Article(id=1311998492659254223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736784000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734416402, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734416402, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734416402, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734416402, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1047, endPage=1060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998492919301072, articleId=1311998492659254223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Basic Characteristics and Causes of Two Types of Compound Extreme Low-Temperature Events in Southern China during Winter, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study utilizes daily minimum temperature and relative humidity data from China’s CN05.1 dataset (1982–2022), along with ERA5 reanalysis data, to examine the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and potential causes of two types of compound extreme low-temperature events in southern China during winter. The results indicate that cold–dry events are distributed across most of southern China, with high-frequency centers in the eastern and Jianghuai regions, whereas cold–wet events exhibit a south-to-north decreasing trend, occurring primarily in the southwestern and western South China regions. Over the past 41 years (1982–2022), cold–dry events have shown an increasing trend in most southern regions of China, whereas cold–wet events have significantly decreased, with notable interannual variability in both event types. Cold–dry events typically occur in early winter, while cold–wet events are more likely to occur in late winter. Further analysis of the different causes of these two event types reveals that early and late winter are associated with distinct atmospheric circulation systems and moisture conditions. The mid-to-high-latitude oblique ridge over Asia and the East Asian trough are key circulation features for cold–dry events, providing favorable conditions for the southward intrusion of cold air. During this period, pronounced moisture divergence over southern China promotes the occurrence of cold–dry events. In contrast, during cold–wet events, the northern branch of the wave pattern maintains a two-trough, one-ridge circulation over the middle and high latitudes of the Eastern Hemisphere. The southern branch of the wave pattern, propagating through West Asia and the Middle East, deepens the southern trough and interacts with the anomalous anticyclone over the western Pacific, transporting warm, moist air to southern China. This leads to moisture convergence in the region, providing abundant moisture for cold–wet events.

, authors=Qiuming LU1, 2, Haishan CHEN1, 2, Liqun JI1, 2, authorsList=Qiuming LU, Haishan CHEN, Liqun JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haishan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998500255138805, articleId=1311998492659254223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=中国南方冬季两类复合极端低温事件的基本特征及成因分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文利用1982~2022年中国CN05.1逐日最低气温、相对湿度数据资料和ERA5再分析资料,探讨我国南方冬季两类复合极端低温事件的时空分布特征及可能成因。结果表明,我国冬季冷干事件在南方大部均有分布,并且高频次中心在东部和江淮地区,而我国冬季冷湿事件呈南多北少的分布特征,主要发生在西南和华南以西地区。近41年(1982~2022年)来我国南方大部分地区冷干事件呈增加趋势,冷湿事件则明显减少,两类事件年际变率明显。冷干事件多发生于前冬季,而冷湿事件则多发生于后冬季。进一步分析两类事件成因差异,揭示了两类事件发生的前冬和后冬对应着不同的环流系统和水汽条件。亚洲中高纬度斜脊和东亚大槽是冷干事件的关键环流特征,为冷空气南侵提供有利环流条件,同期我国南方地区水汽显著辐散,有利于冷干事件发生。冷湿事件发生时期北支波列使得东半球中高纬地区维持两槽一脊的环流形势,南支波列通过西亚和中东地区传播导致南支槽加深并和西太平洋上空异常反气旋共同为我国南方地区输送暖湿气流,对应南方地区水汽辐合,为冷湿事件提供充足水汽。

, authors=陆秋鸣1, 2, 陈海山1, 2, 嵇立群1, 2, authorsList=陆秋鸣, 陈海山, 嵇立群, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈海山, authorNote=

陆秋鸣,男,硕士研究生,主要从事极端天气和陆面过程研究。E-mail:

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陈海山,男,教授,主要从事陆气相互作用与气候数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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Adv., 3(6): e1700263. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700263, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998500766843894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998500775232503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, companyId=1311998500766843894, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management (CPRM)/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998500783621112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, companyId=1311998500766843894, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京 210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998500833952761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998500842341370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, companyId=1311998500833952761, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998500850729979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, companyId=1311998500833952761, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京 210044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998504885649432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The (a, b) frequency (units: d) and (c, d) linear trend [units: d (10 a)−1] of cold–dry events (CD, left column) and cold–wet events (CW, right column) in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022. In Figs. a and b, black oblique lines indicate regions with the frequency≥3 d; in Figs. c and d, black dotted areas passed the test at 0.1 significance level. Gray shadings indicate the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau, the same below., figureFileSmall=as/XGbQgpBzhPv5jzGf5KQ==, figureFileBig=dHO4AYrYzu75N3VPn0J5BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998504952758297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=图1, caption=1982~2022年冬季我国南方冷干事件(CD,左列)和冷湿事件(CW,右列)的(a、b)频数分布(单位:d)和(c、d)趋势分布[单位:d (10 a)−1]。图a、b中,黑色斜线区域表示发生频数≥3 d;图c、d中,黑色打点区域通过了显著性水平为0.1的检验。灰色阴影区域为青藏高原地区,下同。, figureFileSmall=as/XGbQgpBzhPv5jzGf5KQ==, figureFileBig=dHO4AYrYzu75N3VPn0J5BA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998505359605787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The (a, b) spatial patterns (EOF1, units: d) and (c, d) time coefficient (PC1) of the first mode of EOF decomposition of the frequency of CD events (top line) and CW events (second line) in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022. In Figs. b and d, black solid line is the long-term trend for the time coefficient., figureFileSmall=nYnokq+VyxLhKsFrRXwbGg==, figureFileBig=bTcljwhTgQRm0guESIbUbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998505460269084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1982~2022年冬季我国南方冷干事件(第一行)和冷湿事件(第二行)发生频数EOF分解第一模态的(a、b)空间分布(单位:d)和(c、d)时间序列。图b、d中,黑色实线为时间序列的趋势线。, figureFileSmall=nYnokq+VyxLhKsFrRXwbGg==, figureFileBig=bTcljwhTgQRm0guESIbUbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998505539960861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Time of occurrence of typical CD (blue bars) and typical CW (green bars) in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022. The bottom (top) edge of the bar corresponds to the start (end) date, the length of the bar corresponds to the event duration (units: d) and the color of the bar corresponds to the percentage of grid points affected by the event out of the total grid points. Cumulative occurrence frequency (solid bars) and duration (hollow bars) of (b) typical CD and (c) typical CW in every dekad in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022., figureFileSmall=Ak2L6PVIbxVelVOEFzq7Jg==, figureFileBig=7x14fgRM1rxaR1mZ/ZB+Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998505711927326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1982~2022年冬季我国南方(a)典型冷干事件(蓝色柱)和典型冷湿事件(绿色柱)发生时段。柱的上(下)边缘对应事件的开始(结束)日期,柱长度对应事件持续天数(单位:d),柱颜色深浅对应事件影响格点占总格点的百分比。1982~2022年冬季各旬我国南方(b)典型冷干、(c)典型冷湿事件的累计频数(实心柱)和持续时间(空心柱)。, figureFileSmall=Ak2L6PVIbxVelVOEFzq7Jg==, figureFileBig=7x14fgRM1rxaR1mZ/ZB+Yw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998505800007711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Regression between the detrended and standardlized time coefficient of the first mode of EOF decomposition of the frequency of CD (left column), CW (right column) and height fields (shadings, units: dagpm), wind (vectors, units: m s−1) at (a, b) 200 hPa, (c, d) 500 hPa, and (e, f) 850 hPa in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022. White dotted areas and black arrows indicate geopotential height anomalies and wind passing the test at 0.1 significance level., figureFileSmall=+IhyBIylXmAwFKAM1HPEZg==, figureFileBig=444REss6W4O9c4hzhS4LUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998505883893792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1982~2022年冬季我国南方冷干事件(左列)和冷湿事件(右列)发生频数的EOF1去趋势标准化时间序列与(a、b)200 hPa、(c、d)500 hPa和(e、f)850 hPa位势高度场(阴影,单位:dagpm)和风场(矢量,单位:m s−1)的回归。白色打点区域为位势高度距平通过了显著性水平为0.1的检验,黑色箭头为风场通过了显著性水平为0.1的检验。, figureFileSmall=+IhyBIylXmAwFKAM1HPEZg==, figureFileBig=444REss6W4O9c4hzhS4LUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998506139746337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Composite-mean distributions of typical CD (left column) and CW (right column) in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022: (a, b) 200 hPa geopotential height (contours, units: dagpm) and its anomalies (shadings, units: dagpm); (c, d) 500 hPa geopotential height (contours, units: dagpm) and its anomalies (shadings, units: dagpm); (e, f) sea level pressure (contours, units: hPa) and its anomalies (shadings, units: hPa). White dotted areas passed the test at 0.1 significance level. In Figs. e and f, the dash lines represent 1030-hPa isobar of sea level pressure for climatological winter., figureFileSmall=Ktr1gH0B+CmLp0NlJz6ouA==, figureFileBig=6phaoYHPhhq24/QV3ieVCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998506232021026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1982~2022年冬季我国南方典型冷干事件(左列)和典型冷湿事件(右列)的合成平均分布:(a、b)200 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)及其距平(阴影,单位:dagpm);(c、d)500 hPa位势高度场(等值线,单位:dagpm)及其距平(阴影,单位:dagpm);(e、f)海平面气压场(等值线,单位:hPa)及其距平(阴影,单位:hPa)。白色打点区域通过了显著性水平为0.1的检验。图e、f中,黑色虚线为冬季平均的海平面气压1030 hPa等值线。, figureFileSmall=Ktr1gH0B+CmLp0NlJz6ouA==, figureFileBig=6phaoYHPhhq24/QV3ieVCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998506315907107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The composite-mean distributions of disturbance field (shadings, units: dagpm) of 250-hPa geopotential height field relative to the average of December and January, January and February during 1986–2015 and T-N wave flux (vectors, only showing values greater than 10 m2 s−2) for the typical CD (left column) and typical CW (right column) occur at (a, b) −5 d, (c, f) −2 d, and (e, f) 0 d in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022. White dotted area passed the test at 0.1 significance level., figureFileSmall=XrTDFzqV1LpQ9lPPOBFPCg==, figureFileBig=cVrQfKSGbNNoQ1W/G5embA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998506550788132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1982~2022年冬季我国南方典型冷干事件(左列)和典型冷湿事件(右列)发生(a、b)−5天、(c、d)−2天、(e、f)0天250 hPa位势高度场分别相对于1986~2015年12月和1月、1月和2月平均的扰动场(阴影,单位:dagpm)及T-N波作用通量(矢量,仅显示大于10 m2 s−2)的合成平均分布。白色打点区域通过了显著性水平为0.1的检验。, figureFileSmall=XrTDFzqV1LpQ9lPPOBFPCg==, figureFileBig=cVrQfKSGbNNoQ1W/G5embA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998508144623653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The composite-mean distributions of meridional–vertical cross sections for (a, b) vertical wind anomalies (vectors, units: Pa s−1) and vertical specific humidity anomalies (shadings, units: g kg−1) averaged in 100°E–123°E, (c, d) water flux anomalies (vectors, units: kg s−1 m−1 hPa−1), water flux divergences (contours, units: kg s−1 m−1 hPa−1) and its anomalies (shadings, units: kg s−1 m−1 hPa−1) at 850 hPa during typical CD (left column) and CW (right column) in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022. In Figs. a and b, the black arrows and gray dotted areas indicate that the vertical wind anomalies and specific humidity anomalies passed the test at the 0.1 significance level. In Figs. c and d, the green arrows and dotted areas indicate that the water vapor flux anomalies and water vapor flux divergence anomalies passed the test at the 0.1 significance level., figureFileSmall=3nNSx3c1JcllYDWmVrvLPg==, figureFileBig=qCPO1RnJ7aQ0gl1ndK1IKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998508215926822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=图7, caption=1982~2022年冬季我国南方典型冷干事件(左列)和典型冷湿事件(右列)(a、b)垂直风距平(矢量,单位:Pa s−1)和比湿距平(阴影,单位:g kg−1)沿100°E~123°E平均经向—垂直剖面合成平均分布,(c、d)850 hPa水汽通量距平(矢量,单位:kg s−1 m−1 hPa−1)、水汽通量散度(等值线,单位:kg s−1 m−2 hPa−1)及其距平(阴影,单位:kg s−1 m−2 hPa−1)合成平均分布。图a、b中,黑色箭头和灰色打点区域分别为垂直风距平和比湿距平通过了显著性水平为0.1的检验;图c、d中,绿箭头和打点区域分别为水汽通量距平和水汽通量散度距平通过了显著性水平为0.1的检验。, figureFileSmall=3nNSx3c1JcllYDWmVrvLPg==, figureFileBig=qCPO1RnJ7aQ0gl1ndK1IKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998508278841383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Periods and durations of typical cold–dry and cold–wet events in southern China in the winters of 1982–2022

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号典型冷干事件典型冷湿事件
发生时间段持续天数/d发生时间段持续天数/d
11984年1月3~5日31982年2月5~8日4
21984年2月6~8日31982年12月6~8日3
31984年12月22~30日91983年1月8~11日4
41987年12月1~7日71983年2月20~22日3
51990年12月1~3日31984年1月27~30日4
61997年12月9~11日31984年2月2~5日4
71999年12月20~24日51984年12月18~21日4
82000年1月26~28日31985年2月17~21日5
92005年12月13~15日31985年2月24~27日4
102008日2月8~14日71985年12月8~11日4
112011年1月5~7日31987年2月19~21日3
122011年1月10~12日31989年2月22~25日4
132011年1月16~18日31990年2月2~4日3
142011年12月9~11日32004年12月28~30日3
152014年2月13~15日32008年1月25至2月2日9
162016年1月23~26日42010年2月13~15日3
172020年12月14~16日32013年1月4~6日3
182021年1月7~10日42020年12月14~16日3
192022年2月20~22日3
), ArticleFig(id=1311998508358533160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998492659254223, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

1982~2022年冬季我国南方典型冷干、冷湿事件发生时间段和持续时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号典型冷干事件典型冷湿事件
发生时间段持续天数/d发生时间段持续天数/d
11984年1月3~5日31982年2月5~8日4
21984年2月6~8日31982年12月6~8日3
31984年12月22~30日91983年1月8~11日4
41987年12月1~7日71983年2月20~22日3
51990年12月1~3日31984年1月27~30日4
61997年12月9~11日31984年2月2~5日4
71999年12月20~24日51984年12月18~21日4
82000年1月26~28日31985年2月17~21日5
92005年12月13~15日31985年2月24~27日4
102008日2月8~14日71985年12月8~11日4
112011年1月5~7日31987年2月19~21日3
122011年1月10~12日31989年2月22~25日4
132011年1月16~18日31990年2月2~4日3
142011年12月9~11日32004年12月28~30日3
152014年2月13~15日32008年1月25至2月2日9
162016年1月23~26日42010年2月13~15日3
172020年12月14~16日32013年1月4~6日3
182021年1月7~10日42020年12月14~16日3
192022年2月20~22日3
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中国南方冬季两类复合极端低温事件的基本特征及成因分析
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陆秋鸣 1, 2 , 陈海山 1, 2 , 嵇立群 1, 2
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1047-1060
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1047 -1060
中国南方冬季两类复合极端低温事件的基本特征及成因分析
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陆秋鸣1, 2 , 陈海山1, 2 , 嵇立群1, 2
作者信息
  • 1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京 210044
  • 2南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京 210044
通讯作者:
陈海山,男,教授,主要从事陆气相互作用与气候数值模拟研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

陆秋鸣,男,硕士研究生,主要从事极端天气和陆面过程研究。E-mail:

Analysis of the Basic Characteristics and Causes of Two Types of Compound Extreme Low-Temperature Events in Southern China during Winter
Qiuming LU1, 2 , Haishan CHEN1, 2 , Liqun JI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management (CPRM)/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
  • 2School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25009
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本文利用1982~2022年中国CN05.1逐日最低气温、相对湿度数据资料和ERA5再分析资料,探讨我国南方冬季两类复合极端低温事件的时空分布特征及可能成因。结果表明,我国冬季冷干事件在南方大部均有分布,并且高频次中心在东部和江淮地区,而我国冬季冷湿事件呈南多北少的分布特征,主要发生在西南和华南以西地区。近41年(1982~2022年)来我国南方大部分地区冷干事件呈增加趋势,冷湿事件则明显减少,两类事件年际变率明显。冷干事件多发生于前冬季,而冷湿事件则多发生于后冬季。进一步分析两类事件成因差异,揭示了两类事件发生的前冬和后冬对应着不同的环流系统和水汽条件。亚洲中高纬度斜脊和东亚大槽是冷干事件的关键环流特征,为冷空气南侵提供有利环流条件,同期我国南方地区水汽显著辐散,有利于冷干事件发生。冷湿事件发生时期北支波列使得东半球中高纬地区维持两槽一脊的环流形势,南支波列通过西亚和中东地区传播导致南支槽加深并和西太平洋上空异常反气旋共同为我国南方地区输送暖湿气流,对应南方地区水汽辐合,为冷湿事件提供充足水汽。

中国南方  /  复合极端低温事件  /  大气环流异常  /  水汽条件

This study utilizes daily minimum temperature and relative humidity data from China’s CN05.1 dataset (1982–2022), along with ERA5 reanalysis data, to examine the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and potential causes of two types of compound extreme low-temperature events in southern China during winter. The results indicate that cold–dry events are distributed across most of southern China, with high-frequency centers in the eastern and Jianghuai regions, whereas cold–wet events exhibit a south-to-north decreasing trend, occurring primarily in the southwestern and western South China regions. Over the past 41 years (1982–2022), cold–dry events have shown an increasing trend in most southern regions of China, whereas cold–wet events have significantly decreased, with notable interannual variability in both event types. Cold–dry events typically occur in early winter, while cold–wet events are more likely to occur in late winter. Further analysis of the different causes of these two event types reveals that early and late winter are associated with distinct atmospheric circulation systems and moisture conditions. The mid-to-high-latitude oblique ridge over Asia and the East Asian trough are key circulation features for cold–dry events, providing favorable conditions for the southward intrusion of cold air. During this period, pronounced moisture divergence over southern China promotes the occurrence of cold–dry events. In contrast, during cold–wet events, the northern branch of the wave pattern maintains a two-trough, one-ridge circulation over the middle and high latitudes of the Eastern Hemisphere. The southern branch of the wave pattern, propagating through West Asia and the Middle East, deepens the southern trough and interacts with the anomalous anticyclone over the western Pacific, transporting warm, moist air to southern China. This leads to moisture convergence in the region, providing abundant moisture for cold–wet events.

Southern China  /  Compound extreme low temperature events  /  Atmospheric circulation anomalies  /  Water vapor conditions
陆秋鸣, 陈海山, 嵇立群. 中国南方冬季两类复合极端低温事件的基本特征及成因分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1047 -1060 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25009
Qiuming LU, Haishan CHEN, Liqun JI. Analysis of the Basic Characteristics and Causes of Two Types of Compound Extreme Low-Temperature Events in Southern China during Winter[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1047 -1060 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25009
IPCC第六次评估报告指出未来极端温度、极端降水、干旱等将会更容易出现。自1950年以来,人类影响可能增加了极端事件的可能性(IPCC, 2021)。有研究表明,在全球变暖的背景下,冬季极端低温事件发生的强度以及变化更加剧烈(Alexander et al., 2006; Tebaldi et al., 2006; 王迪等, 2015)。如2008年初,我国南方大部分地区经历了持续的极端低温天气及雨雪冰冻灾害,造成了极为严重的经济损失,全国受灾人口1亿多人,直接经济损失达1500多亿元(丁一汇等, 2008; 高辉等, 2008; 李崇银等, 2008; Cholaw et al., 2011);2018年1月我国南方地区出现了两次雨雪冰冻事件(彭京备和孙淑清, 2019);2021年冬季我国在短时间内遭遇了3次强冷空气过程,并有2次过程直接侵入我国南方地区(Zheng et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2022)。也有研究发现冬季极端低温频数变化呈现减小趋势,且空间差异明显(刘雅星等, 2010; Orlowsky et al., 2012; 索朗塔杰等, 2020)。极端低温时间的物理机制分析主要结合行星尺度振荡系统,例如ENSO(El Niño-Southern Oscillation)、AMO(Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation)、NAO(North Atlantic Oscillation)和IOD(Indian Ocean Dipole)(Cattiaux et al., 2010; Shi et al., 2018; Mallick et al., 2022)。另外也有研究证明极端低温事件的发生与天气尺度瞬变波活动关系密切,瞬变波传播发展可能是极端低温发生的重要条件(陈海山等, 2012; Park et al., 2024)。
人类活动影响下复合型极端事件的频率趋于增加(IPCC, 2021)。因此,人们越来越关注和了解极端事件之间复杂的相互作用,特别是温度和降水之间的极端气候(余荣和翟盘茂, 2021; 史军等, 2023)。两个或两个以上复合极端事件发生在同一时间,又或者同时在不同地区发生的极端的天气或气候事件组合,会导致远比单个事件发生还要极端的影响(Zscheischler and Seneviratne, 2017; 方建等, 2023)。20世纪后半叶以来,全球中高纬地区很多国家降水频率开始增加,由此造成的极端温度、降水复合事件频发(Groisman et al., 2005; Kharin et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2014; Fischer and Knutti, 2016; Gao et al., 2018; Peng et al., 2023)。全球暖干和暖湿极端事件发生率大幅增加(Hao et al., 2013)。目前,针对复合极端事件的研究主要在复合高温和干旱极端事件上(Sarhadi et al., 2018; Yu and Zhai, 2020; Feng et al., 2020; He et al., 2023a),结果表明亚洲、欧洲、澳大利亚和北美大陆干旱地区等全球多个区域的复合高温干旱复合事件频率、持续时间和严重程度都有所上升。复合低温事件的影响同样不可忽视,很多研究也关注到大范围低温、降水和冰冻灾害性天气的组合,这些组合性灾害事件的致灾性更强(Bernstein, 2000; Peng and Cholaw, 2012; Zong et al., 2014)。复合低温事件在我国农业地区的空间分布存在明显差异,影响面积在中国中部和南部显著增加(Li et al., 2019)。关于复合低温、降水灾害性事件个例的研究已有很多,各事件发生时间及其成因都存在差异(王凌等, 2008; Sun et al., 2022; Li et al., 2023),有学者也提出了组合性灾害事件的客观识别方法及其关键特征,并且揭示了不同组合性灾害事件发生的有利条件(宗海锋等, 2022; 周晶等, 2024)。极端事件存在复合发生的情况,其过程和背后机制的研究具有现实意义。
本文的关注点在于我国南方复合极端低温事件。目前,复合低温事件尤其是冷干和冷湿事件的研究并不常见,考虑我国冬季南方易受到复合低温事件的影响,因此本文的关注点在冬季我国南方冷干和冷湿两类复合极端低温事件的时空分布特征和成因,其中成因方面重点关注二者的季节内环流异常以及差异。
本文使用的数据包括:(1)中国科学院气候变化研究中心提供的CN05.1格点化观测数据集(吴佳和高学杰,2013)的最低气温和相对湿度。该数据集空间分辨率为0.5°×0.5°,时间分辨率为逐日,可从https://ccrc.iap.ac.cn/resource [2025-01-02]获取。(2)欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)第五代再分析资料数据集ERA5(Hersbach et al., 2020),该数据同化了大量常规观测数据和卫星数据,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为逐月和逐日。ERA5数据集包括海平面气压场,垂直方向200 hPa、500 hPa和850 hPa位势高度场、风场、比湿场等资料,水汽通量及其散度通过风场和比湿场计算得到。该数据可从https://www.ecmwf.int [2025-01-02]获取。
本文的研究时间段为1982~2022年冬季,冬季定义为前一年12月1日至当年的2月28日(不考虑闰年的29日)共90天。本文的研究区域为中国南方地区(20°N~35°N,100°E~123°E)。文中应用到百分位法确定极端低温事件的强度阈值和典型事件的面积阈值,合成分析法用于分析典型事件中的大气环流和水汽分布特征。
复合低温事件的定义较为复杂,可以是两个或者多个同时或相继发生的极端事件(余荣和翟盘茂, 2021),本文关注温度和相对湿度时空复合的低温事件。基于百分位阈值法选取极端低温和相对湿度的强度阈值(He et al., 2023b)对复合极端事件发生日进行客观识别。取1982~2022年冬季某格点的最低温度升序序列的第10百分位(下十分位)值作为低温阈值$ {\delta }_{\text{T}} $,相对湿度升序序列的第10百分位(下十分位)和第90百分位(上十分位)值作为相对湿度阈值$ {\delta }_{Q\min } $($ {\delta }_{Q\max } $),由此得到冬季90天中每日的极端低温、湿度阈值。当某格点某日最低温度≤$ {\delta }_{\text{T}} $且相对湿度≤$ {\delta }_{Q\min } $时,判定为冷干事件(CD)日,当某格点某日最低温度≤$ {\delta }_{\text{T}} $且相对湿度≥$ {\delta }_{Q\max } $时,判定为冷湿事件(CW)日。
为了筛选具有代表性的典型极端事件,参考界定大范围持续性低温事件的方法(Peng et al., 2021)。将本文研究区域中国南方每天冷干事件(冷湿事件)所占格点数作为该日的影响面积(区域总格点数为6161)。为保证典型事件影响范围,本文选取冷干事件(冷湿事件)影响面积升序序列的第80百分位(上五分位)的值作为面积阈值$ {S}_{\text{D}} $($ {S}_{\text{W}} $)。当某日冷干事件格点数≥$ {S}_{\text{D}} $(格点数658)且持续天数3天或以上时就将其定义为一次典型冷干事件(Typical CD),当某日冷湿事件格点数≥$ {S}_{\text{W}} $(格点数395)且持续天数3天或以上时就将其定义为一次典型冷干事件(Typical CW)。在1982~2022年,分别筛选出了典型冷干事件18次和典型冷湿事件19次(表1)。
在分析扰动对极端天气的影响时,常用波作用通量来诊断Rossby波的传播。由于两类典型低温事件发生时间的季节内差异明显,故使用T-N波作用通量(Takaya and Nakamura, 2001)来表征,其能够更好地描述纬向非均匀气流中的较大振幅地西风带Rossby长波扰动(施春华等, 2017)。本文还使用了EOF方法(Lorenz, 1956)、North检验方法(North et al., 1982)和t检验方法(Bayley and Hammersley, 1946)。
两类复合极端低温事件频数分布(图1a、b)差异明显,冷干事件主要发生在东部沿海和江淮地区,冷湿事件主要发生在华南和西南地区。冷干事件频数偏多,大多在3 d以上,其中,长江中下游地区和东南沿海地区最多,区域内部分格点能达到6 d以上。冷湿事件频次大多在2 d以上,大值区位于我国西南地区,部分区域能达到5 d以上,而我国东南沿海地区发生频次较低。对比两类复合事件频数分布,冷干事件发生多集中于东南地区且持续时间较长,影响范围较大,呈现东多西少的分布型;而冷湿事件多发生于西南地区且持续时间较短,表现为南多北少的空间分布。
由1982~2022年两类复合事件频数的趋势分布(图1c、d)可以发现,冷干事件发生频数趋势变化显著的区域主要位于两湖、两广地区,而冷湿事件发生频数趋势变化明显的区域与发生频数大值区基本相同。两类复合事件发生频次近41年的趋势分布差异明显,主要表现为冷干事件增加,冷湿事件减少。冷干事件在南方大部分地区都为增加趋势且通过了90%置信水平的显著性检验,大部分格点增加幅度超过1 d (10 a)−1,在云南、贵州部分地区有减少趋势。冷湿事件频数主要在华南中西部地区显著减弱,在东南沿海地区存在一定的增强趋势但并不显著。
为了进一步研究我国南方冬季复合极端低温事件的时空变化特征,对1982~2022年共41年两类复合极端事件发生频次进行经验正交函数分解(EOF)。图2为EOF分解所得到的两类复合极端低温事件的第一模态空间分布及其对应的时间序列。冷干(冷湿)事件发生频次的第一模态方差贡献率为37.57%(42.31%),且通过了North检验(North et al., 1982),说明各模态存在显著差别且相互独立。由于两类事件第一模态方差贡献明显偏大,因此第一模态能较好反映南方冬季南方冷干、冷湿事件发生频次的空间分布特征。冷干事件第一主导模态空间分布呈全区一致模态(图2a),在福建和广东地区存在显著的正中心,表明该区域冷干事件发生频次年际变化较大。对应的PC1时间序列(图2b)有一定的阶段性特征,说明冷干事件有增加趋势,但其年代际转折并不明显,主要表现为年际变化,1984、2000、2006、2008、2011、2014、2016、2018、2021年时间序列正值较大,说明这些年冷干事件在我国南方地区发生频次较多。冷湿事件第一模态空间结构呈现马鞍型分布特征(图2c),四川盆地西部有显著的负中心,而云南、贵州和广西大部分地区发生频次显著正异常。冷湿事件第一模态的时间序列PC1存在年际和年代际兼有的变化特征(图2d),1982~1995年期间PC1主要表现为正值,说明冷湿事件频发,而1995年后冷湿事件发生频次减少,但也存在极端偏多年份。其中,1982、1983、1984、1985、1989、2008、2011年时间序列正异常显著,意味着这些年冷湿事件多发生在我国华南地区。
两类极端事件的年际变率十分明显,为进一步探究其时间变化特征,本文通过面积阈值和持续时间筛选出两类典型事件(表1)。从两类典型复合极端低温事件的发生时段和影响面积(图3a),可以发现两类典型事件年代际变化也与前文所述结果较为一致,典型冷干事件有一定增加趋势,每次典型冷干事件影响面积均较大;典型冷湿事件在1992年前频发,1992年后减少趋势明显,但也存在2008、2011等极端年份,典型冷湿事件影响面积较典型冷干事件小。两类典型事件的发生时段并无明显的重叠,也能印证全区基本一致的年际变化特征,说明筛选的典型事件具有合理性。例如,2008年1月发生的严重低温雨雪冰冻灾害事件,期间发生的几次灾害性天气过程(布和朝鲁等, 2008; 施宁等, 2008; 纪立人等, 2008),本文鉴别的典型事件发生时段与大范围持续性雨雪天气过程的时间基本吻合,说明其有一定的代表性。两类典型事件的发生还存在明显的季节内差异(图3b、c),典型冷干事件主要发生于前冬,而典型冷湿事件则主要发生于后冬。即典型冷干事件的发生频次和持续时间基本都集中于12月和1月,2月中下旬基本不发生;典型冷湿事件在12月偶有发生且持续时间较短,而多发生于1月中下旬至2月末,持续时间较长。
由上述分析可以发现,我国南方冬季两类复合极端低温事件发生时间的季节内差异明显,即冷干事件多发生于前冬,冷湿事件多发生于后冬,因此基于冬季平均的环流背景研究事件成因不够严谨。本文将冷干事件和冷湿事件发生频数EOF第一模态时间序列去趋势标准化后分别与前冬(12月和1月)和后冬(1月和2月)风场和位势高度场进行回归分析,两类复合低温事件对应的前冬和后冬的大气环流背景存在差异。结果表明,冷干事件主要受我国东北部异常的气旋性环流和西北侧的西伯利亚中西部地区异常的反气旋性环流控制,有利于引导北方冷空气入侵我国南方地区,控制我国东部大部分地区的气旋性环流不利于海洋暖湿气流输送,为冷干事件形成创造条件(图4a、c、e)。这两个主要的异常环流系统出现随高度增加而增强的现象,结合显著性检验结果同样也说明影响我国南方冷干事件的主要为对流层中高层大气环流系统。冷湿事件主要由西伯利亚地区至我国东北地区异常反气旋性环流和孟加拉湾北侧异常气旋性环流的一部分控制(图4b)。前者有利于引导高纬度地区冷空气的南下入侵我国,后两者引起的偏北风气流影响我国南方地区,从而形成有利于复合冷湿事件的环流形势。显著性检验结果显示对流层中低层西伯利亚高压脊显著影响着复合冷湿事件(图4d、f),且高压脊在后冬偏北偏东,或造成两类复合低温事件的冷空气路径差异。
回归分析研究了两类极端事件发生于前冬和后冬的大气环流成因差异。冬季两类复合极端低温事件发生频数通常都在10天以下(图1),因此为进一步验证两类事件发生时季节内环流差异,将典型事件发生时间段(表1)的逐日位势高度场进行合成分析。结果显示,两类典型复合低温事件发生时,在东北亚地区存在明显的负距平使极涡边缘向东亚中纬度地区延伸拉长,东亚大槽加深(图5a、b)。极涡向南延伸与西风带长波脊相配合,有利于冷空气的向南入侵我国(张恒德等, 2008)。在典型冷湿事件发生过程中,极涡在东欧平原向南扩展,西伯利亚地区阻塞高压的存在导致极涡在东半球中高纬有一定程度上的形变(图5b)。典型冷干事件发生过程中,40°N以北亚洲中高纬地区盛行大型斜脊—斜槽的结构特征。高压脊位于乌拉尔山东部,高压脊东侧偏北气流不断引导冷空气南下并在东亚中纬度地区堆积,造成中高纬地区海平面气压显著加强(图5c、e)。西伯利亚高压主体面积比其冬季平均情况明显偏大,南扩明显。而典型冷湿事件发生时,东半球中高纬地区呈现明显的两槽一脊的结构特征。高压脊位置偏东位于贝加尔湖附近,槽后脊前的海平面气压显著加强,位置较冬季平均情况向东南扩展更明显,强度变化比典型冷干事件更加明显(图5d、f)。孟加拉湾地区北侧显著负位势高度距平中心表明,孟加拉湾南支槽偏强,其是典型冷湿事件期间向我国南方地区输送水汽的关键环流系统,西太平洋副热带高压正异常位于我国东海至西太平洋附近,有利于西太平洋暖湿气流的输送。
为了分析两类典型复合极端低温事件发生时关键系统发展和影响情况,将典型事件发生当天作为第0天,分别合成了典型冷干(冷湿)事件发生第0天(0 d)、前2天(−2 d)和前5天(−5 d)250 hPa位势高度相对于1986~2015年12月和1月(1月和2月)平均的扰动场及T-N波作用通量(图6)。可以发现冷干事件主要受北支波列影响,冷湿事件受南支、北支波列共同影响。典型冷干事件发生−5 d,东半球中高纬北支波列波作用通量较强,位势高度异常也更明显,说明典型冷干事件发生前位势高度异常信号向下游传播。因此Rossby波能量经西伯利亚上空并向东南方向传播,使得下游的东亚大槽加强(图6a、c、e),而南支波列作用通量则经过中东上空影响印度地区,对我国南方地区影响较弱。典型冷湿事件发生前,亚欧大陆两槽一脊的背景形势下,西西伯利亚正高度异常向东南方向频散Rossby波能量影响我国(图6b)。北支波列作用通量向东南传播,意味着槽系统的能量主要来自西北方向的高压脊,槽脊系统向东发展(图6d)。大西洋阻塞高压也常成为冬季北半球Rossby波活动的源区(Kodera et al., 2013),南支波列在欧洲上空聚集的能量向东南传播,使得北印度洋上空高空脊维持,并使得中南半岛北部上空南支槽加强(图6d、f),南支急流中Rossby波能量传播的下游效应有利于冷湿事件大气环流形势的形成。
两类复合事件发生期间不仅有冷空气入侵,还需要具备一定的水汽条件。90%以上的水汽集中在500 hPa以下的大气层中,低层比湿对降水的贡献十分重要(朱乾根等, 2016)。两类典型复合极端低温事件发生期间的垂直运动和水汽条件存在很大差别。在典型冷干事件发生过程中,中国南方大部分地区存在显著的下沉气流,对流层中低层比湿异常偏小(图7a),与之对应的850 hPa中国南方地区水汽通量散度基本为正值且存在明显正异常(图7c),中国南方地区水汽辐散有利于冷干事件的发生。典型冷湿事件发生过程中,20°N以北的我国南方地区存在异常上升气流,对流层大部分高度表现为比湿的正异常分布(图7b),有利于降水的产生。孟加拉湾和南海至我国南方为强的西南水汽通量正距平,是典型冷湿事件发生时期主要的水汽来源,850 hPa华南地区为大范围且强烈的水汽通量散度负异常(图7d),对应的水汽通量散度也为负值,表明该区域对应有显著的水汽辐合,为冷湿事件的发生提供水汽条件。
本文利用了1982~2022年冬季我国南方地区逐日最低气温和相对湿度的CN05.1格点化观测数据集,以及ERA5再分析资料,分析了我国南方地区两类复合极端低温事件的时空分布特征,并筛选了典型复合低温事件进行对比分析,进一步探讨其可能成因,得到如下结论:
(1)我国冬季复合冷干事件在南方均有分布,主要集中于东部和江淮地区,主要呈增加的年代际趋势;冷湿事件呈现南多北少的分布型,大值区位于华南和西南地区,主要为减少趋势。两类典型复合低温事件发生时间有明显的季节内差异,典型冷干事件主要发生于前冬季(12月至1月上旬),而典型冷湿事件主要发生于后冬季(1月下旬至2月)。
(2)两类复合极端低温事件发生的大气环流背景差异明显:冷干事件主要受到西伯利亚冷高压和东北反气旋控制,关键环流系统的维持为北方冷空气南侵提供有利环流条件。冷湿事件主要受到西伯利亚高压、西北太平洋上空异常反气旋、印度—缅甸槽共同影响。经过西亚、西伯利亚、东亚的北支波列和经过西亚、中东、印度洋的南支波列共同为关键环流系统输送能量,这些大气环流异常是我国南方地区冷湿事件发生的关键。
(3)两类复合极端低温事件发生时,我国南方水汽条件存在极大差别。冷干事件发生期间我国南方地区对流层中低层水汽显著负异常且伴随下沉运动,水汽通量散度正异常对应水汽辐散。冷湿事件发生时,华南地区水汽明显偏多且有明显的上升运动,水汽通量方向显示水汽来源主要为孟加拉湾和南海,水汽通量散度负值区对应显著负异常,为冷湿事件提供充足的水汽。
本文探讨了两类复合极端低温事件的时空分布特征及其可能成因,主要研究了两类事件发生时间的季节内差异,并分析了两类事件发生的有利条件包括大气环流配置和水汽供应。复合极端低温事件的影响机理非常复杂,温暖的北极和寒冷的热带太平洋的协同效应为北半球反常的经向半球尺度温度梯度提供了不可或缺的背景,从而加剧了极地冷空气向中高纬度地区的入侵(Zheng et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022)。冬季欧亚大陆积雪对同期和后期中国气候影响的相关研究说明与欧亚大陆积雪异常相关联的中国气候异常以及积雪通过改变土壤湿度、表面温度和辐射分布,引起大气环流异常,进而对中国气候产生影响的过程(Chen et al., 2003; Diro et al., 2014; 张人禾等, 2016)。未来的工作将尝试对复合极端低温事件的陆面因子影响及其动力学机理进行深入探讨。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25009
  • 接收时间:2025-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京 210044
    2南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京 210044

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陈海山,男,教授,主要从事陆气相互作用与气候数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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