Article(id=1311998501668614692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2601.25138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734418550, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734418550, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734418550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734418550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1278, endPage=1294, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998501882524197, articleId=1311998501668614692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event over the Western Sichuan Basin under the Influence of Inertial Oscillation and Topography, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using surface dense automatic precipitation observations, ERA5 reanalysis data, and radar composite reflectivity data, this study analyzes the causes of a heavy rainstorm event over the western Sichuan Basin on July 11, 2023, focusing on the impacts of inertial oscillation on wind fields and terrain–airflow interactions on rainfall. A physical conceptual model of this rainstorm event is also developed. The results show that this precipitation event exhibited three prominent characteristics: a linear distribution of heavy rainfall along mountainous terrain, pronounced nocturnal development, and strong convective activity. Before the heavy rainstorm, the Sichuan region was under the control of the South Asian High, while the basin was influenced by southerly airflow on the periphery of the Western Pacific Subtropical High, with no considerable weather systems affecting the area. Quantitative analysis revealed that the Coriolis force and geostrophic deviation terms showed large variations. While atmospheric advection and vertical transport were weak, inertial oscillation dominated the wind speed increase in the central–eastern Sichuan Basin and eastern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. This process led to nocturnal boundary layer jets and clockwise rotation of the ageostrophic wind. The development of southeastward ageostrophic winds at night enhanced the southeasterly flow over the basin. The superposition of jet transport from the eastern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and wind speed growth in the central–eastern basin enhanced wind convergence in the basin. The combined effects of the divergence term and vertical transport term promoted the development of cyclonic wind fields. Under the combined influence of airflow in the northern sector of the cyclonic wind field and ageostrophic winds, southeasterly winds persisted over the northwestern basin, playing a crucial role in the formation of nocturnal rainfall. The southeasterly winds transported warm, moist air westward, leading to considerable wind and moisture convergence along the mountains of the western basin. The intrusion of dry air at mid-to-upper levels combined with low-level warm and moist airflow enhanced convective instability. The perpendicular intersection of southeasterly winds with the mountains of the western basin produced strong upslope flow. Orographic lifting on windward slopes and the formation of secondary vertical circulations triggered convection ahead of the mountains. As nocturnal southeasterlies intensified, convergence ahead of the mountains strengthened, and convection continued to develop. The persistent southeasterlies combined with topographic blocking and cyclonic wind field development, generated northerly winds along the western basin margin and easterly winds along the northern edge. Their convergence with easterly/southeasterly flows formed wind shear lines that promoted convective organization. The steep terrain transition from the basin to the mountains and the perpendicular intersection of the southeasterlies with the northeast–southwest-oriented mountains in the western basin favored strong upward motion on windward slopes. Sensitivity experiments conducted using a multisource observation data assimilation system and the WRF model demonstrated that halving terrain slopes reduced precipitation intensity by one order of magnitude. This decrease clearly indicates the enhancement effect of steep topography on rainfall. Under the combined forcing of low-level shear lines and steep terrain, a quasi-linear intense convective system developed along the mountains, forming a linear downpour zone along the western basin’s foothills. With the interaction of persistent southeasterly flow and the unique topography, efficient precipitation persisted, ultimately causing the extreme rainfall event.

, authors=Dan XIAO1, 2, Yun CHEN3, Gong CHEN4, Zhiwei HENG4, Yong XU1, Qisui LI1, Jie ZHA1, Xinwei LI1, authorsList=Dan XIAO, Yun CHEN, Gong CHEN, Zhiwei HENG, Yong XU, Qisui LI, Jie ZHA, Xinwei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998514901643900, articleId=1311998501668614692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=惯性振荡与地形作用下四川盆地西部一次大暴雨天气分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用地面加密自动站资料、ERA5再分析资料和雷达组合反射率数据,从惯性振荡对风场的影响、地形与气流相互作用、地形对降雨的增幅作用等方面,对2023年7月11日四川盆地西部大暴雨天气的成因进行分析,并提炼出此次暴雨过程的物理概念模型。分析发现:此次降水过程具有主要暴雨区沿山呈线性分布,夜雨特征明显和对流性强等特点。大暴雨发生前南亚高压控制四川,盆地受西太平洋副热带高压外围偏南气流影响,没有明显的天气系统影响。定量分析发现:大气平流和垂直输送弱,科氏力和地转偏差项变化大,惯性振荡主导了四川盆地中东部和云贵高原东部风速增长,并导致夜间边界层急流,非地转风顺时针旋转,其中夜间东南向非地转风有利于盆地东南风的增强。云贵高原东部急流输送与盆地中东部风速增长叠加,致使盆地辐合增大,散度项与垂直输送项的共同作用促进了气旋性风场发展。在气旋性风场北部气流及非地转风的共同作用下,盆地西北部长时间维持东南风。东南风将暖湿气流向西输送,盆地西部山前出现明显风场和水汽辐合,中高层干空气入侵与低空暖湿气流的配置导致盆地西部山前对流不稳定增强。东南风与盆地西部山脉垂直相交,形成了较强爬流,迎风坡地形抬升及次级垂直环流圈的形成触发了山前对流。随着夜间东南风增大,山前辐合增强,对流逐渐发展。东南风稳定维持,地形屏障及气旋性风场的发展使盆地西部和北部边缘分别出现偏北风和东风,与偏东风或东南风交汇生成切变线,切变线促进对流组织化发展。盆地向山脉过渡区山势陡峭,且盆地西部东北—西南走向的山脉与东南风垂直相交,有利于迎风坡出现强上升运动。基于多源观测资料同化系统和WRF模式开展敏感性试验,将地形坡度减半后,降水强度减小一个量级,表明陡峭地形对降雨有增幅作用。在低层切变线与陡峭地形强迫的共同作用下,准线性强对流系统沿山发展,使盆地西部山前形成线状强降水区。东南风长时间维持,受特殊地形影响,气流与地形相互作用形成持久高效的降水,从而导致了极端强降水。

, authors=肖丹1, 2, 谌芸3, 陈功4, 衡志炜4, 许勇1, 李奇穗1, 查婕1, 李欣蔚1, authorsList=肖丹, 谌芸, 陈功, 衡志炜, 许勇, 李奇穗, 查婕, 李欣蔚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谌芸, authorNote=

肖丹,女,高级工程师,主要从事灾害性天气预报研究。E-mail:

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谌芸,女,正高级工程师,主要从事中尺度气象研究。 E-mail:
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The gray shading is topography, triangles denote torrential rainfall points, and the green triangle marks the heavy rainfall center., figureFileSmall=t42JBTm6aCilTw9VZdX7zg==, figureFileBig=v8L/zGSGDhVAKTFPaJO68Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998521759331005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2023年7月10日20时(北京时,下同)至11日20时(a)四川盆地西部累计雨量(彩色阴影,单位:mm)和(b)养马峡站逐小时雨量(单位:mm)。灰色阴影为地形,三角形为特大暴雨点,绿色三角形为强降雨中心。, figureFileSmall=t42JBTm6aCilTw9VZdX7zg==, figureFileBig=v8L/zGSGDhVAKTFPaJO68Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998521998406334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=(a) 850 hPa wind field at 0300 BJT on July 11, 2023 (shading indicates terrain), vertical profiles of horizontal wind speed averaged within the red box (b) A and (c) B (see in Fig. a), (d) temporal variations in the mean wind vector and wind speed (polyline) at 900 hPa (brown) and 850 hPa (orange) averaged within region A, along with the number of short-duration heavy precipitation stations (bars) in western Sichuan Basin., figureFileSmall=BCVz5LUHfG7xCn2ZaBgcyA==, figureFileBig=JHvMGEfpP3JSTBqHS6+oUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522090681023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a)2023年7月11日03时850 hPa风场(阴影为地形),沿图(a)中矩形区域(b)A和(c)B平均的水平风速垂直廓线,(d)A区平均的900 hPa(棕色)和850 hPa(橙色)风矢量、风速(折线)及四川盆地西部短时强降水站数(柱体)随时间的变化。, figureFileSmall=BCVz5LUHfG7xCn2ZaBgcyA==, figureFileBig=JHvMGEfpP3JSTBqHS6+oUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522166178496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Composite reflectivity (shaded, units: dBZ) from Mianyang radar and 20-mm rainfall contour (blue line) in July 2023: (a) 2300 BJT 10, (b–h) 0300–0900 BJT 11, (i) 1100 BJT 11, where the radar reflectivity data corresponds to the closest hourly observation., figureFileSmall=a3VZf/XUO38Yn88l141reg==, figureFileBig=TbeQ3Io4ooxlcpZ/c5YSdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522229093057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2023年7月(a)10日23时、(b–h)11日03~09时、(i)11日11时绵阳雷达组合反射率(阴影,单位:dBZ)和20 mm雨量等值线(蓝线),其中雷达反射率为最接近整点时刻的数据。, figureFileSmall=a3VZf/XUO38Yn88l141reg==, figureFileBig=TbeQ3Io4ooxlcpZ/c5YSdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522296201922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Averages over regions A and B (marked by red boxes in Fig. 2a) for (a, b) horizontal wind speed (sA, sB), zonal (uA, uB) and meridional (vA, vB) wind components, (c, d) zonal and (e, f) meridional wind speed tendencies and their contributing factors, and (g, h) hodographs of the ageostrophic wind. Regions A and B use data at 900 hPa and 825 hPa, respectively., figureFileSmall=y3bz9bTDF39a2uCa1oZpog==, figureFileBig=aeM7m4ygD/uDEEtiS/abQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522422031043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图4, caption=沿图2a中红色方框A、B区域平均的(a,b)水平风速(sA、sB)、纬向(uA、uB)和经向(vA、vB)风速,以及(c,d)纬向和(e,f)经向风速的局地变化及各影响因子,(g,h)区域平均的非地转风矢端图,A、B区分别使用900 hPa、825 hPa数据。, figureFileSmall=y3bz9bTDF39a2uCa1oZpog==, figureFileBig=aeM7m4ygD/uDEEtiS/abQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522493334212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=(a–e) Perturbation wind and (f) mean wind from 0900 BJT 10 to 0800 BJT 11 at 850 hPa over Sichuan Basin: (a) 1200 BJT 10; (b) 2000 BJT 10; (c) 0100 BJT 11; (d) 0500 BJT 11; (e) 0800 BJT 11. The shaded region is topography., figureFileSmall=hCHb3bEWX0stviky/6azVw==, figureFileBig=kGrBVOCqEH9xEW+1aLxv7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522556248773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图5, caption=四川盆地850 hPa(a–e)扰动风场和(f)10日09时至11日08时的平均风场:(a)10日12时;(b)10日20时;(c)11日01时;(d)11日05时;(e)11日08时。阴影为地形。, figureFileSmall=hCHb3bEWX0stviky/6azVw==, figureFileBig=kGrBVOCqEH9xEW+1aLxv7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522614969030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Same as Fig.5, but for the eastern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau., figureFileSmall=LYqMHPa401OHdUqSJ7e6GA==, figureFileBig=jJsbeHIJQ0r0KwoNUG/lRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522694660807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图6, caption=同图5,但为云贵高原东部。, figureFileSmall=LYqMHPa401OHdUqSJ7e6GA==, figureFileBig=jJsbeHIJQ0r0KwoNUG/lRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522782741192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Vorticity (shaded, units: 10−5 s−1) and wind at (a, b) 900 hPa and (c, d) 850 hPa, the gray shaded regions are terrain over 1000 m at 900 hPa and over 1500 m at 850 hPa. Vorticity budget and its contributing terms (units: 10−9 s−2) averaged over the red box in Fig. d at (e) 2000 BJT 10 and (f) 0600 BJT 11., figureFileSmall=ZWjBDZA7jf7Hh8wVKBpASQ==, figureFileBig=g+k0PFAex8inF7aTujNdLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522854044361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a,b)900 hPa和(c,d)850 hPa涡度(阴影,单位:10−5 s−1)和风场,900 hPa、850 hPa图上灰色阴影分别为海拔1000 m、1500 m以上的地区;沿图d中红色矩形区域平均的(e)10日20时和(f)11日06时涡度收支及各因子项(单位:10−9 s−2)。, figureFileSmall=ZWjBDZA7jf7Hh8wVKBpASQ==, figureFileBig=g+k0PFAex8inF7aTujNdLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522933736138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Height–time cross sections along (32°N, 105°E) for (a) the wind field, relative humidity (shaded), pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (red lines, units: K), and (c) divergence (shaded, units: 10-5 s−1), vorticity (red lines, units: 10-5 s−1); (b) relative humidity (shaded), specific humidity (blue lines, units: g kg−1), and divergence of moisture flux (red lines, units: 10−8 kg m−2 s−1) at 850 hPa at 0300 BJT 11. Wind field, divergence (shaded), and vorticity (red lines) at (d) 0300 BJT 11, (g) 0700 BJT 11, (h) 0800 BJT 11 at 850 hPa, and (e) at 0400 BJT 11 at 900 hPa, (f) at 0600 BJT at 875 hPa. The red dot A shows the heavy precipitation center, and the thick red lines denote wind shear lines. The gray shadows are terrain over 1000 m at 900 hPa, over 1250 m at 875 hPa, and over 1500 m at 850 hPa., figureFileSmall=3si3ebhzodenRUuBwPsxBA==, figureFileBig=HUvRJOEVA8Io+ZfWsvop2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998522988262091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图8, caption=沿(32°N,105°E)的(a)风场、相对湿度(阴影)、假相当位温(红线,单位:K)和(c)散度(阴影,单位:10−5 s−1)、涡度(红线,单位:10−5 s−1)的高度—时间剖面,(b)11日03时850 hPa相对湿度(阴影)、比湿(蓝线,单位:g kg−1)和水汽通量散度(红线,单位:10−8 kg m−2 s−1),(d)11日03时、(g)07时、(h)08时850 hPa和(e)04时900 hPa、(f)06时875 hPa的风场、散度(阴影)和涡度(红线),图中红色圆点A代表强降水中心,粗红线为风场切变线,900 hPa、875 hPa和850 hPa图上灰色阴影分别为海拔1000 m、1250 m、1500 m以上的地区。, figureFileSmall=3si3ebhzodenRUuBwPsxBA==, figureFileBig=HUvRJOEVA8Io+ZfWsvop2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998523059565260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Vector mode of flow over (shaded) and flow around (red line) at 850 hPa at (a) 2300 BJT 10 and at (b) 0600 BJT 11 (units: m s−1). Cross section of vertical speed forced by terrain (red line) and provided by ERA5 (shaded) (units: m s−1), with the synthetic vertical circulation of u and w × 100, along 32°N at (c) 2300 BJT 10 and (d) 0600 BJT 11. The gray shadow in Figs. a–d is terrain., figureFileSmall=54yRzQkqPQMJl11R6+i+1w==, figureFileBig=QCdAmMW4WXS9H/3YrDWCkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998523139257037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图9, caption=(a)10日23时和(b)11日06时850 hPa爬流(阴影)和绕流(红线)矢量模(单位:m s−1),(c)10日23时和(d)11日06时沿32°N的地形强迫(红线)和ERA5(阴影)垂直速度(单位:m s−1)、ERA5的u与w×100的合成垂直环流剖面,灰色阴影为地形。, figureFileSmall=54yRzQkqPQMJl11R6+i+1w==, figureFileBig=QCdAmMW4WXS9H/3YrDWCkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998523235726030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=(a) Domain (blue box) and elevation (units: m) of the numerical simulation, topographic slope [units: (°)] for (b) the control experiment and (c) the contrast experiment, and precipitation (units: mm) on July 11, 2023 from (d) the control experiment and (e) the contrast experiment., figureFileSmall=u08itnqYy4jT/mScG7xxJw==, figureFileBig=72kxIgajU0SvQl6Pl6hrDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998523290251983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图10, caption=(a)数值模拟区域(蓝色方框)及海拔高度(单位:m),(b)控制试验和(c)对比试验区的地形坡度 [单位:(°)],(d)控制试验和(e)对比试验的2023年7月11日雨量(单位:mm)。, figureFileSmall=u08itnqYy4jT/mScG7xxJw==, figureFileBig=72kxIgajU0SvQl6Pl6hrDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998523365749456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Physical conceptual model of heavy rainfall over the western Sichuan Basin on July 11, 2023. BLJ denotes the boundary layer jet, while Vh, Vg and Va represent the horizontal, geostrophic, and ageostrophic wind, respectively., figureFileSmall=Am4E0XtRZE5qeU6p7mkOWQ==, figureFileBig=0ulcRveBL5m+UqCGjwfb5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998523466412753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2023年7月11日四川盆地西部大暴雨的物理概念模型,BLJ表示边界层急流,Vh、Vg和Va分别表示水平风、地转风和非地转风。, figureFileSmall=Am4E0XtRZE5qeU6p7mkOWQ==, figureFileBig=0ulcRveBL5m+UqCGjwfb5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998523533521618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Daily rainfall and altitude of stations with extremely heavy rainfall

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站号日雨量/mm海拔高度/m
S2657372.3801.5
S2369358782
S2343312.6676
S2626301.81073
S2430288.9982
S2379263.1669
S2545259.41015.2
), ArticleFig(id=1311998523596436179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998501668614692, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

特大暴雨站点的日雨量及海拔高度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站号日雨量/mm海拔高度/m
S2657372.3801.5
S2369358782
S2343312.6676
S2626301.81073
S2430288.9982
S2379263.1669
S2545259.41015.2
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惯性振荡与地形作用下四川盆地西部一次大暴雨天气分析
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肖丹 1, 2 , 谌芸 3 , 陈功 4 , 衡志炜 4 , 许勇 1 , 李奇穗 1 , 查婕 1 , 李欣蔚 1
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1278-1294
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1278 -1294
惯性振荡与地形作用下四川盆地西部一次大暴雨天气分析
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肖丹1, 2 , 谌芸3 , 陈功4, 衡志炜4, 许勇1, 李奇穗1, 查婕1, 李欣蔚1
作者信息
  • 1四川省眉山市气象局, 眉山620010
  • 2川西南(雅安)暴雨实验室, 雅安625000
  • 3国家气象中心, 北京100081
  • 4中国气象局青藏高原气象研究院, 成都610000
通讯作者:
谌芸,女,正高级工程师,主要从事中尺度气象研究。 E-mail:
作者简介:

肖丹,女,高级工程师,主要从事灾害性天气预报研究。E-mail:

Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event over the Western Sichuan Basin under the Influence of Inertial Oscillation and Topography
Dan XIAO1, 2 , Yun CHEN3 , Gong CHEN4, Zhiwei HENG4, Yong XU1, Qisui LI1, Jie ZHA1, Xinwei LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Meishan Meteorological Bureau of Sichuan Province, Meishan 620010
  • 2Southwest Sichuan (Ya’an) Rainstorm Laboratory, Ya’an 625000
  • 3National Meteorological Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081
  • 4Institute of Tibetan Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Chengdu 610000
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2601.25138
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利用地面加密自动站资料、ERA5再分析资料和雷达组合反射率数据,从惯性振荡对风场的影响、地形与气流相互作用、地形对降雨的增幅作用等方面,对2023年7月11日四川盆地西部大暴雨天气的成因进行分析,并提炼出此次暴雨过程的物理概念模型。分析发现:此次降水过程具有主要暴雨区沿山呈线性分布,夜雨特征明显和对流性强等特点。大暴雨发生前南亚高压控制四川,盆地受西太平洋副热带高压外围偏南气流影响,没有明显的天气系统影响。定量分析发现:大气平流和垂直输送弱,科氏力和地转偏差项变化大,惯性振荡主导了四川盆地中东部和云贵高原东部风速增长,并导致夜间边界层急流,非地转风顺时针旋转,其中夜间东南向非地转风有利于盆地东南风的增强。云贵高原东部急流输送与盆地中东部风速增长叠加,致使盆地辐合增大,散度项与垂直输送项的共同作用促进了气旋性风场发展。在气旋性风场北部气流及非地转风的共同作用下,盆地西北部长时间维持东南风。东南风将暖湿气流向西输送,盆地西部山前出现明显风场和水汽辐合,中高层干空气入侵与低空暖湿气流的配置导致盆地西部山前对流不稳定增强。东南风与盆地西部山脉垂直相交,形成了较强爬流,迎风坡地形抬升及次级垂直环流圈的形成触发了山前对流。随着夜间东南风增大,山前辐合增强,对流逐渐发展。东南风稳定维持,地形屏障及气旋性风场的发展使盆地西部和北部边缘分别出现偏北风和东风,与偏东风或东南风交汇生成切变线,切变线促进对流组织化发展。盆地向山脉过渡区山势陡峭,且盆地西部东北—西南走向的山脉与东南风垂直相交,有利于迎风坡出现强上升运动。基于多源观测资料同化系统和WRF模式开展敏感性试验,将地形坡度减半后,降水强度减小一个量级,表明陡峭地形对降雨有增幅作用。在低层切变线与陡峭地形强迫的共同作用下,准线性强对流系统沿山发展,使盆地西部山前形成线状强降水区。东南风长时间维持,受特殊地形影响,气流与地形相互作用形成持久高效的降水,从而导致了极端强降水。

惯性振荡  /  边界层急流  /  非地转风  /  地形抬升  /  降雨增幅

Using surface dense automatic precipitation observations, ERA5 reanalysis data, and radar composite reflectivity data, this study analyzes the causes of a heavy rainstorm event over the western Sichuan Basin on July 11, 2023, focusing on the impacts of inertial oscillation on wind fields and terrain–airflow interactions on rainfall. A physical conceptual model of this rainstorm event is also developed. The results show that this precipitation event exhibited three prominent characteristics: a linear distribution of heavy rainfall along mountainous terrain, pronounced nocturnal development, and strong convective activity. Before the heavy rainstorm, the Sichuan region was under the control of the South Asian High, while the basin was influenced by southerly airflow on the periphery of the Western Pacific Subtropical High, with no considerable weather systems affecting the area. Quantitative analysis revealed that the Coriolis force and geostrophic deviation terms showed large variations. While atmospheric advection and vertical transport were weak, inertial oscillation dominated the wind speed increase in the central–eastern Sichuan Basin and eastern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau. This process led to nocturnal boundary layer jets and clockwise rotation of the ageostrophic wind. The development of southeastward ageostrophic winds at night enhanced the southeasterly flow over the basin. The superposition of jet transport from the eastern Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and wind speed growth in the central–eastern basin enhanced wind convergence in the basin. The combined effects of the divergence term and vertical transport term promoted the development of cyclonic wind fields. Under the combined influence of airflow in the northern sector of the cyclonic wind field and ageostrophic winds, southeasterly winds persisted over the northwestern basin, playing a crucial role in the formation of nocturnal rainfall. The southeasterly winds transported warm, moist air westward, leading to considerable wind and moisture convergence along the mountains of the western basin. The intrusion of dry air at mid-to-upper levels combined with low-level warm and moist airflow enhanced convective instability. The perpendicular intersection of southeasterly winds with the mountains of the western basin produced strong upslope flow. Orographic lifting on windward slopes and the formation of secondary vertical circulations triggered convection ahead of the mountains. As nocturnal southeasterlies intensified, convergence ahead of the mountains strengthened, and convection continued to develop. The persistent southeasterlies combined with topographic blocking and cyclonic wind field development, generated northerly winds along the western basin margin and easterly winds along the northern edge. Their convergence with easterly/southeasterly flows formed wind shear lines that promoted convective organization. The steep terrain transition from the basin to the mountains and the perpendicular intersection of the southeasterlies with the northeast–southwest-oriented mountains in the western basin favored strong upward motion on windward slopes. Sensitivity experiments conducted using a multisource observation data assimilation system and the WRF model demonstrated that halving terrain slopes reduced precipitation intensity by one order of magnitude. This decrease clearly indicates the enhancement effect of steep topography on rainfall. Under the combined forcing of low-level shear lines and steep terrain, a quasi-linear intense convective system developed along the mountains, forming a linear downpour zone along the western basin’s foothills. With the interaction of persistent southeasterly flow and the unique topography, efficient precipitation persisted, ultimately causing the extreme rainfall event.

Inertial oscillation  /  Boundary layer jet  /  Ageostrophic wind  /  Topographic uplift  /  Rainfall amplification
肖丹, 谌芸, 陈功, 衡志炜, 许勇, 李奇穗, 查婕, 李欣蔚. 惯性振荡与地形作用下四川盆地西部一次大暴雨天气分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1278 -1294 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2601.25138
Dan XIAO, Yun CHEN, Gong CHEN, Zhiwei HENG, Yong XU, Qisui LI, Jie ZHA, Xinwei LI. Analysis of a Heavy Rainfall Event over the Western Sichuan Basin under the Influence of Inertial Oscillation and Topography[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1278 -1294 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2601.25138
Blackadar(1957)在研究美国低空风速增大现象时提出了摩擦力影响的惯性振荡理论。他的研究表明气温的日变化导致边界层湍流摩擦白天增大夜间减小,当大气为准水平运动且气压梯度力不变时,摩擦力的日变化将使边界层风速白天减小,夜间风速增大形成边界层急流(Boundary Layer Jet,BLJ),并且非地转风呈现顺时针旋转的日变化特征。在此基础上,Holton(1967)的研究进一步揭示了热力效应对斜坡地形上风场振荡的振幅具有重要贡献。惯性振荡导致的夜间低空急流,可以很好地解释美国大平原的夜雨现象(Higgins et al., 1997; Trier et al., 2014)。四川盆地是我国最典型的夜雨区之一(宇如聪和李建, 2016; 杨康权和卢萍, 2024; 吕俊杰和李跃清, 2025),它是地形与多尺度系统复杂作用的结果,其中惯性振荡引起的云贵高原东部偏南风低空急流,增强了夜间进入盆地的水汽通量,在四川夜雨形成中扮演着关键角色(Zhang et al., 2019)。惯性振荡引起的低空非地转风决定了梅雨锋区的净水汽收支,非地转风与季风的相互作用主导了梅雨锋降水的日变化(Xue et al., 2018)。与惯性振荡有关的下半夜偏南风异常引起华北平原较强的水汽通量辐合,有利于夜间降水的发展, 惯性振荡与夏季风相配合可明显加强下半夜至早晨的降水(Pan and Chen, 2019)。惯性振荡引起的低空急流还可能造成夜间暴雨,使夜间出现超地转风形成西南低空急流,大量暖湿气流被输送到梅雨锋区,在低空急流北侧冷暖气流交汇产生强烈辐合上升,导致了江淮暴雨(周静等, 2017)。惯性振荡引起的低空急流是广西“龙舟水”期间暴雨形成的关键影响因素,在惯性振荡作用下,科氏力与气压梯度力不平衡所导致的非地转运动驱动了低空急流发展,急流左侧辐合和正涡度增长,促进对流系统强烈发展(覃皓等, 2023a, 2023b)。惯性振荡与Holton机制的共同作用引发边界层急流,边界层急流与天气系统引起的低空急流耦合,使中低层出现强烈辐合,激发了强上升运动并造成了河南“21·7”极端强降水(Luo and Du, 2023)。惯性振荡作用下的非地转风分量主导了四川盆地东部通道夜间东南风的增强过程,为盆地极端持续性强降水提供了动量和水汽(Xia et al., 2025)。本文将针对四川盆地一次大暴雨天气,研究惯性振荡主导下的风场对它的影响。
四川位于青藏高原东部,境内地形地貌复杂,是我国暴雨多发区(牛若芸等, 2018; 张元春等, 2019; 王婧羽等, 2022),地形对暴雨有着重要影响(段静鑫等, 2018; 程晓龙等, 2021),其影响可分为热力和动力作用。山地与平原间的热力差异导致四川盆地西部出现山地—平原热力环流,进而引发山地暴雨(付智龙等, 2022; 黄楚惠等, 2022)。地形的机械动力作用可对气流产生摩擦、阻挡、引导等。地形阻挡产生的绕流诱发局地涡旋,绕流增强使涡度增大、气旋发展,地形强迫导致山前产生爬流,爬流激发上升运动,绕流与爬流的共同作用引发四川盆地边缘的暴雨(金妍和李国平, 2021; 李毅和李国平, 2023)。地形阻挡还可在迎风坡形成强烈水汽辐合,在天气系统的配合下,如地形与西南涡、高原涡的共同作用等,往往会引发四川盆地的强降水(赵思雄和傅慎明, 2007; 赵玉春和王叶红, 2010)。峡谷和喇叭口地形增强了气流汇聚,促使降雨增幅(董海萍等, 2007; 张芳等, 2022; 黄楚惠等, 2022)。
目前针对惯性振荡影响四川暴雨的相关研究很少,且已有研究集中在惯性振荡对盆地周边通道的影响上,而有关发生在四川本地的惯性振荡研究不足。在四川特殊复杂的地形背景下,惯性振荡和地形作用协同又将怎样影响四川暴雨过程呢?这方面的研究内容也很缺乏。2023年7月11日四川盆地西北部出现了一次大暴雨天气,绵阳市多个站点出现特大暴雨。强降雨导致绵阳地区的养马峡山洪爆发,形成严重的次生灾害,给人民生命和财产安全带来巨大影响。这是一次弱天气背景下的极端降水,预报难度大,无论是预报员还是数值模式都漏报了此次过程,分析表明这是由惯性振荡与地形共同作用引发的强降水。本文从惯性振荡主导盆地风速风向,地形与气流相互作用,地形对降雨的增幅作用等方面分析了此次暴雨过程的成因,并提炼暴雨物理概念模型,为此类暴雨过程的分析和预报提供参考。
本文的资料包括质控后的2023年7月11日四川地面自动降水资料、绵阳站雷达组合反射率资料和0.25°×0.25°的欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第五代再分析资料(ERA5)。使用探空资料、风廓线雷达数据、NASA现代-era回顾性分析(MERRA-2)再分析数据与ERA5数据进行了对比分析(图略),验证了ERA5数据在此次过程中的可用性。但受同化窗口影响(Luo and Du, 2023),ERA数据在7月10日18时 (北京时,下同)出现异常突变,分析时排除该时刻数据的影响。本文利用动量方程计算风速大小,并探讨惯性振荡对风速的影响,使用涡度方程诊断低涡的发展,通过计算爬流和绕流,分析地形在对流发展中的作用。
大气运动主要受气压梯度力、地转偏向力和摩擦力的影响,P坐标系的空气水平运动方程可写为(杨大升等, 1983):
$ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}{\boldsymbol{V}}_{\boldsymbol{{\mathrm{h}}}}}{{\mathrm{d}}t}=-{\nabla }_{{\mathrm{h}}}\phi -f\boldsymbol{k}\times {\boldsymbol{V}}_{{\mathrm{h}}}+{F}_{{\mathrm{h}}} \text{,} $
式中,Vh 为水平风矢量,ϕ为位能,f为科氏参数,k为垂直向上的单位矢量,Fh为水平摩擦力。利用公式(1)可以推导出纬向风和经向风的动量方程:
$ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}=-\left(u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right)-\omega\frac{\partial u}{\partial p}+f(v-v_{\mathrm{g}})+F_x\text{,} $
$ \frac{\partial v}{\partial t}=-\left(u\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)-\omega\frac{\partial v}{\partial p}-f(u-u\mathrm{_g})+F_y\text{,} $
其中,$ u $、$ v $、$ \omega $分别是纬向、经向和垂直风速,$ u_{\mathrm{g}} $、$ v_{\mathrm{g}} $分别是纬向和经向地转风,$ {F}_{x} $、$ {F}_{y} $分别是纬向和经向摩擦力,其中,摩擦力利用方程余项求得。公式(2)、(3)中,等式左边是风速的局地变化项,右边4项依次是平流项、垂直输送项、地转偏差项和摩擦力项。
利用涡度方程,定量分析低涡发展的成因,计算公式如下:
$ \begin{split} \frac{\partial \zeta }{\partial t}=&-{\boldsymbol{V}}_{{\mathrm{h}}}\cdot \nabla (\zeta +f)-\omega \frac{\partial \zeta }{\partial p}+\left(\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial y}\frac{\partial u}{\partial p}-\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial x}\frac{\partial v}{\partial p}\right)-\\&(f+\zeta )\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right) \text{,} \end{split}$
其中,$ \zeta $为垂直涡度,$ p $为气压,其余变量的含义同上,方程右边4项依次为平流项、垂直输送项、倾侧项和散度项。
受地形影响,水平风矢量Vh可以分解为绕流Vr和爬流Vp,它们的纬向和经向分量可以通过以下公式计算(金妍和李国平, 2021):
$ u_{\mathrm{r}}=\left[u\left(\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\right)^2-v\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\right]/|\nabla h|\text{,} $
$ v_{\mathrm{r}}=\left[v\left(\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}\right)^2-u\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\right]/|\nabla h|\text{,} $
$ u\mathrm{_p}=\left[u\left(\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}\right)^2+v\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\right]/|\nabla h|\text{,} $
$ v\mathrm{_p}=\left[v\left(\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\right)^2+u\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\right]/|\nabla h|\text{,} $
公式(5)至公式(8)中,$ u\mathrm{_r} $、$ v\mathrm{_r} $、$ u_{\mathrm{p}} $和$ v_{\mathrm{p}} $分别是绕流和爬流的纬向、经向分量,单位:m s−1,h是地形高度,单位是m。对于刚体边界,地形强迫的垂直速度与爬流有关,计算公式是:
$ w=u_{\mathrm{p}}\frac{\partial h}{\partial x}+v\mathrm{_p}\frac{\partial h}{\partial y}\text{,} $
$ \omega =-\rho gw \text{,} $
其中,$ w $、$ \omega $分别是Z 坐标和P 坐标系下的垂直速度,单位分别是m s−1和Pa s−1。
2023年7月11日四川盆地西部的广元、绵阳、德阳、成都和雅安五市出现大暴雨,其中绵阳境内大暴雨分布最广,其余4市范围较小(图1a)。102个自动气象观测站日雨量超过100 mm d−1,7站超过250 mm d−1,最大降水出现在绵阳市养马峡(S2657),日雨量达到372.3 mm d−1。此次降水过程的主要暴雨区位于盆地西北部沿山地区呈线性分布,地形性降雨特征显著,与龙门山暴雨区高度重合。暴雨区位于盆地向高山的陡峭地形过渡带,7个气象观测站出现了特大暴雨(表1),站点海拔高度最低为669 m,最高为1073 m,日雨量最大的两个站点海拔高度在800 m左右,属于四川强降水高发的海拔区域(周秋雪等, 2019)。强降水集中在夜间到早上,白天降雨明显减小,夜雨特征明显。≥20 mm h−1的短时强降水持续时间长,累计雨量大。S2657站从11日00时到08时连续9个小时出现短时强降水,06时小时雨量达到73.9 mm h−1(图1b),短时强降水占过程总雨量的92.7%,对流性强。针对降水特征,下文将利用惯性振荡理论分析风场的变化及夜雨的形成,利用地形与气流的相互作用分析对流的触发及山前线状雨带的成因。
2023年7月10~11日,强大的南亚高压控制四川,588线西伸至云贵地区,盆地处于西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)外围。500 hPa盆地中东部为西南气流,西部在10日白天为偏北风,11日凌晨逐渐转为偏南风,盆地700 hPa和850 hPa分别为西南风和偏南风(图略)。10日08时至11日20时,中低层没有明显的天气系统影响盆地中东部和云贵高原东部,而盆地西部在对流发展初期850 hPa及以上均没有明显的天气系统。10日晚上盆地中东部和云贵高原东部(本文以图2a中红色方框区域A、B分别代表两地)均出现低空风速增大的现象,并伴随边界层急流的形成(图2b,c)。两地平均海拔高度分别约为500 m、1000 m,最大急流高度分别位于900 hPa、825 hPa,离地高度分别为500 m、750 m左右,区域平均的最大风速分别接近8 m s−1、16 m s−1。
分析发现,强降水与夜间低空东南风增强密切相关。10日晚上在盆地中东部东南风增长阶段,盆地西部出现分散的对流和短时强降水(图2d、图3a)。11日03时风速达到峰值,04~05时风速小幅回落,仍维持较大值,该阶段对流增强,强降水的站数和范围逐渐增大(图2d、图3b–d)。06时≥20 mm h−1的短时强降水范围达到最大(图3e),滞后于风速峰值3 h,07~08时强降水维持(图3f、g)。06~08时虽然风速整体减小,但前期风速增长引起的对流系统发展导致了强降水。09时对流减弱,之后边界层风速持续减小,对流和降水强度随之显著减弱(图3h、i)。可见,东南风的增强与减弱主导着降水的增强和减弱,且二者存在滞后的正相关关系。因此,明确东南风增强的成因,对揭示此次强降水的形成机制具有关键意义。
选取急流最大高度(A区900 hPa、B区825 hPa),对A、B两地的风速变化进行诊断分析。考虑到ERA5数据受同化窗口影响,分析中剔除10日18时突变数据的干扰,经评估这样处理不会对夜间风速增长趋势的分析造成明显影响。10日白天A、B两地的风速变化较小,晚上风速明显增大(图4a、b)。图4c–f显示,垂直输送项很小,平流项前期变化小,它对后期A区南风的增长有一定作用,但不利于B区南风增长。摩擦力项和地转偏差项变化大(图4c–f),是影响风速的主要因子。由于气压梯度变化小,地转风保持相对稳定,因此地转偏差项的变化主要受科氏力影响。科氏力的绝对值与风速大小成正比,因此地转偏差项随风速增大而增大。风速局地变化与摩擦力项表现出较好的一致性(图4c–f),摩擦力项波动性明显,其影响较为复杂。大体上,摩擦力项在午后以负增长为主,傍晚或晚上开始(不同地区的不同风分量时间有所不同)呈现一段正增长,风分量也随之出现负或正增长(图4c–f)。根据Blackadar(1957)的研究,太阳辐射的变化引起边界层湍流变化,日落时分至夜间湍流摩擦减小,从而导致风速增长。综合来看,摩擦力项是A、B两地夜间风速增长的主导因素,而科氏力的作用主要是引起风向的改变,它们的共同影响使风场表现出明显的惯性振荡特征。考虑到地形会影响非地转风Va计算的准确性,本文采用文献中(Zhang et al., 2019; Dong et al., 2021)常用的方式,利用10日09时至11日08时各时刻风场与平均风场之差计算扰动风场,将扰动风场近似看作非地转风。分析发现,盆地中东部和云贵高原东部的扰动风场表现出顺时针旋转的特征(图4g、h)。综上所述,惯性振荡主导了盆地中东部和云贵高原东部边界层风速增长,并引起非地转风顺时针旋转。
惯性振荡引起的非地转风变化是夜间盆地东南风增强和维持的主要原因。这里以850 hPa分析为例,10日四川盆地和云贵高原东部850 hPa平均风场为偏南风(图5f、图6f),惯性振荡导致两地非地转风顺时针旋转(图5a–e、图6a–e)。10日20时两地的850 hPa非地转偏东风增强有利于东风发展,11日01时前后非地转风转为东南风,与平均风场叠加,导致两地的东南风明显增强。11日05~08时,盆地中东部非地转风逐渐由西南风转变为西北风(图4d、e),使盆地850 hPa东南风逐渐减小。可见,夜间东南向非地转风的发展导致东南风增强。需提及的是,A区900 hPa在早上06~09时受平流项作用,风速略有增大,这一点与850 hPa有所不同,这与900 hPa风速较大有关。
盆地中东部风速的增长,加上云贵高原东部气流输入的影响,使盆地东南部风速增长较快,并形成风场辐合(图7a、c)。利用涡度方程定量分析,在10日20时950 hPa至925 hPa的涡度增长主要由散度项引起,900~825 hPa的涡度增长是散度项与垂直输送项共同作用的结果(图7e)。可见,辐合促进了气旋性风场的发展。随着涡度不断增大,11日05时900 hPa和875 hPa都生成了低涡,06时900 hPa的低涡结构非常完整(图7b),08时850 hPa生成低涡(图7d)。从诊断分析看,后期875 hPa和850 hPa的散度项减小,低涡生成以垂直输送项的作用为主(图7f)。夜间非地转东南风的发展,加上气旋性风场北部边缘偏东气流影响,使得盆地西北部长时间维持东南风,东南风与地形的相互作用是夜雨形成的关键,下文将重点探讨地形对降水的影响机制。
在惯性振荡主导作用下,10日白天到晚上盆地西北部875~825 hPa的风向经历了从南风到东南风的明显变化(图8a)。云贵高原东部偏南风将水汽输入四川盆地,盆地的东南风则将水汽往盆地西部输送。受地形阻挡,暖湿气流在山前辐合聚集,低空假相当位温$ \theta\mathrm{_{se}} $增大,同时大气中高层干空气入侵,使得500 hPa $ \theta\mathrm{_{se}} $减小(图8a)。高低层$ \theta\mathrm{_{se}} $的反向变化,导致850 hPa与500 hPa的$ \theta_{\mathrm{se}} $之差增大,10日20时极大值达到20℃,对流不稳定显著增强。10日夜间,东南风的维持和风速的增大,使得盆地西北部山前的风场和水汽辐合逐步增强(图8b-d)。11日03时,850 hPa山前水汽通量辐合达到-10×10−8 kg m−2 s−1,相对湿度达到90%,比湿达到17 g kg−1(图8b),形成了有利于强降雨的水汽条件。
地形屏障作用使盆地西部边缘出现明显风场辐合和正涡度,其中875 hPa和850 hPa较明显(图8c),在825 hPa以上以辐散和负涡度为主,对流的发展主要受低空条件驱动。没有明显天气系统影响,前期对流与地形机械抬升有关。东南风受地形阻挡,在迎风坡形成的爬流增强(图9a),对比爬流产生的上升速度与ERA5数据的上升速度,两者分布形态和大小较接近(图9c),可见地形抬升触发了上升运动。山前爬升气流在700~650 hPa与西风带气流汇合,随后在盆地中东部下沉,再沿近地面东南风回流至盆地西部,并由此形成了一个次级垂直环流圈(图9c)。地形抬升与地形强迫环流的共同作用,触发盆地西北部对流初生,并导致了局地的短时强降水天气(图3a)。
夜间风速增大促使山前辐合增强(图8c、d),同时,东南风的增强在秦岭南侧激发了偏东风绕流,偏东风与东南风在龙门山前32°N附近激发偏北风绕流,东南风与偏东风、偏北风分别形成切变辐合(图8e),促进了11日03~04时对流发展(图3b、c)。05~06时低涡生成发展,低涡北部偏东风受西部山脉阻挡也形成偏北风绕流,并与低涡西部的偏北风合并增强。偏北风与偏东风交汇形成切变线,西部山前因东南风或低涡发展生成的切变线形成有机结合,并以低涡导致的切变线为主,这在900 hPa、875 hPa比较明显(图7b、图8f),850 hPa则以东南风激发的绕流切变为主(图8g)。06时盆地西部31°N以南的爬流矢量模明显减弱,而31°N以北仍较明显(图9b),强对流主要集中在盆地西北边缘(图3e)。在900 hPa、875 hPa盆地西部和北部的两条切变线在32°N附近交汇,触发了降水中心A点的强对流,06时出现了73.9 mm h−1的雨强。07时因900 hPa低涡西部偏北风发展较快,切变线减弱消失,但850 hPa切变线增强(图8g)。ERA5强上升运动区与爬流上升运动大值区部分重叠,但ERA5强中心位置略偏东(图9d)。这表明强对流是切变线和地形抬升共同作用的结果,其中切变线起主要作用。两者协同促进了对流组织化发展,导致迎风坡前形成线状强降水区(图3d–f)。08时850 hPa低涡生成,盆地西部东南风转为偏东风(图8h),山前偏北风绕流减弱,对流强度开始衰减。09时盆地东南风明显减小(图略),山前偏北风增强,切变线消失,此后对流显著减弱。
地形与气流的相互作用导致了对流发展增强,同时,盆地西部复杂独特的地形也对降雨增幅起到了重要作用。首先,地形走向有利于出现较强上升气流。根据自然坐标系下的垂直速度计算公式$ \omega =-V\sin \beta \dfrac{\partial h}{\partial n} $可知,当盆地西部东北—西南走向的山脉与东南风正交时($ \beta =90{^{\circ}} $),地形引起的垂直速度最大。其次,盆地西部陡峭的山势有利于出现强上升运动。从盆地边缘到龙门山,海拔高度从500~700 m陡升至1200~2000 m,形成强烈的地形抬升效应,强降水中心就位于海拔超过2000 m的山腰。由公式(9)可知:在风速确定的情况下,地形强迫的垂直上升速度与坡度有关,坡度越大,垂直上升速度越大。为定量评估地形坡度的影响,这里利用WRF模式开展敏感性试验。
基于ADAS(ARPS Data Analysis System)v5.3.3同化模块和天气研究与预报(WRF)模式 v3.9.1建立模式系统,模拟区域(见图10a)水平分辨率为3 km,网格数1261×811,垂直方向63层,模式顶高度50 hPa。利用ERA5再分析资料作为背景场和边界条件,除了同化常规地面站和探空资料之外,本系统基于ADAS的复杂云分析功能,对S/C波段雷达反射率信息和风云四号(FY4)卫星数据进行融合,实现了多源观测资料的有效利用。物理参数化方案主要用到了YSU边界层方案、Morrison微物理方案、RRTMG长/短波辐射参数化方案。模式起报时间为北京时间2023年7月10日20时,积分预报24小时。控制试验采用正常模式地形和坡度(图10b),对比试验将模式地形高度减半,地形坡度随之减半(图10c)。模拟结果显示,控制试验的雨带分布接近观测雨带,降水强度略有偏弱(图10d)。地形坡度减半后,雨带整体偏西,降水强度减小一个量级(图10e)。数值模拟结果表明,盆地西部边缘的陡峭地形对降雨确有增幅作用。另一方面,当地形高度减半后,也会阻碍山前切变线的形成,影响对流的发展,从而削弱降水强度,这也恰好证明了地形对此次强降水有显著影响。在稳定的东南风背景下,受特殊地形影响,气流与地形相互作用产生长时间高效率的降水,如S2657站连续9个小时出现20 mm h−1以上的雨强,从而导致了极端强降水。
本文对四川盆地西部复杂地形影响下,主观和客观预报均漏报的一次大暴雨天气过程成因进行了分析,并提炼出物理概念模型(图11),得到以下结论:
(1)南亚高压控制四川,西太副高西伸至云贵高原,四川盆地受副高外围偏南气流影响,强降水与夜间低空东南风增强密切相关。弱天气系统背景下,大气平流和垂直运动小,科氏力和摩擦力变化大,惯性振荡主导了四川盆地中东部和云贵高原东部风速变化,形成了边界层急流,并使非地转风顺时针旋转。
(2)夜间东南向非地转风发展,与背景风场叠加,有利于盆地东南风的增强。同时,云贵高原东部急流通过平流输送使盆地东南部风速增长,这一过程与盆地中东部风速增长叠加,增强了盆地东南部风场辐合,散度项与垂直输送项共同促进了气旋性风场的发展。在气旋性风场北部气流及非地转风的共同作用下,盆地西北部长时间维持东南风,这为夜间东南风与地形的相互作用及夜雨的产生提供了基础条件。
(3)东南风将暖湿气流往西输送,盆地西部山前出现明显风场和水汽辐合,中高层干空气入侵与低空暖湿气流的配置使山前对流不稳定增强。东南风与盆地西部山脉垂直相交,迎风坡地形抬升及次级垂直环流圈触发了山前初生对流。随着夜间东南风增大,山前辐合增强,对流进一步发展。东南风稳定维持,地形屏障及气旋性风场的发展使盆地西部和北部边缘分别出现偏北风和东风,它们与偏东风或东南风交汇生成切变线,促进对流组织化发展,导致山前形成线状强降水区。
(4)盆地西部东北—西南走向的山脉与东南风垂直相交,盆地向山脉过渡区山势陡峭,它们有利于迎风坡出现强上升运动。基于多源观测资料同化的WRF数值模拟,对比了不同坡度对降水强度的影响,验证了陡峭地形对强降水的增幅作用,地形对降水产生了重要影响。东南风长时间维持,在气流与地形的相互作用下,高效率降水维持较长时间,从而导致极端强降水。
本文分析了惯性振荡和地形对四川盆地西部一次大暴雨天气的影响,其中惯性振荡通过作用于风场,间接影响到暴雨区。目前惯性振荡对四川暴雨影响的相关研究较少,更多深入的研究有待开展,以期更好地揭示它对盆地暴雨的影响机理。地形降水作为天气预报中的难点问题,在四川复杂地形区域表现得尤为突出。本研究分析了气流与地形相互作用在对流触发及发展中的作用,并初步探讨了地形走向和坡度对降水强度的影响。但四川盆地到高原过渡带具有的峡谷和喇叭口地形,由于观测资料稀少及再分析资料分辨率不足,其对水汽辐合和降水增幅的定量影响未能评估。此外,本文未对地面过程如风场辐合、温度场演变,尤其是冷池出流及其与环境风场相互作用等物理过程进行分析,而这些过程对强对流发展可能产生重要影响。因此,下一步工作可从峡谷和喇叭口地形影响、冷池出流与环境场的相互作用,以及地形云微物理过程等方面,深入开展精细化物理机制研究,从而深化对复杂地形降水形成机理的认识。

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2026年第50卷第4期
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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2601.25138
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
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    1四川省眉山市气象局, 眉山620010
    2川西南(雅安)暴雨实验室, 雅安625000
    3国家气象中心, 北京100081
    4中国气象局青藏高原气象研究院, 成都610000

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谌芸,女,正高级工程师,主要从事中尺度气象研究。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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