Article(id=1311998697550995584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2510.25091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734465253, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734465253, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734465253, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734465253, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1295, endPage=1308, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998698394050689, articleId=1311998697550995584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Automatic Identification of Cold and Warm Fronts in Extratropical Cyclones over the Eurasian Continent Based on the DETR Model, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
An extratropical cyclone is an important weather system in mid-latitude regions and has a profound impact on global weather and climate. The frontal system is a key component of the cyclone, and its accurate identification is crucial for improving the accuracy of weather forecasts. In recent years, deep learning methods have been applied to automatic frontal recognition, but research on frontal identification over the Eurasian continent has been limited, with a focus on detecting single-type fronts. Achieving simultaneous recognition and classification of cold and warm fronts remains a major challenge. Therefore, this paper proposes a method for the synchronous recognition of cold and warm fronts based on the Detection Transformer (DETR) model called DETR-FRONT (DETR-FRO). This method constructs RGB feature images using meteorological variables, such as sea level pressure, temperature advection, temperature, and relative humidity at 850 hPa. The DETR model is trained using an artificially created cold and warm front label set, enabling automatic synchronous recognition and classification of both types of fronts. DETR-FRO improves the original DETR model by enhancing its transmission channel and incorporating multiple meteorological variables to construct RGB feature images. This modification strengthens the ability of the model to capture and express frontal features, leading to improved recognition performance for cold and warm fronts. Multidimensional validation results show that DETR-FRO can simultaneously identify cold and warm fronts in extratropical cyclones over the Eurasian continent with high accuracy and stability. In a typical snowstorm case study, the DETR-FRO model accurately reconstructs the cold and warm fronts and their evolution processes. The recognition results are consistent with dynamic and thermodynamic fields, further confirming the model’s generalization ability and meteorological interpretability. This improvement provides new technical support for weather forecasting and the study of extratropical cyclones. In addition, the long-term frontal dataset created using DETR-FRO, covering the period from 1995 to 2024, reveals the seasonal distribution characteristics of cold and warm front frequencies in extratropical cyclones over the Eurasian continent at the climate scale. This information contributes to a deeper understanding of the climatic characteristics of cold and warm fronts in extratropical cyclones.
, authors=Danfeng SONG
1, 2, Yujing QIN
1, 2, Jiachen WANG
3, Qian LIU
1, 2, Xiang WANG
1, 2, authorsList=Danfeng SONG, Yujing QIN, Jiachen WANG, Qian LIU, Xiang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yujing QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998712260419757, articleId=1311998697550995584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=基于DETR模型的欧亚大陆温带气旋冷暖锋自动识别研究, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
温带气旋是中纬度地区重要的天气系统,对全球天气及气候均具有深远影响。锋面系统是温带气旋的关键结构,其精准识别对于提高天气预报的准确性至关重要。近两年来,深度学习方法开始在锋面自动识别领域得到应用,然而针对欧亚大陆的锋面自动识别研究较少,并且多集中于单类锋面的检测,实现冷锋和暖锋的同步识别与分类仍然存在较大困难。因此本文提出了一种基于DETR(DEtection TRansformer)模型的冷暖锋同步识别方法DETR-FRO(DETR-FRONT)。该方法利用海平面气压、850 hPa的温度平流、温度及相对湿度等气象变量构建RGB特征图像,并结合人工冷暖锋标签集训练DETR模型,实现了冷暖锋自动同步识别与分类。DETR-FRO改进了原DETR模型的输送通道,引入多个气象变量构建RGB特征图像以提升锋面特征表达能力,使得冷暖锋均有较好的识别效果。多维度验证结果表明,该方法能够同步识别欧亚大陆温带气旋的冷暖锋,并且具有较高的准确性和稳定性。在典型暴雪个例的应用中,DETR-FRO模型能够准确还原冷锋、暖锋及其演变过程,且识别结果与动力、热力要素场有较好的匹配,进一步验证了该模型的泛化能力与气象可解释性。这一改进也为天气预报和温带气旋的研究提供了新的技术支持。此外,基于DETR-FRO构建的1995~2024年长时间序列锋面数据集,从气候尺度揭示了欧亚大陆温带气旋冷暖锋频率的季节分布特征,有利于加深温带气旋冷暖锋气候特征研究的理解。
, authors=宋丹凤
1, 2, 秦育婧
1, 2, 王佳晨
3, 刘倩
1, 2, 王向
1, 2, authorsList=宋丹凤, 秦育婧, 王佳晨, 刘倩, 王向, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=秦育婧, authorNote=
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1, 2, address=
1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
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1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044
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1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998714030416051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714042998964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714030416051, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1, 2, address=
1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
2School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998718505738439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, authorId=1311998716416975040, language=CN, stringName=秦育婧, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=
1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044
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1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998713459990704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998713141223598, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998714030416051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714042998964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714030416051, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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3Nanjing Meteorological Observation Center, Nanjing 210019, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998719030026445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, authorId=1311998718623178953, language=CN, stringName=王佳晨, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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3南京市气象探测中心, 南京210019, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998714143662262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714307240119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714143662262, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1, 2, address=
1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
2School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1311998719491399891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, authorId=1311998719118106831, language=CN, stringName=刘倩, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044
2南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京210044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998713141223598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998713178972335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998713141223598, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998713459990704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998713141223598, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998714030416051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714042998964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714030416051, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
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(in Chinese), 3(3): 154−157. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719.2007.03.006, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998743289880874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曾康, 闵锦忠, 庄潇然, 等. 2024. 基于生成对抗网络的强对流临近预报方法及其在中国东部地区的应用评估 [J]. 大气科学, 48(6): 2316−2328., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998743759642923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zeng Kang, Min Jinzhong, Zhuang Xiaoran, et al. 2024. Severe convection nowcasting method based on a generative adversarial network and its application evaluation in eastern China [J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 48(6): 2316−2328. doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2310.23094, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1311998745361867052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J L, Liu P, Zhang F, et al. 2018. CloudNet: Ground-based cloud classification with deep convolutional neural network [J]. Geophys. Res. 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Cyclogenesis frequency changes of extratropical cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere and East Asia revealed by ERA40 reanalysis data [J]. Meteorological Monthly (in Chinese), 38(6): 646−656. doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2012.06.002, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998713141223598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998713178972335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998713141223598, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1State Key Laboratory of Climate System Prediction and Risk Management/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998713459990704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998713141223598, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1南京信息工程大学气候系统预测与变化应对全国重点实验室/气象灾害教育部重点实验室/气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998714030416051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714042998964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714030416051, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714051387573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714030416051, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998714143662262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714307240119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714143662262, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3Nanjing Meteorological Observation Center, Nanjing 210019), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998714319823032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, companyId=1311998714143662262, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
3南京市气象探测中心, 南京210019)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998724042219748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Workflow of the DETR-FRO model for the simultaneous identification of cold and warm fronts involves several steps. The purple dashed box outlines the process of constructing the cold and warm front label set and the RGB feature image training set. The black dashed box represents the simplified network structure of the DETR model. The red dashed box indicates the input examples from the cold and warm front dataset, whereas the blue dashed box shows the output recognition results., figureFileSmall=a+slu8cUxvHlPZLRCpBHXA==, figureFileBig=sOGRq0SSklV1O087ojTfAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998724390346981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
DETR-FRO模型同步识别冷暖锋方法的工作流程(紫色虚线框表示构建冷暖锋标签集与RGB特征图像训练集的过程;黑色虚线框表示DETR模型的简化网络结构;红色虚线框为输入的冷暖锋数据集示例;蓝色虚线框为输出的识别结果)。, figureFileSmall=a+slu8cUxvHlPZLRCpBHXA==, figureFileBig=sOGRq0SSklV1O087ojTfAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998724918829286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
(a) Manual analysis of cold and warm fronts at 1200 UTC on August 25, 2008; corresponding binary label for the (b) cold front and (c) warm front. In Fig. (a), 850 hPa temperature advection (shading, units: 10−4 K s−1), temperature (red contours, units: °C), sea level pressure (black contours, units: hPa), and the 10 m wind field., figureFileSmall=Hm8hhG6+tCsk+b7aT7dPdQ==, figureFileBig=BdoYcyaU8nzkwq0t14oGNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998725652832487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
2008年8月25日12时(协调世界时,下同)(a)人工分析冷暖锋结果、(b)转化为冷锋标签后的黑白二值图像、(c)转化为暖锋标签后的黑白二值图像,其中(a)中包含850 hPa温度平流(填色,单位:10−4 K s−1)、温度(红色等值线,单位:°C)、海平面气压(黑色等值线,单位:hPa)和10 m风场。, figureFileSmall=Hm8hhG6+tCsk+b7aT7dPdQ==, figureFileBig=BdoYcyaU8nzkwq0t14oGNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998726076457192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Schematic of the generation of training images from meteorological variables at 1200 UTC on August 25, 2008. (a–d) Fields of 850 hPa temperature advection (units: 10−4 K s−1), 850 hPa temperature (units: °C), sea level pressure (units: hPa), and 850 hPa relative humidity; (e–g) assignment of the four variables to the R, G, and B channels; (h) resulting RGB feature image., figureFileSmall=uQbKmPaNfj0g2SqLHh67JA==, figureFileBig=F04pDUvVoG6pai43J+Mm5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998727536074986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
2008年8月25日12时的气象要素生成训练图像示意图:(a–d)850 hPa温度平流(单位:10−4 K s−1)、850 hPa温度(单位:°C)、地面海平面气压(单位:hPa)、850 hPa相对湿度分布情况;(e–g)四种要素放置在R、G、B通道的分布情况;(h)合成的RGB特征图像。, figureFileSmall=uQbKmPaNfj0g2SqLHh67JA==, figureFileBig=F04pDUvVoG6pai43J+Mm5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998727632543980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Segmentation results directly identified from feature images by the DETR-FRO model at (a) 1200 UTC on August 25, 2008 and (b) 0000 UTC on October 6, 2014. In both panels, 850 hPa temperature advection (shading, units: 10−4 K s−1), sea level pressure (black contours, units: hPa), and 10 m winds are overlaid., figureFileSmall=kXbhicPx8AE2h1pxNhSuNg==, figureFileBig=2e8RBuTZjf0vj9hUed9FNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998727796121838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
(a)2008年8月25日12时与(b)2014年10月6日00时DETR-FRO模型由特征图像直接识别的分割结果,其中,叠加了850 hPa温度平流(填色,单位:10−4 K s−1)、海平面气压(黑色等值线,hPa)和10 m水平风场。, figureFileSmall=kXbhicPx8AE2h1pxNhSuNg==, figureFileBig=2e8RBuTZjf0vj9hUed9FNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998728144249071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
DETR-FRO identification results of cold and warm fronts at (a–c) 0000 UTC on August 5, 2024 and (d–f) 0000 UTC on September 5, 2024 under three combinations of input variables: (a, d) The advt-T850-RH combination; (b, e) the advt-T850-SLP combination; (c, f) the advt-T850-SLP-RH combination. In each panel, 850 hPa temperature advection (shading, units: 10−4 K s−1), sea level pressure (black contours, units: hPa), and 10 m winds are overlaid., figureFileSmall=VUr+R9IKuszZSucEs4VrHA==, figureFileBig=xiofD+S/wAOUV2hdCtxFmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998728215552240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
三种变量组合下2024年(a–c)8月5日00时与(d–f)9月5日00时DETR-FRO冷暖锋识别结果:(a,d)advt-T850-RH组合;(b,e)advt-T850-SLP组合;(c,f)advt-T850-SLP-RH组合。图中叠加了850 hPa温度平流(填色,单位:10−4 K s−1)、海平面气压(黑色等值线,单位:hPa)和10 m风场。, figureFileSmall=VUr+R9IKuszZSucEs4VrHA==, figureFileBig=xiofD+S/wAOUV2hdCtxFmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998728563679473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Surface cold (blue lines) and warm fronts (red lines) from 0000 UTC on September 10 to 0000 UTC on September 11, 2023: (a–c) Sea level pressure field (black contours, units: hPa) and NOAA longwave infrared brightness temperature field (shading, units: K); (d–f) 850 hPa temperature advection field (shading, units: 10−4 K s−1), temperature field (red contours, units: °C), horizontal wind field (vectors), and geopotential height field (black contours, units: dagpm)., figureFileSmall=dD96I9jGIYlcWK0p1obDTA==, figureFileBig=UWmXtfZoULRqg8fb9XeJcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998728651759860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
2023年9月10日00时至11日00时(a–c)地面冷(蓝线)、暖锋(红线)锋线、海平面气压场(黑色等值线,单位:hPa)和NOAA长波红外通道亮度温度(填色,单位:K),(d–f)地面冷(蓝线)、暖锋(红线)锋线、850 hPa温度平流(填色,单位:10−4 K s−1)、温度场(红色等值线,单位:°C)、水平风场(矢量箭头)和位势高度场(黑色等值线,单位:dagpm)。, figureFileSmall=dD96I9jGIYlcWK0p1obDTA==, figureFileBig=UWmXtfZoULRqg8fb9XeJcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998729046024438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Evolution of meteorological variables at 12-h intervals from 1200 UTC on November 7 to 1200 UTC on November 8, 2021: (a–c) distributions of surface meteorological variables, including 12-h accumulated precipitation (shading, units: mm), sea level pressure (black contours, units: hPa), surface winds (vectors), and surface cold (blue lines) and warm fronts (red lines), snowfall is indicated by black dots, with dot sizes proportional to snowfall intensity; (d–f) 850 hPa fields showing temperature advection (shading, units: 10−4 K s−1), temperature (red contours, units: °C), and surface fronts, green dots mark regions with relative humidity greater than 90%., figureFileSmall=Mh3Aqh9sc+OqJQb+n3TiOg==, figureFileBig=39bxh4ZdBDa9avwb4BC6zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998729440289015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
2021年11月7日12时至8日12时逐12 h气象要素演变:(a–c)地面气象要素分布,包括逐12 h累积降水量(填色,单位:mm)、海平面气压(黑色等值线,单位:hPa)、地面风(矢量)及地面锋线(冷锋:蓝线;暖锋:红线,下同),降雪以黑色点表示,点的大小与降雪强度成正比;(d–f)850 hPa气象要素场,包括温度平流(填色,单位:10−4 K s−1)、温度(红色等值线,单位:°C)及地面锋线,图中相对湿度大于90%的区域以绿色点表示。, figureFileSmall=Mh3Aqh9sc+OqJQb+n3TiOg==, figureFileBig=39bxh4ZdBDa9avwb4BC6zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998729536758008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
NOAA longwave infrared satellite images at 12 h intervals from 1200 UTC on November 7 to 1200 UTC on November 8, 2021, and vertical cross sections of meteorological variables at the corresponding cold and warm front locations: (a–c) NOAA longwave infrared brightness temperature (shading, units: K), overlaid with surface fronts (cold front: blue solid line; warm front: red solid line); (d–f) meridional–vertical cross sections along 120°E showing potential temperature (brown contours, units: K) and horizontal winds (barbs), with the latitude of the cold front indicated by blue dashed lines; (g–i) meridional–vertical cross sections along 126°E, 129°E, and 136°E showing specific humidity (shading, units: g kg−1), potential temperature (brown contours, units: K), and horizontal wind (barbs), with the latitude of the warm front indicated by red dashed lines., figureFileSmall=MjhLxHbvs/E26t2jcIMOjQ==, figureFileBig=mtgq/DOhk8MCFdHUTL8hNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998729838747897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
2021年11月7日12时~8日12时逐12 h NOAA长波红外云图及对应冷、暖锋位置处的气象要素垂直剖面:(a–c)NOAA长波红外通道亮度温度(填色,单位:K),叠加地面锋线位置(冷锋:蓝色实线;暖锋:红色实线);(d–f)沿120°E的经向垂直剖面,显示位温(棕色等值线,单位:K)和水平风(风羽),并标示冷锋对应的纬度位置(蓝色虚线);(g–i)沿126°E、129°E和136°E的经向—垂直剖面,显示比湿(填色,单位:g kg−1)、位温(棕色等值线,单位:K)和水平风(风羽),暖锋对应的纬度位置以红色虚线表示。, figureFileSmall=MjhLxHbvs/E26t2jcIMOjQ==, figureFileBig=mtgq/DOhk8MCFdHUTL8hNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998729951994106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Proportion of extratropical cyclone cold fronts from March 1995 to March 2024 in (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer, and (d) autumn (shaded) and sea level pressure field (contours, units: hPa), figureFileSmall=F74KclIjDdmI8ML2iUN4Kw==, figureFileBig=EV7CnEPADMMuspsnchEm3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998730262372603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
1995年3月至2024年3月(a)冬季、(b)春季、(c)夏季和(d)秋季温带气旋冷锋发生比例(阴影)及海平面气压场(等值线,hPa), figureFileSmall=F74KclIjDdmI8ML2iUN4Kw==, figureFileBig=EV7CnEPADMMuspsnchEm3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998730354647292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Proportion of extratropical cyclone warm fronts from March 1995 to March 2024 in (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer, and (d) autumn (shaded) and sea level pressure field (contours, units: hPa)., figureFileSmall=kCdLmCCmDC33rAfszXjEpw==, figureFileBig=Slmd6RIh3cz5fAxyqoT1QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998731956871421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
1995年3月至2024年3月(a)冬季、(b)春季、(c)夏季和(d)秋季温带气旋暖锋发生比例(阴影)和海平面气压场(等值线,单位:hPa)。, figureFileSmall=kCdLmCCmDC33rAfszXjEpw==, figureFileBig=Slmd6RIh3cz5fAxyqoT1QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998732032368895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Hyperparameter settings in the DETR-FRO model
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 任务 | 超参数 | 设置 |
| 目标检测 | 批量大小(batch size) | 12 |
| 训练轮次(training epochs) | 200 |
| 学习率(learning rate) | 10−4 |
| 权重衰减(weight_decay) | 10−3 |
| 学习率衰减(lr_drop) | 10 |
| 目标分割 | 批量大小(batch size) | 4 |
| 训练轮次(training epochs) | 200 |
| 学习率(learning rate) | 10−4 |
| 学习率衰减(lr_drop) | 35 |
), ArticleFig(id=1311998732154003712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
DETR-FRO模型中超参数的设置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 任务 | 超参数 | 设置 |
| 目标检测 | 批量大小(batch size) | 12 |
| 训练轮次(training epochs) | 200 |
| 学习率(learning rate) | 10−4 |
| 权重衰减(weight_decay) | 10−3 |
| 学习率衰减(lr_drop) | 10 |
| 目标分割 | 批量大小(batch size) | 4 |
| 训练轮次(training epochs) | 200 |
| 学习率(learning rate) | 10−4 |
| 学习率衰减(lr_drop) | 35 |
), ArticleFig(id=1311998732380496129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Comparison of cold and warm fronts identified by the DETR-FRO model and manual cold and warm fronts in 2015 for each season
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 冷锋 | | 暖锋 |
| OA | MR | | OA | MR |
| 注:*为全年最大值,#为全年最小值 |
| 全年 | 0.76 | 0.21 | | 0.77 | 0.23 |
| 冬季 | 0.75 | 0.25* | | 0.76 | 0.27* |
| 春季 | 0.79* | 0.24 | | 0.76 | 0.24 |
| 夏季 | 0.72# | 0.20 | | 0.74# | 0.22 |
| 秋季 | 0.77 | 0.18# | | 0.81* | 0.20# |
), ArticleFig(id=1311998732472770818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
2015年各季节DETR-FRO模型识别的冷暖锋与人工冷暖锋的比较结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 冷锋 | | 暖锋 |
| OA | MR | | OA | MR |
| 注:*为全年最大值,#为全年最小值 |
| 全年 | 0.76 | 0.21 | | 0.77 | 0.23 |
| 冬季 | 0.75 | 0.25* | | 0.76 | 0.27* |
| 春季 | 0.79* | 0.24 | | 0.76 | 0.24 |
| 夏季 | 0.72# | 0.20 | | 0.74# | 0.22 |
| 秋季 | 0.77 | 0.18# | | 0.81* | 0.20# |
), ArticleFig(id=1311998732850258179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Comparison of cold and warm front identification results in 2015 using three meteorological element combinations with manual cold and warm front data
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 冷锋 | | 暖锋 |
| OA | MR | | OA | MR |
| 注:表中OA与MR值均为2015年逐12小时的全年平均值;其中*为同类指标最大值,#为最小值 |
| advt-T850-RH | 0.71# | 0.28* | | 0.75 | 0.30* |
| advt-T850-SLP | 0.72 | 0.27 | | 0.72# | 0.27 |
| advt-T850-SLP-RH | 0.76* | 0.21# | | 0.77* | 0.23# |
), ArticleFig(id=1311998732934144260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998697550995584, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
3种气象要素组合的2015年冷暖锋识别结果与人工的冷暖锋比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 冷锋 | | 暖锋 |
| OA | MR | | OA | MR |
| 注:表中OA与MR值均为2015年逐12小时的全年平均值;其中*为同类指标最大值,#为最小值 |
| advt-T850-RH | 0.71# | 0.28* | | 0.75 | 0.30* |
| advt-T850-SLP | 0.72 | 0.27 | | 0.72# | 0.27 |
| advt-T850-SLP-RH | 0.76* | 0.21# | | 0.77* | 0.23# |
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