Article(id=1311998479094870367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2511.25074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734413168, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734413168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734413168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734413168, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1221, endPage=1238, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998479283614048, articleId=1311998479094870367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Application of S-band and X-band Radars in Quantitative Precipitation Estimation to Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As urbanization accelerates, hazards including flash floods, debris flows, and urban inundation are becoming more frequent and severe, with escalating social disruption and economic losses. A scientific and effective radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) product is essential for enhancing the monitoring, forecasting, and early warning of extreme precipitation, which is of great value to current disaster prevention and mitigation efforts. This study used data from a single S-band dual-polarization radar and six X-band dual-polarization phased array radars in Jiaxing to develop S-band and X-band radar QPE products for the region. After preprocessing the radar observation data, including removing nonmeteorological echoes and performing quality control of the differential propagation phase, the effective minimum hybrid elevation for each radar was calculated. Then, the rain rate was estimated using single radar observations and raindrop size distribution parameters provided by the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite (GPM-DPR). Finally, the rain rate was mosaicked for multiple radars, forming a gridded QPE product with a temporal resolution of 1 min and a spatial resolution of 50 m. To verify the accuracy of the proposed method, two heavy precipitation events that occurred on 10 and 16 September 2024, in the Jiaxing area were selected to evaluate the radar QPE products. The evaluated products included the original Jiaxing X-band QPE product and the X-band, S-band, and mosaic products developed in this study. The results show that the proposed QPE products outperform the original X-band product in terms of accuracy and stability, with the mosaic product yielding the best estimation result. For localized heavy rainfall with horizontally inhomogeneous distribution, the mosaicking product accurately reflects the precipitation distribution across various towns (subdistricts), contributing to the early issuance of accurate warnings.

, authors=Qiulin ZHOU1, Youcun QI2, 3, Ziwei ZHU2, 3, Jinyu XU2, 3, Ben ZHA4, Yuting FEI5, authorsList=Qiulin ZHOU, Youcun QI, Ziwei ZHU, Jinyu XU, Ben ZHA, Yuting FEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Youcun QI, Ben ZHA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998487055659417, articleId=1311998479094870367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=浙江省嘉兴市S和X波段雷达在定量降水估测中的应用, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着城市化进程的加快,山洪、泥石流、城市内涝等灾害呈现多发、重发的趋势,其所带来的社会影响和经济损失也越来越严重。因此,研发一套科学有效的雷达定量降水估计(QPE)方法,强化极端降水的监测、预报和预警,对当前防灾减灾工作具有极其重要的价值。本文利用浙江省嘉兴市1部S波段双偏振雷达和6部X波段双偏振相控阵雷达探测资料,研发了嘉兴市S波段和X波段雷达QPE产品。在对雷达观测资料进行非气象回波去除和差分传播相移的质量控制等预处理后,首先计算每部雷达的有效最低混合仰角;其次通过全球降水测量卫星搭载的双频降水雷达(GPM-DPR)提供的雨滴谱参数统计降水反演参数,计算单站雷达QPE;最后对S波段和X波段雷达QPE进行组网拼图,形成时间分辨率为1 min,空间分辨率为50 m的网格化QPE产品。为了验证所用方法的准确性,选取嘉兴地区2024年9月10日与16日两次典型的强降水过程对雷达QPE产品进行评估,参与评估的产品有嘉兴业务原X波段QPE产品,以及本方法产生的X波段、S波段、S波段和X波段融合QPE产品。结果表明,本方法研发的各项QPE产品,在精度和稳定性上都优于嘉兴业务原有X波段产品,其中S波段和X波段融合QPE产品各项性能最优。针对水平分布不均和局地性强的过程,S波段和X波段融合QPE产品可以较为精确地反映出各镇(街道)的降水分布,可用于实际精细化预警参考。

, authors=周秋林1, 戚友存2, 3, 朱自伟2, 3, 许金玉2, 3, 查贲4, 费雨婷5, authorsList=周秋林, 戚友存, 朱自伟, 许金玉, 查贲, 费雨婷, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=戚友存, 查贲, authorNote=

周秋林,女,高级工程师,主要从事行业气象服务和雷达应用研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
戚友存,男,研究员,研究方向为雷达质量控制、雷达定量降水估计、山洪泥石流预报预警、短时临近预报,E-mail:
查贲,男,高级工程师,研究方向为雷达气象服务、短时临近业务应用,E-mail:
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周秋林,女,高级工程师,主要从事行业气象服务和雷达应用研究。E-mail:

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周秋林,女,高级工程师,主要从事行业气象服务和雷达应用研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Flow chart of QPE (quantitative precipitation estimation) for (a) S-band radar, (b) X-band radar, (c) the mosaic products of S-band radar and X-band radar., figureFileSmall=UzNOI+CL/cfeYjDrfZnRdA==, figureFileBig=VLizVGgOScgiNlrdc8HYXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998491967189461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a)S波段雷达、(b)X波段雷达、(c)S波段雷达和X波段雷达融合产品定量降水估计流程。, figureFileSmall=UzNOI+CL/cfeYjDrfZnRdA==, figureFileBig=VLizVGgOScgiNlrdc8HYXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492059464150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) Terrain, (b) hybrid elevation, (c) terrain blockage at 0.5° elevation for S-band radar (Z9573) in Jiaxing City., figureFileSmall=gmFoKYWK124ECC8yYzL82g==, figureFileBig=IXudfp9apvmI/45+9BEn+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492134961623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图3, caption=嘉兴市S波段雷达Z9573覆盖范围内的(a)地形、(b)混合仰角和(c)0.5°仰角地形遮挡。, figureFileSmall=gmFoKYWK124ECC8yYzL82g==, figureFileBig=IXudfp9apvmI/45+9BEn+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492193681880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=(a) Terrain, (b) hybrid elevation, (c) terrain blockage at 0.9° elevation, (d) terrain blockage at 1.8° elevation for X-band radar (ZK551) in Jiaxing City., figureFileSmall=ezSp3Bi6jQ85WtC26ONGMA==, figureFileBig=QmZyeWqle7dZwYSCouP4Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492285956569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图4, caption=嘉兴市X波段雷达ZK551覆盖范围内的(a)地形、(b)混合仰角、(c)0.9°仰角地形遮挡和(d)1.8°仰角地形遮挡。, figureFileSmall=ezSp3Bi6jQ85WtC26ONGMA==, figureFileBig=QmZyeWqle7dZwYSCouP4Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492348871130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Flowchart of the hybrid QPE algorithm., figureFileSmall=O17TrF5oMh43LOFtfxA0OQ==, figureFileBig=Y4TYa2yXeuZAW3Vbwh5L9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492411785691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图5, caption=QPE混合反演算法流程。, figureFileSmall=O17TrF5oMh43LOFtfxA0OQ==, figureFileBig=Y4TYa2yXeuZAW3Vbwh5L9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492470505948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=(a) Cumulated QPE (shadings, units: mm) from original X-band radar, cumulated QPE (shadings, units: mm) from new (b) X-band radar, (c) S-band radar, (d) mosaic products of S-band radar and X-band radar, (e–h) the scatter plots of four types of QPE products and rainfall observed rain gauges from 1500 BJT (Beijing time) 10 September to 0200 BJT 11 September 2024. In Figs. a–d, color dots indicate the locations of rain gauges. In Figs. e–f, PAIRS, CC, RME, and RMSE indicate the number of paired samples, correlation coefficient, relative mean error, root mean square error, respectively. In Figs. e–f, PAIRS indicates the number of paired samples in which both the radar-estimated rainfall and the rain-gauge observations are greater than 0.1 mm., figureFileSmall=Zt0KgLh44bRtzBMzQVzurQ==, figureFileBig=tJvTCs2/3z0t8pBvPWwJCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492558586333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2024年9月10日15:00(北京时,下同)至11日02:00累积的(a)业务原有X波段雷达QPE产品,新的(b)X波段、(c)S波段、(d)S波段和X波段雷达融合QPE产品空间分布(彩色阴影,单位:mm),(e–h)雷达QPE产品与雨量站观测降水量的散点图。图a–d中,彩色圆点表示地面雨量站的位置。图e–f中,PAIRS表示雷达估算与站点观测均超过0.1 mm的匹配样本数。, figureFileSmall=Zt0KgLh44bRtzBMzQVzurQ==, figureFileBig=tJvTCs2/3z0t8pBvPWwJCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492629889502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The scatter plots of hourly precipitation from rain gauges and QPE products from (a) original X-band radar, (b) new X-band radar, (c) new S-band radar, (d) mosaic products of new S-band radar and new X-band radar in Jiaxing area from 1500 BJT 10 September to 0200 BJT 11 September 2024., figureFileSmall=GZ4z5U8KcJ8VvSROj3zyJw==, figureFileBig=baRss9+bcXQjDvnWZNI6DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492709581279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2024年9月10日15:00至11日02:00嘉兴地区雨量站观测的小时降水量和(a)业务原有X波段雷达QPE产品,新的(b)X波段、(c)S波段、(d)S波段和X波段雷达融合QPE产品散点图。, figureFileSmall=GZ4z5U8KcJ8VvSROj3zyJw==, figureFileBig=baRss9+bcXQjDvnWZNI6DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492789273056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=(a) CC (correlation coefficient), (b) RMSE (root mean square error), (c) RME (relative mean error) between QPE products and precipitation from rain gauges from 1500 BJT 10 September to 0200 BJT 11 September 2024., figureFileSmall=8Z57gMiBrcmaJ8AD5crz2A==, figureFileBig=bri2bz5ZosoI8JSl0T1RNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492856381921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2024年9月10日15:00至11日02:00各QPE产品与雨量站观测的降水量的(a)相关系数(CC)、(b)均方根误差(RMSE)、(c)相对平均偏差(RME)。, figureFileSmall=8Z57gMiBrcmaJ8AD5crz2A==, figureFileBig=bri2bz5ZosoI8JSl0T1RNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998492927685090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=As in Fig. 6, but for the results of 0900 BJT–2000 BJT 16 September 2024., figureFileSmall=FSszAA1LblfrRQW/TRqPgQ==, figureFileBig=saOFss6UaKWRlmSr/yxWCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998493007376867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图9, caption=同图6,但为2024年9月16日09:00~20:00的结果。, figureFileSmall=FSszAA1LblfrRQW/TRqPgQ==, figureFileBig=saOFss6UaKWRlmSr/yxWCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998493082874340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=As in Fig. 7, but for the results of 0900 BJT–2000 BJT 16 September 2024., figureFileSmall=LlO29B2K8hZptJUSY0cQWQ==, figureFileBig=r+Pf/+f0ZJ7iKsm3RIqtfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998494718652901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图10, caption=同图7,但为2024年9月16日09:00~20:00的结果。, figureFileSmall=LlO29B2K8hZptJUSY0cQWQ==, figureFileBig=r+Pf/+f0ZJ7iKsm3RIqtfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998494794150374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=As in Fig. 8, but for the results of 0900 BJT–2000 BJT 16 September 2024., figureFileSmall=ojuizs0ySwyXTsa8vrW8Ug==, figureFileBig=puF1JTmcQTAHCO5aB7SiYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998494861259239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图11, caption=同图8,但为2024年9月16日09:00~20:00的结果。, figureFileSmall=ojuizs0ySwyXTsa8vrW8Ug==, figureFileBig=puF1JTmcQTAHCO5aB7SiYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998494932562408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=(a) Areal rainfall from rain gauges, QPE products from new (b) X-band radar, (c) S-band radar, (d) mosaic products of S-band radar and X-band radar, (e–g) scatter plots of QPE products and precipitation from rain gauges in Jiaxing area from 1800 BJT to 1900 BJT 10 September 2024. In Figs. e–g, PAIRS, CC, RME, and RMSE indicate the number of towns/subdistricts with rain gauges, correlation coefficient, relative mean error, root mean square error, respectively. In Figs. e–g, PAIRS indicates the number of scatter points., figureFileSmall=nnxc1RUEpsVBV9J5NjQavA==, figureFileBig=tDS9C2iKbjs//0xopAxz0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998495003865577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2024年9月10日18:00~19:00嘉兴地区(a)雨量计观测的面雨量,(b)X波段、(c)S波段、(d)S波段和X波段融合雷达面雨量QPE,及(e–g)QPE和雨量站降水散点图。图e–g中,PAIRS表示散点数。, figureFileSmall=nnxc1RUEpsVBV9J5NjQavA==, figureFileBig=tDS9C2iKbjs//0xopAxz0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998495066780138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=As in Fig. 12, but for the results of 1400 BJT–1500 BJT 16 September 2024., figureFileSmall=XrjnR9Jb7YdNgjGmov7AAA==, figureFileBig=UnosjFK70QC2QIUcFNb0eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998495133889003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=图13, caption=同图12,但为2024年9月16日14:00~15:00的结果。, figureFileSmall=XrjnR9Jb7YdNgjGmov7AAA==, figureFileBig=UnosjFK70QC2QIUcFNb0eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998495196803564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of S-band radar and X-band radars in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雷达
名称
时间分
辨率/min
空间分
辨率/m
角度分
辨率/(°)
扫描仰
角数
最低扫描
仰角/(°)
最大探测
距离/km
Z957361250.9590.5460
ZK5511300.9400.975
ZK5521300.9400.975
ZK5531300.9400.975
ZK5541300.9400.975
ZK5551300.9400.975
ZK5561300.9400.975
), ArticleFig(id=1311998495276495341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

浙江省嘉兴市S波段雷达和X波段雷达的参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雷达
名称
时间分
辨率/min
空间分
辨率/m
角度分
辨率/(°)
扫描仰
角数
最低扫描
仰角/(°)
最大探测
距离/km
Z957361250.9590.5460
ZK5511300.9400.975
ZK5521300.9400.975
ZK5531300.9400.975
ZK5541300.9400.975
ZK5551300.9400.975
ZK5561300.9400.975
), ArticleFig(id=1311998495339409902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of QPE for S-band and X-band radars obtained from DSD (raindrop size distribution)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雷达波段反演关系abc
S波段 $ R({Z}_{\text{H}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b} $0.03850.6310/
$ R({Z}_{\text{H}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $0.00720.8944−3.284
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b} $45.020.768/
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $82.790.9117−1.6572
X波段 $ R({Z}_{\text{H}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b} $0.08750.5390/
$ R({Z}_{\text{H}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $0.00680.9539−4.4412
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b} $16.930.8010/
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $23.750.9223−1.0530
), ArticleFig(id=1311998495410713071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998479094870367, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于雨滴谱统计的S波段与X波段雷达QPE参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雷达波段反演关系abc
S波段 $ R({Z}_{\text{H}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b} $0.03850.6310/
$ R({Z}_{\text{H}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $0.00720.8944−3.284
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b} $45.020.768/
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $82.790.9117−1.6572
X波段 $ R({Z}_{\text{H}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b} $0.08750.5390/
$ R({Z}_{\text{H}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $0.00680.9539−4.4412
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b} $16.930.8010/
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} $23.750.9223−1.0530
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浙江省嘉兴市S和X波段雷达在定量降水估测中的应用
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周秋林 1 , 戚友存 2, 3 , 朱自伟 2, 3 , 许金玉 2, 3 , 查贲 4 , 费雨婷 5
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1221-1238
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1221 -1238
浙江省嘉兴市S和X波段雷达在定量降水估测中的应用
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周秋林1 , 戚友存2, 3 , 朱自伟2, 3, 许金玉2, 3, 查贲4 , 费雨婷5
作者信息
  • 1浙江省嘉兴市气象局, 嘉兴314000
  • 2中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室, 北京100101
  • 3中国科学院大学, 北京100049
  • 4浙江省气象服务中心, 杭州310017
  • 5浙江省平湖市气象局, 平湖314200
通讯作者:
戚友存,男,研究员,研究方向为雷达质量控制、雷达定量降水估计、山洪泥石流预报预警、短时临近预报,E-mail:
查贲,男,高级工程师,研究方向为雷达气象服务、短时临近业务应用,E-mail:
作者简介:

周秋林,女,高级工程师,主要从事行业气象服务和雷达应用研究。E-mail:

Application of S-band and X-band Radars in Quantitative Precipitation Estimation to Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province
Qiulin ZHOU1 , Youcun QI2, 3 , Ziwei ZHU2, 3, Jinyu XU2, 3, Ben ZHA4 , Yuting FEI5
Affiliations
  • 1Jiaxing Meteorological Bureau, Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314000
  • 2Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
  • 4Zhejiang Meteorological Service Center, Hangzhou 310017
  • 5Pinghu Meteorological Bureau, Zhejiang Province, Jiaxing 314200
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2511.25074
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随着城市化进程的加快,山洪、泥石流、城市内涝等灾害呈现多发、重发的趋势,其所带来的社会影响和经济损失也越来越严重。因此,研发一套科学有效的雷达定量降水估计(QPE)方法,强化极端降水的监测、预报和预警,对当前防灾减灾工作具有极其重要的价值。本文利用浙江省嘉兴市1部S波段双偏振雷达和6部X波段双偏振相控阵雷达探测资料,研发了嘉兴市S波段和X波段雷达QPE产品。在对雷达观测资料进行非气象回波去除和差分传播相移的质量控制等预处理后,首先计算每部雷达的有效最低混合仰角;其次通过全球降水测量卫星搭载的双频降水雷达(GPM-DPR)提供的雨滴谱参数统计降水反演参数,计算单站雷达QPE;最后对S波段和X波段雷达QPE进行组网拼图,形成时间分辨率为1 min,空间分辨率为50 m的网格化QPE产品。为了验证所用方法的准确性,选取嘉兴地区2024年9月10日与16日两次典型的强降水过程对雷达QPE产品进行评估,参与评估的产品有嘉兴业务原X波段QPE产品,以及本方法产生的X波段、S波段、S波段和X波段融合QPE产品。结果表明,本方法研发的各项QPE产品,在精度和稳定性上都优于嘉兴业务原有X波段产品,其中S波段和X波段融合QPE产品各项性能最优。针对水平分布不均和局地性强的过程,S波段和X波段融合QPE产品可以较为精确地反映出各镇(街道)的降水分布,可用于实际精细化预警参考。

S波段双偏振雷达  /  X波段双偏振相控阵雷达  /  定量降水估计  /  雷达融合产品

As urbanization accelerates, hazards including flash floods, debris flows, and urban inundation are becoming more frequent and severe, with escalating social disruption and economic losses. A scientific and effective radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) product is essential for enhancing the monitoring, forecasting, and early warning of extreme precipitation, which is of great value to current disaster prevention and mitigation efforts. This study used data from a single S-band dual-polarization radar and six X-band dual-polarization phased array radars in Jiaxing to develop S-band and X-band radar QPE products for the region. After preprocessing the radar observation data, including removing nonmeteorological echoes and performing quality control of the differential propagation phase, the effective minimum hybrid elevation for each radar was calculated. Then, the rain rate was estimated using single radar observations and raindrop size distribution parameters provided by the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite (GPM-DPR). Finally, the rain rate was mosaicked for multiple radars, forming a gridded QPE product with a temporal resolution of 1 min and a spatial resolution of 50 m. To verify the accuracy of the proposed method, two heavy precipitation events that occurred on 10 and 16 September 2024, in the Jiaxing area were selected to evaluate the radar QPE products. The evaluated products included the original Jiaxing X-band QPE product and the X-band, S-band, and mosaic products developed in this study. The results show that the proposed QPE products outperform the original X-band product in terms of accuracy and stability, with the mosaic product yielding the best estimation result. For localized heavy rainfall with horizontally inhomogeneous distribution, the mosaicking product accurately reflects the precipitation distribution across various towns (subdistricts), contributing to the early issuance of accurate warnings.

S-band dual-polarization radar  /  X-band dual-polarization phased array radar  /  QPE (quantitative precipitation estimation)  /  Radar mosaic product
周秋林, 戚友存, 朱自伟, 许金玉, 查贲, 费雨婷. 浙江省嘉兴市S和X波段雷达在定量降水估测中的应用. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1221 -1238 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2511.25074
Qiulin ZHOU, Youcun QI, Ziwei ZHU, Jinyu XU, Ben ZHA, Yuting FEI. Application of S-band and X-band Radars in Quantitative Precipitation Estimation to Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1221 -1238 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2511.25074
随着城市化进程加快和人口密集度上升,暴雨引发的链式灾害风险显著增加,这对降水监测预警的精细化水平提出了更高要求。因此,发展精细化的降水估算技术,对于准确捕捉强降水的发生、发展与落区分布极其重要。在现有的降水监测技术体系中,地面自动雨量站与天气雷达是两类核心观测手段。相较于遥感反演方式,自动雨量站以其直接测量的优势,能够提供精准可靠的局地尺度降水数据,其观测值最接近地表实际降水量(Daly et al., 1994)。然而,受限于站点选址、后期维护等现实因素,即使在发达国家,雨量站的布设密度也难以满足对对流尺度强降水空间分布的精细化捕捉需求。
由于时空分辨率高和较好的三维空间覆盖性,天气雷达不仅用于定量降水估计,也是目前强对流风暴和天气监测及临近预警的重要资料(郑永光等, 2015; 俞小鼎和郑永光, 2020)。基于反射率因子(ZH)、差分反射率因子(ZDR)、差分传播相移率(KDP)及相关系数等偏振变量参数,双偏振雷达可更为精细地刻画降水粒子的雨滴谱特征以及分布规律,利用这些参数,能够追踪对流单体从生成到消散的完整演变轨迹。将此类偏振信息同化至数值天气预报模式,可实质性增强对降水系统立体架构与动力演化过程的解析能力,有助于提前捕捉对流系统的生成与发展趋势(冯晋勤等, 2018; 胡燕平等, 2021; 王文波等, 2021),其已在云降水微物理研究(曹俊武等, 2005; 杨洁帆等, 2021; 吴翀, 2018)、定量降水估计(Quantitative Precipitation Estimation,QPE)(房彬等, 2010; 寇蕾蕾等, 2018; 李巧等, 2021; 张哲等, 2021, 2022, 2023)和冰雹识别(林文等, 2020; 刘红亚等, 2020)等方面应用广泛。许多国家部署了S或C波段双偏振雷达并进行多雷达组网,为天气监测和天气预报提供了重要支撑。S波段雷达具有波长较长、探测范围广的特点,能够有效监测大范围降水系统和强天气过程,但受限于较粗的空间分辨率,S波段雷达难以实现对小尺度天气现象(如,短时强降水、雷暴大风)的精细监测;同时地球曲率效应及地形阻挡会使远距离探测的波束中心高度显著抬升,因而低层大气信息在远端往往无法被有效探测。例如,在距离雷达站200 km处,即便采用最低0.5°的仰角进行扫描,其电磁波束中心也已高出地面约5.1 km。
为了弥补S波段雷达的不足,组建X波段雷达网具有重要意义。X波段雷达波长较短,空间分辨率高,能够精细捕捉小尺度天气系统的演变过程,尤其适用于城市内涝、山区降水等局地性天气的监测。此外,X波段雷达部署灵活,可以填补S波段雷达的探测盲区,特别是在地形复杂或城市化密集区域,能够提供更全面的降水信息(刘黎平等, 2014; 苏永彦和刘黎平, 2022)。然而,X波段雷达也具有不足,其在强降水环境中信号衰减严重,影响了ZH和ZDR的精确度(Hitschfeld and Bordan, 1954; Park et al., 2005; 李哲等, 2022)。
因此,S波段和X波段雷达在性能上具有明显的互补性。S波段适合大范围监测和远距离探测,而X波段适合对局部区域进行高分辨率观测,需要充分发挥二者的优势,弥补各自的不足,通过数据融合、协同观测和算法优化,实现对大范围降水区域和局部对流单体的全面、精确监测,为强对流天气的监测和预报提供强有力的支持。
《气象高质量发展纲要(2022~2035)》提出,中国要构建精准气象预报系统,发展精细气象服务系统,提高气象灾害监测预报预警能力,利用新技术,实施“网格+气象”行动,将气象防灾减灾纳入乡镇、街道等基层网格化管理。当前预警信号作为城市防灾救灾工作的先导力量,暴雨预警能否实现精准发布并迅速传递,直接关系到城市灾害防御体系的整体效能。2022年,中国气象局启动气象灾害(暴雨)预警信号优化调整工作,调整后,将1 h雨强纳入暴雨预警信号标准,影响区域精细到乡(镇、街道)。为此,各地以密集布设的气象探测网络为基础,不断探索更为精细的短时临近预报方案以及面向更小区域单元的预警技术,逐步开启了预警信号最小以乡(镇、街道)为单元的发布工作。
2024年,浙江省嘉兴市完成了1部S波段双偏振雷达和6部X波段双偏振相控阵雷达构成的雷达组网整体建设,以加强对城市及周边地区天气系统的监测。嘉兴地处东部沿海,虽位于杭嘉湖平原的腹心地带,但东临东海和钱塘江,南濒杭州湾,北靠太湖,西接天目山,受季风气候影响,常常面临强降水、台风等极端天气事件的威胁,且局部强降水发生频繁,其东部和西部、北部和南部都会出现降水的区域差异。如何将这种多波段雷达协同观测有效应用于降水灾害的精细化分区预警,是眼下急需解决的问题。
本文在嘉兴市单部S波段、多部X波段相控阵雷达的观测网络条件下,设计S波段与X波段雷达定量降水估计方法,对混合仰角、拼图权重和QPE混合方案进行系统工程化实现,使用GPM-DPR统计参数对区域化双偏振QPE关系进行约束和试验,展示S波段和X波段融合技术在典型东风波降水与台风降水中的性能提升,并给出时间分辨率为1 min,空间分辨率为50 m的精细化产品,从实际业务的角度设计面向乡镇街道的预警应用,为多波段雷达协同监测提供可操作范式,同时为城市暴雨灾害的精细化预警建立理论和业务支撑。
为判断各雷达波束在不同仰角上受地形遮挡的情况,本文使用的地形数据源自美国航空航天局(NASA)和国防部国家测绘局(NIMA)联合测量的航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命(SRTM)数字高程模型(DEM)数据,该数据的水平分辨率为30 m×30 m。参与分析的雷达数据包括嘉兴市S波段双偏振雷达(Z9573)、嘉兴市平湖X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(ZK551)、嘉兴市桐乡X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(ZK552)、嘉兴市海盐X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(ZK553)、嘉兴市海宁X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(ZK554)、嘉兴市秀洲X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(ZK555)和嘉兴市嘉善X波段双偏振相控阵雷达(ZK556)基数据。由于X波段雷达信号在强降水区会发生衰减,因此在使用前需要对其进行订正,具体原理是:由于差分传播相移率(KDP)不受信号衰减的影响,因此可作为参考依据,对易受衰减影响的反射率和差分反射率进行订正(Giangrande et al., 2013; 张培昌等, 2018)。订正方法:根据KDP的强度差异,选取与之相应的衰减率,并采用不同的订正模型分别进行计算。评估表明,该方法能有效缓解X波段雷达在强降水中的参数低估问题。订正后虽然仍存在系统性轻微偏低问题,但X波段雷达反射率和差分反射率与S波段雷达一致性明显提高。该订正算法已集成于X波段雷达的内置软件中,业务基数据直接使用订正后的结果。
嘉兴市雷达组网(图1)以1部S波段为中心,6部X波段雷达环绕一周的格局,各雷达相邻距离不超过50 km,各雷达主要参数如表1所示。
地面雨量观测资料为嘉兴全市所有区域自动气象站小时观测数据,站点平均间距约为4.6 km。此外,还使用了嘉兴业务应用的原X波段雷达定量降水估计产品用于比较评估。嘉兴业务原雷达降水数据是格点化的降水数据,其时间分辨率为1 min,空间分辨率为60 m。对于雷达降水反演,仅选用了KDP–R关系进行转换:
$ R=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b} , $
式中,R表示降水强度,定义a=20.94、b=0.83。
由于S波段雷达、X波段雷达以及原业务定量降水估计产品覆盖范围不一致,仅选取三者均覆盖的雨量站资料用于评估,以保证样本的一致性。
根据研究(沈晓玲等, 2022),近10年5~7月浙江暖季短时强降水频次递增,8月达到峰值,9月开始下降,而降水强度却在9月中旬达到最大(一般与台风和冷空气结合有关)。在日变化尺度上,降水频次的峰值时段为16:00~19:00(北京时,下同),降水强度则分别在16:00和20:00达到最高。在空间尺度上,地形和海陆差异是影响降水强度空间差异的重要因子。对比结果表明,杭州湾两岸的沿海地带,降水强度明显强于内陆。8~9月造成短时强降水的一般有强对流、热带气旋及东风波。本文选取嘉兴地区2024年9月出现的两次强降水过程进行分析,一次是9月10日由东风波和弱冷空气造成,雨量分布不均,局地性较强;另一次是9月16日由台风“贝碧嘉”影响造成,嘉兴出现大范围暴雨。
雷达定量降水估计算法包括:雷达探测资料质量控制、最低混合仰角计算、降水类型识别、降水反演关系统计以及雷达拼图。
文中设计的双偏振S波段、X波段、S和X波段融合雷达定量降水估计方法流程如图2所示。在图2标注的流程之前,先进行非气象回波去除(马建立等, 2019)和差分传播相移的质量控制(Giangrande et al., 2013)。
在地面降水量的雷达反演中,应当优先选择低空观测数据,因为这些数据最接近地表降水实况,但雷达波束在传播过程中会受到地面物体阻挡,尤其低仰角扫描时信号容易发生部分或完全丢失。因此,直接使用雷达的最低仰角进行QPE存在局限,需要定义一个“有效最低混合仰角”——即每个方位角上满足遮挡率小于50%条件的最低仰角。基于这一思路,本研究采用SRTM数字高程模型(DEM)数据来计算雷达的最低混合仰角。借助该数据并依据雷达电磁波采样理论,逐一计算每部雷达在各方位角上的电磁波遮挡百分比。在此基础上,针对每个方位筛选出遮挡百分比小于50%且仰角最低的波束,进而得到各雷达独立适用的最低混合仰角。
由图3可以看到,嘉兴S波段雷达西南方位角存在大片山群,但0.5°仰角(第1仰角)并未受到地形遮挡,可以选取第1仰角的观测信息。由图4可见,嘉兴平湖X波段雷达ZK551在东南和偏南方向受到部分遮挡,需要使用到1.8°仰角(第2仰角)的观测信息,其他方位角未受遮挡,可以使用第1仰角的信息。其余5部X波段雷达均未出现遮挡(图略),可以使用第1仰角的观测信息。
对降水类型进行准确划分是提升雷达QPE精度的关键环节。只有合理区分不同的降水类型,才能在QPE过程中采用更具代表性的反演关系,从而有效提高降水估算准确率。在对雷达反射率资料进行质量控制后,对各类降水类型进行判别。本文将目标区域的降水划分为对流性降水、0°C层亮带层状云降水及非0°C层亮带层状云降水三类。具体识别流程:首先判断0°C层高度,若该高度低于雷达站海拔2 km,则判定无对流发生。通过多仰角反射率和垂直液态水含量等参数识别出所有对流核,具体算法参见Qi et al.(2013)。以已识别的对流核为种子点,对其周围8个邻域网格点进行逐个扫描:若某网格点组合反射率大于35 dBZ,并符合以下三条判据中的任意一条:(1)组合反射率高于45 dBZ;(2)最大反射率所在高度偏离0°C层亮带影响高度;(3)反射率垂直梯度低于4 dBZ/km——则将其纳入对流区,并作为新的种子点继续向外扩散检查,迭代执行该步骤,直至遍历所有格点。最终符合条件的所有网格点的集合即构成对流区域。
非对流降水区域自动划为层状云降水区。将层状云区域内组合反射率超过35 dBZ的格点确定为“0°C层亮带核”,同样采用上述扩展方法,以亮带核为起点识别整个亮带区域,以此可判定0°C层亮带层状云降水及非0°C层亮带层状云降水区域。
基于反射率因子(ZH)、差分反射率因子(ZDR)和差分传播相移率(KDP)等变量,通过对应的降水转换关系可以计算出相应的降水率:
$ R({Z}_{\text{H}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b} , $
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b} , $
$ R({Z}_{\text{H}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{Z}_{\text{H}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} , $
$ R({K}_{\text{DP}},{Z}_{\text{DR}})=a{K}_{\text{DP}}{}^{b}{Z}_{\text{DR}}{}^{c} , $
式中,a、b、c是可变参数,由于不同系统、不同类型以及不同地区降水的雨滴谱特征存在较大差异,相应的参数也不同。常用的雷达定量降水估计关系为式(2~5),其中式(2)为针对单偏振量的定量降水估计关系,式(3~5)为针对双偏振量的定量降水估计关系。因此,需要针对不同类型降水统计相应的降水关系。利用卫星测雨雷达GPM-DPR提供的雨滴谱参数(Dm和Nw)统计获得适用于嘉兴地区的几套降水转换关系的参数(表2)。
理论上,基于双偏振量的降水反演关系较纯粹的单偏振关系要更有优势。然而,在实际降水估算过程中,如果降雨强度较弱,部分双偏振变量(如,差分反射率ZDR和差分传播相移率KDP)数值会趋近于0,信噪比较小。此时若强行使用双偏振量进行QPE反演,容易引入较大的估算误差,并造成反演降水场在空间上的不连续现象,从而降低QPE系统的运行稳定性。相比之下,基于单偏振量的ZH–R关系在弱降水条件下表现更为稳健。基于上述考虑,本研究参考张哲等(2021)提出的单站雷达混合QPE方案,依据双偏振量信号的强弱选择反演关系,具体流程如图5所示。
拼图处理需要输入各雷达混合仰角降水率数据。采用球面近似模型,以雷达站位置为原点,利用球面三角函数建立方位角、地面弧长与经纬度间的解析关系(Langston et al., 2007),将雷达极坐标观测投影至地理坐标系。此类投影方法在S波段与C波段雷达组网业务中已有成熟应用(Zhang et al., 2011; Luo et al., 2016; 李巧等, 2021)。球面近似引入的定位偏差相较于公里级的网格分辨率可忽略不计。
针对每个目标网格,需判定组网内各雷达是否对其存在有效观测,并计算该网格在各雷达本地极坐标中的对应位置。此过程通过网格中心点与雷达站点的经纬度差值,反推方位角及径向距离实现。此外,采用加权平均策略来处理多部雷达重叠覆盖区域的融合降水估计,其中权重系数由雷达波束中心高度与波束垂直展宽直径联合确定(李巧等, 2021)——波束越高、截面越宽,其代表地面降水的能力越弱,权重相应降低:
$ {k}_{i}=\frac{1000}{{h}_{\text{c}i}}+\frac{1000}{{d}_{i}} , $
$ {w}_{i}=\frac{{k}_{i}}{ \displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}{k}_{i}} , $
式中,ki为第i(i=1, 2, ···, 7)部雷达对给定网格单元的贡献,wi为第i部雷达的权重,hci为第i部雷达波束中心高度,di为第i部雷达波束垂直展宽直径。因为高仰角的雷达波束所接收信号可能源自云砧区,而非近地面实际降水,因此当雷达波束的高度增加或截面展宽时,其所携带的观测信息对地面降水的代表性会相应下降。因此,对于任一目标网格,若波束高度最低的雷达没有探测到降水回波,则该网格标记为无效值。在判定不是无效值的前提下,区分对流性降水和层状云降水:某雷达网格单元预判为对流性降水,且其观测高度贴近地面时,该网格才标记为对流性降水;若判定为层状云降水,继续区分是否受0°C层亮带影响,若任一参与拼图的雷达识别出0°C层亮带特征,则标记为0°C层亮带型层状云降水;反之,则归为非0°C层亮带型层状云降水。
基于上述方法,最终生成网格化降水率产品,时间分辨率为1 min,空间分辨率为50 m,任意时段的累计雨量产品可进一步通过时间累加生成。
评估雷达QPE产品性能时,以自动雨量站的实测降水数据为参考标准。评估步骤:第一步,将QPE产品累加得到指定时段内的累计降水量。第二步,实现雷达估算值与站点观测值的空间匹配。对于每个雨量站,首先定位与其经纬度距离最近的QPE格点,然后提取该格点及其周边8个邻域格点的降水估算值,计算这9个格点的平均值,将平均值作为该站点对应的雷达QPE估算结果。第三步,提取雷达估算与站点观测均超过0.1 mm的匹配样本,组成有效数据集。
评估雷达QPE产品用到的评估指标有相关系数(CC)、相对平均偏差(RME)和均方根误差(RMSE)。相关系数(CC)用于表征雷达降水估算值与雨量站实测值之间的线性关系,CC越高则二者一致性越好;相对平均偏差(RME)用于反映雷达估算结果相对于雨量站实测值的平均偏离情况,RME为正值时表示QPE产品高估了实际降水,为负值时表示低估了实际降水;均方根误差(RMSE)用于衡量雷达估算值与雨量站实测值之间的误差大小,RMSE越小,表明估算误差越小,估算值的离散度越低。
选取2024年9月10日嘉兴局地短时强降水过程和9月16日台风“贝碧嘉”强降水过程作为代表进行分析评估。以嘉兴地面雨量站实测数据为真值,将其与雷达QPE产品进行空间位置匹配,提取每个雨量站对应的雷达累积降水量,随后对两组数据进行对比评估。参与评估的产品有嘉兴业务原X波段QPE产品,本文方法形成的新X波段、S波段、S和X波段融合QPE产品。选用的地面雨量站点数量(PAIRS)为158个。
2024年9月10日嘉兴局地短时强降水过程主要受东风波和弱冷空气影响,全市雨量分布不均,强降水集中在嘉兴东北部和西南部,主要降水时段出现在10日午后到11日凌晨,过程累积极端最大值超过130 mm。从图6a–d可见,业务原X波段QPE产品存在严重的低估问题,对强降水中心的估计较雨量站低30~40 mm。新的三套QPE产品对降水整体空间分布的反映与雨量站观测数据一致性均较高,且可以较为准确地捕捉强降水中心,其中S波段和X波段融合QPE对实况的反映最为准确,尤其对嘉兴西南部强降水中心值有较好的体现。从图6e–h可以看出,所有产品均存在不同程度的低估,其中业务原X波段QPE产品低估最严重,RME为−0.416,偏差最大,RMSE达到25.027 mm。结合图6a可以看到,业务原X波段QPE的偏低主要出现在累积降水量超过60 mm的区域。新的三套QPE低估程度均要轻得多,且与雨量站降水之间的离散度与相关性都较高,其中S波段离散度和偏差较大,S波段和X波段融合QPE产品的离散度和偏差最小,尤其对100 mm左右的几个站点雨量估计几乎与雨量站数据完全吻合。
由图7可见,各产品对小时雨强在20 mm以下的降水估测较集中,但相比雨量站观测均存在不同程度的低估,其中业务原X波段QPE低估问题最严重,且雨量越大低估程度越重,RME达−0.419。新的三套QPE产品中,S波段除了对20 mm以下的降水有低估外,对20 mm以上的强降水也略有高估,离散度和偏差都较X波段要大。S波段和X波段融合产品对弱降水的低估和对强降水的高估都得到明显改善,离散度和偏差在所有产品中最小,RME仅为−0.179,RMSE为2.895 mm。说明S波段和X波段融合产品对雷达QPE性能明显改善,对降水描述的精准度进一步提升。
从相关系数(图8a)来看,业务原X波段产品最高,新S波段产品最低,但均方根误差(图8b)和相对平均偏差(图8c)来看,业务原X波段产品均为最差。新X波段雷达QPE与雨量站数据的相关性总体高于S波段,同时均方根误差也保持在低位,所有小时RMSE均在5 mm以下。新的各雷达QPE产品在多个时次中呈现出一定的降水低估,其中在10日20:00之前X波段产品低估程度较S波段轻,20:00之后S波段低估程度则较X波段轻。融合了二者数据以后雷达QPE各项性能超过了单站雷达,RMSE也达到最低。
9月16日07:30台风“贝碧嘉”在上海浦东登陆,受其正面影响,16日白天嘉兴出现了大范围暴雨。从图9a–d中可见,业务原X波段QPE产品对强降雨存在严重的低估和范围偏窄问题,尤其对嘉兴中部和北部强降雨低估达30–40 mm。新的各项产品均能较好地反映降雨分布,X波段QPE对中部和北部强降雨略有低估,S波段和融合后的产品对整个雨区有较完整反映,但各产品对嘉兴西南部四个60 mm以上强降水站点均略有低估。从图9e–h可见,业务原X波段产品偏差和离散度都非常大,且雨强越大偏差和离散度越大,RME为−0.285,RMSE达11.242 mm。新X波段产品相关系数最高,离散度也较S波段小,但S波段对降水低估最轻,融合二者数据后QPE与雨量站降水离散度达最小,RMSE为7.896 mm,且相关系数和偏差较S波段和新X波段雷达产品均各有提升。
由图10可见,在所有强降水时段,业务原X波段雷达QPE相关系数较高,但存在系统性低估降水的问题,RME为−0.286,且雨强越大低估和离散度越严重。新QPE产品整体效果优于原X波段产品,与雨量站数据吻合良好,其中S波段雷达QPE准确性较高,RME为−0.058,但相关系数和离散度不如X波段,融合X波段数据后雷达QPE性能有所提升,CC提升至0.885,同时改善了与雨量站数据之间的离散程度,RMSE为3.497 mm。
从图11可见,本次过程业务原X波段产品仅有3个时次数据,离散度和偏差均为最大。新X波段雷达QPE与雨量站数据的相关性高于S波段,RMSE也较S波段偏低。新的各产品偏差总体在0值上下浮动,其中11:00~18:00时均在正负0.2之间,但S波段偏差为正,而X波段偏差为负,融合二者数据以后雷达QPE偏差总体接近于0,同时融合后相关系数明显提高,RMSE也下降到各产品最低。
评估结果表明:新QPE产品在降水落区和强度的反演上均优于业务原X波段产品;S波段与X波段的融合产品在所有产品中与雨量站观测最为接近;融合产品在不同降水过程中均表现出最优的稳定性,说明融合了X波段和S波段数据后雷达QPE性能明显提高。
根据浙江省最新修订的防汛防台风抗旱应急预案,气象预警已成为各级防汛指挥部启动应急响应的必要条件,其中暴雨预警必须以乡(镇、街道)为最小单元。嘉兴市有42个镇,30个街道,目前共有雨量站187个,平均每个镇(街道)仅有2个雨量站,且实际上部分镇(街道)目前还没有雨量站,因此仍存在大量的监测盲区,尤其针对局地性强的降水,要做到暴雨预警精细到镇(街道),需要雷达产品的进一步优化。
针对精细化预警需求,设计了精细到镇(街道)的雷达QPE产品,选取一小时降水为例,具体做法是把雷达QPE格点数据和雨量计站点数据分别插值到县级行政区,每个散点代表一个镇(街道)内雨量计的累积面降雨和雷达的累积面降雨。考虑到业务原有X波段产品性能明显偏差,本节仅比较新的三套产品性能。
从图12a可见,18:00~19:00降水明显分布不均,最小的为1 mm以下,最大的在20~30 mm,强降水集中在嘉兴平湖北部和嘉兴嘉善南部交界处10余个镇(街道),按县(市)统一发布预警不合适。从新的几套产品来看,X波段对强降水出现的几个镇(街道)分布及强度把握较好,相关系数也达到0.96,S波段对部分镇(街道)的降水略有高估,但总体的准确率较X波段高,RME在−0.10。融合了二者数据以后明显提高了产品各项性能,RMSE也降到2.61 mm,对降水的精细化分布有较好的体现。
受台风“贝碧嘉”北上后南侧的螺旋云带影响,9月16日14:00~15:00整个嘉兴地区强降水带呈现东北—西南向的窄条分布(图13)。新的几套产品对强降水分布镇(街道)总体有较好的反映,其中X波段中北部偏弱,S波段西南部偏弱,二者数据融合之后,对整条降水带有较完整体现,产品各项性能较S波段和X波段各自均得到提高,其中RMSE较单站雷达更小。
通过以上分析可见,新的QPE产品可以较精确地反映出强降水时段精细到镇(街道)的降水分布,其中S波段融合X波段效果最好,可用于实际精细化预警发布参考。
本文以嘉兴市1部S波段天气雷达为基础,结合6部X波段相控阵天气雷达,设计了S波段与X波段双偏振雷达定量降水估计方法,并对其性能进行评估,从实际业务的角度形成了精细化QPE预警产品。在对雷达观测资料进行预处理后,分析了嘉兴雷达的遮挡情况,计算每部雷达的有效最低混合仰角;利用GPM-DPR卫星测雨雷达提供的雨滴谱参数,确定适配嘉兴本地降水特征的雷达反演关系系数,通过混合反演算法,分别计算每部雷达的降水率;基于单站降水反演结果,对S波段与X波段雷达的降水反演结果进行组网拼图处理,形成时间分辨率为1 min,空间分辨率为50 m的格点化QPE产品。为了验证所用方法的准确性,选取嘉兴地区2024年9月10日与16日两次典型的强降水过程对雷达QPE产品进行评估,参与评估的产品有嘉兴业务原有X波段QPE产品,新的X波段、S波段、S和X波段融合QPE产品。结论如下:
(1)业务原X波段QPE在两次强降水过程中均出现严重低估的问题,且雨强越大,低估越严重。9月10日过程业务原X波段QPE相对平均偏差(RME)达−0.416,新的X波段、S波段QPE偏差分别为−0.174、−0.237,融合了二者之后偏差降至−0.149;9月16日台风降水中,业务原X波段QPE偏差达−0.285,新的三套QPE偏差均在−0.2之内,其中S和X波段融合QPE仅为−0.102。
(2)新的S波段和X波段产品各有优势,X波段相关性较好,但S波段在部分时段偏差较小,融合了二者数据之后产品性能得到明显提升,与雨量站的偏差也降至最小。究其原因,单独使用S波段雷达估测降水虽然偏差较小,但由于观测的时间分辨率较低,而风暴发展演变和移动速度快,导致与雨量站对比的离散程度高;X波段雷达观测的时空分辨率高,与雨量站观测一致性高,S和X波段雷达信息融合可以明显改善雷达QPE性能。
(3)新的三套方案设计了精细化面雨量雷达QPE产品:通过分析可见,针对分布不均及局地性强的降水过程,新的QPE产品可以较精确地反映出精细到镇(街道)的降水分布,其中S波段融合X波段效果最好,对强降水分布和中心强度也有较好的反映,可用于实际精细化预警发布参考。
文中对嘉兴市S波段双偏振雷达和X波段双偏振相控阵雷达进行了QPE计算。为了兼顾S波段雷达的大范围探测优势和X波段雷达的高时空分辨率优势,对二者的反演结果进行了组网分析,确实有效提升了QPE产品的时空分辨率与估算精度,但该方法目前尚处于初步应用阶段,未来需围绕以下问题开展进一步研究:
(1)本文为“方案构建,业务首批应用评估”的阶段性结果,目前仅分析了2次降水过程,所得结论主要针对所选个例的适用性,属保守推广,后续将基于更长时段、多类型过程对参数和算法进行系统检验。
(2)GPM-DPR反演本身依赖假定,作为本地雷达定量降水估计关系的先验会引入系统误差,下一步计划在嘉兴建设地面雨滴谱仪,同时引入更多过程对降水估计关系进行再标定。
(3)不同降水过程降水效率差异较大,本质上是雨滴谱特征差异导致,下一步需要结合地面雨滴谱仪观测信息,分析不同强降水过程雨滴谱的差异及其对雷达QPE性能的影响。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2511.25074
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1浙江省嘉兴市气象局, 嘉兴314000
    2中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室, 北京100101
    3中国科学院大学, 北京100049
    4浙江省气象服务中心, 杭州310017
    5浙江省平湖市气象局, 平湖314200

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戚友存,男,研究员,研究方向为雷达质量控制、雷达定量降水估计、山洪泥石流预报预警、短时临近预报,E-mail:
查贲,男,高级工程师,研究方向为雷达气象服务、短时临近业务应用,E-mail:
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