Article(id=1311998539111170348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2509.25104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741795200000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734427478, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734427478, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734427478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734427478, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1309, endPage=1326, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998539350245677, articleId=1311998539111170348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Wind Damage and Causes of Extreme Winds Associated with the “5.30” Severe Wind Event in Beijing, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The downslope-enhanced convective storms in the Beijing urban area triggered destructive winds that reached 12 on the Beaufort scale from 1300 to 1600 (Beijing time. the same below) on May 30, 2024, causing severe damage, including the toppling of utility poles and large trees with a diameter at breast height exceeding 1 m. This study combines damage surveys with polarimetric Doppler weather radar observations to investigate the characteristics of the disaster and the physical processes associated with the severe winds. The results show that the destructive winds exhibited westward divergent patterns, with extreme winds generated by microbursts and downbursts on the sub-100-meter scale, reaching at least EF1 intensity and, locally, reaching EF2 intensity. Observational analyses reveal that enhanced low-level southwesterly winds and sustained convergence zones along the mountainous areas facilitated moisture accumulation in Beijing’s western foothills 1–2 h before the storms moved downslope, with the Global Positioning System observing increased precipitable water vapor. The downslope movement of the storms essentially resulted from gust fronts interacting with mountain-foot convergence zones, triggering new convective storms that rapidly developed into a squall line with reflectivity levels exceeding 55 dBZ within 18 min. Physical process analysis indicates that damaging winds in areas such as Bei’anhe were caused by downbursts embedded within cold pool-driven gust fronts. Extreme winds near Yuanmingyuan additionally involved a low-level γ-mesoscale vortex, whose path closely matched the severely damaged areas, demonstrating the direct impact of the vortex on localized wind intensification. The radar detected radial velocities reaching 53 m s−1 (at an altitude of 0.38 km) following velocity de-aliasing at 1430 BJT, together with features resembling tornadic debris, albeit with a relatively weak echo intensity. Quantitative estimation of different physical processes suggests that cold pool outflow contributed approximately 20 m s−1, whereas the low-level γ-mesoscale vortex and downbursts each enhanced near-surface winds by 15–18 m s−1.

, authors=Huan TANG1, Xiuming WANG1, Fen XU2, Xiaoding YU1, Yuehan ZHANG1, authorsList=Huan TANG, Xiuming WANG, Fen XU, Xiaoding YU, Yuehan ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiuming WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998542881849684, articleId=1311998539111170348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=北京“5.30”大风灾损与强风成因研究, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2024年5月30日13~16时(北京时,下同),对流风暴下山加强引发了北京城区12级致灾性强风,导致电线杆、胸径为1 m以上大树倒伏,灾损严重。本研究结合灾情调查和偏振多普勒天气雷达探测资料,对灾损特点和强风形成物理过程开展研究。结果表明:致灾大风为偏西辐散型大风,极端强风由微下击暴流和百米以下尺度下击暴流条迹造成,灾损强度至少为EF1级,局地达EF2级。观测分析表明,风暴下山前1~2 h,增强的低层西南风及沿山地区辐合线的维持,有利于水汽在北京西部沿山地区聚集,地基全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,简称GPS)监测到水汽含量增加。对流风暴下山本质上是阵风锋与沿山辐合线相遇的强抬升触发新的对流风暴并快速发展,风暴下山后在18 min内迅速增强为回波强度超过55 dBZ的飑线。强风物理过程分析表明,北安河等地致灾强风由冷池驱动的阵风锋内嵌下击暴流造成;而圆明园附近极端强风在此基础上还叠加了低层γ中尺度涡旋,其移动路径与灾损严重区十分吻合,表明低层γ中尺度涡旋对局地性强风形成有直接影响。大兴雷达于14时30分探测圆明园退速度模糊后的径向速度达53 m s−1(距地高度0.38 km),并出现类似龙卷的残片特征,只是回波强度较弱。不同物理过程作用估计表明,冷池出流强度约20 m s−1,低层γ中尺度涡旋与下击暴流产生的近地面风速各约15~18 m s−1。

, authors=汤欢1, 王秀明1, 徐芬2, 俞小鼎1, 张悦含1, authorsList=汤欢, 王秀明, 徐芬, 俞小鼎, 张悦含, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王秀明, authorNote=

汤欢,女,博士,副高级工程师,主要从事强对流短临预报教学与研究。E-mail:

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王秀明,女, 博士,正高级工程师,主要从事强对流短临预报教学与研究。E-mail:
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汤欢,女,博士,副高级工程师,主要从事强对流短临预报教学与研究。E-mail:

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Torrential Rain and Disasters (in Chinese), 39(4): 418−426. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9045.2020.04.012, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998543099953493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998543108342102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, companyId=1311998543099953493, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1China Meteorological Administration Training Centre, Beijing 100081), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998543120925015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, companyId=1311998543099953493, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国气象局气象干部培训学院, 北京 100081)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998543183839576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998543192228185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, companyId=1311998543183839576, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210000), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998543200616794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, companyId=1311998543183839576, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京210000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998545629118844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Spatial distribution of surface observation stations, ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) stations, and radar stations in Beijing and the surrounding areas. Shaded areas represent terrain elevation (units: m), brown lines indicate the mountain–plain transition zone (500 m elevation contour), black dots denote automatic weather stations, blue dots represent ground-based GPS stations, orange pentagrams denote radar stations (Daxing S-band radar, Shunyi X-band radar, and Changping X-band radar), and the red pentagram indicates the severely affected area of Yuanmingyuan. The thick black solid line outlines the administrative boundary of the Beijing Municipality., figureFileSmall=p5H6pMEV9I/B04Eq286PGg==, figureFileBig=hdKGL9Ede7NUs0KA+7gkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998545989828989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图1, caption=北京及周边地区地面自动站、地基全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,简称GPS)站点和雷达站空间分布。其中阴影表示地形(单位:m),褐色线表示山区与平原交界线(地形高度500 m等值线),黑色圆点表示地面自动站,蓝色圆点表示地基GPS站点,橘色五角星表示大兴S波段、顺义X波段雷达和昌平X波段雷达站,红色五角星表示受灾严重地区——圆明园,粗黑色实线勾勒北京市行政区边界。, figureFileSmall=p5H6pMEV9I/B04Eq286PGg==, figureFileBig=hdKGL9Ede7NUs0KA+7gkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546405065086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=(a, b) ERA5 reanalysis field at 1000 BJT May 30, 2024: (a) 500 hPa; (b) 850 hPa. The red rectangular box indicates the area of Fig. c; blue solid lines and black wind barbs represent the geopotential height field (units: gpm) and wind field (units: m s−1), respectively; shading in Fig.a indicates the equivalent potential temperature difference between 850 and 500 hPa (units: K), while in Fig.b represents total column water vapor (units: mm). (c) Spatial distribution of hourly extreme winds (≥17 m s−1) at national and regional stations during 1400 BJT (purple barbs), 1500 BJT (blue barbs), and 1600 BJT (orange barbs) May 30, 2024 in Beijing and the surrounding areas. Shading indicates 3 h accumulated precipitation from 1300 BJT to 1600 BJT (units: mm), the red pentagram denotes the severely affected area—Yuanmingyuan, the red dot indicates the Beijing sounding station, and red triangles mark three stations recording ≥12 Beaufort scale winds: Jimingyi Station (Zhangjiakou City), Bei’anhe Station (Haidian District), and Qianlingshan Station (Fengtai District). The black line outlines the administrative boundary of Beijing Municipality. (d) Skew-T Log-P diagram for Beijing at 0800 BJT May 30, 2024, showing surface temperature and dew point temperature at 1400 BJT., figureFileSmall=eGbLb6UZ0hAC6WZgpyYSAQ==, figureFileBig=UrNGeLWaBjynCC4L7uSG4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546488951167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a,b)2024年5月30日10时(北京时,下同)ERA5再分析场:(a)500 hPa;(b)850 hPa。红色实线方框标记区域与图2c范围一致,蓝色实线和黑色风杆表示位势高度场(单位:gpm)和风场(单位:m s−1),图a中阴影表示850 hPa和500 hPa的假相当位温差值(单位:K),图b中阴影代表大气整层可降水量(单位:mm)。(c)2024年5月30日北京及周边地区14时(紫色风杆,单位:m s−1)、15时(蓝色风杆,单位:m s−1)和16时(橘色风杆,单位:m s−1)的国家站和区域站小时极大风(超过17 m s−1)空间分布,阴影为13时至16时的3 h累积降水量(单位:mm),红色五角星表示受灾严重地区—圆明园,红色圆点表示北京探空站,红色三角形表示3处12级以上大风站点:张家口市鸡鸣驿站、海淀区北安河站以及丰台区千灵山站,黑色闭合线为北京市行政区边界。(d)2024年5月30日08时经14时地面气温和露点订正的北京探空图。, figureFileSmall=eGbLb6UZ0hAC6WZgpyYSAQ==, figureFileBig=UrNGeLWaBjynCC4L7uSG4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546593808768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) Distribution of disaster impact points with field photographs; red icons denote wind disaster sites confirmed via field surveys, and purple icons indicate damage points verified via online videos and photographs. (b) Species composition and diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution of affected trees in Yuanmingyuan; red icons represent willow trees, yellow icons denote poplar trees, and blue icons indicate large trees with DBH ≥ 1 m., figureFileSmall=LPEkeaXcmvmH+7b5i7A6vg==, figureFileBig=Z9xXSKDEzDq0tAuEFOw3Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546690277761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a)灾损点分布和现场照片,其中红色图标表示经过现场调查确认的风灾点,紫色图标表示经过网络视频与照片确定的灾损点;(b)圆明园受灾树木种类和胸径分布,其中红色图标表示柳树,黄色图标表示杨树,蓝色图标表示胸径为1 m的大树。, figureFileSmall=LPEkeaXcmvmH+7b5i7A6vg==, figureFileBig=Z9xXSKDEzDq0tAuEFOw3Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546757386626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution of tree fall orientations in Yuanmingyuan and its vicinity after the wind disaster (a, b), and the dual-scale flow patterns characterized by these orientations (c). Numerals in the diagram indicate azimuth angles (°), red arrows represent the inferred wind direction based on tree fall patterns, purple lines denote approximate flow fields, and blue circles indicate downburst track segments., figureFileSmall=X7THHv3UJhL1IDaXeivJhQ==, figureFileBig=j6enLHAvoVFk8CJ+Gjmuhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546828689795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图4, caption=圆明园及周边地区风灾后树木倒伏方向分布(a,b)及其所表征的两种尺度流场(c)。其中图中的数字表示方位角,红色箭头表示根据树木倒伏方向判断出的风向,紫色线表示大致流场,蓝色圆圈表示下击暴流条迹。, figureFileSmall=X7THHv3UJhL1IDaXeivJhQ==, figureFileBig=j6enLHAvoVFk8CJ+Gjmuhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546904187268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Horizontal divergence (blue dashed contours, units: 10−4 s−1) calculated from 2 min average surface winds and composite reflectivity (shaded, units: dBZ) at the nearest observation time for (a) 1300 BJT, (b) 1320 BJT, (c) 1330 BJT, (d) 1400 BJT, (e) 1405 BJT, (f) 1410 BJT, (g) 1420 BJT, (h) 1425 BJT, (i) 1430 BJT, (j) 1425 BJT, (k) 1435 BJT, (l) 1440 BJT May 30, 2024. Black barbs denote 0.15 km above ground level wind vectors from 10 min interval Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS) data. The black rectangle denotes the key downslope intensification zone (39.7°–40.5°N, 115.7°–116.5°E). Brown lines indicate the mountain–plain transition (500 m elevation contour). The black pentagram denotes Yuanmingyuan, and the black triangle represents the Bei’anhe automatic weather station. Thick red lines A and B indicate boundary layer convergence lines and gust fronts analyzed from VDRAS data., figureFileSmall=K5SbAQorp+669C65FEjxEA==, figureFileBig=AVVNtbwqWoou1yxGVU1aZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998546983879045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2024年5月30日(a)13:00、(b)13:20、(c)13:30、(d)14:00、(e)14:05、(f)14:10、(g)14:20、(h)14:25、(i)14:30、(j)14:25、(k)14:35、(l)14:40地面2 min平均水平风计算的散度(蓝色虚线,单位:10−4 s−1)和最近时刻的组合反射率因子(阴影,单位:dBZ)。图中黑色箭头表示10 min间隔的变分多普勒雷达分析系统(Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System,简称VDRAS)资料在0.15 km AGL 的风矢量,黑色方框表示下山加强关键区(39.7°~40.5°N,115.7°~116.5°E),褐色线表示山区与平原交界线(地形高度500 m等值线),黑色五角星表示圆明园,黑色三角形表示北安河自动站。图中红色粗线A和B表示基于VDRAS资料分析的边界层辐合线和阵风锋。, figureFileSmall=K5SbAQorp+669C65FEjxEA==, figureFileBig=AVVNtbwqWoou1yxGVU1aZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998547088736646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=(a) Storm evolution characteristics in the downslope intensification zone (the black rectangle in Fig. 5) over Beijing. Solid red lines denote areas with composite reflectivity ≥35 dBZ, dashed red lines indicate ≥45 dBZ echo coverage (units: km2; 6 min interval). Green bars represent mean GPS precipitable water vapor within the key zone (units: mm; 30 min interval). Purple bars show mean hourly precipitation (units: mm; 1 h interval). (b) Vertical wind profiles from 1200 BJT to 1800 BJT measured using the Haidian Wind Profile Radar., figureFileSmall=ZaWRzjjKLjA4FS7dHyEUpg==, figureFileBig=GlDA5fTjRc+fcLcWnQUdVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998547256508807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a)北京地区下山加强关键区(图5中的黑色方框)风暴演变特征,其中红色实线和红色虚线表示关键区内组合反射率因子≥35 dBZ和≥45 dBZ回波面积(单位:km2,时间间隔为6 min),绿色柱子表示关键区内平均GPS可降水量(单位:mm,时间间隔为30 min),紫色柱子表示平均1 h降水量(单位:mm),时间间隔为1 h。(b)海淀风廓线雷达12~18时水平风随高度变化。, figureFileSmall=ZaWRzjjKLjA4FS7dHyEUpg==, figureFileBig=GlDA5fTjRc+fcLcWnQUdVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998547352977800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Surface observations of the past 30-min temperature/pressure changes and GPS precipitation water vapor increment (units: mm) at (a) 1330 BJT, (b) 1400 BJT, (c) 1430 BJT, (d) 1500 BJT. Shading indicates 30 min temperature change (units: °C). Red dashed lines denote negative pressure tendency and red solid lines indicate positive pressure tendency (units: hPa, contour interval: 0.5 hPa). Wind barbs represent 2 min average surface winds at the observation time (long barb: 4 m s−1; short barb: 2 m s−1)., figureFileSmall=CfzuHcFYVcAn3ZtD2+nMBA==, figureFileBig=aA8s1/99AmQWJwkUM6eqwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998547462029705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a)13:30、(b)14:00、(c)14:30和(d)15:00地面自动站加密观测的过去30 min变温变压和30 min GPS水汽增加量(彩色圆点,单位:mm)。阴影表示过去30 min变温(单位:℃);红色虚线(实线)表示过去30 min负(正)变压(单位:hPa,变压间隔0.5 hPa);风杆表示当前时刻地面2 min平均水平风(长杆:4 m s−1;短杆:2 m s−1)。, figureFileSmall=CfzuHcFYVcAn3ZtD2+nMBA==, figureFileBig=aA8s1/99AmQWJwkUM6eqwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998547688522122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=(a, d, g) 0.5° elevation radial velocity (V, units: m s−1) obtained by the Daxing Radar from 1418 BJT to 1430 BJT. Vertical cross sections along the radar radial passing through the maximum wind (yellow line) for (b, e, h) base reflectivity factor (R, units: dBZ) and (c, f, i) radial velocity (V, units: m s−1), where the cross sections at 1418 BJT and 1424 BJT pass through Bei’anhe are also shown. The black circles in (d) and (g) denote low-level γ-mesoscale vortices (LMVs). Blue squares and circles denote Bei’anhe and Yuanmingyuan., figureFileSmall=xsklOb1L0Al9ptJvibUC2Q==, figureFileBig=X0WMNyjOcF7wf/p/CU4LJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548099563915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图8, caption=大兴雷达14时18分至30分的(a,d,g)0.5°仰角径向速度(V,单位:m s−1),沿雷达径向过极大风(黄色线)的(b,e,h)基本反射率因子(R,单位:dBZ)和(c,f,i)径向速度(V,单位:m s−1)的垂直剖面。其中14时18分和14时24分的剖面经过北安河,图(d)和(g)黑色圆圈表示低层γ中尺度涡旋(Low-level γ-mesoscale vortices,简称LMV)。蓝色方框和圆圈分别表示北安河和圆明园。, figureFileSmall=xsklOb1L0Al9ptJvibUC2Q==, figureFileBig=X0WMNyjOcF7wf/p/CU4LJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548200227212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=(a–c) Radial velocity (V, units: m s−1) at 0.5° elevation obtained from Daxing Radar during the period 1424–1436 BJT. (d–f) Radial velocity (V, units: m s−1) at 2.4° elevation from Changping Radar during the period 1427–1433 BJT. (g–i) Radial velocity (V, units: m s−1) at 2.4° elevation from Shunyi Radar during the period 1433–1439 BJT. Black circles denote low-level γ-mesoscale vortices (LMV), blue squares and circles denote Bei’anhe and Yuanmingyuan., figureFileSmall=BYAvfSk+Pao2HTeP4GKl6g==, figureFileBig=gn6AFaEm7Q5PeFV7YKbCuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548267336077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图9, caption=(a–c)大兴雷达在14时24分至36分的0.5°仰角径向速度(V,单位:m s−1);(d–f)昌平雷达在14时27分至33分的2.4°仰角径向速度(V,单位:m s−1);(g–i)顺义雷达在14时33分至39分的2.4°仰角径向速度(V,单位:m s−1)。黑色圆圈表示LMV,蓝色方框和圆圈分别表示北安河和圆明园, figureFileSmall=BYAvfSk+Pao2HTeP4GKl6g==, figureFileBig=gn6AFaEm7Q5PeFV7YKbCuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548347027854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Temporal evolution of (a) vertical extent (units: km) and (b) rotational velocity (units: m s−1) of low-level γ-mesoscale vortices (LMV) detected by the Daxing, Changping, and Shunyi radars. Symbols: circles (Daxing Radar), squares (Changping Radar), triangles (Shunyi Radar). Red indicates the height at the LMV top, blue denotes the height at the LMV base. Green represents the rotational velocity at the LMV top, and orange shows the rotational velocity at the LMV base. Solid symbols: S-band radar, hollow symbols: X-band radar., figureFileSmall=PV7tCJtEwW/LVXlJt7omdw==, figureFileBig=FsxoU/XwVRBt6MvYhPc+yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548518994319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图10, caption=大兴、昌平、顺义雷达探测的LMV(a)伸展高度(单位:km)和(b)旋转速度(单位:m s−1)随时间的演变,其中圆形表示大兴雷达,方框表示昌平雷达,三角形表示顺义雷达,红色表示LMV顶部对应的高度,蓝色表示LMV底部对应的高度,绿色表示LMV顶部对应的旋转速度,橙色表示LMV底部对应的旋转速度,S波段为实心,X波段为空心表示。, figureFileSmall=PV7tCJtEwW/LVXlJt7omdw==, figureFileBig=FsxoU/XwVRBt6MvYhPc+yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548586103184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Low-level γ-mesoscale vortices (LMV) trajectory and documented severe disaster impacts. Yellow icons with red circles denote the lowest-level center and core diameter (units: km) of LMV detected by the Daxing Radar. Green icons with black circles represent the lowest-level center and core diameter (units: km) jointly detected by the Changping and Shunyi radars. Blue text indicates the time, height (units: km), and magnitude (units: m s−1) of the maximum radial velocity measured at 0.5° elevation by the Daxing Radar. Blue icons mark downburst occurrences. Red and purple icons signify disaster impact points verified via field surveys and social media evidence, respectively (consistent with Fig. 3a)., figureFileSmall=6fsCdjejOD1Ddf7HbkF8NQ==, figureFileBig=59beiHnZvIOXvdvRfxu1sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548657406353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图11, caption=LMV移动路径及有记录的严重灾情。黄色图标和红色圈为大兴雷达探测的LMV最低层中心位置和核区直径(单位:km);绿色图标和黑色圈为昌平、顺义雷达探测的LMV最低层中心位置和核区直径(单位:km);蓝色文字表示大兴雷达在0.5°仰角探测最大径向速度的时间、高度(单位:km)和径向速度值(单位:m s−1);蓝色图标表示下击暴流;红色和紫色图标分别表示经过现场调查确认和网络视频与照片确定的灾损点(同图3a)。, figureFileSmall=6fsCdjejOD1Ddf7HbkF8NQ==, figureFileBig=59beiHnZvIOXvdvRfxu1sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548724515218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Polarimetric parameters of the vortex at different elevation angles as characterized by the Daxing Radar at 1430 BJT. Rows 1–5 sequentially show: (1) Base reflectivity factor (R, units: dBZ); (2) radial velocity (V, units: m s−1); (3) differential reflectivity (ZDR, units: dB); (4) correlation coefficient (CC); (5) specific differential phase (KDP, units: deg km−1). Purple circles denote the LMV; black polygons indicate the downburst at 0.5° elevation; blue circles denote Yuanmingyuan., figureFileSmall=F56vy+mhGbV5HJRCoB6NBg==, figureFileBig=hoapow++7Zn9Xbb9vAOVWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548804206995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图12, caption=大兴雷达14时30分LMV不同仰角的偏振参数特征,第1~5行依次为基本反射率因子R(单位:dBZ)、径向速度V(单位:m s−1)、差分反射率ZDR(Differential reflectivity,单位:dB)、相关系数CC(Correlation coefficient)和差分传播相移率KDP(Specific Differential Phase,单位:deg km−1),其中紫色圆圈表示LMV范围,黑色多边形表示0.5°仰角下击暴流范围,蓝色圆圈表示圆明园, figureFileSmall=F56vy+mhGbV5HJRCoB6NBg==, figureFileBig=hoapow++7Zn9Xbb9vAOVWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548917453204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Conceptual model showing the damaging wind genesis mechanism during the “5.30” Yuanmingyuan severe wind event in Beijing., figureFileSmall=IizNCtAKjuR2bS5Z9b5cXw==, figureFileBig=KMYap8t5uBOTZTiG12uzGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998548980367765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998539111170348, language=CN, label=图13, caption=北京“5.30”圆明园强风成因概念模型。, figureFileSmall=IizNCtAKjuR2bS5Z9b5cXw==, figureFileBig=KMYap8t5uBOTZTiG12uzGg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1311385095715782771, delFlag=0, nameCn=大气科学, nameEn=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1006-9895, eissn=null, cn=11-1768/O4, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, 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北京“5.30”大风灾损与强风成因研究
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汤欢 1 , 王秀明 1 , 徐芬 2 , 俞小鼎 1 , 张悦含 1
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1309-1326
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1309 -1326
北京“5.30”大风灾损与强风成因研究
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汤欢1 , 王秀明1 , 徐芬2, 俞小鼎1, 张悦含1
作者信息
  • 1中国气象局气象干部培训学院, 北京 100081
  • 2南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京210000
通讯作者:
王秀明,女, 博士,正高级工程师,主要从事强对流短临预报教学与研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

汤欢,女,博士,副高级工程师,主要从事强对流短临预报教学与研究。E-mail:

Wind Damage and Causes of Extreme Winds Associated with the “5.30” Severe Wind Event in Beijing
Huan TANG1 , Xiuming WANG1 , Fen XU2, Xiaoding YU1, Yuehan ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1China Meteorological Administration Training Centre, Beijing 100081
  • 2Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210000
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2509.25104
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2024年5月30日13~16时(北京时,下同),对流风暴下山加强引发了北京城区12级致灾性强风,导致电线杆、胸径为1 m以上大树倒伏,灾损严重。本研究结合灾情调查和偏振多普勒天气雷达探测资料,对灾损特点和强风形成物理过程开展研究。结果表明:致灾大风为偏西辐散型大风,极端强风由微下击暴流和百米以下尺度下击暴流条迹造成,灾损强度至少为EF1级,局地达EF2级。观测分析表明,风暴下山前1~2 h,增强的低层西南风及沿山地区辐合线的维持,有利于水汽在北京西部沿山地区聚集,地基全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,简称GPS)监测到水汽含量增加。对流风暴下山本质上是阵风锋与沿山辐合线相遇的强抬升触发新的对流风暴并快速发展,风暴下山后在18 min内迅速增强为回波强度超过55 dBZ的飑线。强风物理过程分析表明,北安河等地致灾强风由冷池驱动的阵风锋内嵌下击暴流造成;而圆明园附近极端强风在此基础上还叠加了低层γ中尺度涡旋,其移动路径与灾损严重区十分吻合,表明低层γ中尺度涡旋对局地性强风形成有直接影响。大兴雷达于14时30分探测圆明园退速度模糊后的径向速度达53 m s−1(距地高度0.38 km),并出现类似龙卷的残片特征,只是回波强度较弱。不同物理过程作用估计表明,冷池出流强度约20 m s−1,低层γ中尺度涡旋与下击暴流产生的近地面风速各约15~18 m s−1。

灾害调查  /  极端强风  /  下击暴流  /  γ中尺度涡旋

The downslope-enhanced convective storms in the Beijing urban area triggered destructive winds that reached 12 on the Beaufort scale from 1300 to 1600 (Beijing time. the same below) on May 30, 2024, causing severe damage, including the toppling of utility poles and large trees with a diameter at breast height exceeding 1 m. This study combines damage surveys with polarimetric Doppler weather radar observations to investigate the characteristics of the disaster and the physical processes associated with the severe winds. The results show that the destructive winds exhibited westward divergent patterns, with extreme winds generated by microbursts and downbursts on the sub-100-meter scale, reaching at least EF1 intensity and, locally, reaching EF2 intensity. Observational analyses reveal that enhanced low-level southwesterly winds and sustained convergence zones along the mountainous areas facilitated moisture accumulation in Beijing’s western foothills 1–2 h before the storms moved downslope, with the Global Positioning System observing increased precipitable water vapor. The downslope movement of the storms essentially resulted from gust fronts interacting with mountain-foot convergence zones, triggering new convective storms that rapidly developed into a squall line with reflectivity levels exceeding 55 dBZ within 18 min. Physical process analysis indicates that damaging winds in areas such as Bei’anhe were caused by downbursts embedded within cold pool-driven gust fronts. Extreme winds near Yuanmingyuan additionally involved a low-level γ-mesoscale vortex, whose path closely matched the severely damaged areas, demonstrating the direct impact of the vortex on localized wind intensification. The radar detected radial velocities reaching 53 m s−1 (at an altitude of 0.38 km) following velocity de-aliasing at 1430 BJT, together with features resembling tornadic debris, albeit with a relatively weak echo intensity. Quantitative estimation of different physical processes suggests that cold pool outflow contributed approximately 20 m s−1, whereas the low-level γ-mesoscale vortex and downbursts each enhanced near-surface winds by 15–18 m s−1.

Disaster investigation  /  Extreme strong wind  /  Downburst  /  γ-Mesoscale vortex
汤欢, 王秀明, 徐芬, 俞小鼎, 张悦含. 北京“5.30”大风灾损与强风成因研究. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1309 -1326 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2509.25104
Huan TANG, Xiuming WANG, Fen XU, Xiaoding YU, Yuehan ZHANG. Wind Damage and Causes of Extreme Winds Associated with the “5.30” Severe Wind Event in Beijing[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1309 -1326 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2509.25104
极端大风因其突发性强、预报难度大,常导致重大人员伤亡和财产损失(俞小鼎等, 2020; 孙继松, 2023)。强对流风暴导致的灾害性大风主要包括龙卷大风、直线大风和下击暴流大风(Fujita et al., 1981; Fujita and Wakimoto, 1981)。其中,龙卷风表现为辐合型旋转风,影响路径较窄;直线大风通常发生在前进的阵风锋之后;而下击暴流大风则表现为地面辐散型风场(郑永光等, 2016a),可分为微下击暴流(尺度<4 km,持续时间<10 min)和宏下击暴流(尺度≥4 km,持续时间≥10 min),值得注意的是,微下击暴流可以包含百米尺度的下击暴流条迹,其强风较难被测站探测(郑永光等, 2016a)。
下击暴流既可产生于孤立风暴,也可形成于中尺度对流系统内部(Wakimoto, 2001)。观测研究表明,约44%的阵风锋伴随微下击暴流现象,且有很大一部分微下击暴流周围未观测到明显雷暴单体回波(Bedard and LeFebvre, 1986)。在飑线和弓形回波前沿,存在水平尺度2~20 km的γ中尺度涡旋,其动力结构与超级单体中气旋存在显著差异,表现为更浅薄的垂直结构(Weisman and Davis, 1998)。此类涡旋南侧可因后侧入流急流和γ中尺度涡旋气流叠加出现局地强风(Atkins and StLaurent, 2009)。当γ中尺度涡旋的涡旋流与阵风锋叠加时,可引发F0至F1级风害(Wakimoto et al., 2006),统计表明其对强风事件的贡献率达30%~50%(Xu et al., 2015)。数值模拟表明,冷池前沿的斜压涡管受下沉气流倾斜作用可形成近地面γ中尺度涡旋,阵风锋前沿的强垂直风切变区亦有利于此类涡旋发展(Rotunno and Klemp, 1985; Markowski and Richardson, 2010)。
致灾大风常常是两种以上不同尺度风的叠加,有时难以区分,包括但不限于对流单体下沉辐散气流、雷暴高压冷池出流和后侧入流急流的动量下传等物理机制(王秀明等, 2023; 吴海英等, 2023)。当前大风预警主要依靠新一代天气雷达观测,下击暴流的典型雷达特征包括强反射率因子核下降、中层径向辐合、三维旋转及低层辐散等(Roberts and Wilson, 1989)。鉴于探测资料分辨率的局限性,灾后现场调查是分析龙卷和微下击暴流这类小尺度致灾性大风的重要补充手段(郑永光等, 2016b)。Fujita et al(1970)开创了风灾评估工作,根据龙卷破坏程度和风速的对应关系,建立风灾等级估计标准F等级,但未完全考虑建筑物结构差异。后续美国得克萨斯技术大学对F等级进行修正,提出Enhanced Fujita Scale(简称EF等级;EF0至EF5;Wind Science and Engineering Center,简称WSEC, 2004)。需要说明的是,针对龙卷灾情制定的F级或EF级标准同样适用于下击暴流及直线大风的灾情等级确定。近年来,我国学者通过大量龙卷、下击暴流等现场调查研究深化了对风灾的认识(Meng and Yao, 2014; 郑永光等, 2016b, 2018; 植江玲等, 2020; 蔡康龙等, 2021; 李淑璠等, 2025)。
2024年5月30日午后,北京城区发生了极为罕见对流大风事件,多站地面风速破历史记录,造成北京城区多个公园大量树木倒伏,灾损异常严重(以下简称北京“5.30”大风)。此次极端强风由对流风暴下山加强引发,极端强风灾损特点、干环境下风暴下山加强的物理过程及极端大风成因等科学问题亟待阐明。本文拟通过灾害调查和多源观测资料综合分析,对上述问题展开探讨。
本研究使用多源观测资料对强风暴过程进行综合分析,研究时间一律为北京时。使用数据包括:(1)灾情调查资料:现场拍摄记录、目击者提供的视频/照片以及网络公开影像资料,用于灾损强度分析;(2)地面观测数据:5 min分辨率的地面加密自动气象站观测资料和30 min分辨率的地基定位系统(Global Positioning System,简称GPS)探测的大气可降水量产品,用于环境要素场观测分析;(3)多普勒天气雷达资料,包括大兴S波段偏振雷达,时间分辨率为6 min,空间分辨率为250 m;以及昌平、顺义两个X波段偏振雷达,时间分辨率为3 min,空间分辨率为75 m,三个雷达站距离灾损严重地点圆明园均不超过30 km(图1),其高时空分辨率观测可有效捕捉强风暴的精细三维结构演变特征、微物理特征。(4)海淀站风廓线雷达以及北京探空资料,用于高空要素场观测分析,其中使用14时的地面温度、露点温度对08时的北京探空进行订正。(5)欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF发布的第五代全球气候再分析资料最新产品ERA5再分析资料(Hersbach et al., 2020),时间分辨率为1 h,空间分辨率为0.25°,用于天气背景场分析。(6)变分多普勒雷达分析系统(Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System,简称VDRAS)分析场资料,可在一定程度上弥补北京地区边界层物理量场探测资料的不足,用于近风暴环境分析。VDRAS系统由北京城市气象研究院研发,通过快速更新四维变分同化技术和三维数值云模式,实时同化京津冀8部新一代多普勒天气雷达资料(径向速度和雷达反射率因子),实时融合区域内3000多个加密自动站逐5 min观测资料和北京中尺度数值模式结果,能够提供逐10 min更新循环的京津冀地区3 km对流尺度大气三维动力、热动力和微物理场的实况分析产品(陈明轩等, 2016)。
本研究针对“5.30”大风过程开展了细致灾情调查与分析。现场调查组于5月31日至6月2日对受灾严重的圆明园、清华园、交大嘉园、万寿寺等区域进行了5次现场调查。受限于北京市空域禁飞区管制,调查采用传统地面测绘方法,使用配备指南针、GPS定位、地图导航、摄像等功能的智能手机及皮尺等工具,记录了树木坐标(经纬度)、倒伏方向(方位角)及胸径等参数。调查期间共获取现场照片960张、视频影像12段,为研究提供了详实的一手灾损资料。
在灾损强度评估方面,本研究采用EF等级作为灾损评估标准(WSEC, 2004)。树木胸径的测量遵循林业测量规范,即测量树干距地面1.3 m高度处的直径(相当于普通成年人胸高位置),该参数作为倒伏树木的特征直径指标。
冷池密度流的传播速度C可认为是二维密度流的传播速度(Benjamin, 1968; 孙继松, 2023; Falk et al., 2025)。根据地面自动站加密观测资料,按照冷池造成的气压扰动估计冷池传播速度:
$ C^2=2g\frac{-\Delta\theta}{\overline{\theta}}H=2g\frac{\Delta\rho}{\overline{\rho}}H=2\frac{\Delta p}{\overline{\rho}}\text{,} $
其中,g表示重力加速度,$ \overline{\theta } $表示平均位温,H为冷池厚度,$ \Delta \rho $为冷池内外密度变化,$\Delta p $为冷池内外气压变化,$ \overline{\rho } $为地面空气的平均密度(1.29 kg m−3)。
根据图2a和b的ERA5大气环流场分析,500 hPa横槽位于蒙古国一带,850 hPa呈现气旋性环流,动力条件较好。850 hPa和500 hPa的假相当位温差大值中心出现在河北山西一带(图2a红框),低层暖平流与中层干冷空气输送形成显著的不稳定层结。然而,此次过程发生在水汽含量较低的干环境下,北京地区大气整层可降水量在20 mm以下(图2b红框)。
图2c自动站地面观测资料显示,北京地区13~16时平均累积降水量仅为3.2 mm,但多个自动站记录到12级以上的瞬时极大风速。其中,张家口市怀来县鸡鸣驿站(海拔535 m)在13时23分监测到40.4 m s−1大风(13级);对流风暴下山后,海淀区北安河站(海拔77.3 m,距圆明园18.34 km)于14时23分记录到36.2 m s−1大风(12级);北京市丰台区千灵山站(海拔427 m)于14时37分极大风达37.2 m s−1(13级),此次过程是一次极端雷暴大风事件(马淑萍等, 2019)。距离灾损最严重的圆明园2.4 km的海淀站仅在14时35分测到21.6 m s−1(9级)阵风,显著小于下文根据灾损估计的强风。
图2d为对北京站08时探空进行地面订正后的探空图,显示风暴下山前环境参数接近干下击暴流形态。对流有效位能为817 J kg−1,无对流抑制,850~500 hPa层温差达30.5°C,超过极端雷暴大风的平均值28.5°C(马淑萍等, 2019),大气垂直减温率很大;大气整层相对干,特别是400~700 hPa温度露点差最大达36°C,超过极端雷暴大风的平均值25.7°C(马淑萍等, 2019),850 hPa比湿4.2 g kg−1。此外,0~6 km风垂直切变19 m s−1,有利于风暴尺度涡旋等组织结构较好的风暴发生发展。地面露点温度13°C,8 g kg−1比湿厚度约1 km,仅达到普通雷暴发生的地面露点阈值下限(Miller, 1972; 马淑萍等, 2019)。值得注意的是,该特征表明这样干的水汽条件下雷暴发生的概率比较低,实况对流风暴不仅下山且下山过程中显著加强引发影响北京主城区的致灾大风事件,因此有必要对雷暴下山前夕沿山地区的环境条件进行细致分析。
经实地调查和网络视频分析,本次致灾强风影响范围大,严重灾损点共计14处(图3a)。主城区受灾区域呈现西北—东南带状分布,北起中国农业大学,南至潘家园,西抵宣武门,东达东直门,覆盖范围长约23 km,宽约8 km。其中,圆明园(图3a1)、清华园(图3a2)、颐和园(图3a3)、鼓楼大街(图3a5)等地普遍出现多处大树倒伏甚至连根拔起现象,交大嘉园(图3a4)观测到4根电线杆连续倒伏现象。
为定量评估风灾强度,调查组采用EF等级标准(WSEC, 2004; 郑永光等, 2016b)开展灾损调查。在圆明园和清华园选取倒伏方向清晰的19处大树样本(图3b):(1)柳树样本18处(占比94.7%),平均胸径 56 cm(极值>100 cm),集中分布于水域边缘;(2)杨树样本1处(胸径 60 cm),但其邻近区域发现6株杨树协同倒伏现象(图3a1)。根据EF等级标准,使得软木类树木(如松、杉、柏等)和硬木类树木(橡、枫、桦等)树木折断对应的3 s平均阵风风速分别为39~57 m s−1和41~59 m s−1,即EF1–EF2级(郑永光等, 2016b);铁柱子弯曲或折断对应的3 s平均阵风风速期望值为61 m s−1,接近EF3级下限(植江玲等, 2020)。柳树、杨树虽属硬木类,但柳树质地相对更软。圆明园和清华园内倒伏了大量柳树(含胸径超过1 m的大树),表明圆明园附近极大风风速为39~57 m s−1,显著高于北安河自动站记录的36.2 m s−1(图2a),对应的灾损强度相当于EF1级。结合北安河附近电线杆出现倒塌,以及交大嘉园4根电线杆同向倒伏(图3a4为其中一处),表明灾损强度达EF2级。基于此,“5.30”大风事件多处大风强度相当于EF1级,局地百米范围内可达EF2级。
灾损调查显示,致灾强风在空间上具有不连续、跳跃式分布特征。圆明园内重灾区集中分布于福海周围和绮春园北部(图4a),清华园灾损集中于近春园附近(图4b1),颐和园仅在南门附近观测到零星树木倒伏,而地质大学校园内未发现明显灾损,但其东侧、北侧道路出现胸径60 cm的大树折断及大量树枝折损现象(图3)。
基于155处树木倒伏方向和GPS定位信息,图4c揭示了圆明园小尺度强风灾损的精细化特征。受高空偏西气流引导,对流风暴自西北向东南方向移动,树木倒伏空间分布表明地面极大风场以西风、西北风为主导风向。圆明园地面风场呈现显著的辐散特征,根据Fujita(1978, 1981)下击暴流分类标准,判定该区域存在水平尺度约800 m的微下击暴流(图4c,紫色箭头),其内部至少包含6处尺度约为90 m的下击暴流条迹(图4c,蓝色圆圈)。下击暴流条迹相互作用区(如M3-M4、M5-M6)表现出倒伏物呈辐散与辐合交替分布特征(Wilson and Wakimoto, 2001)。
不同尺度下击暴流叠加导致地面灾损呈现复杂性:(1)交大嘉园下击暴流条迹形成百米尺度强风区,4根电线杆同向倒伏(图3a4)与周边仅有纤细枝折断形成强度对比,此处的强灾损由下击暴流条迹造成;(2)圆明园福海西岸受2~3 m高度差的小山坡影响,形成辐合—辐散流场,气流越坡东移入湖过程中,受南北两处地势阻挡产生汇聚,至开阔湖面再次辐散,导致20 m范围内树木呈现东偏北/东偏南扭折特征(图4a1和图4a2);(3)M6下击暴流条迹内呈现出γ-小尺度的辐合,相距10 m的两棵大树表现辐合倒伏和扭折形态(图4c3)。
对流风暴自西北向东南移动,从北京西北部快速下山并显著增强。由6 min间隔的组合反射率因子拼图(图5)分析对流风暴下山加强演变过程。冷锋触发多单体对流风暴以50 km h−1的移速于13时抵达河北省怀来县北界。此时,在北京北部山区的延庆到密云北部一线,观测到多单体风暴前侧新生东西向排列的多个分散对流单体,表明风暴移动前方的北京北部山区大气层结不稳定(图5a)。山区多单体风暴于13时30分强度增强、尺度增大,移速增至60 km h−1,继续向西南方向加强发展(图5b和c)。
图5中关键区内回波面积随时间的演变所示(图6a),对流风暴下山并增强阶段为14时00分至36分。多单体风暴前沿(35 dBZ)于14时抵达北京西部浅山地区,其北段接近北部山区同步增强的分散对流单体(图5d)。风暴前沿从沿山地区快速于14时12分东扩至圆明园附近,12 min内完成了雷暴下山过程(图5d–f)。下山后回波强度迅速增强,其中14时12分至30分是关键区内回波强度增长最显著的时段(图5g–i)。关键区内≥45 dBZ回波面积由14时12分的588 km2$ {\text{km}}^{2} $(图6a)在14时24分迅速增至2123 km2(图5h),并于14时30分形成回波强度达55 dBZ以上的东北—西南向飑线(图5i)。6 min后,回波强度增至60 dBZ以上(图5g),该飑线以80 km h−1的速度向东南方向移动,先后在圆明园、南锣鼓巷等地引发强风(图5k)。风暴前沿于15时推进至通州区(图5l)。之后,随着阵风锋逐渐远离雷暴主体,线状回波结构趋于松散,16时后回波强度明显减弱,但8级以上强风仍维持(图略)。
结合VDRAS反演的近地面0.15 km 距地高度(Above Ground Level,简称AGL)风场以及GPS可降水量,进一步分析风暴下山加强阶段近风暴环境参数演变。风暴下山前,VDRAS风场显示北京西北部昌平、海淀中部一线存在边界层辐合线稳定维持于山麓地带(图5a–c粉红实线A标注),并产生零星对流单体。Wilson et al.(2010)指出北京地区雷暴下山,如果平原地区存在辐合线且有积云发展,雷暴下山增强的概率将大大增加。随着山区风暴发展,其产生的阵风锋(图5粉红实线B标注)跨过500 m地形等高线(棕色实线)向山麓移动,阵风锋附近有积云回波触发。阵风锋B于14时抵达边界层辐合线A处,二者合并导致低层辐合增强,此时地面自动站计算的风场散度值为8×10−4 s−1(图5d黑框内蓝色虚线),6 min后有多个对流单体在地面辐合大值区附近新生(图5e红圈和蓝圈),此时新生的回波发展速度和强度远超阵风锋在山区触发的积云回波。风暴下山后(14时18分至36分),辐合线上触发的对流回波快速增强,对流发展高度均远超山区回波,发展成回波强度60 dBZ以上的东北西南向强飑线。由此可见,风暴下山是由阵风锋与沿山辐合线合并在北京西部沿山一线触发新的对流风暴并快速增强发展,而非山上的对流风暴平移下山。王秀明等(2019)研究表明,边界强抬升会使得风暴快速而强烈发展。此外,沿山的辐合线A附近环境条件亦发生了变化。
风暴下山前夕,边界层辐合线A的长时间维持一方面提供有利的抬升条件,另一方面有利于水汽在沿山地区的聚集。海淀站风廓线雷达资料表明(图6b),风随高度在12~14时顺转,0~6 km垂直风切变增强至22 m s−1,有利于对流系统的组织化发展,低层为显著暖平流,且低层(0~2 km)西南风在风暴下山前1 h不断增强,有利于水汽向沿山地区集中(图5h)。关键区内GPS平均可降水量在13~14时不断增加(图6a绿色柱子),多个测站记录到30 min内GPS平均可降水量增幅超过3 mm(图7a),表明沿山地区的水汽在不断增加。平原地区水汽增加、山前持续的暖湿气流输送和地形强迫抬升,均为对流风暴顺利传播至平原地区提供了有利条件(Wilson et al., 2004, 2010; Chen et al., 2012; Xiao et al., 2019)。
阵风锋的强度与冷池密切相关。尽管13~14时山区对流仅伴随少量小时降水(图6a),但形成了小时降温超过14°C的强冷池。冷池在13时30分的过去30 min地面正变压达+3.5 hPa,伴随−8°C的负变温(图7a)。冷池对应的冷高压持续加强,14时的过去30 min正变压增至+6 hPa,为过程最强正变压,而风暴前方暖湿入流区为弱的负变压区,出现阵风锋锋前负变压、锋后为正变压和尾流负变压的“负—正—负”气压场结构(图7b)。对流风暴下山增强后,14时30分阵风锋压在圆明园上空,其后侧为等压线密集区,雷暴高压产生的气压梯度力显著增大,多站地面大风出现在等压线梯度的大值区(图7c),对应的小时降水量也显著增强(图6a)。
通过雷达观测资料计算,阵风锋在14时至14时30分的移动距离约35 km,对应阵风锋移速约20 m s−1西北风,与自动站监测的平均地面极大风风速持平。海淀站风廓线雷达观测显示,在阵风锋抵达之前的0~2 km环境平均风约6~8 m s−1的西南风(图6b),基于雷达观测的阵风锋移动速度实际是冷池传播速度和环境背景风速的矢量和(Falk et al., 2025),因此冷池实际传播速度约21 m s−1,接近阵风锋移动速度。根据地面自动站加密观测资料,基于冷池传播速度公式(1)计算,14时至14时30分的+5.5 hPa变压对应的冷池理论传播速度为29.2 m s−1(图7c),受摩擦影响冷池实际传播速度低于理论传播速度。
值得注意的是,大兴雷达于14时30分在距地0.41 km AGL观测到退速度模糊后的径向速度53 m s−1,北安河站记录到36.2 m s−1的地面阵风,二者均显著超过阵风锋移动速度及冷池传播速度,表明除了冷池阵风锋作用外,还有其他因素导致阵风局地增强。上述灾情调查表明,风暴路径上存在多尺度下击暴流,下面具体分析其对北安河、圆明园等地极端风速的贡献。
14时18分,北安河北侧可见一支后侧入流急流,阵风锋前沿抵达北安河(图8a),此时北安河风速较弱,径向速度<15 m s−1。剖面图显示北安河上空回波强度较弱,而其西北侧存在回波强度达到50 dBZ以上伴有强烈且深厚上升气流的强对流单体(图8b)。5 km AGL以下为辐合层,高层为辐散层,9~10 km AGL处辐散最强且向上延伸至13 km AGL,表明存在强烈的上升气流(图8c),对应7 km AGL以上高悬的50 dBZ反射率因子核(图8b)。6 min后,50 dBZ反射率因子核的高度显著下降(图8e),后侧入流急流向前推进,低层径向速度明显增大且阵风锋推至回波前方,北安河东南侧阵风锋上镶嵌水平尺度为4~6 km的局地强风区,0.49 km AGL退速度模糊后的径向速度达46 m s−1(图8d),同时前一时次北安河上空表征强上升气流的低层辐合高层辐散结构消失(图8f)。反射率因子核下降表明单体尺度的强上升气流转为强下沉气流,同时14时24分局地风速显著增强,表明出现了下击暴流。下击暴流前锋位于北安河站东南约7 km,表明北安河站在14时18分至24分经历了下击暴流。受到镶嵌在阵风锋上的下击暴流影响,北安河站在14时23分记录到36.2 m s−1极大风。由于阵风锋出流的叠加作用,下击暴流在径向速度场表现为小范围强风而非典型辐散速度对(图8g)。结合6.1节估计的冷池出流约20 m s−1,考虑到北安河自动站记录的极大风很可能弱于下击暴流影响下的地面最强风,下击暴流至少导致约16 m s−1的局地风增幅。
风暴在14时30分即将进入圆明园灾害调查点。及地的反射率因子核(图8h)前侧(靠近雷达方向)下击暴流引发的局地强风进一步增强(图8g黑色多边形),圆明园北侧0.38 km AGL退速度模糊后的径向速度达53 m s−1,对应灾调确认EF1级下击暴流。及地的反射率因子核东南侧、低层局地强风区上空存在50 dBZ高悬的强回波,距地7 km AGL(图8h,B处)的低层强辐合与高层辐散结构(图8i),表明阵风锋前沿持续触发具有异常强上升气流的强单体。图8g中局地强风与其东南侧朝向雷达的径向速度构成低层气旋式旋转的低层γ中尺度涡旋(Low-level γ-mesoscale vortices,以下简称LMV,图8g紫红色圆圈),圆明园极端强风很可能还受到了下击暴流和LMV的共同影响,下一节进一步分析。
大兴S波段雷达、昌平和顺义X波段雷达均记录了影响圆明园附近致灾大风的LMV活动过程(图9)。该LMV持续时间不到20 min,14时30分至36分发展最为强盛,顶高位于4 km AGL以下,径向速度差>20 m s−1,对应方位切变值(径向速度差/核区直径)均超过6×10−3 s−1,其中最大值为1.8×10−2 s−1,达到与中气旋相当的强度(图10)。
该LMV在14时24分被大兴雷达首次监测到,位于阵风锋最前沿,垂直伸展至3.66 km AGL。下击暴流使得阵风锋向前凸起与前侧入流形成切变处(图8g),LMV左侧的0.49 km AGL朝向雷达退速度模糊后的径向速度达46 m s−1,而离开雷达的径向速度中心仅3 m s−1,呈现明显的速度不对称结构,核区直径4.4 km(图9a,涡旋速度对最大入流和出流速度之间的距离)。昌平雷达在14时27分监测LMV顶高为1.86 km AGL,核区直径为1.8~2.4 km,旋转速度(径向速度差除以2)为13~18 m s−1(图9d)。
由于昌平雷达位于距离20 km圆明园的东北方向(图1),风暴阵风锋自西北向东南方向移动,昌平雷达探测的径向风(即实际风在雷达径向上的投影)与阵风锋移动方向、下击暴流出流方向近乎垂直,因此无法探测到阵风锋和下击暴流出流,或者说剔除了阵风锋、下击暴流的影响,主要探测的是中涡旋,昌平雷达探测的中涡旋速度对近乎对称,可用于估计中涡旋强度。14时30分昌平雷达在0.8~3.3 km AGL探测到旋转速度为15~18 m s−1的中涡旋,最低层0.8 km AGL旋转速度为18 m s−1。受下击暴流和阵风锋共同作用产生的强西北气流影响,大兴雷达0.5°仰角(0.38 km AGL)监测到中涡旋朝向雷达一侧退速度模糊后的径向速度值达53 m s−1(图9b)。用53 m s−1减去6.1节估计冷池前沿阵风出流为20 m s−1,以及由昌平雷达探测的低层中涡旋旋转速度15~18 m s−1,可得下击暴流强度为15~18 m s−1,与6.2节估计的上一体扫下击暴流强度至少16 m s−1相当,表明下击暴流的强度推测合理。
圆明园在14时33分正遭受极端强风,昌平和顺义雷达同步监测到LMV移经圆明园(图9f和g),14时30分至36分亦是LMV最强阶段,表明LMV的确对极端强风产生有直接影响,是局地致灾强风增强的关键中尺度因子。顺义雷达最低仰角探测LMV底高为0.38 km AGL,核区直径2.5 km,旋转速度13 m s−1(图9g);昌平雷达探测到LMV顶高4.2 km AGL,旋转速度14 m s−1(图9f)。此后LMV顶高下降,强度持续减弱。大兴雷达在14时36分探测的LMV核区直径为2~3 km,顶高为3.8 km AGL,低层涡旋不对称结构维持,0.34 km AGL退速度模糊后的径向速度极大值49 m s−1(图9c)。顺义雷达在14时39分探测的LMV旋转速度为12 m s−1,顶高降低至1.66 km,14时42分减弱至8 m s−1,LMV影响基本结束。值得一提的是,这期间大兴雷达探测到多个γ中尺度涡旋,位于2~6 km AGL高度,较圆明园附近的LMV高,强度达到中等中气旋。
将多雷达探测的LMV(黑色圆圈)和下击暴流(蓝色箭头)标记在严重灾损点图,可见,LMV移动路径在14时24分至39分与致灾强风区路径高度吻合,表明LMV对北安河到圆明园等地极端强风有直接影响(图11)。阵风锋前沿监测到多个下击暴流,灾损最严重的时段(14时24分至42分)存在下击暴流与LMV在冷池出流上叠加,其中大兴雷达监测的最强风时刻(14时30分)下击暴流最强出流与LMV涡旋朝向雷达的径向速度中心同向且叠置的图像最为清晰,对应其影响灾损最严重的圆明园、清华园等地(图11),造成多处1 m胸径大树倒伏。
基于大兴S波段双偏振参数,揭示LMV的微物理结构特征(图12)。LMV于14时30分在5~7 km AGL回波强度达到50 dBZ,对应的差分反射率(Differential reflectivity,简称ZDR)接近零,表明构成强回波的水凝物粒子为小冰雹或霰粒子(图略)。随着高度降低,反射率因子强度明显下降(图8h)。由图12,在3~4 km AGL高度上,LMV呈现由雨滴构成的ZDR环包围ZDR接近零的霰粒子的结构,表明涡旋环流对粒子尺寸的筛选,涡旋中心强上升气流区小冰雹粒子维持;随着距地高度从4 km降低至2 km,ZDR环逐渐变粗,ZDR值先由1 dB增至3~4 dB再减小至约1 dB,表明粒子在下落过程中,霰粒子在融化层附近先融化为雨滴,后显著蒸发,小的固态粒子先融化,霰粒子融化吸热和雨水蒸发有利于冷池增强导致地面辐散风增强(李彦辉等, 2024)。
在2.4°仰角以下,LMV中心以及靠近下击暴流一侧出现类似龙卷残片特征(Tornado Debris Signature,TDS),相关系数(Correlation coefficient,简称CC)低于0.85,ZDR出现负值,周围被降水回波包裹。与典型的TDS不同,此处反射率因子强度小于30 dBZ,回波强度显著弱。这里残片特征主要由下击暴流和LMV造成的极端强风引发,强风导致大量树木倒伏,树枝折断,而LMV相关的强上升气流可将部分碎屑卷到空中引发类似龙卷的碎屑特征,但由LMV强度远不如龙卷,卷起碎屑的能力亦远不如龙卷。从网上获取的视频可知,卷到空中的碎屑主要是树叶和小树枝,可以推测随着高度升高,碎屑量进一步减小,这可一定程度上解释碎屑回波强度远不如龙卷的原因。
2024年5月30日北京城区遭遇罕见的致灾强风。本研究基于灾情调查和多源观测资料,揭示了致灾大风特点及成因,主要结论如下:
(1)灾害调查表明,海淀区的圆明园、清华、交大嘉园出现大面积大树倒伏,甚至胸径为1 m的大树以及电线杆倒伏,灾损程度估计为EF1级以上,局地可达EF2级。圆明园为偏西的辐散风,水平尺度800 m的微下击暴流内至少出现了6处不足百米的下击暴流条迹,不同尺度下击暴流叠加导致地面灾损复杂。
(2)风暴下山前1~2 h沿山地区环境发生改变,包括低层西南风增强和沿山及平原地区水汽增加。山区对流风暴发展形成强冷池阵风出流,与增强的环境西南风形成强抬升,加上阵风锋与沿山边界层辐合线相遇使得沿山地区抬升异常强,其触发的对流云在强抬升和相对有利的环境下在18 min内增强为回波强度55 dBZ以上的强飑线。
(3)基于雷达的阵风锋移动速度约20 m s−1,与冷池实际传播速度接近。阵风锋前缘嵌入多尺度下击暴流,北安河等地的致灾强风由下击暴流增强冷池密度流造成,下击暴流的局地增幅至少16 m s−1。圆明园EF1级致灾强风由阵风锋、下击暴流以及LMV协同作用导致,低层γ中尺度涡旋与下击暴流产生的近地面风速各约15~18 m s−1(图13)。LMV移动路径与重灾区高度吻合,表明LMV是此次对流大风局地增强不可或缺因素。此外,还揭示了LMV附近风暴的微物理结构特征以及由极端强风和LMV导致的类龙卷碎屑(TDS)特征。
北京“5.30”强风灾损极为罕见,对流风暴通过雷暴新生实现跳跃式下山,下山速度快且强度骤增,给短临预报预警带来非常大的挑战。综合应用多源观测资料可一定程度上捕捉近风暴环境变化,如通过地基GPS监测水汽,可捕捉水汽增加信号。本文研究可以确定圆明园等地极端大风是强冷池阵风锋、下击暴流和LMV三类不同尺度的强风在局地叠加形成,通过多波段雷达协同观测结合灾情调查,得到了三者对极端大风的量化贡献,但受现有观测所限,估算三者风速的高度略有差异,三者贡献量化值可能存在一定偏差。此外,灾情调查揭示的百米尺度灾损几乎无法被目前观测网捕捉,其成因超过现有科学认知,后续可通过高时空分辨率的快速更新四维变分数值模式(陈明轩等,2025)或者大涡数值模拟(Chen et al., 2025)开展理想与真实数值试验,深入研究极端大风的热动力与微物理过程,为提升短临预警能力提供物理依据和新的科学认知。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2509.25104
  • 接收时间:2025-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-13
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    1中国气象局气象干部培训学院, 北京 100081
    2南京气象科技创新研究院, 南京210000

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王秀明,女, 博士,正高级工程师,主要从事强对流短临预报教学与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family
属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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