同一时刻不同水成物含量的垂直分布特征。模式在不同预报时效下预报的水成物含量峰值高度基本保持一致,但在数值上存在显著差异。具体而言,云水(QCLOUD)和雨水(QRAIN)含量的峰值高度分别在600 hPa和700 hPa左右,同降水偏差趋势一致,其含量随预报时效的增加呈现先减少后增大,在21 h和24 h左右最小。云冰(QICE)、雪(QSNOW)和霰(QGRAUP)趋势和云水、雨水一致,峰值高度分别位于250 hPa、450 hPa和560 hPa附近。从前期评估结果看,提前21 h和24 h降水预报与观测相比偏差最小,此次过程中达到地面的降水量主要来自雨水,以21 h和24 h廓线为参考,说明其它预报时效均高估了雨水含量。3 h到6 h雨水含量廓线减少明显,这主要是因为云分析引入的雨水物质并不能被当前环境吸收,在模式预报初始阶段,这部分水物质快速下沉到地面,导致了初始3~6 h降水过强(朱立娟等, 2017; 马怡轩和徐国强, 2025)。总之,云分析引入的水物质无法被环境吸收,快速沉降到地面,是导致短临预报阶段(3~6 h)降水预报偏强主要原因。
不同于短临预报降水偏强主要来自雷达资料同化,预报24 h以后的降水过强,则和CMA-MESO不完善的物理过程参数化导致过强的低层急流预报有关。图11展示了过程I(低涡切变线型降水)中CMA-MESO模式多时效预报同一时刻大气环流背景场偏差的垂直分布特征,所用探空观测数据来源于图8a虚线区域内所有国家级地面气象观测站。多数预报时效模式低层风速(800 hPa高度以下)预报偏大。Shi et al.(2024)和李永华等(2022)研究表明,过强低层风速造成了过多的水汽输送到江淮流域,最终导致降水偏强。从图中可以看到,随着预报时效的增加,低层湿度也随之增加,在预报24 h后,其强度逐渐超过观测,这也解释了24 h后降水预报又开始逐渐偏强的原因。低层的风速过强可能和CMA-MESO高估青藏高原、蒙古高原等西北地区温度,而低估了我国东南部和海上的温度有关。Cai et al.(2023)研究表明,当前辐射过程参数化没有考虑三维地形遮蔽等效应是青藏高原等复杂地形区域温度预报偏强主要原因。采用三维地形辐射方案后,能有效减少到达地面短波辐射通量,进而改进青藏高原及其周边的温度和环流预报。而我国东南部及沿海地区一带温度预报偏低原因更复杂,Zhu et al.(2021)归纳了几个可能和物理过程参数化相关原因,包括模式下垫面数据没有反映城市化特征、辐射方案没有考虑长波散射效应等。过程II(台风型降水)的分析结论与过程Ⅰ类似(图略),进一步验证了这一现象的普遍性。总之,24 h以后的降水预报偏强,和CMA-MESO预报了过强的低层风速,导致过多水汽输送到江淮流域有关。而风速预报偏差主要来源于不完善的模式物理过程,改善长时预报强度偏差需更多关注影响低层温度和风速预报的物理过程参数化。
本文基于CMPAS三源融合降水产品,对3 km分辨率CMA-MESO业务模式在2023年夏季华东地区降水多时效预报性能进行了系统研究,重点考察了模式小时级预报在降水时空分布、降水日变化规律以及不同量级降水预报技巧等方面的表现。通过深入分析不同预报时效的偏差特征及其物理成因,为对流可分辨尺度数值预报产品的业务应用及模式物理过程参数化方案的优化提供重要的科学依据。主要研究结论如下:
(1)模式对降水的多时效(3~36 h)预报整体上能够较好地再现观测降水的空间分布特征,但在降水量级预报方面以高估为主,且这种高估现象呈现出明显的地区差异。不同预报时效的预报结果之间存在明显的离散性分布,当区域平均降水量超过19.2 mm d−1时,预报偏差开始显著增大,特别是在峰值降水时段(>24 mm d−1),模式最大正偏差可达观测值的210%。
(2)模式对不同量级3 h累积降水的预报性能表现出明显的梯度特征。对中雨及以上量级[P≥3 mm (3 h)−1]降水存在高估,其中对暴雨量级[20≤P<50 mm (3 h)−1]的预报偏差最为显著,TS评分不足0.1。同时模式对降水发生频率的预报也存在明显偏差,无降水事件[P<0.1 mm (3 h)−1]的预报频率较观测值偏低3.7 %,小雨量级[0.1≤P<3 mm (3 h)−1]预报频率偏高2.6 %。模式对大雨及以上量级[P≥10 mm (3 h)−1]的降水事件预报偏多,空报率较高。
(3)模式降水预报性能呈现显著的时效依赖特征,整体表现为随预报时效增加呈先减小后增大的非线性变化趋势,其中3~6 h短临预报阶段的平均降水量偏差最大,随后随预报时效增加逐渐减小,在21~24 h达到最小值,在24~36 h阶段再次增大。从预报技巧评分来看,POD和TS评分均随预报时效缩短而显著提升,但3~6 h预报的BIAS值明显偏高,反映出该阶段降水事件数预报明显偏多。
(4)模式预报的云水和雨水含量呈现出随预报时效增加先减后增的变化特征,其最小值出现在21~24 h预报时效,这一变化趋势与降水预报偏差具有显著的一致性。在3~6 h短临预报阶段,初始场雨水含量显著偏高,云分析同化引入的过量雨水物质无法被环境场充分吸收而快速沉降,导致地面降水预报系统性偏强;而对于24 h以上的预报时效,降水高估主要源于模式在800 hPa以下低层普遍存在风速预报偏大的系统性偏差,过强的低层风场驱动了异常旺盛的水汽输送,致使江淮流域降水预报量级显著偏高。
本文基于2023年夏季华东地区降水预报的系统评估结果,结合典型强降水过程的诊断分析,深入探讨了CMA-MESO模式多时效预报偏差的形成机制。针对研究发现的突出问题,未来拟从以下两方面开展模式改进研究:一方面,将重点发展云分析同化与微物理过程协同优化方案,通过同化分析场对微物理过程的动态约束,有效改善模式在3~6 h短临预报中对降水量的系统性高估(王叶红等, 2013);另一方面,将着力优化与下垫面及地形特征相关的热力、动力参数化方案,从而降低模式对低层风速的高估偏差,全面提升CMA-MESO模式的精细化降水预报性能(王丹等, 2019)。这些改进措施的实施将为提升区域数值天气预报准确率提供重要的技术支撑。
此外,快速循环滚动更新预报的评估工作仍面临诸多实际难点。论文主要关注相同时段CMA-MESO平均预报偏差,但事实上,不同起报时间除了强度差异外,降水位置和演变特征上也会有差异,未来将进一步比较不同起报时间的降水预报偏差,来提升对快速循环滚动更新预报系统降水误差演变的理解。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25060
  • 接收时间:2025-04-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1中国气象科学研究院/江苏省气象局南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京210041
    2江苏省强对流灾害风险预警重点实验室/中国气象局交通气象重点开放实验室, 南京210041

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朱科锋,男,副研究员,主要从事数值模式物理过程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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