Article(id=1311998468122575659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.25086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747584000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734410552, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734410552, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734410552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734410552, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1254, endPage=1264, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998468516840236, articleId=1311998468122575659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Wind Field and Aerodynamic Parameters Based on Multi-level Observations in the Beibu Gulf under Typhoon Conditions, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Using multi-level observation data of the near-surface layer on the Weizhou Island, Beihai, Guangxi, this study examined the periods influenced by typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim during 2023–2024. First, quality control and correction were conducted on the observation data for each event. Subsequently, the structural characteristics of the typhoon boundary layer under the influence of the complex underlying surface of the Beibu Gulf islands were analyzed. The analysis included near-surface wind field evolution, wind profile characteristics, and variations in aerodynamic parameters, namely, friction velocity (u*), roughness length (z0), and drag coefficient (Cd), along with near-surface wind speed and direction. The results indicate that the typhoon boundary layer within 10–32 m exhibits near-neutral stability and the mean wind speed profile follows a logarithmic distribution. Under the influence of the complex underlying surface of the Beibu Gulf islands, the variations in u*, z0, and Cd with near-surface wind speed exhibit characteristics typical of a land underlying surface, showing obvious nonmonotonicity, and cannot be simply categorized as those typical of a homogeneous marine underlying surface. Specifically, u* ranges between 0.5 and 1.5 m s−1; when the 10 m wind speed exceeds approximately 15 m s−1, the magnitudes of z0 and Cd are on the order of 10−2 m and 10−3, respectively. The u*, z0, and Cd values are generally higher under easterly winds than under westerly winds. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of typhoon boundary layer structures over the complex underlying surface of an island and hold significance for optimizing numerical simulations and parameterization schemes of typhoons in the Beibu Gulf.

, authors=Qionghui HUANG1, 2, Qingguo FANG3, Xiaoyan HUANG1, 2, Wei TAO4, Ruidi BI5, authorsList=Qionghui HUANG, Qingguo FANG, Xiaoyan HUANG, Wei TAO, Ruidi BI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaoyan HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998477849166682, articleId=1311998468122575659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=台风背景下基于北部湾海岛多层观测的风场及空气动力学参数特征分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于广西北海涠洲岛近地面多层观测数据,选取2023~2024年台风摩羯、三巴和泰利影响时段,首先对各台风过程的观测数据进行质量控制和订正,随后分析北部湾海岛复杂下垫面影响下的台风边界层结构特征,主要包括近地面层风场演变、风廓线特征及空气动力学参数[摩擦速度(u*)、粗糙度长度(z0)和拖曳系数(Cd)]随近地面风速和风向的变化特征。研究表明,10~32 m的台风边界层接近中性稳定层结,平均风速廓线符合对数律分布。在北部湾海岛复杂下垫面作用下,u*、z0和Cd随近地面风速的变化特征接近陆地下垫面影响情况,均表现出明显的非单调性,不能简单归为均质海洋下垫面情况。其中,u*的数值范围为0.5~1.5 m s−1;当10 m风速大于15 m s−1时,z0和Cd的量级分别为10−2 m和10−3;偏东风影响下的u*、z0和Cd数值较偏西风条件下偏大。研究结果有利于加深对复杂海岛下垫面类型下台风边界层结构的理解与认识,对北部湾区域台风数值模拟及参数化方案的优化具有重要意义。

, authors=黄琼慧1, 2, 房庆国3, 黄小燕1, 2, 陶伟4, 毕瑞迪5, authorsList=黄琼慧, 房庆国, 黄小燕, 陶伟, 毕瑞迪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄小燕, authorNote=

黄琼慧,女,工程师,主要从事广西及北部湾区域台风预报研究。E-mail:

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黄小燕,女,正研级高级工程师,主要从事人工智能天气预报技术研究与应用。E-mail:
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language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Tracks and intensities of typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim. The typhoon tracks during the observation period are outlined dots in red. The red asterisk indicates the location of the meteorological observation tower on Weizhou Island. TD, TS, STS, TY, STY, and SuperTY denote tropical depression, tropical storm, severe tropical storm, typhoon, severe typhoon, and super typhoon, respectively., figureFileSmall=5XwBS01ANR7G1Nb8ytUssw==, figureFileBig=AuP1jM5+LheScnzcpZkq1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482232214416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=CN, label=图2, caption=台风摩羯、三巴和泰利的路径及强度。处于观测时段内的台风路径由红色边缘的圆点显示。红色星号表示涠洲岛气象观测铁塔所在地理位置。TD、TS、STS、TY、STY和SuperTY分别表示热带低压、热带风暴、强热带风暴、台风、强台风和超强台风。, figureFileSmall=5XwBS01ANR7G1Nb8ytUssw==, figureFileBig=AuP1jM5+LheScnzcpZkq1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482299323281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Evolutions of (a1–a3) 10-m, 20-m, 32-m mean wind speed, (b1–b3) 10-m mean wind direction, and (c1, c2) bulk Richardson number for typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim. The bulk Richardson number for typhoon Sanba was not calculated due to missing air temperature and relative humidity data during the observation period., figureFileSmall=QaKHuoEGFppJ93hqDBbkPw==, figureFileBig=d+y2oCsjyr0r7UaIyXxKPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482362237842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=CN, label=图3, caption=台风摩羯(左)、三巴(中)和泰利(右)的(a1–a3)10 m、20 m、32 m(观测高度)平均风速、(b1–b3)10 m平均风向和(c1、c2)总体理查森数的演变。由于台风三巴观测期间的气温和相对湿度数据缺失,所以未计算其总体理查森数。, figureFileSmall=QaKHuoEGFppJ93hqDBbkPw==, figureFileBig=d+y2oCsjyr0r7UaIyXxKPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482450318227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=(a) Mean wind speed profiles and (b–d) daytime/nighttime mean wind speed profiles of typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim. The error bar (short vertical line) represents ±1 standard deviation., figureFileSmall=BQk/T2FmLjh7vy40KmUAsQ==, figureFileBig=vN62VXhsMrr0wTorcWQe8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482530010004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=CN, label=图4, caption=台风摩羯、三巴和泰利的(a)平均风速廓线和(b–d)日间、夜间的平均风速廓线。误差条(短竖线)表示一倍标准差。, figureFileSmall=BQk/T2FmLjh7vy40KmUAsQ==, figureFileBig=vN62VXhsMrr0wTorcWQe8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482613896085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Variations in friction velocity (u*), roughness length (z0), and drag coefficient (Cd) relative to (a–c) mean 10-m wind speed (U10, left) and (d–f) mean 10-m wind direction (D10, right) for typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim. In Figs. a–c, the error bar (short horizontal line) denotes ±1 standard deviation. In Fig. d, the number indicates the valid samples (≥2) for each wind direction bin., figureFileSmall=1kQpVhb65zOmXID1NauksA==, figureFileBig=oyWGXE0SUNIs55SUuZVEqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482689393558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=CN, label=图5, caption=台风摩羯、三巴和泰利的(a、d)摩擦速度(u*)、(b、e)粗糙度长度(z0)和(c、f)拖曳系数(Cd)相对10 m平均风速(U10,左)和10 m平均风向(D10,右)的变化。图a–c中,误差条(短横线)表示一倍标准差。图d中,数值表示不同风向区间的有效样本数(≥2)。, figureFileSmall=1kQpVhb65zOmXID1NauksA==, figureFileBig=oyWGXE0SUNIs55SUuZVEqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998482752308119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic information of typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风名称最大强度中心最低
气压/hPa
近中心最大
风速/m s−1
距观测铁塔
最近距离/km
摩羯超强台风9156278.2
三巴强热带风暴9902515.2
泰利台风9604048.9
), ArticleFig(id=1311998482815222680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

台风摩羯、三巴和泰利概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风名称最大强度中心最低
气压/hPa
近中心最大
风速/m s−1
距观测铁塔
最近距离/km
摩羯超强台风9156278.2
三巴强热带风暴9902515.2
泰利台风9604048.9
), ArticleFig(id=1311998482907497369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Observation information of typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风名称观测时间(北京时)样本总数10 m平均风速/m s−110 m平均风向/(°)平均摩擦速度/m s−1
摩羯2024年9月6日13:00至7日16:5916810.9542.01±0.50
三巴2023年10月19日16:00至20日15:5914411.53181.03±0.18
泰利2023年7月17日15:00至18日02:597214.22761.07±0.23
), ArticleFig(id=1311998482982994842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998468122575659, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

台风摩羯、三巴和泰利的观测信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台风名称观测时间(北京时)样本总数10 m平均风速/m s−110 m平均风向/(°)平均摩擦速度/m s−1
摩羯2024年9月6日13:00至7日16:5916810.9542.01±0.50
三巴2023年10月19日16:00至20日15:5914411.53181.03±0.18
泰利2023年7月17日15:00至18日02:597214.22761.07±0.23
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台风背景下基于北部湾海岛多层观测的风场及空气动力学参数特征分析
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黄琼慧 1, 2 , 房庆国 3 , 黄小燕 1, 2 , 陶伟 4 , 毕瑞迪 5
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1254-1264
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1254 -1264
台风背景下基于北部湾海岛多层观测的风场及空气动力学参数特征分析
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黄琼慧1, 2 , 房庆国3, 黄小燕1, 2 , 陶伟4, 毕瑞迪5
作者信息
  • 1广西壮族自治区气象科学研究所, 南宁530022
  • 2广西北部湾国家气候观象台开放实验室, 南宁530022
  • 3浙江省宁波市象山县气象局, 宁波315712
  • 4广西壮族自治区气象技术装备中心, 南宁530022
  • 5广西壮族自治区北海市气象局涠洲岛气象站, 北海536004
通讯作者:
黄小燕,女,正研级高级工程师,主要从事人工智能天气预报技术研究与应用。E-mail:
作者简介:

黄琼慧,女,工程师,主要从事广西及北部湾区域台风预报研究。E-mail:

Characteristics of Wind Field and Aerodynamic Parameters Based on Multi-level Observations in the Beibu Gulf under Typhoon Conditions
Qionghui HUANG1, 2 , Qingguo FANG3, Xiaoyan HUANG1, 2 , Wei TAO4, Ruidi BI5
Affiliations
  • 1Guangxi Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Nanning 530022
  • 2Open Laboratory of Guangxi Beibu Gulf National Climate Observatory, Nanning 530022
  • 3Xiangshan Meteorological Bureau, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315712
  • 4Guangxi Meteorological Technology & Equipment Center, Nanning 530022
  • 5Weizhou Island Meteorological Station, Beihai Meteorological Bureau, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Beihai 536004
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.25086
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基于广西北海涠洲岛近地面多层观测数据,选取2023~2024年台风摩羯、三巴和泰利影响时段,首先对各台风过程的观测数据进行质量控制和订正,随后分析北部湾海岛复杂下垫面影响下的台风边界层结构特征,主要包括近地面层风场演变、风廓线特征及空气动力学参数[摩擦速度(u*)、粗糙度长度(z0)和拖曳系数(Cd)]随近地面风速和风向的变化特征。研究表明,10~32 m的台风边界层接近中性稳定层结,平均风速廓线符合对数律分布。在北部湾海岛复杂下垫面作用下,u*、z0和Cd随近地面风速的变化特征接近陆地下垫面影响情况,均表现出明显的非单调性,不能简单归为均质海洋下垫面情况。其中,u*的数值范围为0.5~1.5 m s−1;当10 m风速大于15 m s−1时,z0和Cd的量级分别为10−2 m和10−3;偏东风影响下的u*、z0和Cd数值较偏西风条件下偏大。研究结果有利于加深对复杂海岛下垫面类型下台风边界层结构的理解与认识,对北部湾区域台风数值模拟及参数化方案的优化具有重要意义。

多层观测  /  台风边界层  /  空气动力学参数  /  北部湾

Using multi-level observation data of the near-surface layer on the Weizhou Island, Beihai, Guangxi, this study examined the periods influenced by typhoons Yagi, Sanba, and Talim during 2023–2024. First, quality control and correction were conducted on the observation data for each event. Subsequently, the structural characteristics of the typhoon boundary layer under the influence of the complex underlying surface of the Beibu Gulf islands were analyzed. The analysis included near-surface wind field evolution, wind profile characteristics, and variations in aerodynamic parameters, namely, friction velocity (u*), roughness length (z0), and drag coefficient (Cd), along with near-surface wind speed and direction. The results indicate that the typhoon boundary layer within 10–32 m exhibits near-neutral stability and the mean wind speed profile follows a logarithmic distribution. Under the influence of the complex underlying surface of the Beibu Gulf islands, the variations in u*, z0, and Cd with near-surface wind speed exhibit characteristics typical of a land underlying surface, showing obvious nonmonotonicity, and cannot be simply categorized as those typical of a homogeneous marine underlying surface. Specifically, u* ranges between 0.5 and 1.5 m s−1; when the 10 m wind speed exceeds approximately 15 m s−1, the magnitudes of z0 and Cd are on the order of 10−2 m and 10−3, respectively. The u*, z0, and Cd values are generally higher under easterly winds than under westerly winds. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of typhoon boundary layer structures over the complex underlying surface of an island and hold significance for optimizing numerical simulations and parameterization schemes of typhoons in the Beibu Gulf.

Multi-level observation  /  Typhoon boundary layer  /  Aerodynamic parameter  /  Beibu Gulf
黄琼慧, 房庆国, 黄小燕, 陶伟, 毕瑞迪. 台风背景下基于北部湾海岛多层观测的风场及空气动力学参数特征分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1254 -1264 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.25086
Qionghui HUANG, Qingguo FANG, Xiaoyan HUANG, Wei TAO, Ruidi BI. Characteristics of Wind Field and Aerodynamic Parameters Based on Multi-level Observations in the Beibu Gulf under Typhoon Conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1254 -1264 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.25086
热带气旋是生成于热带或副热带洋面的一种强天气系统,我国称之为台风,台风是影响我国东南沿海地区最严重的自然灾害之一,其伴随的狂风、暴雨和风暴潮往往造成重大的社会经济损失(梁必骐等, 1995; Emanuel, 2005)。台风边界层作为台风环流与地表下垫面之间的关键过渡区,其结构特征对台风风雨分布、强度变化特别是登陆期间的强度变化产生重要影响(李英和陈联寿, 2005; Zhang Y et al., 2011; 廖菲等, 2017; Dong et al., 2019)。因此,深入研究台风边界层的结构特征对提高台风发生发展机理的认识、提升台风模拟及预报水平、优化防灾减灾策略具有重要意义。
当前台风边界层的观测手段主要包括海上浮标、GPS探空仪、地面雷达和气象观测塔,其中气象观测塔能够直接测量近地面层的风速、温度、湿度等关键要素,已被广泛应用于台风边界层结构的精细化研究(Ming and Zhang, 2018; Shao et al., 2022; Fang et al., 2023; Tang et al., 2024)。已有研究(Powell et al., 2003; Vickery et al., 2009; Shu et al., 2017; He et al., 2020)指出,台风边界层呈现近中性层结状态,其风速廓线符合对数律或幂律分布,此时湍流发展主要依赖于垂直风切变而非热力因素。在近地面层中,摩擦速度(u*)、粗糙度长度(z0)和拖曳系数(Cd)是表征地—气动量交换的重要动力学参数,其演变特征及关键风速阈值通常随下垫面类型(如,海洋、森林、城市等)变化而发生显著变化(Tang et al., 2024),这将对土木建筑设计等工程领域的实际应用产生重要影响(He et al., 2013; He et al., 2020, 2022)。u*、z0和Cd随近地面风速的变化特征在海洋与陆地下垫面之间的差异明显。一般地,在均质海洋下垫面条件下:(1)u*随近地面风速增加而增大,当风速到达某一临界值后趋于平稳或略微下降,量级范围在10−1~100 m s−1(Large and Pond, 1981; Black et al., 2007; Jarosz et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2015)。Large and Pond(1981)、Black et al.(2007)、Zhao et al.(2015)和Tang et al.(2024)计算得到的u*临界风速约为26 m s−1,而Powell et al.(2003)和Jarosz et al.(2007)报道的u*临界风速约为40 m s−1。上述结果的差异与观测点附近的海水深度有关。Zhao et al.(2015)发现,浅水条件下的u*临界风速相对开阔海域深水情况下低5~15 m s−1。(2)受海面波拖曳效应影响,z0通常随风速增加而增大,增幅约为10−3 m,量级范围在10−3~100 m(Charnock, 1955; Fairall et al., 2003; Zeng et al., 2010)。Tang et al.(2024)发现,近岸铁塔观测受到混合陆表下垫面信息的影响,z0呈现随风速先减小、后增大、再减小的波动变化特征。(3)Cd的量级为10−3,通常随风速增加而增大,在某一临界风速附近达到最大值后趋于平稳或略微下降(Large and Pond, 1981; Black et al., 2007; Jarosz et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2015)。Black et al.(2007)、Potter et al.(2015)、Zhao et al.(2015)和Tang et al.(2024)计算得到的Cd临界风速约为23 m s−1,而Powell et al.(2003)和Jarosz et al.(2007)指出Cd临界风速约为33 m s−1。而在相对粗糙的陆地下垫面条件下:(1)u*随风速增加而增大,量级范围在10−1~100 m s−1(Rao et al., 1996; Rao, 2004; Fang et al., 2018; Shao et al., 2022)。Shao et al.(2022)和Tang et al.(2024)的结果显示,u*随风速的增长并非单调,在12~18 m s−1区间内表现出先减后增的波动特征。(2)z0的量级范围在10−3~100 m,随风速增加呈现指数递减特征,在低—中风速区间(5~20 m s−1)迅速减小至10−3 m附近并趋于平稳,临界风速约为18 m s−1(Rao et al., 1996; Tang et al., 2024)。Mahrt et al.(2001)指出粘性效应减弱及植被流线型结构形成导致z0随风速衰减。Zhu and Furst(2013)认为湍流耗散增强与能量级联过程加速为z0衰减的可能解释机制。(3)Cd的量级为10−3,随风速增加而减小(Rao et al., 1996; Rao, 2004; Zhang J A et al., 2011; Fang et al., 2018)。Zhang J A et al.(2011)发现,Cd随风速的减小呈现明显的非单调性,在10~15 m s−1区间内存在一次振幅约2×10−3的波动变化。然而,由于不同观测研究中的测站周边环境差异较大,具体下垫面类型存在明显差别,目前对于上述动力学参数的变化特征及临界风速值尚未达成共识。
以往研究大多基于内陆沿岸观测(Tang et al., 2024),缺乏基于海岛复杂地形下的台风边界层观测研究,该地形下的台风边界层结构更多反映海洋下垫面特征还是陆地下垫面特征,是一个值得探讨的科学问题。北部湾作为我国受台风影响的重要区域,其上的涠洲岛是海域内最大的火山岛,海岛南部的新月形港湾使其具有独特的复杂下垫面结构。为揭示该海岛地形下的近地面层气象要素变化特征,广西壮族自治区气象局于2021年在涠洲岛安装布设了32 m高的气象观测铁塔,对近地面层风速、风向、温度和湿度等要素进行连续观测,为岛上的边界层结构特征研究提供重要途径。经试运行和调试,自2023年4月起涠洲岛气象观测塔正式通过气象大数据云平台提供实时的多层观测资料。基于此,本文拟通过2023~2024年影响该区域的摩羯、三巴和泰利3次台风过程,分析涠洲岛复杂下垫面下的台风边界层结构特征,揭示各台风过程的近地面层平均风速演变与风廓线特征,以及空气动力学参数(u*、z0和Cd)随风速和风向的变化特征。本研究旨在为改进北部湾区域数值模式中的台风边界层参数化方案提供观测依据。
涠洲岛是我国在北部湾海域的最大海岛,地处北部湾东北部,位于广西北海正南方约38 km的海域上。岛屿形状呈椭圆形,南北长约6 km,东西宽约5 km,其中南湾火山口位于岛屿南端,形成一个较为独特的新月形港湾。2021年近地面(海面)通量气象观测铁塔(图1)于广西北海涠洲岛国家基准气候站内建成,该测站位于岛内新月形港湾中部沿海区域,所处海拔高度为54.2 m,其南面临海,正西和正东方向分别距海岸线约1.5 km和3.3 km,四周种植为低矮防护林。
本研究使用铁塔观测的二维风速数据计算平均风廓线并拟合估计空气动力学参数,风向数据用于结果特征分析,此外还利用气压、气温和相对湿度数据计算总体理查森数。其中,风速、气温和相对湿度由安置于铁塔2 m、4 m、10 m、20 m和32 m高度的风杯风速计、气温和湿度传感器测量得到,风向和气压分别由10 m、1.5 m高度的风向标和传感器测量得到,要素观测的时间分辨率为1 min。为避免东侧楼栋及西北侧防护林冠层对风速观测的影响,本文仅使用10 m、20 m和32 m高度的观测数据进行研究。
选取2023~2024年影响广西及北部湾区域的3个台风过程(表1)进行研究,依次为2024年第11号台风摩羯(Yagi)、2023年第16号台风三巴(Sanba)和2023年第4号台风泰利(Talim)。在所选台风的生命周期中,铁塔均观测到台风环流中的近地面层数据,且台风均在广西及北部湾影响区(120°E以西,16°N以北)范围内登陆并随后消散。图2为中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径数据集(https://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn/zjljsjj.html [2025-05-19])(Ying et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2021)提供的摩羯、三巴和泰利的路径及强度演变情况,时间分辨率为3 h。3个台风的最大强度及距观测铁塔最近距离等概况信息列于表1。摩羯为1949年有台风记录以来秋季登陆我国且在北部湾洋面活动的最强台风,9月1日14时(北京时,下同)在菲律宾以东洋面上生成,之后分别于菲律宾东部、海南文昌、广东徐闻角尾乡和越南广宁南部4次登陆,9月5日15时达到最大强度,近中心最大风速及中心最低气压分别为62 m s−1和915 hPa,9月8日17时中央气象台对其停止编号,过程中距铁塔最近距离为78.2 km。三巴、泰利在强度最强时的近中心最大风速及中心最低气压分别为25 m s−1和990 hPa,40 m s−1和960 hPa,距铁塔最近距离分别为15.2 km、48.9 km。
参照前人研究经验,选取10 min间隔的平均周期对台风边界层结构特征进行分析(Mahrt et al., 2001; He et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2023; Tang et al., 2024)。当观测铁塔同时满足以下两个条件时,即判定其处于台风环流内:位于台风七级风圈半径内,且10 m平均风速大于5 m s−1(Masters et al., 2010; He et al., 2013; Shu et al., 2017; Bastos et al., 2018)。据此得到的各台风观测时间、样本总数、风统计值等基本观测信息列于表2。
为确保计算和分析结果的准确性,首先对铁塔观测数据进行质量控制。质控流程分为数据分段、异常判断、插值补缺三个步骤(Ming et al., 2014; He et al., 2020)。对所有原始观测记录,选取10 min长度的时间分段,将任何偏差超过三倍标准差的记录标记为异常值(Højstrup, 1993; Vickers and Mahrt, 1997; Masters et al., 2010),随后对检测到的异常值采用线性插值处理。所有原始观测记录的异常值比例均低于5%。
针对10~32 m高度的风速观测数据作进一步订正。由于气候站内气象观测场观测的周期内风速离散度较铁塔观测小(时间分辨率同为1 min),为降低数据离散度,采用一维最优插值算法(Daley, 1991; 邹晓蕾, 2009)对10 m风速观测(U10)进行订正:
$ {\hat{U}}_{10}=\frac{\sigma {'}^{2}}{\sigma {'}^{2}+{\sigma }^{2}}{U}_{10}'+\frac{{\sigma }^{2}}{\sigma {'}^{2}+{\sigma }^{2}}{U}_{10} , $
其中,σ表示时间分段内的风速标准差,“′”表示基于站内气象观测场的观测或估计结果,$ {\hat{U}}_{10} $表示订正后的10 m风速数据。
在近地面层中,风廓线可由对数律公式表示:
$ U=\frac{{u}_{*}}{\kappa }\ln \left[\frac{z-{z}_{\text{d}}}{{z}_{0}}+{\psi }_{\text{M}}\left(\frac{z}{L}\right)\right] , $
其中,z为距离地表的高度;U为高度z处的风速;κ为冯·卡曼常数(取0.4);zd为零平面位移;L为奥布霍夫长度;ψM为基于稳定度参数z/L的修正函数(Businger et al., 1971; Dyer, 1974);z0为粗糙度长度,表示边界层风廓线中风速减小至零时对应的理论高度。
对于近中性层结状态,z/L≈0,ψM(z/L)≈0。铁塔四周为相对均匀平缓地形,zd的影响可以忽略(Li et al., 2010),式(2)简化为
$ U=\frac{{u}_{*}}{\kappa }\ln \left(\frac{z}{{z}_{0}}\right) . $
分别记10 m、20 m、32 m风速为U10、U20、U32,各层风速均满足式(3),可得
$ \frac{{U}_{20}}{{U}_{10}}=\frac{\ln 20-\ln {z}_{0}}{\ln 10-\ln {z}_{0}} , $
$ \frac{{U}_{32}}{{U}_{10}}=\frac{\ln 32-\ln {z}_{0}}{\ln 10-\ln {z}_{0}} . $
z0取10−3~100 m时,式(4)和式(5)的值变化很小,近似为常数。因此,在近地面层中,可将式(4)和式(5)近似视为恒定比例关系。同理,各层订正风速满足:
$ \frac{{\hat{U}}_{20}}{{\hat{U}}_{10}}=\frac{\ln 20-\ln {z}_{0}}{\ln 10-\ln {z}_{0}} , $
$ \frac{{\hat{U}}_{32}}{{\hat{U}}_{10}}=\frac{\ln 32-\ln {z}_{0}}{\ln 10-\ln {z}_{0}} . $
将订正前后的风速相比,推导得到20 m和32 m风速订正公式如下:
$ {\hat{U}}_{20}=\frac{{\hat{U}}_{10}}{{U}_{10}}{U}_{20} , $
$ {\hat{U}}_{32}=\frac{{\hat{U}}_{10}}{{U}_{10}}{U}_{32} . $
通过式(1)、式(8)和式(9),可计算出10 m、20 m和32 m高度的风速订正值。
文中使用总体理查森数(Bulk Richardson Number, Rb)对近地面层流体稳定性进行判断,其值近似量化了湍流动能方程中浮力项与切变项(机械剪切)的相对大小。Rb的计算公式如下:
$ {R}_{\text{b}}=\frac{g\Delta {\theta }_{\text{v}}\Delta z}{{\mathit{\Theta }}_{0}\Delta {U}^{2}}, $
其中,Δθv和ΔU分别表示10 m与32 m高度之间的虚位温θv和风速差值;Δz为观测垂直间距;g为重力加速度(取9.81 m s−2);Θ0为参考虚位温(取10 m与32 m高度之间的θv平均值)。θv的计算公式如下:
$ {\theta }_{\text{v}}=\theta \left(1+0.608q\right) , $
$ q=\frac{\mathrm{RH}}{0.263p}\cdot\exp\left[\frac{17.67\left(T-273.16\right)}{T-29.65}\right], $
其中,θ、q、RH、p和T分别表示位温、比湿、相对湿度、气压和气温。
根据式(3)采用对数律拟合方法估计摩擦速度u*和粗糙度长度z0,拖曳系数Cd则通过下式计算得到:
$ {C}_{\text{d}}={\left(\frac{{u}_{*}}{{U}_{10}}\right)}^{2} . $
基于涠洲岛气象观测塔多层观测的10 min平均风速时间序列(图3a1–a3)显示,在摩羯、三巴和泰利的观测期内,近地面层风速随高度增加而增大。摩羯观测期间,9月6日13:00至7日08:00的平均风速演变呈现双峰结构(图3a1),主导平均风向为东北风55°(图3b1)。10 m观测极大风速为19.8 m s−1,出现于9月6日15:09,此时测站处于台风环流的西北象限,距离台风中心256 km。三巴影响期间,风速大值主要集中在10月19日16:00~20:00(图3a2),主导平均风向为西北风308°(图3b2)。10月19日18:22出现10 m极大风速21.1 m s−1,此时台风中心位于测站偏南方向45 km处。泰利影响期间的平均风速表现为先增后减的变化特征(图3a3),主导平均风向为偏西风276°(图3b3),过程中由西北风向西南风转变,反映了台风中心从测站北侧过境的风场变化特征。7月17日17:27出现10 m极大风速26.4 m s−1,此时台风中心位于测站偏东方向67 km处。在3个台风过程中,10~32 m各层平均风速为泰利最大,摩羯次之,三巴最小。对比不同台风过程观测期间的主导风向,高风速条件下的局地环境绕流可能对观测数据质量造成一定影响(He et al., 2020)。
为了避免z0对风廓线的影响,采用风速差值(U−Ur,其中Ur为参考高度处的风速)廓线来表征风速随高度的变化特征(He et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2023)。文中选取10 m为参考高度,其计算公式为$ \left(U-U_{10}^{}\right)/\left({u}_{*}/\kappa \right)=\ln \left(z/10\right) $。由图4可知,近地面层风速随高度增加而增大,与$ \ln \left(z/10\right) $呈线性变化特征,风速廓线在10~32 m高度内符合对数律特征。在各台风过程的观测时段内(三巴缺测),Rb约等于0(图3c1–c2),表明机械剪切对湍流动能的贡献远大于浮力效应,近地面层接近中性层结。进一步对比不同台风过程日间和夜间的风速廓线发现,台风影响下的风速廓线日夜差异不大(图4b–d),不同于常规天气下湍流日间强、夜间弱的特征(李兴生等, 1982)。
图5展示了基于对数律拟合计算的近地面层空气动力学参数[摩擦速度(u*)、粗糙度长度(z0)及拖曳系数(Cd)]相对10 m平均风速(U10)和风向(D10)的变化特征,其中图5a–c和图5d–f分别表示按1 m s−1间隔的风速区间和45°间隔的风向区间划分的统计特征。
u*总体上随U10增加而增大,但不同台风过程影响下的变化特征存在差异(图5a)。摩羯观测期间,u*在低风速(U10<9 m s−1)下缓慢增大,在中等风速(9~15 m s−1)呈现两次先增后减的波动变化,随后在U10>15 m s−1恢复缓慢增长,整体增幅约0.4 m s−1。三巴的u*变化特征与摩羯类似,但波动相对平稳,u*在U10>17.5 m s−1下降。泰利的u*在7~11 m s−1快速增长,由0.59 m s−1增加至1.28 m s−1,随后增速放缓并在13.5 m s−1附近到达峰值1.43 m s−1,之后略有下降,但在U10>17.5 m s−1又缓慢回升。
Shao et al.(2022)基于深圳气象通量塔观测的台风山竹分析结果表明,u*在12 m s−1附近达到峰值1.6 m s−1,略微下降后迅速回升,在U10>16 m s−1趋于平稳。Tang et al.(2024)基于11个内陆沿岸测站的研究结果显示,u*在12 m s−1附近达到峰值0.4 m s−1,在12~16 m s−1内下降后又逐渐回升。基于泰利观测的u*演变特征与Shao et al.(2022)和Tang et al.(2024)基于内陆沿岸观测的结果一致,数值上与前者接近,较后者偏高。摩羯和三巴观测期间的u*演变特征指出,u*在U10<10 m s−1时已经出现极大值。而前人基于内陆沿岸观测的u*极值出现于U10>10 m s−1(Fang et al., 2018; Shao et al., 2022; Tang et al., 2024);基于海岛观测的结果则显示u*于U10<23 m s−1呈现一致的单调递增关系(Large and Pond, 1981; Black et al., 2007; Jarosz et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2015),即认为海岛下垫面接近均质海洋下垫面情况。
综上可知,在涠洲岛复杂下垫面作用下,u*总体随风速增加而增大,呈现出明显的非单调变化特征。这与经典海洋下垫面下的变化特征存在显著差异,表明涠洲岛复杂下垫面更多反映的是陆地下垫面影响特征。对于以东北风向为主的台风摩羯过程,u*的估计值偏高,可能的解释为:涠洲岛呈东北—西南走向的类椭圆形结构特征,东北风背景下的气流轨迹可能携带来自上游陆地表面粗糙元的动量扰动;岛上的下垫面结构比较复杂,可能导致内边界层发展(Garratt, 1990; Tang et al., 2024)或产生尾流湍流效应(Roth, 2000; Britter and Hanna, 2003),使特定风速和风向条件下的u*估计偏高。
研究结果显示,U10–z0关系呈现明显的非单调性(图5b),不同于均质海洋下垫面下的单调递增及陆地下垫面下的指数递减特征,表明涠洲岛下垫面作用下的台风边界层结构比较复杂。摩羯的z0估计值整体偏高,在8~11 m s−1出现异常波动,偏离经典曲线,可能受主导风向上游扰动影响。三巴的z0演变接近陆地下垫面衰减特征,在7~19 m s−1由0.90 m减小至0.04 m。泰利则表现为海—陆混合下垫面影响模态,z0首先在6~11 m s−1区间内由0.36 m增长至0.93 m,随后开始下降,当U10>15 m s−1时约为0.05 m。Tang et al.(2024)基于7个海岛观测的结果同样反映了海—陆混合下垫面影响,但其表现为先减后增的变化特征,即随U10增长,z0演变趋近于均质海洋下垫面情况。基于三巴和泰利计算得到的z0临界风速值约为15 m s−1,与前人基于内陆沿岸观测的结果(约18 m s−1)接近(Rao et al., 1996; Tang et al., 2024)。研究结果指出,z0的量级为10−2~100 m,接近陆地下垫面影响情况,表明涠洲岛下垫面不能简单归为均质海洋下垫面。
根据式(3)和式(13)可知,Cd与z0存在一一对应关系,因此两者相对U10的变化特征具有相似性。如图5c所示,Cd总体随U10增大而减小,但并非严格单调递减。基于摩羯观测的Cd估计值较前人研究偏大,但其演变特征与Shao et al.(2022)结果接近,同样指出Cd在8~11 m s−1区间内先增后减的波动特征。与z0类似,三巴的Cd整体表现为陆地下垫面衰减特征,在7~19 m s−1由15.65×10−3减小至3.13×10−3。泰利的Cd首先在6~11 m s−1从6.86×10−3增长至14.80×10−3,随后逐渐减小,当U10>15 m s−1时维持在3×10−3附近,其演变特征与Zhang J A et al.(2011)基于内陆沿岸观测的结果相近。基于三巴和泰利的计算结果表明,当U10>15 m s−1时,Cd趋近于稳定值约3×10−3。综上可知,涠洲岛下垫面作用下的Cd演变更多反映陆地下垫面影响信息。
下垫面类型对空气动力学参数具有显著影响,而不同风向带来的上游地表信息存在较大差异,据此进一步分析u*、z0和Cd的风向依赖特征。研究结果表明,u*、z0和Cd在东北风(0°~90°)区间的数值偏高,分别为1.5~2.5 m s−1、1.3~3.5 m和2.2×10−2~7.3×10−2;u*、z0和Cd在东南风(90°~180°)、西南风(180°~270°)和西北风(270°~360°)区间的数值分别为0.5~1.5 m s−1、0.04~1.10 m和3×10−3~2×10−2;随着D10的顺转,u*、z0和Cd在90°~360°区间内呈现先增后减的变化特征,其中三巴和泰利的峰值分别出现在180°~225°和225°~270°(图5d–f)。可见铁塔在东北风背景下受到的湍流影响更强,u*、z0和Cd特征接近城市下垫面影响情况(胡非等, 2003)。
本文基于广西北海涠洲岛气象观测铁塔多层观测数据,首先对各台风过程的观测数据进行质量控制和订正,随后分析摩羯、三巴和泰利3个台风影响期间的近地面层结构特征。主要结论如下:
(1)3个台风过程中,10~32 m各层平均风速为泰利最大,摩羯次之,三巴最小。摩羯、三巴和泰利观测的10 m极大风速分别为19.8 m s−1、21.1 m s−1和26.4 m s−1。由于台风中心与观测铁塔之间的相对位置不同,各台风过程的主导平均风向存在差异,其中摩羯以东北风向为主,三巴和泰利以西北风影响为主。
(2)近地面层平均风速廓线对数律分布特征与总体理查森数Rb的诊断结果(Rb约等于0)共同表明,台风边界层接近中性层结状态,垂直风切变为湍流能量的主要来源。
(3)在涠洲岛复杂下垫面特殊作用下,近地面层空气动力参数的变化特征显著区别于经典海洋下垫面情况,更多反映陆地下垫面影响特征。分析结果表明,摩擦速度(u*)、粗糙度长度(z0)和拖曳系数(Cd)呈现明显的非单调变化特征。u*总体随U10增加而增大。摩羯和三巴的u*在中等风速区间(9~15 m s−1)出现两次先增后减的波动变化;泰利的u*在13.5 m s−1附近达到峰值1.43 m s−1,在U10>17.5 m s−1有进一步增大趋势。z0和Cd总体随U10增大而减小。基于三巴和泰利计算的z0和Cd临界风速值(约15 m s−1)与既有研究统计值(约18 m s−1)接近。当U10>15 m s−1时,z0和Cd的量级分别为10−2 m和10−3。泰利观测的z0和Cd变化特征还反映了海—陆混合下垫面影响模态。
(4)不同风向条件下的近地面层空气动力学参数变化特征存在差异。对于东北风向为主的台风摩羯过程,u*、z0和Cd估计偏高,可能受到上游相对粗糙陆地表面信息的较大影响;而偏西风主导下的三巴和泰利过程的u*、z0和Cd估计与前人研究接近,量级分别为10−1~100 m s−1、10−2~100 m和10−3~10−2。
本研究尝试利用现场观测,揭示北部湾海岛复杂地形影响下的台风边界层结构特征,为改进北部湾区域数值模式台风边界层参数化方案提供观测依据。然而,由于观测样本数量有限及局地边界层动力过程(如,内边界层发展、尾流湍流效应等)的影响,未来需结合更多的观测与模拟试验,对北部湾海岛地形下的近地面层空气动力学参数估计作进一步验证。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2512.25086
  • 接收时间:2025-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-19
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    1广西壮族自治区气象科学研究所, 南宁530022
    2广西北部湾国家气候观象台开放实验室, 南宁530022
    3浙江省宁波市象山县气象局, 宁波315712
    4广西壮族自治区气象技术装备中心, 南宁530022
    5广西壮族自治区北海市气象局涠洲岛气象站, 北海536004

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黄小燕,女,正研级高级工程师,主要从事人工智能天气预报技术研究与应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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