Article(id=1311998442851893912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742832000000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734404528, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734404528, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734404528, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734404528, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1165, endPage=1178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998443065803417, articleId=1311998442851893912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Analysis of Brightness Temperature Measurement Biases and Their Contributing Factors for FY-4A and FY-4B Satellites, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dual-satellite observations of FY-4A and FY-4B exhibit continuity and complementarity, but differences in the satellites’ positions and observation paths may make their actual detection results inconsistent. This study, which is based on the AGRI full-disk Level 1 data and cloud top height products from dual-satellite imagers during June–August 2022, conducted parallax correction on the dual-satellite data and analyzed differences in thermal infrared channel brightness temperatures (BTs) under various cloud height scenarios and underlying surface conditions. The results showed that within the common observation area, the BT differences between FY-4A and FY-4B gradually turned positive to negative from west to east. In the equatorial region, the BT differences reached 8 K. As cloud height increases, the root mean square error of the BT differences increases from 1.63 K to 3.06 K. The differences were larger over land than over the ocean. Additionally, this study investigated the theoretical effects of satellite zenith angle on dual-satellite BT differences using the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model. Simulated BT difference trends between the satellites show broad consistency with observed empirical trends. Therefore, future research can perform physical correction on the dual-satellite observations according to these patterns, enabling joint applications of the dual-satellite data.

, authors=Zhaoyu OU1, 2, Yilun CHEN1, 2, Shiyu LI1, 2, Aoqi ZHANG1, 2, Weibiao LI1, 2, authorsList=Zhaoyu OU, Yilun CHEN, Shiyu LI, Aoqi ZHANG, Weibiao LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yilun CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998446987477675, articleId=1311998442851893912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=风云四号双星亮温测量偏差及成因分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

风云四号A星(FY-4A)和风云四号B星(FY-4B)的双星探测具有连贯性和互补性,但双星位置的差异以及不同的探测路径,导致二者实际探测结果可能不一致。本研究基于2022年6~8月双星AGRI L1级数据和云顶高度产品数据CTH,对两星的数据进行了视差订正,分析了不同云高和下垫面场景下双星热红外通道亮温的差异。研究结果表明,在双星的共同探测范围内,自西向东,FY-4A与FY-4B亮温差异由正值(FY-4A亮温更高)逐渐转变为负值。在赤道区域,亮温差值可达8 K。随着云高增高,双星亮温的均方根误差从1.63 K逐渐增大至3.06 K,且陆地上的差值高于海洋。本文基于RTTOV快速辐射传输模式,探究卫星天顶角对双星亮温差异的理论影响,模拟的双星亮温差异趋势与实际亮温差异趋势大致相同。因此,未来研究可结合上述规律对双星探测的偏差进行物理校正,实现双星探测的联合应用。

, authors=欧沼余1, 2, 陈逸伦1, 2, 黎诗瑜1, 2, 张奡祺1, 2, 黎伟标1, 2, authorsList=欧沼余, 陈逸伦, 黎诗瑜, 张奡祺, 黎伟标, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈逸伦, authorNote=

欧沼余,女,硕士研究生,主要从事云和降水的卫星遥感研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈逸伦,男,副教授,主要从事卫星遥感云降水物理学研究。E-mail:
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欧沼余,女,硕士研究生,主要从事云和降水的卫星遥感研究。E-mail:

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欧沼余,女,硕士研究生,主要从事云和降水的卫星遥感研究。E-mail:

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(b) same as (a), but for FY-4B; (c) BT bias distribution in the matched pixels area with the satellite zenith angle ≤ 60°., figureFileSmall=XNBoM+OMf4DcfkkIn2BPGw==, figureFileBig=RBdHj6SJQiD53JbXNA9vpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998455405445853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2022年6月1日04:00(协调世界时,下同)时刻FY-4双星的亮温及差异分布:(a)FY-4A的亮温分布;(b)FY-4B的亮温分布;(c)匹配像元区域卫星天顶角为60°内的亮温偏差分布。, figureFileSmall=XNBoM+OMf4DcfkkIn2BPGw==, figureFileBig=RBdHj6SJQiD53JbXNA9vpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998455468360414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Sample distribution of BT bias at different cloud top heights: (a) No cloud; (b) low cloud; (c) medium cloud; (d) high cloud., figureFileSmall=Eyn32ItlIoSCszEkEGFk5w==, figureFileBig=e9jDacrftprHRoNgyjF5TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998455531274975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同云顶高度下亮温偏差样本量分布:(a)无云;(b)低云;(c)中云;(d)高云。, figureFileSmall=Eyn32ItlIoSCszEkEGFk5w==, figureFileBig=e9jDacrftprHRoNgyjF5TA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998455602578144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution of BT bias between dual satellites at different cloud top heights: (a) No cloud; (b) low cloud; (c) medium cloud; (d) high cloud., figureFileSmall=Q7ImYEFTNze3JsTXh422jw==, figureFileBig=gAVdmJRDX6DQpx2K5HPxvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998455820681953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同云顶高度下双星亮温偏差分布:(a)无云;(b)低云;(c)中云;(d)高云。, figureFileSmall=Q7ImYEFTNze3JsTXh422jw==, figureFileBig=gAVdmJRDX6DQpx2K5HPxvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998456013619938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Normalized 2D probability density distribution of BTs from dual satellites for (a, b) no cloud, (c, d) low cloud, (e, f) medium cloud, and (g, h) high cloud: (a, c, e, g) Land; (b, d, f, h) ocean. The units of bias and RMSE are in K., figureFileSmall=SZpg+zXYR3RAP6fm5t4vDQ==, figureFileBig=qc22SuJO9a5QvShXhDRhzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998456265278179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=CN, label=图5, caption=(a,b)无云、(c,d)低云、(e,f)中云和(g,h)高云的双星亮温的归一化二维概率密度分布:(a,c,e,g)陆地;(b,d,f,h)海洋。偏差(Bias)和均方根误差(RMSE)的单位均为K。, figureFileSmall=SZpg+zXYR3RAP6fm5t4vDQ==, figureFileBig=qc22SuJO9a5QvShXhDRhzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998456365941476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Zonal distribution of BT differences between FY-4A and FY-4B AGRI 10.8 μm channels within 1° around the Equator: (a) Bias; (b) correlation coefficient (R); (c) standard deviation (Std); (d) FY-4A mean BT; (e) land proportion. The two vertical dashed lines indicate the sub-satellite points of FY-4A and FY-4B, and the three slanted dashed lines in Fig. (a) represent the linear fit of BT bias in three regions., figureFileSmall=tuoAplHoDASEu8IXWyhvqQ==, figureFileBig=u4wT76mhAaSyonBAXk+8tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998456705680101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=CN, label=图6, caption=赤道附近1°范围内FY-4A和FY-4B AGRI 10.8 μm通道亮温差异的纬向分布:(a)偏差;(b)相关系数(R);(c)标准差(Std);(d)FY-4A平均亮温;(e)陆地占比。两条竖直的虚线表示FY-4A和FY-4B的星下点位置,图(a)中的三段斜虚线为三个区域亮温偏差的线性拟合线。, figureFileSmall=tuoAplHoDASEu8IXWyhvqQ==, figureFileBig=u4wT76mhAaSyonBAXk+8tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998456802149094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Relationship between the satellite zenith angle and simulated brightness temperature (BT) under mid-latitude summer atmospheric profiles: (a) No cloud; (b) low cloud; (c) medium cloud; (d) high cloud., figureFileSmall=eb6Wbne2XCvL3Cmzb0WVJw==, figureFileBig=r747Wf//EpTLZ4qBpD/3aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998456894423783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=CN, label=图7, caption=中纬度夏季廓线下卫星天顶角与模拟亮温(BT)的关系:(a)无云;(b)低云:(c)中云;(d)高云。, figureFileSmall=eb6Wbne2XCvL3Cmzb0WVJw==, figureFileBig=r747Wf//EpTLZ4qBpD/3aA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998456978309864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998442851893912, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Simulated brightness temperature and difference distributions in the matched pixels area of FY-4 dual satellites: (a–c) No cloud; (d–f) low cloud; (g–i) medium cloud; ( j–l) high cloud. 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风云四号双星亮温测量偏差及成因分析
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欧沼余 1, 2 , 陈逸伦 1, 2 , 黎诗瑜 1, 2 , 张奡祺 1, 2 , 黎伟标 1, 2
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1165-1178
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1165 -1178
风云四号双星亮温测量偏差及成因分析
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欧沼余1, 2 , 陈逸伦1, 2 , 黎诗瑜1, 2, 张奡祺1, 2, 黎伟标1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中山大学大气科学学院热带大气海洋系统科学教育部重点实验室,珠海519082
  • 2南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),珠海519080
通讯作者:
陈逸伦,男,副教授,主要从事卫星遥感云降水物理学研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

欧沼余,女,硕士研究生,主要从事云和降水的卫星遥感研究。E-mail:

Analysis of Brightness Temperature Measurement Biases and Their Contributing Factors for FY-4A and FY-4B Satellites
Zhaoyu OU1, 2 , Yilun CHEN1, 2 , Shiyu LI1, 2, Aoqi ZHANG1, 2, Weibiao LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Atmospheric Sciences and Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082
  • 2Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25050
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风云四号A星(FY-4A)和风云四号B星(FY-4B)的双星探测具有连贯性和互补性,但双星位置的差异以及不同的探测路径,导致二者实际探测结果可能不一致。本研究基于2022年6~8月双星AGRI L1级数据和云顶高度产品数据CTH,对两星的数据进行了视差订正,分析了不同云高和下垫面场景下双星热红外通道亮温的差异。研究结果表明,在双星的共同探测范围内,自西向东,FY-4A与FY-4B亮温差异由正值(FY-4A亮温更高)逐渐转变为负值。在赤道区域,亮温差值可达8 K。随着云高增高,双星亮温的均方根误差从1.63 K逐渐增大至3.06 K,且陆地上的差值高于海洋。本文基于RTTOV快速辐射传输模式,探究卫星天顶角对双星亮温差异的理论影响,模拟的双星亮温差异趋势与实际亮温差异趋势大致相同。因此,未来研究可结合上述规律对双星探测的偏差进行物理校正,实现双星探测的联合应用。

FY-4A卫星  /  FY-4B卫星  /  亮温对比  /  云高  /  卫星天顶角

Dual-satellite observations of FY-4A and FY-4B exhibit continuity and complementarity, but differences in the satellites’ positions and observation paths may make their actual detection results inconsistent. This study, which is based on the AGRI full-disk Level 1 data and cloud top height products from dual-satellite imagers during June–August 2022, conducted parallax correction on the dual-satellite data and analyzed differences in thermal infrared channel brightness temperatures (BTs) under various cloud height scenarios and underlying surface conditions. The results showed that within the common observation area, the BT differences between FY-4A and FY-4B gradually turned positive to negative from west to east. In the equatorial region, the BT differences reached 8 K. As cloud height increases, the root mean square error of the BT differences increases from 1.63 K to 3.06 K. The differences were larger over land than over the ocean. Additionally, this study investigated the theoretical effects of satellite zenith angle on dual-satellite BT differences using the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model. Simulated BT difference trends between the satellites show broad consistency with observed empirical trends. Therefore, future research can perform physical correction on the dual-satellite observations according to these patterns, enabling joint applications of the dual-satellite data.

FY-4A satellite  /  FY-4B satellite  /  Brightness temperature comparison  /  Cloud height  /  Satellite zenith angle
欧沼余, 陈逸伦, 黎诗瑜, 张奡祺, 黎伟标. 风云四号双星亮温测量偏差及成因分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1165 -1178 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25050
Zhaoyu OU, Yilun CHEN, Shiyu LI, Aoqi ZHANG, Weibiao LI. Analysis of Brightness Temperature Measurement Biases and Their Contributing Factors for FY-4A and FY-4B Satellites[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1165 -1178 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25050
随着全球气候变化加剧、自然灾害频发以及环境问题的复杂化,高时效、高精度、全覆盖的全球对地观测数据成为科学研究和应急管理的核心需求。静止轨道卫星因其固定覆盖区域和分钟级高频观测能力,成为气象预报、环境监测和灾害预警的重要工具(许健民等, 2010)。单星视角下的大气参数(如云层高度、气溶胶分布)反演存在盲区,影响数据精度。中国风云四号、日本葵花系列、欧美GOES-R等对地观测系统逐步向多星组网方向发展(杨军等, 2011; Park et al., 2023; Yoshida et al., 2023)。两颗静止卫星的协同工作可通过多角度观测和数据融合,突破单星瓶颈,提升综合观测能力。然而,不同卫星上搭载的同类型传感器在观测同一类目标物时,其所得数据往往呈现出一定程度的系统性偏差(Hu et al., 2021)。这类偏差的核心成因多样,主要包括传感器通道参数的设定差异、定标精度的不同以及星下点位置的变化等因素(Simpson et al., 1988; Kummerow et al., 1998; Fu and Liu, 2001; 李华宏等, 2008; 刘瑞等, 2012; 王天天等, 2012)。此外,目标物的反射率曲线与传感器通道光谱响应函数之间的复杂耦合效应,也可能对这种观测数据的偏差产生显著影响(Xie et al., 2023)。
我国新一代静止气象卫星FY-4A与FY-4B于2016年和2021年陆续发射升空,二者均携带主仪器AGRI(Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager),以获取高精度、高时空分辨率的大气与地表辐射信息(Yang et al., 2017)。由于FY-4A和FY-4B的星下点位置不同,且FY-4B AGRI的各通道光谱响应函数也略有改变。因此,FY-4A和FY-4B的探测结果也可能存在系统性偏差。
在双星观测研究领域,已有诸多学者开展了系统性研究。Menzel et al.(1998)的研究指出,GOES-8/9大气探测器在短波和中波谱段的辐射噪声性能优于设计指标,但在长波谱段却表现出劣于设计值的特征。经几何视场订正后发现,GOES-8与其他辐射测值在不同谱段下均存在显著偏差。郭姿佑等(2019)创新性地利用分别定位于75°W和135°W的地球静止业务环境卫星GOES-13和GOES-15,通过辐射量偏差订正技术,有效降低了观测辐射值与基于模式背景场廓线模拟计算的辐射值之间的系统偏差,显著提升了数据同化质量。以上研究均指出在研究两个仪器的差别前需要进行视差订正。在我国气象观测领域,风云二号系列卫星(FY-2C与FY-2D)构建了具有中国特色的双星业务系统,实现了对我国及周边地区天气系统的有效监测。该系统采用“双星观测,互为备份”的先进运行模式,其中主业务星定位于105°E,备份业务星部署于86.5°E。这种双星协同观测模式,使北半球共同观测区域实现了每15分钟获取一幅云图的能力,显著提升了对中小尺度天气系统的监测效能(宏观和张文建, 2008; 卢乃锰和谷松岩, 2016)。Huang et al.(2024)通过风云四号双星多角度观测降低了单星视角误差,提出了优化云顶高度等关键参数的反演算法。
在FY-4 AGRI或其它类似卫星仪器的各探测通道中,波长在10.8 μm左右的热红外分裂窗通道凭借其在大气中的高透过率,受到了广泛应用。在云和降水方面,Chen et al.(2020a)使用红外亮温数据,并利用最大亮温梯度法对云团进行客观识别与分割;段炼等(2022)利用红外亮温数据反演对流云云顶高度;Zhang et al.(2023)采用众数亮温表征雨团整体性质。在综合应用方面,燕亚菲等(2019)利用卫星红外亮温资料估计台风短时强降水及其演变;Zhuge et al.(2024)结合红外亮温资料和可见光近红外通道反射率,生成了Himawari卫星云特性数据集;Liu et al.(2024)从该数据集中提取云参数信息进行研究。上述基于卫星热红外通道的技术研究使我们能够更好地认知地表和云等目标物的细微特征,并支持了天气预报、灾害预警和环境监测等领域的水平提升。
然而,要想协同FY-4双星热红外通道开展应用,仍需解决它们之间的系统性偏差问题。已有的一些不同卫星仪器或模式间的探测差异分析为解决该问题提供了参考。例如,在卫星通道与模式模拟值差异分析方面,Zhu et al.(2020)发现在晴空条件下,FY-4A AGRI 3.75至13.5 μm波长范围内的7个光谱通道的观测值与RTTOV模式模拟值在陆地偏差尤为显著,最大偏差可达1.6 K。对FY-4B AGRI的进一步模拟分析显示,在海洋和陆地上,实际亮温与模拟值的平均偏差分别为1.4 K和1.8 K(Zhu et al., 2023)。在有云条件下,由于云高和云形态等因素的影响,二者偏差可能更大。在不同卫星仪器的对比研究方面,Xie et al.(2022)发现Himawari-8与FY-3E的亮温平均偏差小于1.6 K,均方根误差小于1.9 K。该研究进一步指出相差达10°的卫星天顶角是导致该偏差的重要因素。Xie et al.(2023)还对FY-4B AGRI和GK-2A静止卫星的亮温数据进行了系统对比,指出在亮温高于310 K的条件下,FY-4B观测到的亮温值普遍偏高。他们由此提出通过修正平均偏差来减少两传感器之间的亮温差异。
已有研究表明,不同卫星仪器探测同一目标物的系统性偏差普遍存在,但偏差数值受到目标物类型、卫星天顶角、云高和云形态等多种因素的影响。作为我国新一代静止卫星的姊妹星,FY-4A和FY-4B的亮温差异特征仍待揭示与验证。基于此,本研究将精准聚焦于对云及地表敏感的热红外通道,分析不同云高和下垫面场景下两星热红外通道亮温的差异性,并讨论两颗卫星天顶角差异对亮温差异的影响,以期提高双星亮温观测的精度和可靠性,为后续多卫星联合组网观测奠定科学基础。
本文使用的数据包括: FY-4A和FY-4B AGRI 获取的4 km分辨率L1级全圆盘数据共7174份(2022-06-01至2022-08-31)、相同时刻的FY-4A的云顶高度(CTH)产品数据以及两颗卫星的GEO定标数据。上述数据均可在风云卫星遥感数据网(http://data.nsmc.org.cn)获取。 另外,本文还使用了ETOPO2v2地形数据集。
FY‐4A于2016年12月11日发射升空,最初定点于99.5°E的赤道上空。在2017年5月25日至2024年3月5日,该星星下点移动到104.7°E。FY-4A AGRI 的扫描时间为15分钟/圆盘,覆盖0.47至13.5 μm波长范围内的14个光谱通道(Min et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2020b; 耿晓雯等, 2020)。本研究选取10.8 μm热红外通道作为研究对象,已有研究表明该通道具有较好的定标精度且工作状况良好(Hu et al., 2021)。
FY-4B卫星是我国风云四号系列卫星的首发业务星,于2021年6月3日发射。在2022年4月11日至2024年2月1日,FY-4B星下点为赤道上空的133°E。与FY-4A相比,FY-4B的AGRI增加了水汽探测通道,并对部分通道光谱响应函数进行了调整,提高了精细化观测水平。由于新增了水汽通道,FY-4B AGRI的10.8 μm通道由原先的第12通道改为第13通道,但光谱响应函数相差不大。在本研究中,我们将FY-4B AGRI的第13通道(中心波长10.8 μm)与FY- 4A AGRI的第12通道进行对比分析。
FY-4A AGRI并不是每15分钟均有产出扫描文件,这是由观测计划决定,FY-4A除了在整点进行全圆盘扫描外,为了计算云迹风,每三小时还会进行连续3次全圆盘扫描(比如02:45、03:00、03:15会有全圆盘扫描,时间为协调世界时,下同)。2022年6~8月期间FY-4A AGRI日均扫描文件数约为40份,每小时扫描文件数为1~3份,而FY-4B AGRI日均扫描文件数约为96份,每小时扫描文件数为4份。例如2022年6月1日03:00~05:45间FY-4A AGRI扫描的文件起始时间有03:00、03:15、04:00、05:00、05:45,而FY-4B AGRI在该时间段扫描的文件有03:00、03:15、03:30、03:45、04:00、04:15、04:30、04:45、05:00、05:15、05:30、05:45。显然,两星在相同时间段内扫描的文件数并不相同。为了使两星在时间上保持一致性,本研究将根据FY-4A AGRI L1级数据文件的扫描时间去匹配相同扫描时间的FY-4B AGRI L1级数据文件, 而FY-4B AGRI余下的数据文件则不纳入统计研究。
FY-4A的云顶高度数据产品是利用AGRI的2个红外窗区和1个CO2吸收通道,结合数值预报资料,反演得到的二级产品(Min et al., 2017)。该数据产品反演效果得到了验证(Zhang et al., 2022),并被广泛应用于云和降水研究(Chen et al., 2020a),因此可作为探究影响亮温差异因素的重要参考数据。
FY-4 多通道扫描成像辐射计 L1 GEO 数据是0 级源包数据经过地理定位处理后得到的4 km的定位信息。该数据可直接应用于数值天气预报模式、卫星辐射资料同化等,包含了卫星天顶角、卫星方位角、太阳天顶角、太阳方位角及太阳耀斑角数据(狄迪等, 2022)。Lee and Ahn(2023)对静止轨道卫星的光程进行热辐射模拟研究,发现光程随着卫星天顶角的增大而增大并影响辐射度的接收。因此,两颗卫星的卫星天顶角也需作为探究亮温差异影响因素的重要参考数据。
ETOPO2v2是全球地形数据模型,该数据来源于GLOBE等多个模型。其中,GLOBE数据集可提供全球陆地区域分辨率为30″的地形数据(范雕等, 2021)。本研究将利用ETOPO2v2绘制纬向地形分布图。
ERA5月平均气压层数据是欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)提供的全球高分辨率再分析数据集,其高时空分辨率和全球覆盖特性使其成为气候研究、天气分析和大气科学应用的重要基础数据(Hersbach et al., 2023)。本研究使用ERA5 2022年6~8月的月平均气压层数据(气压层、温度及湿度)计算中纬度夏季温湿廓线,用于RTTOV模式模拟卫星亮温。
根据狄迪等(2022)研究发现卫星天顶角越大,云顶高度越高,观测的视差越大,说明使用卫星观测时不能忽视视角差异带来的影响。本研究首先提取地形数据集的高程数据用于晴空视差订正,使用FY-4A和FY-4B的云顶高度产品分别用于有云视差订正。基于视差订正方法(李五生等, 2012; 狄迪等, 2022)对总计6896份数据文件进行订正,具体为将地形高度数据、云高数据和各像元的经纬度输入立体几何校正模型中,得到了卫星观测目标物的实际位置,建立了卫星横纵向的像元偏移矩阵。基于偏移矩阵对双星观测的位置进行订正,确保了双星观测的像元目标在空间上匹配一致。订正后发现晴空条件下青藏高原处存在1~2个像元的偏移,有云条件下,双星整体存在0~4个像元的偏移。随着观测视角增大及云层高度增加,像元偏移量逐渐增大,高云下偏移量可达3~4个像元。此外,像素亮温是该像素范围内辐射特征的平均,而不是像素中心点的辐射。尺寸相差很大的像素间不宜直接对比。参考Zhu et al.(2023)研究,本文将卫星观测范围设置在卫星天顶角为60°以内进行对比研究。
其次,以最近点法,将FY-4B卫星数据一一匹配至4 km范围内的FY-4A像元上。由于FY-4A和FY-4B均为固定星下点的全圆盘扫描,因此每个时刻的匹配结果一致。双星的探测位置和匹配结果分布如图1所示,本文将基于最近点匹配的像元视为双星共同探测区域。由于星下点位置的不同,FY-4B的观测范围偏东。两星共同探测区域的西边界比东边界粗糙,这是由于本研究最近距离匹配算法是以FY-4A为基准来匹配其最近的FY-4B像元。受到地球球体形状的影响,卫星像元间隔仅在星下点为4 km,且由星下点向四周逐渐增加,边界可达100 km以上。因此,在图1的西部(约80°E),FY-4B的像元间隔比FY-4A更大,这导致在匹配过程中,大部分FY-4A的像元无法匹配到距离近于4 km的FY-4B像元。相反,在图1的东部(约175°E),FY-4B的像元间隔更小,因此该区域大部分FY-4A像元均可匹配到距离优于4 km的FY-4B像元,从而使得东边界更加光滑。
最后,通过RTTOV(Radiative Transfer for TOVS)快速辐射传输模式模拟卫星的亮温并作差分析。RTTOV是一款广泛应用于气象卫星数据同化和遥感领域的快速辐射传输模式,由欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)等机构联合开发。根据提供的气温、比湿、地表温度、湿度、风速、风向等信息,结合卫星观测角度、太阳天顶角、方位角等几何角度数据,即可利用RTTOV模拟得到卫星观测数据(梁红丽等, 2020; Hocking et al., 2021)。本文基于RTTOV模式输入观测点的经纬度和卫星天顶角,使用RTTOV提供的标准大气廓线,设置不同气压层以模拟简单云层环境,构建了具有物理一致性的对比实验组,从而有效分离卫星观测几何因素对亮温差异的贡献。
首先本文对双星单个时刻的亮温数据进行了比较研究,图2a、b展示了FY-4A和FY-4B在2022年6月1日04:00的10.8 μm通道红外亮温分布情况。两图显示出整体相似的亮温分布,例如在我国北方的内蒙古高原、黄土高原等区域(30°N~50°N,100°E~130°E),两星探测的亮温超过300 K,表明该地少云的天气特征。然而,在青藏高原地区(20°N~30°N,85°E~90°E),FY-4A探测的亮温大多超过300 K,而FY-4B探测的亮温多分布于280~300 K以上,两者亮温表现出了明显不同的特征。因此,为了定量研究这些差异,本文计算了共同探测区域内两星的亮温偏差分布,即使用FY-4A亮温减去与之成功匹配的FY-4B亮温(图2c)。整体而言,亮温偏差从西向东由正值减小到负值。约120°E处是正负值的转变点,而这个位置正是两星星下点的中心线。与整体特征不同的是,在部分低亮温区,如印度洋南部(30°S,90°E),其亮温值位于220~240 K之间,其亮温差表现出与周围不同的负值(约5 K),这说明高云的存在或许也会影响两星亮温偏差。
两星星下点位置的差异不仅决定了各自独特的探测路径与卫星天顶角视角,还直接关联到穿越云层及其他大气成分的不同,进而引发复杂多变的大气辐射传输过程(丁伟钰等, 2023)。在这一过程中,云层的物理特性,特别是其垂直分布(即不同高度云层的存在),影响大气辐射的散射和吸收,最终会作用于卫星观测到的亮温数据。霍娟和吕达仁(2009)研究表明,云层参数(如云量、云光学厚度等)是调控有云条件下大气顶向上辐射的关键因素。基于此,本文聚焦于云对两颗卫星间亮温差异的具体影响,选取了相同时刻的云顶高度数据作为分析样本,揭示云层特性与双星亮温差异之间的内在联系。参考世界气象组织定义的云顶高度分类标准(World Meteorological Organization, 1987; Li et al., 2024),将两星亮温偏差样本划分为四种类型:无云,反映晴空条件辐射特性;低云(云顶高度小于2.5 km),通常与地面气象条件密切相关;中云(云顶高度2.5~6 km),主要受中层大气环流影响;高云(云顶高度大于6 km),通常与局地强对流或更大尺度天气系统相关。
图3给出了双星共同观测区域的不同云顶高度下亮温偏差样本量分布。风云双星三个月的观测样本量充足,可用于不同云层特性下两星观测亮温差异的研究。
我们根据云顶高度分类,统计了不同云顶高度下2022年6~8月间双星亮温差的分布特征(图4)。从纬向视角看,两星的亮温差普遍展现出自西向东普遍呈现由正值向负值过渡的现象,与图2的个例结果相近。二者区别在于,图4的统计结果显得更为平滑,且极端值较小,表明这一过渡现象是双星天顶角差异而产生的普遍特征。尤其在20°S~20°N内,此现象尤为显著。这一偏差集中的地理分布可能归因于双星在斜视状态下,相对于东西方向,其天顶角在南北探测时差异较小,而在东西探测时差异显著增大。不同云高下两星的亮温偏差值可达±10 K以上,且该亮温偏差的绝对值随云高升高而变大。此现象可解释为,随着云高的提升,二者对云层探测路径的非重合性增强,在东西两侧两颗卫星天顶角存在明显差异的情况下,探测结果的差异也会更大。此外,洋面及其附近的陆地上水汽较多,水汽对红外辐射的吸收作用较强,因此在陆地沿海及海洋区域的亮温差比内陆(如澳大利亚和东亚)的亮温差更明显。
即使两星数据已经做了几何视差订正,两星观测的目标可看成同一目标物。但两星还受各自观测角度的不同,观测的可能是同一目标物的不同面且观测的光学厚度不同。海洋相对陆地较为平整,两个不同类型的下垫面会影响两星观测的亮温差(Xie et al., 2023)。因此,本研究进一步细化了分析维度,先将两星的亮温按地表类型(海洋与陆地)进行分类对比,然后再探讨光学厚度对两星亮温差的影响。图5展示了双星卫星天顶角在60度下共同观测区域内,不同下垫面和云高情况下的FY-4A与FY-4B亮温值的二维分布直方图。为便于比较,所有直方图均进行了标准化处理,具体方法是将各直方图内的某一格点的样本量除以该直方图中格点样本量的最大值,以实现数据在统一尺度下对比分析。
如图5所示,陆地与海洋区域在双星亮温测量中展现出明显差异。这种差异主要源于地表异质性的影响,陆地的地表特性更为复杂多样,而海洋表面相对均一。此外,海洋区域周围水汽含量较高,水汽对红外辐射的吸收作用较强,这也可能是导致海洋亮温差比陆地更大的重要原因。具体而言,陆地区域的两星亮温偏差在0.12~0.29 K,均方根误差(RMSE)在1.32~2.56 K。相比之下,海洋区域的两星亮温偏差更小,在0.07~0.23 K,RMSE在1.28~3.06 K。这一现象表明,陆地因复杂地形及地表覆盖物的多样性,增加了卫星探测过程中的不确定性,进而导致了相较于海洋区域更大的亮温偏差。此外,随着云层高度增加,无论是陆地还是海洋区域,其RMSE均呈上升趋势,这一发现与先前图4的结论相符,进一步证实了高云层对双星亮温探测差异的加剧作用。进一步分析各种云高下的差异,在无云时,陆地区域的RMSE大于海洋区域,但随着云高的增加,海洋和陆地的差异明显变小,在中高云情况下,海洋区域双星亮温差的RMSE高于陆面,说明当云较高时,下垫面的影响已不占主导作用。综上所述,下垫面对双星亮温探测结果的影响主要在无云和低云情况。在未来的双星数据分析中,应充分考量下垫面因素。
静止卫星定点于赤道上空,其在赤道上的纬向视野比其他位置更广。我们利用2022年6~8月期间FY-4A与FY-4B每日04:00亮温观测数据,对特定纬向区域(0°~1°N,90°E~150°E)进行了统计分析(图6a–c),旨在揭示其观测的差异及其潜在机制。所有数据均被统计插值到了1°×1°格点。图6a显示,自西向东方向上,两星的亮温差值逐渐由正值转变为负值,其转折点大约在两星中心点附近。亮温偏差值可达8 K,而在两星星下点之间的区域(105°E~133°E),亮温偏差值进一步缩小至±5 K。两星在1°格点内的平均亮温呈现出良好相关,相关系数普遍高于0.6(图6b),这反映了两者在多数区域具有良好的一致性。然而,图6c中的标准差分布则揭示了更为复杂的情况,标准差在波动0~12 K之间波动,表明在某些特定区域,两星的亮温差异显著增大。从1°×1°区域的平均亮温可以大致评估当前观测区域是否有云层,图6d为对FY-4A进行偏移订正后统计的平均亮温,在FY-4B西侧海洋区域无云时,两星的亮温偏差较于FY-4A东侧海洋区域有云时的亮温差更平缓,因此可以从该平均亮温中看到云层对亮温差存在影响。同时,图6e为地形纬向分布图,可以看出两星东西两侧均为海洋时亮温偏差波动不一致,说明即使是同一下垫面仍有其他因素影响着亮温偏差。
现有研究表明,不同卫星热红外通道亮温的探测差异主要受卫星天顶角、光程及云层特性等多重因素制约(Da, 2015; 瞿建华等, 2019; 崔林丽等, 2020; Lee and Ahn, 2023)。针对FY-4A与FY-4B卫星热红外通道存在的系统性亮温偏差,本研究基于快速辐射传输模式RTTOV开展数值模拟实验,通过构建相同波长条件下不同卫星天顶角的亮温模拟数据集(图7),系统分析其差异特征(图8)。具体模拟步骤:首先,提取2022年6~8月ERA5月平均气压层数据的中纬度夏季(30°N~60°N)网格点数据,对温度、湿度进行区域网格点平均,构建具有空间代表性的中纬度夏季大气廓线。将插值后的温度、相对湿度及地表参数输入RTTOV模式中,替代原气候态廓线。将地表温度设置为286.6682 K,云量设定为0(晴空),保持其他参数不变,以模拟无云环境。仅改变观测点的经纬度和卫星天顶角,计算双星的观测亮温差。然后,基于模式中晴空样例的模拟设定,结合RTTOV的简易云模块,将云覆盖率由0调整为1,表示全为云覆盖。本研究分别调整云所处的气压层为850 hPa、500 hPa及200 hPa,对应低云、中云及高云。由图7可看出,无云及低云的模拟亮温随着卫星天顶角的增大而减小,中云时也呈现相似趋势,但是高云时模拟的亮温与卫星天顶角的关系并不成明显线性变化,说明卫星天顶角对于高层云而言,不是影响双星亮温差的最主要因素。基于此,我们利用FY-4卫星观测数据,根据图7查找对应亮温,结果如图8所示,进一步验证了无云与低云时亮温对卫星天顶角的强依赖性和中高云亮温对卫星天顶角的弱依赖性。
图8模拟结果表明:在无云(图8a、b)和低云(图8d、e)条件下,双星亮温值均呈现从星下点向边缘区域递减的空间分布特征,其亮温差(图8c、f)则表现为自西向东由正值向负值过渡的连续变化。当其他参数恒定时,卫星天顶角在星下点为最小值,此时大气传输路径(光程)最短,辐射衰减效应最弱,因此模拟亮温值达到最大。值得注意的是,低云条件下的模拟亮温差梯度较无云条件有所减小(图8c、f),这与图4a、b观测数据中呈现的增强趋势形成反差。该现象原因是随着云层增高,云层之上的大气变得稀薄,几何视差逐渐增大,视差效应将逐渐强于传输路径的影响,因此有云的模拟也需要考虑视差效应的影响。当模拟高云时(图8l),其上方大气质量仅为整层大气的20%,光程差异对亮温差的影响可以忽略,此时视差效应的影响成为了主导因素。即使采用现有视差校正方法修正云的真实位置,云层越高,校正误差也越大。因此,中高云亮温差的修正不能仅依赖位置订正和光程参数调整。在无云及低云条件下,根据不同光程模拟的亮温差,其空间分布特征与实测统计结果具有一致性,大部分区域的亮温偏差均在±10 K间,由此确认光程是导致双星亮温差异的关键因素,未来针对双星亮温差校正的研究将重点整合光程等参数的综合影响。
本文首先对双星数据文件均进行了视差订正后,通过统计分析2022年6月1日至8月31日期间的两颗卫星的全圆盘L1级数据,并结合双星的云顶高度产品数据,深入探讨了FY-4A与FY-4B卫星AGRI热红外通道的探测结果差异,取得主要结论如下:
(1)无论晴空条件还是不同云高(低云、中云及高云等)环境下,两星亮温偏差均呈现出显著的纬向变化模式,即由西向东逐渐由正值(FY-4A亮温更高)过渡到负值,表明了双向存在随空间位置变化的系统性偏差。总体上,这一转变的临界点大致位于120°E,偏差可达10 K。
(2)下垫面和云高是影响两星亮温偏差数值的重要因素。相较于海洋区域,陆地上双星亮温偏差更为明显,可能是受地表异质性的影响。在陆地下垫面下,低云条件下两星亮温偏差可达到0.29 K。
(3)赤道纬向分布上,两星探测的热红外亮温展现出良好的相关性,相关系数普遍高于0.6以上,揭示了两者探测能力上的一致性。然而,两星亮温差值的标准差较大,波动范围覆盖0~12 K,表明对特定目标物探测的亮温差异不可忽视。
(4)无云和低云的情况下,基于RTTOV模式模拟的亮温差异接近实际观测结果,说明了无云和低云时光程是造成双星亮温系统性偏差的最关键因素。
综上所述,本文揭示了风云双星10.8 μm通道的亮温差异及其成因,并着重强调了无云和低云时光程等因素对双星亮温的系统性偏差造成的耦合影响。未来研究将聚焦于双星亮温数据的校正策略与效果评估,以期实现双星组网观测数据的无缝融合与高效利用,进一步提升气象监测与预报的精度与效率。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25050
  • 接收时间:2025-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1中山大学大气科学学院热带大气海洋系统科学教育部重点实验室,珠海519082
    2南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),珠海519080

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陈逸伦,男,副教授,主要从事卫星遥感云降水物理学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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