Article(id=1311998374488932685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.24134, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733414400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734388229, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734388229, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734388229, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734388229, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1033, endPage=1046, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998374702842190, articleId=1311998374488932685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Diagnostic Analysis of the Heavy Rainstorm-Inducing Coupling Effect between the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau Vortex and the Southwest China Vortex, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using ground station observation data, ERA5 reanalysis data, and GPCP global precipitation data, this paper takes the regional heavy rainstorm caused by the coupling of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex on June 4–7, 2019, as an example to diagnose and analyze the coupling characteristics and formation mechanism of precipitation. The results show that (1) the weather process was caused by the combined action of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex, and the precipitation developed explosively from night to early morning. On June 4, the two vortices produced precipitation centers in the northwest and southwest, respectively, and the precipitation was located in the rear of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the center of the Southwest China vortex. The two vortices were coupled in the early morning of June 5–6, and the precipitation shifted to the front of the vortex, strengthening to its peak. The center of the heavy rainstorm was north of Hubei Province. On the night of 6, the two vortices moved eastward toward the sea, and the precipitation area disappeared on land. (2) During the evolution of the two vortices, when the plateau vortex moved eastward from the plateau, the divergence term and the vertical transport term enhanced the positive vorticity of the basin. At the same time, as the low-level convergence configuration strengthened, the southwest vortex was further induced to develop in the basin, and precipitation occurred in both vortex regions, providing a key dynamic condition for the subsequent coupling of heavy rain. (3) During the coupling development, the centers of the two cyclones at different heights merged to form a deep convective system, which generated strong positive vorticity columns and strong convective instability, accompanied by vertical upward motion and secondary circulation development. The southwest monsoon and the southerly airflow outside the subtropical high transported abundant water vapor to the front of the vortex, and under the synergistic effect of deep shear convergence and strong dynamic uplift, this process eventually led to heavy rain.

, authors=Yingsong ZHU1, Aijuan BAI1, Chaoyong Tu2, Jinfeng BAI3, Deqiang ZHU1, Yongqian LI4, authorsList=Yingsong ZHU, Aijuan BAI, Chaoyong Tu, Jinfeng BAI, Deqiang ZHU, Yongqian LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aijuan BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998379182358896, articleId=1311998374488932685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=高原涡与西南涡耦合作用引发大暴雨的诊断分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于地面站观测数据、ERA5再分析资料和GPCP全球降水资料,诊断分析了2019年6月4~7日的高原涡与西南涡耦合引发区域性大暴雨过程。结果表明:(1)此次天气过程是由高原涡与西南涡共同作用引发,降水在夜间至凌晨有爆发性发展。6月4日两涡各自在西北和西南地区产生降水,且降水在低涡中心及后部;5~6日凌晨两涡耦合,降水移至低涡前部加强并达到峰值,大暴雨中心在湖北北部;6日夜间两涡东移出海,降水区在陆地上消失。(2)两涡演变过程中,发现高原涡东移出高原时,散度项和垂直输送项增强了盆地的正涡度,同时伴随低空辐合配置显著加强,诱导西南涡在盆地生成,两涡区域随之出现降水,并为后续耦合大暴雨提供了关键的动力条件。(3)在耦合发展时,两涡不同高度的气旋中心合并形成深厚对流系统,激发出强正涡度柱和强对流不稳定,并伴随垂直上升运动和次级环流发展。西南季风和副高外围的偏南气流向低涡前部输送充沛的水汽,在深厚的切变辐合和强动力抬升协同作用下,最终导致大暴雨发生。

, authors=朱英菘1, 白爱娟1, 涂朝勇2, 白锦丰3, 诸德强1, 李永千4, authorsList=朱英菘, 白爱娟, 涂朝勇, 白锦丰, 诸德强, 李永千, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=白爱娟, authorNote=

朱英菘,男,硕士研究生,主要从事灾害性天气分析。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
白爱娟,女,教授,主要从事强天气监测和预警研究。E-mail:
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朱英菘,男,硕士研究生,主要从事灾害性天气分析。E-mail:

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Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 114., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998380037996913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380058968434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380037996913, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380105105779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380037996913, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1成都信息工程大学大气科学学院, 成都610225)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998380360958324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380369346933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380360958324, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Yunnan Natural Hazards Prevention Center, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Kunming 650034), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380377735542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380360958324, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2成都信息工程大学云南自然灾害防御技术研发中心, 昆明 650034)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998380457427319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380465815928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380457427319, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Yan’an Meteorological Bureau of Shaanxi Province, Yan’an 716000), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380478398841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380457427319, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3陕西省延安市气象局, 延安716000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998380730057082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380759417211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380730057082, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Meteorological Bureau of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Diqing 674400), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998380788777340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, companyId=1311998380730057082, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4云南省迪庆藏族自治州气象局, 迪庆674400)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998385285071268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=(a) Moving paths of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex from 0800 BJT on June 2 to 2000 BJT on June 7, 2019 (the black spot is the center of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex, the red circle is the center of the Southwest China vortex., the coarse gray profile represents the plateau area with an altitude of more than 3000 m), and (b) the time variation in the 1°×1° area-averaged potential vorticity near the two vortex centers (broken line, units: PVU, 1 PVU = 10−6 km2 s−1 kg−1; the black frame area indicates the stage when the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex leaves the plateau, and the red frame area is the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex induced by the Southwest China vortex stage)., figureFileSmall=r6HM35DmVuc/40GuslUDHQ==, figureFileBig=CjBVXDwD8HSu2LghgPHFnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998385385734565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2019年6月2日08时(北京时,下同)至7日20时(a)高原涡与西南涡的移动路径(黑点为高原涡涡心,红圈为西南涡涡心,粗灰色廓线表示海拔高度大于3000 m的高原区域),以及(b)两涡涡心附近1°×1°面积平均位涡的时间演变(折线,单位:PVU,1 PVU=10−6 K m2 s−1 kg−1;黑色框区为高原涡移出高原阶段,红色框区为高原涡诱生西南涡阶段)。, figureFileSmall=r6HM35DmVuc/40GuslUDHQ==, figureFileBig=CjBVXDwD8HSu2LghgPHFnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998385595449766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Geopotential height fields (units: dagpm) at 500 hPa (black solid line) and 700 hPa (red solid line) and daily precipitation distribution (the shadow represents GPCP precipitation, units: mm) from June 4 to 7, 2019. The dots indicate the precipitation grade of the stations. The circle, triangle, and star are the locations of Kangxian station in Gansu Province, Lezhi station in Sichuan Province, and Dawu station in Hubei Province, respectively., figureFileSmall=MdYvMKBo2PyNpl8pxab/Fg==, figureFileBig=VF0bly6dqreguNkdP/FFGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387256394151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2019年6月4~7日500 hPa(黑色实线)和700 hPa(红色实线)位势高度场(单位:dagpm),及日降水量分布(单位:mm,阴影为GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project)等降水量线,圆点为测站的降水等级;圆圈为甘肃康县站位置,三角号为四川乐至站位置,星号为湖北大悟站位置。, figureFileSmall=MdYvMKBo2PyNpl8pxab/Fg==, figureFileBig=VF0bly6dqreguNkdP/FFGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387340280232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Hourly precipitation (units: mm) and sea level pressure (units: hPa) (a) between Lezhi station in Sichuan Province and Gansu Kangxian station and (b) Hubei Dawu station from June 4 to 6, 2019. Data are missing at the dotted line., figureFileSmall=IWv7TFarGJhTrJXI9CxRWA==, figureFileBig=JIx+7Zi81c3+oDtSxC/9hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387424166313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2019年6月4~6日(a)四川乐至站与甘肃康县站和(b)湖北大悟站的逐小时降水量(单位:mm)和海平面气压(单位:hPa)的变化曲线(虚线处为数据缺测)。, figureFileSmall=IWv7TFarGJhTrJXI9CxRWA==, figureFileBig=JIx+7Zi81c3+oDtSxC/9hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387558384042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=500 hPa (black solid line) and 700 hPa (red dotted line) geopotential height field (units: dagpm) from June 4 to June 5, 2019: (a) 0800 BJT June 4; (b) 1400 BJT June 4; (c) 2000 BJT June 4; (d) 0200 BJT June 5. The gray shadow is an area with an altitude greater than 3000 m, the black dot is the center of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex, the red dot is the center of the Southwest China vortex, and the blue line is the low trough line., figureFileSmall=j1v5smVvYRZxsgDuol7DDw==, figureFileBig=STE3oxqv/UViDEIDcWQcBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387621298603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2019年6月4~5日500 hPa(黑色实线)和700 hPa(红色虚线)位势高度场(单位:dagpm):(a)6月4日08时;(b)6月4日14时;(c)6月4日20时;(d)6月5日02时。灰色阴影为海拔高度大于3000 m的区域,黑点为高原涡涡心,红点为西南涡涡心,蓝线为槽线。, figureFileSmall=j1v5smVvYRZxsgDuol7DDw==, figureFileBig=STE3oxqv/UViDEIDcWQcBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387734544812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Longitude–altitude cross sections of the mean relative vorticity (black line, units: 10−5 s−1) and mean divergence (fill color, unit: 10−5 s−1) in the 30°–36°N latitude band from June 4 to June 5, 2019: (a) 0800 BJT June 4; (b) 1400 BJT June 4; (c) 2000 BJT June 4; (d) 0200 BJT June 5. The gray shadow area is the topographic height., figureFileSmall=aG1mM3PKJs28rMl09nH2/w==, figureFileBig=atU9yIQST0sXE4kIXWGWSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387860373933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2019年6月4~5日30°~36°N纬度带的平均相对涡度(黑线,单位:10−5 s−1)和平均散度(填色,单位:10−5 s−1)的经度—高度剖面:(a)6月4日08时;(b)6月4日14时;(c)6月4日20时;(d)6月5日02时。灰色阴影区为地形高度。, figureFileSmall=aG1mM3PKJs28rMl09nH2/w==, figureFileBig=atU9yIQST0sXE4kIXWGWSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387923288494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Distribution of the 700 hPa vorticity equation (color filling, units: 10−8 s−2), geopotential height (black dotted line, units: dagpm) and wind field (vector, units: m s−1) from 1400 BJT on June 4 to 0200 BJT on June 5, 2019, and the average geopotential height at 500 hPa (blue solid line, units: dagpm): (a) the relative vorticity advection term; (b) the horizontal divergence term; (c) the tilt term; (d) the vertical transport term. The gray shadow is the plateau area with altitude greater than 3000 m, and the red box in Fig. (a) is the selection of the vortex region in Fig. 7., figureFileSmall=tmfddh615XBvdrJUj5Wlmw==, figureFileBig=DILbbYoIiC0URpmFnVNdVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998387998785967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2019年6月4日14时至5日02时平均的700 hPa涡度方程各项(填色,单位:10−8 s−2)分布、位势高度(黑虚线,单位:dagpm)和风场(矢量,单位:m s−1),以及500 hPa平均位势高度(蓝实线,单位:dagpm):(a)相对涡度平流项;(b)水平散度项;(c)倾斜项;(d)垂直输送项。灰色阴影为海拔高度大于3000 m的高原区域,图a中红色框为图7的涡旋区域选取。, figureFileSmall=tmfddh615XBvdrJUj5Wlmw==, figureFileBig=DILbbYoIiC0URpmFnVNdVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388091060656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Time–height cross sections of the averaged vorticity equation (units: 10−8 s−2) in the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex region: (a) Vorticity variation term (shadow), horizontal divergence term (black line), and vertical transport term (blue line); (b) vorticity variation term (shadow), tilt term (black line), and relative vorticity advection term (blue line)., figureFileSmall=ZFgepYUi53r1PVvpOYV3KA==, figureFileBig=slj2tYe9svUnWzlysfhtwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388170752433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图7, caption=高原涡和西南涡涡旋区域平均涡度方程各项(单位:10−8 s−2)的高度—时间剖面:(a)涡度变化项(阴影)、水平散度项(黑线)和垂直输送项(蓝线);(b)涡度变化项(阴影)、倾斜项(黑线)和相对涡度平流项(蓝线)。, figureFileSmall=ZFgepYUi53r1PVvpOYV3KA==, figureFileBig=slj2tYe9svUnWzlysfhtwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388267221426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=(a) Coupling stage path of the Southwest China vortex and the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex (the red solid line is the Southwest China vortex path, the black solid line is the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex path) and (b–e) the longitude–altitude cross sections of the relative vorticity (fill color, units: 10−5 s−1) and vertical velocity (black line, units: Pa s−1) along the medium-coarse imaginary line AB in Fig. (a) from 0800 BJT to 2000 BJT on June 5, 2019. The black area is the terrain., figureFileSmall=PGhSjbD7yMWVGJOIu806/w==, figureFileBig=wb/lmLbUYghJ/xU1rQaayA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388342718899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2019年6月5日08~20时(a)西南涡与高原涡耦合阶段路径(黑实线为高原涡路径,红实线为西南涡路径)及其(b–e)沿图(a)中粗虚线AB的相对涡度(填色,单位:10−5 s−1)和垂直速度(黑线,单位:Pa s−1)的经度—高度剖面(灰色阴影区为地形)。, figureFileSmall=PGhSjbD7yMWVGJOIu806/w==, figureFileBig=wb/lmLbUYghJ/xU1rQaayA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388418216372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Longitude–altitude cross sections of average pseudo-equivalent potential temperature (black line, units: K), potential vorticity (fill color, units: 10−5 s−1), and synthetic wind field (blue vector, vertical wind speed: −5 Pa s−1, zonal wind speed: m s−1) along the transect connecting the centers of the two vortices during the vortex-coupling stage from 0800 BJT to 2000 BJT on June 5, 2019., figureFileSmall=1nc0DuG5uZN4qYFb0Bn5Ug==, figureFileBig=/Rfxc7w+MxI4rYCgZ2U3JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388506296757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2019年6月5日08~20时两涡耦合阶段沿两涡涡心之间的区域平均假相当位温(黑线,单位:K)、位涡(填色,单位:10−5 s−1)和合成风场(蓝矢量,垂直风速:−5 Pa s−1,纬向风速:m s−1)的经度—高度剖面。, figureFileSmall=1nc0DuG5uZN4qYFb0Bn5Ug==, figureFileBig=/Rfxc7w+MxI4rYCgZ2U3JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388732789174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=(a, c) Distribution of water vapor flux (vector, units: 10 kg m−1 s−1) and water vapor flux divergence (shadow, units: 10−4 kg m−2 s−1) in the entire atmosphere, as well as (b, d) the cross section of relative humidity (fill color), temperature (red line, units: °C), and zonal–vertical wind speed (vertical wind speed: −10 Pa s−1, zonal wind speed: m s−1) at (a, b) 2000 BJT on June 4, 2019 and (c, d) 2000 BJT on June 5, 2019. The gray shadow area is the area with altitude greater than 2500 m in Figs. (a, c); the black shadow is terrain height, the blue dot is plateau vortex position, and the red triangle is the southwest vortex position in Figs. (b, d)., figureFileSmall=jcVCxRyqBsGkp5EugVy9Qg==, figureFileBig=PtynLJ5MtMRMFcm6ReJ8nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388820869559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2019年6月(a,b)4日20时和(c,d)5日20时整层大气的(a,c)水汽通量(矢量,单位:10 kg m−1 s−1)和水汽通量散度(阴影,单位:10−4 kg m−2 s−1)分布(灰色阴影区为海拔高度大于2500 m的区域),以及(b,d)相对湿度(填色)、温度(红线,单位:°C)和纬向—垂直风速(垂直风速:−10 Pa s−1,纬向风:m s−1)的剖面(黑色阴影为地形,蓝色圆点为高原涡位置,红色三角为西南涡位置)。, figureFileSmall=jcVCxRyqBsGkp5EugVy9Qg==, figureFileBig=PtynLJ5MtMRMFcm6ReJ8nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998388887978424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Conceptual model of the coupling evolution of the plateau and southwest vortices., figureFileSmall=KI9GWX/tdZUwqkydFoUB2Q==, figureFileBig=wTyckaoozySOjuUlwo7YAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998389122859449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998374488932685, language=CN, label=图11, caption=高原涡与西南涡耦合演变的概念模型。, figureFileSmall=KI9GWX/tdZUwqkydFoUB2Q==, figureFileBig=wTyckaoozySOjuUlwo7YAg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1311385095715782771, delFlag=0, nameCn=大气科学, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1006-9895, eissn=null, cn=11-1768/O4, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=LP50vgRD4hM0fI04zyL4ig==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, journalRemark=null, 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高原涡与西南涡耦合作用引发大暴雨的诊断分析
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朱英菘 1 , 白爱娟 1 , 涂朝勇 2 , 白锦丰 3 , 诸德强 1 , 李永千 4
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1033-1046
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1033 -1046
高原涡与西南涡耦合作用引发大暴雨的诊断分析
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朱英菘1 , 白爱娟1 , 涂朝勇2, 白锦丰3, 诸德强1, 李永千4
作者信息
  • 1成都信息工程大学大气科学学院, 成都610225
  • 2成都信息工程大学云南自然灾害防御技术研发中心, 昆明 650034
  • 3陕西省延安市气象局, 延安716000
  • 4云南省迪庆藏族自治州气象局, 迪庆674400
通讯作者:
白爱娟,女,教授,主要从事强天气监测和预警研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

朱英菘,男,硕士研究生,主要从事灾害性天气分析。E-mail:

Diagnostic Analysis of the Heavy Rainstorm-Inducing Coupling Effect between the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau Vortex and the Southwest China Vortex
Yingsong ZHU1 , Aijuan BAI1 , Chaoyong Tu2, Jinfeng BAI3, Deqiang ZHU1, Yongqian LI4
Affiliations
  • 1School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225
  • 2Yunnan Natural Hazards Prevention Center, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Kunming 650034
  • 3Yan’an Meteorological Bureau of Shaanxi Province, Yan’an 716000
  • 4Meteorological Bureau of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Diqing 674400
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.24134
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本文基于地面站观测数据、ERA5再分析资料和GPCP全球降水资料,诊断分析了2019年6月4~7日的高原涡与西南涡耦合引发区域性大暴雨过程。结果表明:(1)此次天气过程是由高原涡与西南涡共同作用引发,降水在夜间至凌晨有爆发性发展。6月4日两涡各自在西北和西南地区产生降水,且降水在低涡中心及后部;5~6日凌晨两涡耦合,降水移至低涡前部加强并达到峰值,大暴雨中心在湖北北部;6日夜间两涡东移出海,降水区在陆地上消失。(2)两涡演变过程中,发现高原涡东移出高原时,散度项和垂直输送项增强了盆地的正涡度,同时伴随低空辐合配置显著加强,诱导西南涡在盆地生成,两涡区域随之出现降水,并为后续耦合大暴雨提供了关键的动力条件。(3)在耦合发展时,两涡不同高度的气旋中心合并形成深厚对流系统,激发出强正涡度柱和强对流不稳定,并伴随垂直上升运动和次级环流发展。西南季风和副高外围的偏南气流向低涡前部输送充沛的水汽,在深厚的切变辐合和强动力抬升协同作用下,最终导致大暴雨发生。

高原涡  /  西南涡  /  区域性大暴雨  /  垂直耦合

Using ground station observation data, ERA5 reanalysis data, and GPCP global precipitation data, this paper takes the regional heavy rainstorm caused by the coupling of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex on June 4–7, 2019, as an example to diagnose and analyze the coupling characteristics and formation mechanism of precipitation. The results show that (1) the weather process was caused by the combined action of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the Southwest China vortex, and the precipitation developed explosively from night to early morning. On June 4, the two vortices produced precipitation centers in the northwest and southwest, respectively, and the precipitation was located in the rear of the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex and the center of the Southwest China vortex. The two vortices were coupled in the early morning of June 5–6, and the precipitation shifted to the front of the vortex, strengthening to its peak. The center of the heavy rainstorm was north of Hubei Province. On the night of 6, the two vortices moved eastward toward the sea, and the precipitation area disappeared on land. (2) During the evolution of the two vortices, when the plateau vortex moved eastward from the plateau, the divergence term and the vertical transport term enhanced the positive vorticity of the basin. At the same time, as the low-level convergence configuration strengthened, the southwest vortex was further induced to develop in the basin, and precipitation occurred in both vortex regions, providing a key dynamic condition for the subsequent coupling of heavy rain. (3) During the coupling development, the centers of the two cyclones at different heights merged to form a deep convective system, which generated strong positive vorticity columns and strong convective instability, accompanied by vertical upward motion and secondary circulation development. The southwest monsoon and the southerly airflow outside the subtropical high transported abundant water vapor to the front of the vortex, and under the synergistic effect of deep shear convergence and strong dynamic uplift, this process eventually led to heavy rain.

Qinghai–Xizang Plateau vortex  /  Southwest China vortex  /  Regional heavy rainstorm  /  Vertical coupling
朱英菘, 白爱娟, 涂朝勇, 白锦丰, 诸德强, 李永千. 高原涡与西南涡耦合作用引发大暴雨的诊断分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1033 -1046 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.24134
Yingsong ZHU, Aijuan BAI, Chaoyong Tu, Jinfeng BAI, Deqiang ZHU, Yongqian LI. Diagnostic Analysis of the Heavy Rainstorm-Inducing Coupling Effect between the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau Vortex and the Southwest China Vortex[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1033 -1046 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.24134
高原低涡(简称高原涡)是在青藏高原(以下称高原)上空500 hPa形成发展的中尺度气旋式低压系统,多数起源于高原中西部,通常在低谷和山脉背风面消亡,少部分能移出高原,引发强降水对高原及其周边地区产生显著影响(Feng et al., 2014; 陈贝和高文良, 2015;李国平等, 2016)。而西南低涡(简称西南涡)形成于青藏高原东部川西高原和原四川盆地等地区,是700或850 hPa等压面的中α尺度的气旋式低压系统,大多数在源地快速生消,只有少数可长时间维持并移出源地(陈启智等, 2007),给长江中下游、淮河流域、华南,华北等广大地区带来暴雨天气(Xiang et al., 2013; 刘晓冉和李国平, 2014; 叶瑶和李国平, 2016; Zhang et al., 2019)。
影响高原涡与西南涡发生发展的环流形势是气象关注的重要问题。燕若彤等(2023)指出南亚高压和高空急流会促进高原涡的生成和发展,刘晓波和储海(2015)强调了西南低空急流、低空暖平流和高空槽前正涡度平流输送等是西南涡东移的重要原因。何光碧(2006)、郝丽萍等(2016)和陈贵川等(2006)突出了复杂陡峭地形扰动的中尺度涡旋对西南涡有促进作用。两涡发展引发的强降水是天气学研究的焦点(Fu et al., 2019; 马婷等, 2020; 刘金卿等, 2021)。在有利的环流形势下,两涡以伴随发生,在垂直方向上叠加等多种形式相互作用,诱发大范围的暴雨天气,显示了两涡作用的特殊性(高文良和郁淑华, 2018; Li et al., 2019)。周春花等(2009)指出两涡相互作用加强了上升气流运动,促进两者共同发展,从而引发强降水。邱静雅等(2015)表明当高原涡东移出高原时,与西南涡垂直耦合,合并为深厚的强涡,并引发强降水形成。蒲学敏等(2021)指出高原涡与西南涡作用中易引发对流复合体发展,直接导致极端暴雨灾害。Cheng et al.(2016)和刘晓冉等(2020)指出在高原涡与西南涡发生垂直耦合时,低涡中心的气旋性明显增强,伴随强烈的垂直上升运动,促进暴雨的发生。蒋璐君等(2015)和Pan et al.(2008)表明两涡通过水汽辐合和潜热释放,从而使降水增强。针对于高原涡与西南涡的耦合机制研究,学者们取得了系列重要进展:陈忠明等(2004)揭示了正涡度平流的动力耦合效应,表明高原涡的正涡度平流可显著增强盆地低层涡旋;赵玉春和王叶红(2010)探讨了青藏高原东缘地形强迫产生的动力抬升与西南涡区潜热释放存在正反馈机制,两者协同可使低涡强度增强;Liu et al.(2018)指出了高原涡的中层强迫效应,说明中层位涡下传可使西南涡的维持时间延长;周玉淑等(2019)通过对比分析发现,两涡呈“上下重叠”耦合模式时,水汽输送通量较“前后跟随”模式增强。
现有研究多集中于两涡动力—热力耦合发展的物理过程,而对两涡耦合产生极端降水的研究仍不够充分。2019年6月4~7日在高原涡与西南涡耦合东移作用下,我国西南至华东地区出现区域性大暴雨。本文以这次过程为例,揭示高原涡与西南涡耦合产生区域性大暴雨的机制。本研究能够深化对低涡垂直叠加结构特征的认识,提高对区域性暴雨机制的理解,并有助于提高对暴雨灾害的预报能力。
本文选用了高原涡与西南涡通过耦合和水汽输送协同作用引发极端降水的个例,为研究低涡耦合影响暴雨机制提供了典型样本。此次个例中,高原涡于2019年6月2日在高原西部生成,西南涡于4日在盆地西部生成,4~7日高原涡与西南涡耦合过程在我国西南至华东地区引发区域性大暴雨,降水在夜间爆发性增强,且落区随低涡移动由后部向前部转移。因此,本文研究时间段选用2019年6月2日08时至7日20时,全文分析均采用北京时。
研究中用到欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF的全球气候第五代大气再分析数据集ERA5(ECMWF Reanalysis v5),时间分辨率为1 h,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,垂直层从1000 ~200 hPa共23层。参数包括:位势高度、相对涡度、位势涡度、散度、纬向风速、经向风速、垂直风速、相对湿度、温度、水汽通量和水汽通量散度。以上资料用于分析低涡的水平演变、垂直结构,以及暴雨的形成机制。
降水量数据采用哥白尼气候变化服务中心C3S的GPCP(Global Precipitation Climatology Project)全球1°×1°日资料,同时使用我国352个地面观测站的逐小时降水观测资料,以及海平面气压资料,用来分析两涡作用产生的降水特征。Jiao et al.(2021)验证了ERA5数据集对中国区域低涡系统的良好表征能力,尤其在刻画水汽输送和垂直环流等关键过程方面具有优势。Huffman et al.(2023)证实GPCP数据集在缺乏地面观测的复杂地形区域仍能保持可靠性,说明GPCP数据集在我国西部地区降水研究中具有适用性。因此,以上数据能够满足揭示此个例中的两涡环流特征和降水机制的需求。
本文利用ERA5数据确定高原涡与西南涡的涡源位置和路径,分析了两涡的活动特征。从图1a可见,2019年6月2日08时高原涡在高原西南部生成后向北运动,随后转向偏东移动,在4日14时从青海东部移出高原。当高原涡4日20时到达宁夏时,西南涡在四川盆地西部形成并东北移。随后高原涡转向偏南,在5日08时到达盆地东北部,靠近东北移动的西南涡。之后高原涡再次转向东北移动,由此两涡继续沿东北方向相伴而行,5日20时两涡移动到河南和湖北交界,在垂直方向上产生耦合作用。6日08时两涡到达山东,20时分别从山东南部和北部东移出海,随后越过朝鲜半岛抵达日本群岛沿海区域,最终消亡。图1b展示了高原涡移出高原前后期和西南涡生成初期,两涡涡心附近1°×1°面积平均位涡的时间演变。在4日08~09时高原涡位涡由1.9 PVU增强至2.5 PVU,随后迅速减弱。4日14时高原涡移出高原,高原涡位涡降至最低值,为1 PVU,此时高原涡最弱,移出高原后又迅速增强。4日20时西南涡初生,位涡为0.5 PVU,而此时高原涡位涡增强至2.5 PVU并持续发展。在5日03时高原涡增强到3.9 PVU,之后逐渐减弱。而西南涡呈增强趋势,并于5日06时增强至2.4 PVU。
在这次高原涡和西南涡的东移耦合过程中,高原涡有3次转向,而西南涡自始至终都沿东北方向移动。高原涡东移出高原前期持续减弱,移出时最弱,移出高原后呈增强趋势,并且在盆地西部诱发了西南涡。随后两涡持续发展,共同向东北移去,在6月5日夜间至次日凌晨发生垂直耦合,之后东移出海。因此,从两低涡活动关系入手,这次低涡降水过程可分为:高原涡和西南涡单独活动的前期阶段、相遇的耦合阶段和再次单独活动的分离阶段。在分离阶段时两涡已移出海面,不影响我国地区,所以下面主要针对前二个阶段开展分析研究。
2019年6月4~7日高原涡与西南涡作用过程,在我国西南、西北、华中和华东地区产生了大范围暴雨天气,图2是低涡位置、降水强度和落区分布情况。在图2a中6月4日高原涡后部和西南涡中心开始出现暴雨,对应盆地、甘肃和宁夏有29个站日降水量超过25 mm。在5日的图2b中,两涡发生耦合并强烈发展,高原涡与西南涡各自的暴雨中心合并,强降水中心随时间逐渐向东移动,到达低涡中心及前部的华中和华东地区,暴雨范围和强度增大,安徽、河南和湖北有12个站达到大暴雨,湖北大悟站极端暴雨的日降水量超过150 mm。随后6~7日的图2c和d中,两涡耦合结束,结伴而行向东北移出海,暴雨区东移到朝鲜半岛至日本区域,且持续东移减弱。
为分析这次低涡过程的降水极端性,选取6月4日西南涡影响下暴雨中心的四川乐至站和高原涡影响下暴雨中心的甘肃康县站,同时选取5日两涡耦合时大暴雨中心的湖北大悟站,基于逐小时降水量与海平面气压演变,研究低涡移动与降水强度的关系。图3a的乐至站6月4日23时开始出现降水,23时小时降水量21 mm,5日00时小时降水量增大到峰值42 mm,随后降水量逐渐减少,直至5日03时增大到9 mm,之后降水逐渐减弱。受西南涡中心影响,乐至站海平面气压在4日17时降至最低的995 hPa,直至23时增大到998 hPa。而康县站20时开始出现降水,21时小时降水量3 mm,22时突增到峰值25 mm,随后逐渐减少至2 mm以下。本站海平面气压在4日16时达到最低值1001 hPa,表明此时高原涡中心影响到本站,随后海平面气压逐渐升高,到22时突增到1006 hPa。以上表明乐至站与康县站的降水在低涡中心及后部开始增强。但大悟站(图3b)降水时间比康县滞后20小时,从5日17时开始,20时前降水量呈缓慢增大,21时突增到45 mm的峰值,22时降低到18 mm,23时至6日00时再次增加到29 mm和30 mm,达到第二次峰值,随后降水突降到3 mm。海平面气压从5日13时开始逐渐降低,5日21时降低为1001 hPa,6日00时达到最低999 hPa,随后开始上升,表明两涡耦合时降水明显增强,且强降水区位于低涡中心及前部。
综合上述分析,本次两涡耦合东移过程持续时间长,产生了大范围的暴雨和大暴雨天气。低涡持续发展的4天中,对西部地区的影响主要在6月4日,对东部地区在5日。低涡经过时测站气压有显著下降,移动路径上的强降水集中在夜间至次日凌晨。强降水中心有影响范围广、降水时段集中的特点,尤其是两涡耦合后,气压强烈下降,对应降水强度增加。
为了分析这次高原涡在盆地西部诱发西南涡的演变过程,选用高原涡表现清晰的500 hPa高度场,叠加西南涡活跃的700 hPa,分析低涡前期的环流形势特征。6月4日08时(图4a),500 hPa高原东部有高原涡的气旋环流发展,表现为565 dagpm闭合低值中心,并向南延伸出东北—西南向的低槽至高原南部,此时700 hPa盆地以西南风为主导。4日14时(图4b)高原涡移出高原边缘,而500 hPa低槽仍位于高原上,此时700 hPa盆地形成气旋性弯曲的等高线。4日20时(图4c)500 hPa高原涡向东北移到宁夏南部至甘肃东部,而低槽东移至高原边缘,槽前覆盖整个盆地。受“北涡南槽”下东移低槽的激发影响,在低槽前下方的700 hPa四川盆地西侧生成一闭合低压,即激发生成西南涡,其中心为300 dagpm。5日02时(图4d)低槽旋转为南北向,500 hPa高原涡与低槽均移出高原并增强,同时700 hPa西南涡也随低槽东移发展。在这次过程中,对流层中层高原涡的气旋环流及其向南伸展的低槽旋转东移,在低槽前部对流层低层盆地西部诱发出西南涡,随后高原涡与西南涡共同向东北移动并发展增强。
为揭示前期东移高原涡诱发西南涡的机制,选取两涡活动区域的30°~36°N纬度带,分析涡度和散度场的垂直剖面特征。6月4日08时(图5a),高原上空400 hPa以下呈宽广的辐合场,伴随7×10−5 s−1的正涡度,对应高原涡在中低空的气旋辐合运动。盆地形成700 hPa以下低层辐合和以上高层辐散的结构,以及西南涡生成前期的7×10−5 s−1的正涡度中心,体现了西南涡在高原东侧背风坡低空发展的浅薄特征。4日14~20时(图5b,c)高原涡持续东移,高原与盆地上空的正涡度及辐合场逐渐贯通,形成向西倾斜的涡散场,促使盆地低层正涡度增强至8×10−5 s−1,辐合区也明显加强并向上扩展至500 hPa。5日02时(图5d)盆地上倾斜的正涡度柱进一步发展,逐渐转为竖直向上,涡度增强到11×10−5 s−1,辐合区向上延伸到400 hPa。由此可见,高原涡伴随低槽移出高原时,在中层形成正涡度平流,同时加强低层辐合和高层辐散的配置,形成强的上升运动,诱发盆地低层气旋性环流增强,导致盆地低层的正涡度强烈发展,为西南涡的形成及后续暴雨提供了关键动力条件。
此次过程是由东移高原涡诱发西南涡之后,耦合加强引发大暴雨。下面应用忽略摩擦耗散项的涡度收支方程,对西南涡形成机制进行分析,计算公式(朱乾根等, 2000)如下:
$ \begin{split} \frac{\partial \xi }{\partial t}=&-\left(u\frac{\partial \xi }{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial \xi }{\partial y}\right)-\left(u\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}+v\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\right)-\omega \frac{\partial \xi }{\partial p}+\\&\left(\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial y}\frac{\partial u}{\partial p}-\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial x}\frac{\partial v}{\partial p}\right)-\left(f+\xi \right)\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)\text{,} \end{split}$
其中,方程(1)左侧为涡度变化项,右侧第一至第五项分别为相对涡度平流项、地转涡度平流项、相对涡度垂直输送项、倾斜项和水平散度项。
由高原涡诱发西南涡过程平均的涡度收支各项贡献分布(图6)可知,500 hPa高原涡伴随低槽的平均位置位于高原边缘,低槽前覆盖盆地区域,此时西南涡初生。涡度收支各项主要在初生西南涡前部影响,相对涡度平流项(图6a)和水平散度项(图6b)是这次西南涡形成的主要贡献,其次是倾斜项(图6d)和垂直输送项(图6c),由于地转涡度平流项的量级明显小于其他各项,因此未在图6中显示。相对涡度平流项(图6a)主要为−2.7×10−8 s−2的负贡献,表明气流的水平运动将涡度向涡旋区外输送,使西南涡附近的涡度减小。水平散度项(图6b)表现为显著的正贡献,达2.7×10−8 s−2,反映了风场的水平辐合作用加强($\partial $u/$\partial $x+$\partial $v/$\partial $y<0)而产生了涡度拉伸效应,使局地涡度显著增强。倾斜项(图6c)为−2.1×10−8 s−2的负贡献,表明垂直运动与水平风切变相互作用形成涡度耗散效应,抑制了局地涡度发展。水平输送项(图6d)为2.1×10−8 s−2的正贡献,说明垂直上升运动将正涡度向盆地输送,促进局地涡度增强。以上结果清晰表明,在高原涡与低槽东移出高原时,700 hPa水平散度项和垂直输送项的正贡献使盆地涡度持续增强,从而触发西南涡的形成。
进一步探究各项贡献的时空演变特征,下面对涡度方程各项做两涡涡旋区域(图6a)平均。如图7所示,在西南涡诱生阶段(4日16时至5日04时),涡度从高层到低层均为增加,并在中低层先后出现了0.4×10−8 s−2的强正涡度变率,其主要来自水平散度项和垂直输送项,与上述结论相符。图7a中的水平散度项在中低层维持显著的正贡献,4日22时左右达到0.8×10−8 s−2,水平辐合运动在诱生期间主要为西南涡提供正涡度变率,利于西南涡发生发展。4日20时的垂直输送项在700 hPa以上均为正值,以下则为弱的负值,表明垂直输送项把正涡度由低层向中高层输送。但在20时之后,正值逐渐向低层传播,而高层逐渐减弱,中心在700 hPa达0.3×10−8 s−2。图7b的相对涡度平流项和倾斜项在对流层中低层表现为持续的负贡献,是西南涡涡度消耗的主要项,会对西南涡的发生发展有一定的抑制作用,但影响较小。因此,水平散度项和垂直输送项为中低层带来强正涡度变率,使局地涡度持续增大,导致西南涡生成并维持,为后续暴雨提供了有利的动力条件。
本次暴雨过程是由高原涡诱发西南涡,并与西南涡耦合加强东移,在我国形成了大范围的暴雨和大暴雨。而两涡作用下引发的大暴雨必需强大的垂直上升动力条件,极端的不稳定条件和充沛的水汽输送条件。在此分析两涡耦合时的垂直动力条件、不稳定条件和水汽条件,以揭示两涡共同作用下降水的增强机制。
以6月5~6日两个低涡的移动路径(图8a的粗虚线AB)为基线做剖面,分析低涡耦合阶段的垂直运动特征。5日08时(图8b),盆地北侧高原涡的正涡度中心在对流层中上部,盆地东侧的西南涡位于低层,低涡区伴随弱的垂直上升气流柱,上升速度为2 Pa s−1。5日14时的图8c上,高原涡与西南涡东移,涡度和上升速度增强。高原涡中心移动到陕西南部,中高层的上升运动最强,达到5 Pa s−1。西南涡快速移到高原涡前方,正涡度中心在陕西和湖北交界,低层上升运动增强到4 Pa s−1。5日16时(图8d)两涡耦合初期,中低层表现为独立的强涡度柱,上升运动柱合并增强至7 Pa s−1,低涡后部为弱的补偿下沉运动。5日20时(图8e)两低涡相遇,在湖北、陕西和河南相交处垂直耦合发展,强大涡度柱贯穿对流层,上升运动增强到8 Pa s−1。因此,高原涡与西南涡在耦合前表现为各自独立的正涡度中心和上升气流柱,耦合开始后正涡度中心和上升气流柱合并,两涡发展成深厚的强大对流系统,伴随低涡前侧强烈的上升运动和后侧的弱下沉运动,以显著的次级环流为这次区域性大暴雨提供了有利的动力条件。
2019年6月5日是这次过程降水最强阶段,因此对6月5日两涡耦合前期和耦合发展期的对流不稳定性进行分析。图9为两涡涡心之间的区域平均假相当位温(θse)、位涡和风场的经度—高度剖面。6月5日08时(图9a)高原涡在对流层中高层表现为独立的强位涡中心,西南涡的强位涡中心位于700~850 hPa。两涡前部已形成对流不稳定层结,300 hPa以下θse随高度递减,并伴随向东倾斜的弱上升风场。5日14时(图9b)西南涡移动到高原涡前部,两涡的强位涡中心均得到发展,θse垂直梯度进一步增大,不稳定能量持续累积,同时垂直上升运动显著增强,由向东倾斜转变为竖直向上。5日16时(图9c)两涡强位涡中心开始垂直贯通,925~400 hPa形成连贯的强位涡柱,垂直上升运动进一步增强,θse表现为向上凸起的递减区,利于两涡耦合的对流发展。5日20时(图9d)两涡发展进入耦合旺盛期,竖直向上的强位涡柱延伸至300 hPa。两涡前部向上凸起的θse递减区范围变大,且垂直递减率维持在36 K,同时垂直上升运动强度和范围均达到最大,与降水最强阶段相对应(图3b)。由此可见,两涡耦合发展时均伴随显著的θse垂直递减区和强位涡柱,为两涡的发展累积不稳定能量,使两涡长时间维持并发展成深厚的对流系统,形成强盛的对流运动,从而引发区域性大暴雨。
水汽条件是大暴雨形成的基础,在此分析整层大气的水汽通量和水汽通量散度,同时选用两涡活动的30~36°N纬度带的相对湿度、温度和垂直风场剖面(图10)。6月4日20时(图10a)中纬度西风带绕过青藏高原,在西南季风作用下,四川盆地南侧形成向北的水汽输送带,同时受到500 hPa西太平洋副高外围气流的挤压,增强了水汽向北的输送,把孟加拉湾和南海的水汽向盆地及其以东地区输送,并在甘肃南部和盆地南部均形成强水汽辐合区。对应图10b的30°~36°N纬度带上,水汽大值区位于两涡中心及后部,对流层低层和高层水汽均达到饱和状态。在高湿中心,低层的偏东风受高原东侧地形阻挡产生强上升运动,且风场随高度有顺时针切变,暖平流发展,为4日的夜间暴雨提供了强暖湿气流。5日20时(图10c)西南季风向东发展,与副高外围的偏南风形成西南—东北向的水汽输送带,水汽通量增强,在河南、湖北和安徽三省形成强水汽辐合区。而5日20时(图10d)剖面上,两涡耦合强烈发展,湿度场增强,湿度中心移到两涡前部,形成深厚的湿层,同时两涡前部形成倾斜的强上升气流,后部中低层以下沉气流为主,低涡的次级环流形成,大暴雨区正处于次级环流的上升区域。
本次区域性大暴雨由高原涡与西南涡的耦合作用触发,为深入揭示这次大暴雨的机制,本文构建了两涡耦合演变的概念模型(图11)。初始阶段,高原涡在高原上空形成,并东移发展。6月4日,高原涡在涡心明显偏离槽线的配置下,伴随500 hPa低槽移出高原,诱使西南涡在盆地生成。西南季风绕过青藏高原南侧东进,持续向两涡区域输送水汽,导致高原涡后部及西南涡前部触发暴雨。随后6月5日,500 hPa低槽东移速度加快,并与700 hPa低槽相位趋于重合,两涡发生垂直耦合,激发强烈的垂直上升运动,形成强对流系统。西南季风与副热带高压外围的东南风协同作用,使暖湿气流汇聚至两涡前部,从而发展出深对流云,进一步提高了降水强度。上述分析表明,发展初期的高原涡与西南涡均为浅薄系统,在垂直耦合过程中显著增强,构建了深厚的动力抬升机制,并通过与水汽通道的协同配置,促成了此次区域性大暴雨。
综上,两涡的耦合作用形成了强的正涡度柱,同时伴随低涡前侧强烈的垂直上气流,以及低涡后部的下沉运动,为这次区域性的大暴雨天气提供了有利的动力条件。在两涡耦合发展时,有强的θse垂直递减区和正位涡柱,表现出显著的对流不稳定层结特征,使对流系统维持发展,为这次过程提供了对流不稳定条件。同时,西南季风与副高分别将孟加拉湾和南海的水汽强烈向低涡输送,配合两涡的耦合作用,在两涡前部的切变辐合区产生强烈的水汽辐合,整层大气的水汽饱和为区域性大暴雨提供了极佳的水汽条件,最后导致了两涡前部的异常强降水天气。
本文采用地面站观测资料和ERA5的全球再分析资料,以2019年6月4~7日一次高原涡与西南涡耦合作用的区域性大暴雨天气为例,分析了两涡的发展演变过程和区域性大暴雨的形成机制,加深了对于低涡降水时空特征及其物理机制的认识。本文得到的主要结论如下:
(1)这次两涡降水过程中,高原涡与西南涡移动路径上均有降水发生,且主要集中在夜间至次日凌晨。其中6月4日夜间至5日凌晨两涡在西北和西南地区产生降水中心,且降水在低涡中心及后部增强,5日夜间至6日凌晨耦合阶段两涡显著加强,降水在低涡中心及前部增强并且达到峰值,区域性大暴雨中心在湖北北部,6日夜间分离阶段,两涡东移出海之后降水区离开陆地。
(2)高原涡首先生成并东移出高原,在“北涡南槽”形势下,盆地形成强烈的气旋性环流区,发展出强大的正涡度柱,伴随低层辐合和高层辐散的配置,形成上升气流柱。涡度收支诊断表明,在高原涡东移出高原过程中,散度项的水平辐合产生的涡度拉伸效应,以及垂直输送项的上升正涡度输送,共同促进了盆地涡度增强,最终诱导西南涡在盆地低空生成,为耦合大暴雨提供了关键的动力条件。
(3)在高原涡和西南涡发展东移到长江中游期间,两涡的正涡度中心和上升气流柱在垂直方向上叠加耦合,形成贯穿对流层的强大正涡度柱,并伴随强烈的次级环流发展。同时,两涡耦合区表现出显著的θse垂直递减和强位涡柱特征,形成了深厚的对流不稳定层结,为区域性大暴雨提供了有利的动力条件和不稳定能量。此外,西南季风与副高外围气流共同构建了强盛的水汽输送通道,在两涡前侧切变区形成强烈的水汽辐合,配合次级环流的强上升运动,最终导致异常强降水。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.24134
  • 接收时间:2024-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-06
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    1成都信息工程大学大气科学学院, 成都610225
    2成都信息工程大学云南自然灾害防御技术研发中心, 昆明 650034
    3陕西省延安市气象局, 延安716000
    4云南省迪庆藏族自治州气象局, 迪庆674400

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白爱娟,女,教授,主要从事强天气监测和预警研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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