Article(id=1311998630001730457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25067, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745596800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734449148, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734449148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734449148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734449148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1239, endPage=1253, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998631280993178, articleId=1311998630001730457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Comparative Analysis of Two Rare Large Hail Supercells in Winter, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Two large-hail supercells that occurred before spring in Zhejiang, on February 21, 2024 (“24·2·21”), and March 3, 2025 (“25·3·3”), were analyzed using the reanalysis data, automatic weather station observations, lightning location data, and S-band dual-polarization radar data. The results indicate that both convection events occurred after the passage of a cold wave front and were elevated convection systems. Above the inversion layer, conditionally unstable stratification and positive convective available potential energy were present. Deep convection was rapidly triggered under the influence of the 850 hPa shear line. Strong, deep-layer vertical wind shear favored the development of supercells. The dry layer in the “25·3·3” case was deeper than that in the “24·2·21” case. In both supercell hail processes, hailfall was accompanied by a decrease in storm centroid height and in the maximum shear height of the mesocyclone. The “24·2·21” supercell exhibited a long maintenance time, a mid-level double vortex structure, and differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) columns extending above 6 km. The ZDR and KDP values within the overhanging echo were small, and the cross-correlation coefficient (CC) decreased with decreasing height, indicating the presence of melting small ice phase particles, which favored moist hail growth. In contrast, the “25·3·3” supercell had a shorter maintenance time, a deep single vortex (mesocyclone) structure, and a pronounced rear inflow. The ZDR and KDP columns were confined below 5 km. Small ZDR and KDP values accompanied by large CC values at upper levels indicated a greater abundance of dry ice phase particles. This was manifested by an increased frequency of intracloud lightning flashes, which may be associated with accelerated freezing caused by rear-inflow dry cold air and was conducive to dry hail growth in the upper cold cloud region.

, authors=Zhuolei QIAN1, Zhuoheng WU1, Shixin GUO2, Chunyan ZHANG1, Ling LUO3, authorsList=Zhuolei QIAN, Zhuoheng WU, Shixin GUO, Chunyan ZHANG, Ling LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ling LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998639740904371, articleId=1311998630001730457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=两次冬季罕见大冰雹超级单体风暴对比分析, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用再分析资料、自动站观测、闪电定位以及S波段双偏振雷达资料,对2024年2月21日(简称“24·2·21”)和2025年3月3日(简称“25·3·3”)两次浙江入春前发生的大冰雹超级单体进行分析,结果表明:两次对流均发生在寒潮冷锋后,为高架对流,逆温层顶之上存在条件不稳定层结和正的对流有效位能,深厚垂直对流在850 hPa切变线作用下迅速触发。强深层风垂直切变有利于超级单体发展。“25·3·3”干层较“24·2·21”更深厚。降雹过程均伴随着风暴质心和中气旋最大切变高度的下降,降大冰雹区在风暴后侧下沉气流中。“24·2·21”超级单体维持时间长,中层有双涡旋结构,差分反射率(ZDR)柱和差分相移率(KDP)柱高于6 km,悬垂回波内ZDR和KDP小,相关系数(CC)随高度下降而减小,包含融化的小冰相粒子,有利于冰雹湿增长;而“25·3·3”超级单体维持时间较短,有深厚单涡旋(中气旋)结构,并有明显后侧入流,ZDR柱和KDP柱在5 km之下,高层ZDR和KDP小,CC大,干的冰相粒子较多,表现为云闪频次增多,可能与后侧干冷空气流入加速冻结有关,有助于冰雹在高层冷云中干增长。

, authors=钱卓蕾1, 吴卓亨1, 郭士鑫2, 张春艳1, 罗玲3, authorsList=钱卓蕾, 吴卓亨, 郭士鑫, 张春艳, 罗玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=罗玲, authorNote=

钱卓蕾,女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事天气预报与短期气候预测研究。E-mail:

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罗玲,女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事强对流等中小尺度天气研究。E-mail:
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Analysis of environmental conditions and the structure of radar echo for a supercell splitting process in the midwestern Shandong Province [J]. Climatic Environ. Res. (in Chinese), 25(3): 320−332. doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9585.2020.19022, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998640529433524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998640537822133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, companyId=1311998640529433524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shaoxing Meteorological Observatory, Shaoxing 312000), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998640546210743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, companyId=1311998640529433524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1绍兴市气象台, 绍兴312000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998640621708215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998640630096824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, companyId=1311998640621708215, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Zhejiang Provincial Meteorological Data Center, Hangzhou 310002), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998640906920889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, companyId=1311998640621708215, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江省气象数据中心, 杭州31002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998642626585531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998642647557052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, companyId=1311998642626585531, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Zhejiang Meteorological Observatory, Hangzhou 310002), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998643012461501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, companyId=1311998642626585531, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3浙江省气象台, 杭州310002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998653489832935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Distribution of S-band dual polarization radar and lightning locator in Zhejiang Province., figureFileSmall=70cPlCbe2wRnGO3X7AI8xg==, figureFileBig=/EsICHD2GZzZuSKJoMvRlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998653741491176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图1, caption=S波段双偏振雷达和浙江省闪电定位仪站点分布。, figureFileSmall=70cPlCbe2wRnGO3X7AI8xg==, figureFileBig=/EsICHD2GZzZuSKJoMvRlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998654039286761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The storm tracks (the lines connecting the red dots) and hail positions (the black triangles) from (a) 1709 BJT (Beijing time) to 2056 BJT on 21 February 2024 and (b) 0514 BJT to 0808 BJT on 3 March 2025. The combinations of the blue arcs and the triangles in (a, b) represent the positions of the ground fronts at 2000 BJT on 21 February 2024 and 0800 BJT on 3 March 2025, respectively., figureFileSmall=BUA+PkEDutyad4Z2R9U2kA==, figureFileBig=4JudlNsjQFx8xs+nWlmXlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998654114784234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a)2024年2月21日17:09~20:56(北京时,下同)和(b)2025年3月3日05:14~08:08风暴路径(红色圆点连线)和冰雹位置(黑色三角形)。(a、b)中蓝色弧线和三角形组合图形分别为2024年2月21日20:00和2025年3月3日08:00地面锋线位置。, figureFileSmall=BUA+PkEDutyad4Z2R9U2kA==, figureFileBig=4JudlNsjQFx8xs+nWlmXlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998656048358380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) Weather situations of 850 hPa analysis superimposed with a ground cold front at 2000 BJT on February 21, 2024, and (b) weather situations of 850 hPa analysis superimposed with a 500 hPa upper-level trough line and a ground cold front on March 3, 2025. The blue contour lines are contours, the red contour lines are isotherms, the brown line segments are 500 hPa trough lines, the red dot lines represent the 850 hPa convergence shear lines, the wind plumes represent wind vectors on the 850 hPa isobaric surface, G and D represent high and low pressure centers, and the combination of blue curves and triangles represents surface cold fronts., figureFileSmall=Q+f7ymbPwITY5+90+N44Tw==, figureFileBig=P0UVIT6yVEvHznvLhXFtGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998656161604590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a)2024年2月21日20:00 850 hPa天气图叠加地面冷锋,(b)2025年3月3日08:00 850 hPa天气图叠加500 hPa高空槽线和地面冷锋。蓝色等值线为等高线,红色等值线为等温线,棕色线段为500 hPa槽线,红色粗虚线为850 hPa辐合切变线,风羽代表850 hPa等压面上风矢量,G、D代表高低压中心,蓝色曲线和三角形组合图形代表地面冷锋。, figureFileSmall=Q+f7ymbPwITY5+90+N44Tw==, figureFileBig=P0UVIT6yVEvHznvLhXFtGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998656522314735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The sounding map of (a, c) Jiaojiang Station in Taizhou at 2000 BJT on February 21, 2024 and (b, d) sounding map above the initial storm at 0500 BJT on March 3, 2025 from the starting level of (a, b) 1000 hPa and (c, d) 850 hPa. The red line represents the sounding curve, the black line is the state curve, the green line is the dew point curve, and the gray line is the isotherm.Pink and blue areas represent convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN) respectively., figureFileSmall=pAzyHm3bsjQUAYwAKcdZtA==, figureFileBig=p/CYDSumrNkS6sm7QMryng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998656887219184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a、c)2024年2月21日20:00台州椒江站和(b、d)2025年3月3日05:00初始风暴位置上空的起始于(a、b)1000 hPa和(c、d)850 hPa的探空图。红色线为层结曲线,黑色线为状态曲线,绿色线为露点曲线、灰色线为等温线,粉色、蓝色区域分别表示对流有效位能和对流抑制能量。, figureFileSmall=pAzyHm3bsjQUAYwAKcdZtA==, figureFileBig=p/CYDSumrNkS6sm7QMryng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657285678065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Composite reflectivity (top line, shadings, units: dBZ) from Wenzhou S-band radar and ZH (horizontal polarization reflectivity factor, units: dBZ) profile (bottom line) passing through the black straight line segment in (a–d) at (a, e) 1631 BJT, (b, f) 1827 BJT, (c, g) 1839 BJT, and (d) 1939 BJT on February 21, 2024. (The black solid line represents the 50 dBZ contour line, and the black dashed line represents the 60 dBZ contour line in (f)), flash distributions within 6 minutes (The black dots represent cloud-to-ground flashes, while the pink triangles indicate positive ground flashes, and the blue triangles denote negative ground flashes in (a)-(d) .The brown dotted lines represent the height of the wet-bulb temperature layer at 0 °C in (e)-(f)), figureFileSmall=Mjwa7udf0fRMYV41DjNrKQ==, figureFileBig=nq4CSJhYiSeMNggaf1WeDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657356981234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2024年2月21日(a、e)16:31、(b、f)18:27、(c、g)18:39和(d、h)19:39温州S波段雷达组合反射率因子(第一行,填色,单位:dBZ)和经过第一行图中黑色直线段的水平极化反射率因子(ZH,单位:dBZ)剖面。(f)中黑色实线为50 dBZ等值线,黑色虚线为60 dBZ等值线,下图同)、6 min闪电活动分布(黑色圆点为云闪,(a)-(d)中粉色三角形为正地闪,蓝色三角形为负地闪,(e)-(f)中棕色虚线代表湿球温度0°C层高度), figureFileSmall=Mjwa7udf0fRMYV41DjNrKQ==, figureFileBig=nq4CSJhYiSeMNggaf1WeDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657684136947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Time evolutions of (a, b) storm parameters and (c, d) mesocyclone parameters in (a, c) “24·2·21” and (b, d) “25·3·3” processes., figureFileSmall=K6Ytc4TBD8iFhFTBMmOVlw==, figureFileBig=qJTENazsnVx83QWlDb6RcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998657772217333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a、c)“24·2·21”和(b、d)“25·3·3”过程(a、b)风暴参数和(c、d)中气旋参数随时间演变。, figureFileSmall=K6Ytc4TBD8iFhFTBMmOVlw==, figureFileBig=qJTENazsnVx83QWlDb6RcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998658103567350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Same as Fig. 5, but for (a, e) 0607 BJT, (b, f) 0655 BJT, (c, g) 0718 BJT, and (d, h) 0736 BJT on March 3, 2025 from Shaoxing S-band radar., figureFileSmall=tyAi4H0wR90WZKJM/Ule7g==, figureFileBig=OA+mPtRLn1YVMuibzYh9sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998658183259127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图7, caption=同图5,但为2025年3月3日(a、e)06:08、(b、f)06:56、(c、g)07:14和(d、h)07:36 绍兴S波段雷达。, figureFileSmall=tyAi4H0wR90WZKJM/Ule7g==, figureFileBig=OA+mPtRLn1YVMuibzYh9sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998658262950904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Spatial distributions of (a1–a3) ZH (horizontal polarization reflectivity factor, units: dBZ), (b1–b3) V (radial velocity, units: m s−1), (c1–c3) ZDR (differential reflectivity, units: dB), (d1–d3) KDP [specific differential phase, units: (°) km−1] and (e1–e3) CC (cross-correlation coefficient) of the elevation angles of (a1–e1) 0.5°, (a2–e2) 2.4°, and (a3–e3) 5.3°, with the vertical sections of (f1) V, (f2) ZDR, (f3) KDP and (f4) CC passing the black line in Fig. 5b at 1827 BJT on February 21, 2024. The black solid line represents the 50 dBZ contour line, and the black dashed line represents the 60 dBZ contour line., figureFileSmall=xB7GPN/Nhv+haulV5w2kgQ==, figureFileBig=WZSXBrpcNmpNPLexJkD+GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998658518803449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2024年2月21日18:27(a1–e1)0.5°、(a2–e2)2.4°和(a3–e3)5.3°仰角(a1–a3)水平极化反射率因子(ZH,单位:dBZ)、(b1–b3)径向速度(V,单位:m s−1)、(c1–c3)差分反射率(ZDR,单位:dB)、(d1–d3)差分相移率(KDP,单位:(°) km−1)和(e1–e3)相关系数CC 的空间分布以及经过图5b中黑色线的(f1)V、(f2)ZDR、(f3)KDP和(f4)CC垂直剖面。黑色实线为50 dBZ等值线,黑色虚线为60 dBZ等值线。, figureFileSmall=xB7GPN/Nhv+haulV5w2kgQ==, figureFileBig=WZSXBrpcNmpNPLexJkD+GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998658598495226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998630001730457, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Same as Fig. 8, but for 0656 BJT 3 March 2024., figureFileSmall=DCHZoAnx35uGY7dOFrt2Lg==, 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两次冬季罕见大冰雹超级单体风暴对比分析
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钱卓蕾 1 , 吴卓亨 1 , 郭士鑫 2 , 张春艳 1 , 罗玲 3
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1239-1253
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1239 -1253
两次冬季罕见大冰雹超级单体风暴对比分析
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钱卓蕾1 , 吴卓亨1, 郭士鑫2, 张春艳1, 罗玲3
作者信息
  • 1绍兴市气象台, 绍兴312000
  • 2浙江省气象数据中心, 杭州31002
  • 3浙江省气象台, 杭州310002
通讯作者:
罗玲,女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事强对流等中小尺度天气研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

钱卓蕾,女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事天气预报与短期气候预测研究。E-mail:

Comparative Analysis of Two Rare Large Hail Supercells in Winter
Zhuolei QIAN1 , Zhuoheng WU1, Shixin GUO2, Chunyan ZHANG1, Ling LUO3
Affiliations
  • 1Shaoxing Meteorological Observatory, Shaoxing 312000
  • 2Zhejiang Provincial Meteorological Data Center, Hangzhou 310002
  • 3Zhejiang Meteorological Observatory, Hangzhou 310002
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25067
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利用再分析资料、自动站观测、闪电定位以及S波段双偏振雷达资料,对2024年2月21日(简称“24·2·21”)和2025年3月3日(简称“25·3·3”)两次浙江入春前发生的大冰雹超级单体进行分析,结果表明:两次对流均发生在寒潮冷锋后,为高架对流,逆温层顶之上存在条件不稳定层结和正的对流有效位能,深厚垂直对流在850 hPa切变线作用下迅速触发。强深层风垂直切变有利于超级单体发展。“25·3·3”干层较“24·2·21”更深厚。降雹过程均伴随着风暴质心和中气旋最大切变高度的下降,降大冰雹区在风暴后侧下沉气流中。“24·2·21”超级单体维持时间长,中层有双涡旋结构,差分反射率(ZDR)柱和差分相移率(KDP)柱高于6 km,悬垂回波内ZDR和KDP小,相关系数(CC)随高度下降而减小,包含融化的小冰相粒子,有利于冰雹湿增长;而“25·3·3”超级单体维持时间较短,有深厚单涡旋(中气旋)结构,并有明显后侧入流,ZDR柱和KDP柱在5 km之下,高层ZDR和KDP小,CC大,干的冰相粒子较多,表现为云闪频次增多,可能与后侧干冷空气流入加速冻结有关,有助于冰雹在高层冷云中干增长。

超级单体  /  大冰雹  /  高架对流  /  双涡旋  /  中气旋

Two large-hail supercells that occurred before spring in Zhejiang, on February 21, 2024 (“24·2·21”), and March 3, 2025 (“25·3·3”), were analyzed using the reanalysis data, automatic weather station observations, lightning location data, and S-band dual-polarization radar data. The results indicate that both convection events occurred after the passage of a cold wave front and were elevated convection systems. Above the inversion layer, conditionally unstable stratification and positive convective available potential energy were present. Deep convection was rapidly triggered under the influence of the 850 hPa shear line. Strong, deep-layer vertical wind shear favored the development of supercells. The dry layer in the “25·3·3” case was deeper than that in the “24·2·21” case. In both supercell hail processes, hailfall was accompanied by a decrease in storm centroid height and in the maximum shear height of the mesocyclone. The “24·2·21” supercell exhibited a long maintenance time, a mid-level double vortex structure, and differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) columns extending above 6 km. The ZDR and KDP values within the overhanging echo were small, and the cross-correlation coefficient (CC) decreased with decreasing height, indicating the presence of melting small ice phase particles, which favored moist hail growth. In contrast, the “25·3·3” supercell had a shorter maintenance time, a deep single vortex (mesocyclone) structure, and a pronounced rear inflow. The ZDR and KDP columns were confined below 5 km. Small ZDR and KDP values accompanied by large CC values at upper levels indicated a greater abundance of dry ice phase particles. This was manifested by an increased frequency of intracloud lightning flashes, which may be associated with accelerated freezing caused by rear-inflow dry cold air and was conducive to dry hail growth in the upper cold cloud region.

Supercell  /  Large hail  /  Elevated convection  /  Double vortex  /  Mesocyclone
钱卓蕾, 吴卓亨, 郭士鑫, 张春艳, 罗玲. 两次冬季罕见大冰雹超级单体风暴对比分析. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1239 -1253 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25067
Zhuolei QIAN, Zhuoheng WU, Shixin GUO, Chunyan ZHANG, Ling LUO. Comparative Analysis of Two Rare Large Hail Supercells in Winter[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1239 -1253 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25067
超级单体是发展最为强烈的一种对流风暴,常伴随冰雹等强对流天气(Browning, 1962)。超级单体风暴含有深厚持久的中气旋(Browning, 1977; 俞小鼎等, 2006)。
超级单体的典型雷达特征包括:钩状回波、有界弱回波区、悬垂回波和中气旋等(Browning et al., 1963; Marwitz, 1972; Musil et al., 1986; Markowski, 2002; 郑媛媛等, 2004; Kumjian, 2011; 王福侠等, 2014; 蔡淼等, 2014; 朱义青等, 2020)。近年来,气象学者们发现宽大有界弱回波区以及其上的强悬垂回波、前侧强入流、中层径向辐合以及V型回波的存在均表明超级单体具有降雹潜势(牛奔等, 2016; 夏文梅等, 2016; 黄俊杰和苟阿宁, 2018)。垂直累积液态含水量高值与雹云有正相关关系(刘治国等, 2008; 吴芳芳等, 2013)。成熟阶段的超级单体风暴具有高度组织化、显著旋转以及风暴顶辐散等特征,风暴顶高和质心高度明显波动对应降雹(吴海英等, 2017; 高丽等, 2021)。中层中气旋与超级单体降雹有重要联系,超级单体内部涡旋的维持和生成有利于大冰雹的增长(陈秋萍等, 2015; 徐芬等, 2016; 唐佳等, 2023),大冰雹超级单体可伴有双涡旋结构或单涡旋结构(刁秀广等, 2009; 张玉洁等, 2019; 陈瑞敏等, 2021),双涡旋结构有助于超级单体发展及大冰雹的循环增长(潘佳文等, 2020)。
相较于常规雷达,双偏振雷达通过发射水平和垂直两种极化电磁波,可以获取差分反射率(Differential Reflectivity,记为ZDR)、差分相移率(Differential Propagation Phase shift,记为KDP)、相关系数(Cross-Correlation Coefficient,记为CC)等偏振参数,这些参数演变与降水粒子的形状、相态、空间取向等关系密切(刘黎平等, 1996a, 1996b; 楚荣忠等, 1997; Park et al., 2009; 寇蕾蕾等, 2018; 王洪等, 2018; 刁秀广等, 2020; 刁秀广和郭飞燕, 2021; 申高航等, 2021)。研究发现超级单体风暴低层前侧入流区反射率因子梯度大的部位往往会出现ZDR弧,0°C层高度以上通常会出现ZDR柱或KDP柱(Kumjian and Ryzhkov, 2008; Kumjian et al., 2010; Kumjian, 2013a, 2013b; Snyder et al., 2013; 王洪等, 2018; 潘佳文等, 2020)。ZDR柱与强上升气流的对应关系较好(Kumjian et al., 2014; 刁秀广和郭飞燕, 2021)。0°C层高度以上KDP柱的出现表明有丰富的液态水和(或)湿冰存在(Hubbert et al., 1998; Loney et al., 2002)。
以上研究的超级单体主要发生在春夏季,入春以前气温较低,能量弱,强对流天气极少,出现超级单体更是罕见。而2024年2月21日(入春3月11日,简称“24·2·21”)和2025年3月3日(入春3月10日,简称“25·3·3”)均出现了超级单体风暴并降大冰雹。本文对两次冬季大冰雹超级单体的环境场和风暴演变结构进行分析,以期加深对大冰雹超级单体形成背景和风暴结构的认识,为此类灾害性天气的预报预警服务提供参考。
本文所用资料包括:(1)浙江省国家站和区域站逐时资料;(2)“24·2·21”风暴结构分析使用温州S波段双偏振雷达,“25·3·3”风暴结构分析使用绍兴S波段双偏振雷达;(3)浙江省闪电定位仪资料;(4)ERA5再分析资料(空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为1 h)。雷达和闪电定位仪分布见图1。
2024年2月21日傍晚前后,浙江南部发生强对流过程,强风暴移入浙江后经过丽水、温州和台州,造成22个乡镇出现冰雹(图2a),最大直径达4.5 cm,本次风暴持续时间长达14 h(俞小鼎等, 2024),因暂无法获得其他省份的雷达数据,且浙江雷达可以完整探测风暴超级单体阶段以及降雹阶段,本文只分析浙江省内雷达可探测时间段(15:31~20:56;北京时,下同)的风暴特征。
2025年3月3日早晨,浙江中北部发生强对流过程,风暴经过杭州、绍兴等地,14个乡镇(街道)出现冰雹(图2b),最大直径3 cm,强风暴维持时间为3 h左右。
在2024年2月21日20:00(图3a),850 hPa上辐合切变线从湖南中南部一直延伸到浙江西北部边缘,同时,浙江南部还存在一条中尺度辐合切变线,地面锋位于广西北部到福建中北部一线,超前于850 hPa两条辐合切变线,850 hPa上西南暖湿气流叠加在地面锋后冷垫之上,有利于产生高架对流(张一平等, 2014; 俞小鼎等, 2016, 2024; 郭大梅等, 2018; 王宁等, 2023; 张伟等, 2023),风暴在锋后冷空气一侧发展并东移。浙南的切变线与超级单体的发展移动路径较为一致(图2a),该切变线与风暴发展加强有密切联系。
2024年3月3日08:00,500 hPa北支槽位于河套地区,南支槽位于四川西部,槽前有强盛西南气流和正涡度平流,有利于上升运动发展,低层850 hPa上我国东部的辐合切变线从江西北部边缘到浙江中北部(图3b),地面冷锋在浙江中南部超前于850 hPa辐合切变线,而在江西北部两者接近,因此浙江中北部上空环流配置有利于高架对流发展,对流发生在850 hPa切变线附近和近地面冷锋后。
从台州椒江站2024年2月21日20:00探空图(图4a)可知:层结曲线均在状态曲线的右侧,对流有效势能(CAPE)为0,近地面到850 hPa有明显的逆温,逆温层之下为绝对稳定的层结,但850 hPa以上存在条件不稳定层结(俞小鼎等, 2024),将探空起始高度抬升至逆温层顶(850 hPa)时(图4c),CAPE为770 J kg−1。近地面为东到东北风,850 hPa以上转为较强的西南风,0~6 km垂直风切变32 m s−1。600~450 hPa有干层,最大温度露点差6.3°C(500 hPa),湿球温度0°C层高度为3.8 km。
“25·3·3”过程发生在早晨,由于08:00风暴已接近消亡,并移出杭州进入绍兴,分析杭州08:00探空意义不大,故使用再分析资料绘制风暴初始位置(29.45°N,118.57°E)的3月3日05:00温湿垂直廓线(图4b、d),逆温层顶在850 hPa附近,850 hPa以上存在条件不稳定层结,850 hPa起始的CAPE为680 J kg−1,0~6 km垂直风切变31 m s−1。干层十分深厚,从700 hPa一直到300 hPa,最大温度露点差13°C(600 hPa),湿球温度0°C层高度为3.5 km。
两次高架对流的形成机制可解释为:暖湿气流沿着冷垫北上爬升至逆温层顶,冷垫之上存在条件不稳定层结和正的对流有效位能,在逆温层顶附近的切变线作用下深厚垂直对流迅速触发(俞小鼎等, 2016, 2024)。强深层风垂直切变是超级单体发展的重要环境条件(Chisholm and Renick, 1972; 俞小鼎等, 2024; 王秀明等, 2025; 张昕宇等, 2026),适宜的湿球温度0°C层高度有利于出现冰雹(俞小鼎, 2014)。此外,两次过程虽然中层均存在条件对称不稳定(图略),但当条件对称不稳定和导致垂直对流的CAPE同时存在时,垂直对流占支配地位,倾斜对流上升气流较垂直对流低一个量级,无法生成超级单体(俞小鼎等, 2016, 2020, 2024)。
“24·2·21”风暴在雷达探测范围内发展演变过程可分为发展阶段、成熟阶段和消亡阶段。
发展阶段( 15:31~16:31),此阶段风暴由强风暴发展为超级单体,其中16:13~16:31为强烈发展阶段,最大水平极化反射率因子(Horizontal reflectance factor,记为ZH)由60 dBZ增大至65 dBZ,垂直累积液态水含量(Vertically Integrated Liquid Water,简称VIL)从34 kg m−2增大至47 kg m−2(图6a),ZH质心从3.3 km抬升至4.8 km,风暴顶从6.2 km升至8.3 km。16:31(图5a、e和图6a)风暴位于江西与丽水交界,由于距离雷达较远,4 km以下的特征无法显示,但仍可以看到风暴的前倾结构,60 dBZ以上的ZH扩展到6 km之上。该体扫速度图上已出现较为明显的中气旋(图略),风暴已发展为超级单体。此时风暴中以负地闪为主。
成熟阶段(16:31~19:21),该时段风暴内中气旋维持26个体扫(16:31~19:01),从18:03起高层出现三体散射长钉(图略),表明有大冰雹粒子生成,18:03~19:21风暴最大ZH均≥70 dBZ(图6a),VIL≥50 kg m−2。从中气旋参数演变可知(图6c):中气旋厚度1.67~5.79 km,最大切变值在14×10−3~28.5×10−3 s−1,最大切变值高度1.89~6.95 km。18:27(图5b、f和图6a),风暴移动至丽水和温州交界,最大ZH达74 dBZ,质心高度为2.5 km,VIL达到60 kg m−2。此时风暴有三体散射和旁瓣回波特征,表明风暴中含有大冰雹。从18:27风暴垂直剖面来看,≥65 dBZ的高ZH区向上到达7 km,并存在有界弱回波区和悬垂回波,10 km之下均有三体散射,说明生成于中上层的冰雹已开始下降,18:30丽水青田县内出现4 cm大冰雹。18:39(图5c、g和图6a),风暴中心移动至温州永嘉,最大ZH为75 dBZ,ZH质心高度为5.5 km,VIL达到62 kg m−2。风暴后侧有较大范围降水回波,遮挡了三体散射特征,但在垂直剖面上4 km之上仍可以观察到三体散射。相比18:27,60 dBZ以上的强ZH区高度降低,但质心高度却是升高的。18:53温州永嘉出现4 cm以上大冰雹。图6a、c可知降雹过程伴随风暴质心高度和最大切变高度的下降,与唐佳等(2023)的研究结论一致。成熟阶段风暴中仍以负地闪为主,云闪较少。
消亡阶段(19:21~20:56),风暴强度逐渐减弱,最大ZH和VIL减小(图6a)。19:39(图5d、h和图6a)风暴进入台州沿海,虽然最大ZH仍然达到68 dBZ,但VIL减小至46 kg m−2,随后风暴入海,强度继续减弱直至消亡。
风暴发展阶段(05:14~06:20),05:14风暴在杭州西部生成,向东偏北方向移动过程中风暴顶高、最大反射率因子及高度、VIL迅速增长(图6b),且风暴底的起始位置在3 km附近。06:08(图7a、e和图6b),风暴反射率因子核心65 dBZ,质心高度6.4 km,在−20°C层高度之上,VIL为58 kg m−2,从垂直剖面来看,风暴主体在3~14 km,表现为高架对流风暴特征。06:20风暴中气旋结构生成,风暴发展为超级单体。发展阶段风暴中以负地闪为主。
风暴成熟阶段(06:20~07:20),最大反射率因子均≥70 dBZ(图6b),中气旋持续11个体扫(06:20~07:20)(图6d),中气旋厚度3.4~8.3 km,最大切变值在20×10−3~24.5×10−3 s−1,最大切变值高度3.0~6.2 km,相比“24·2·21”风暴中气旋更深厚。06:56(图7b、f和图6b),风暴已移动至桐庐,强度增强,强回波范围扩大,最大反射率因子76 dBZ,VIL为62 kg m−2,质心高度2.3 km,风暴的三体散射和旁瓣回波较短。垂直剖面显示风暴主体已发展到低层,同时70 dBZ以上的反射率因子核心到达10 km附近,因此高架风暴强回波是同时向上和向下伸展的,低层存在弱回波区,三体散射出现在5 km之下,表明冰雹粒子已降至低层,06:57前后杭州桐庐出现2~3 cm大冰雹。此时风暴中的闪电频次增加,其中云闪增加最明显。07:14(图7c、g和图6b),风暴反射率因子核心降至69 dBZ,VIL维持62 kg m−2,质心高度3.1 km,风暴后侧降水回波遮挡了三体散射特征,07:18绍兴诸暨出现2~3 cm大冰雹。图6b、d可知质心高度和最强切变高度的下降也均反映出冰雹的降落。该时次云闪频次继续增加,云闪在5~17 km之间。
风暴消亡阶段(07:20~08:08),07:36(图7d、h和图6b),风暴强度减弱,最大反射率因子减小至61 dBZ,VIL为56 kg m−2,风暴质心下降至1.4 km,同时,50 dBZ的强回波区在5 km之下,近地面以降水为主,之后风暴持续减弱。
首先分析动力结构,18:30前后丽水青田出现4 cm大冰雹,在降雹前的体扫(18:27)(图8和图5b、f),0.5°、2.4°仰角风暴右侧有入流缺口,高层强回波叠加在低层弱回波区之上,形成弱回波区和中高层回波悬垂,风暴前侧为强的入流区,径向速度(V)剖面图上风暴中心及前侧有强烈倾斜上升气流,风暴后侧为倾斜下沉气流,中层3~7 km为辐合,7~14 km为辐散。0.5°仰角上,存在辐合速度对,正速度中心为8 m s−1,负速度中心为−19 m s−1,两者差值为27 m s−1,距离约5 km。2.4°仰角上在钩状回波顶点附近出现明显双涡结构。其中气旋性旋转的正速度中心为8 m s−1,负速度中心为−25 m s−1,两者差值为33 m s−1,距离约4.5 km;反气旋性旋转的负速度中心为−24 m s−1,正负速度差值为31 m s−1,距离约5 km;气旋性旋转和反气旋性旋转强度相当。这种双涡旋结构在3.3°和4.3°仰角径向速度图(图略)上仍存在。5.3°仰角上靠近雷达的正速度中心转为负速度中心并出现速度模糊,中心风速达31 m s−1,而正速度中心在后侧,中心风速3 m s−1,风速差34 m s−1,正负速度中心8 km,表明出现了辐散速度对。因此,“24·2·21”超级单体主要表现为低层辐合、中层双涡、高层辐散的垂直动力场结构。
在0.5°和2.4°仰角上,水平极化反射率因子(ZH)中心(ZH≥60 dBZ)右后侧ZDR为−1~0.5 dB,KDP为空值区(CC<0.85不被计算而显示为白色),CC在0.75~0.85,而左前侧ZDR为0.5~2 dB,KDP为1.1°~3.4° km−1,CC在0.9~0.96,研究表明大冰雹下落翻滚导致ZDR值接近0 dB(高丽等, 2021),因此中心右后侧主要为大冰雹粒子,为主要的降雹区,左前侧主要为较小的湿冰雹粒子。强回波区(50~60 dBZ,除中心外)对应较大的ZDR(0.5~5 dB)和较大的KDP(1°~6° km−1),CC为0.8~0.98,该区域以多种尺度的液态粒子和湿冰雹粒子为主,左前侧有较强降水。在入流缺口处存在ZDR较大,并表现为弧状,即存在ZDR弧。ZDR弧附近KDP为0.5°~3.4° km−1,并有小范围空值,CC为0.6~0.98,因此ZDR弧为较大尺度的液态粒子和湿冰雹粒子。2.4°仰角上三体散射特征较低层显著,且三体散射特征在ZDR和CC产品上更清楚,对应位置上CC很小(0.1~0.7),同时ZDR在靠近风暴强回波区有较大值(1.0~3.4 dB),远离风暴强回波区ZDR为负值,这种现象是强冰雹反射导致的水平和垂直偏振波差异以及电磁波衰减造成的(Ryzhkov, 2007; 刁秀广等, 2021; 高丽等, 2021)。5.3°仰角上在风暴前侧上升气流附近有ZDR柱,对应CC为0.8~0.96,主要包含有水膜的冰粒子和较大尺度液态粒子。垂直剖面图上,湿球温度0°C层以下靠近上升气流区为ZDR弧,0°C层之上的上升气流区内为ZDR柱,并有KDP柱,两者分离,KDP柱在ZDR柱的东侧,ZDR柱和KDP柱均高于6 km。在强悬垂回波内,除ZDR柱和KDP柱外,其他区域ZDR和KDP较小,且CC随高度下降而减小,表明存在融化现象,这些区域由小的混合相态粒子组成,有利于冰雹湿增长(洪延超等, 2002; 高丽等, 2021; 李芳等, 2024)。强回波中心后侧下沉气流对应清楚的ZDR洞(ZDR在0附近或为负值)(王福侠等, 2024),ZDR洞下降到了3 km之下,KDP大范围不显示,CC小(0.6~0.9),表明大冰雹已经降到低层,但此时3 km以下KDP≥2.4° km−1,CC≥0.92,此时地面实况还未观测到大冰雹,3 min后近地面才出现大冰雹。
06:58前后杭州桐庐出现2~3 cm大冰雹,分析降雹前的体扫(06:56)(图9和图7b、f),0.5°、2.4°仰角有入流缺口,高层强回波也是叠加在低层弱回波区之上,形成中高层回波悬垂特征。径向速度垂直剖面上前侧为斜升气流,6~8 km存在强烈的后侧入流,使得过程的下沉气流更强,并出现速度模糊,去模糊后中心风速达−42 m s−1,因此3~8 km的径向辐合更为显著,8~13 km为辐散。0.5°仰角径向速度图上,0.5°仰角上风暴中心前侧存在辐合旋转速度对,正速度中心为3 m s−1,负速度中心为−31 m s−1,两者差值为34 m s−1,距离约5.5 km。2.4°仰角径向速度(图9b2)上仍有明显辐合式中气旋,正速度中心为8 m s−1,负速度中心为−31 m s−1,两者差值为39 m s−1,距离约5 km。这种气旋式旋转在5.3°仰角上仍存在,但为辐散式旋转,正速度中心为7 m s−1,负速度中心为−36 m s−1,两者差值为43 m s−1,距离约5 km。因此“25·3·3”超级单体有深厚中气旋。
0.5°和2.4°仰角的ZH中心附近ZDR为−1~1 dB,且大部分区域ZDR≤0.5 dB,KDP为1.0°~3.4° km−1,中心后侧有空值,2.4°仰角上空值区域较大,对应KDP空值区CC为0.6~0.85,其他区域CC为0.85~0.96,因此风暴中心后侧为大冰雹粒子,是主要降雹区,中心其他区域为较小的湿冰雹粒子和液态粒子,ZH大值区附近ZDR为0.5~4 dB,KDP为0.5°~3.4° km−1,CC为0.9~0.96,为多种尺度的湿冰雹粒子和雨滴构成,大值区北侧有较强降水。结合剖面图可知:入流缺口处有明显的ZDR弧,ZDR弧附近KDP为1.1°~3.4° km−1,CC为0.92~0.98,ZDR弧包含较大尺度的液态粒子和湿冰雹粒子。5.3°仰角上风暴中心和大值区内ZDR基本在0.5以下,KDP大部分范围内≤0,高层无ZDR和KDP柱,CC为0.92~0.96,以均匀的霰粒子和干冰雹为主,风暴中心高度在后侧三体散射根部ZDR≥4 dB,随着径向距离增大,ZDR迅速减小,而CC始终≤0.8。在剖面图上,ZDR和KDP柱较短,仅在5 km之下,高层悬垂回波内ZDR和KDP较小,而CC较大(0.95~0.98),以相对较干的小冰相粒子为主(李芳等, 2024),这可能与深厚干层有关(图3d),干冷空气大量流入加速风暴内粒子冻结(朱好奇等, 2024),风暴内冰相粒子增多,表现为高层云闪频次显著增多(Williams et al, 1989),有利于冰雹干增长。强回波中心对应清晰的ZDR洞,ZDR洞已向下伸展至2 km附近,且为强烈下沉气流区,强回波中心后侧KDP不显示,CC为0.6~0.9,大冰雹在此处迅速下降,2 min后实况监测到大冰雹。
利用再分析资料、自动站观测、闪电定位和S波段双偏振雷达探测资料分析“24·2·21”和“25·3·3”两次降雹超级单体风暴的环境场和结构特征,对比分析风暴动力及微物理特征,得到如下结论:
(1)两次对流均为逆温层顶之上的高架对流,逆温层顶上空有条件不稳定层结和正的对流有效位能,深厚垂直对流由850 hPa切变线触发。环境层结均为上干冷下暖湿,其中“25·3·3”的干层较“24·2·21”更为深厚。两次过程均有强深层风垂直切变和适宜的湿球温度0°C层高度,有利于超级单体发展并降雹。
(2)超级单体降雹伴随着质心高度和中气旋最大切变高度下降,大冰雹区在风暴后侧下沉气流中。“24·2·21”超级单体维持时间长达两个半小时,动力结构表现为低层辐合、中层双涡旋和高层辐散的特征,而“25·3·3”超级单体维持时长仅1 h,动力结构为低层气旋式辐合、中层单涡旋(中气旋)、高层气旋式辐散,中气旋更深厚,并有明显后侧入流。
(3)“24·2·21”风暴内ZDR柱和KDP柱高于6 km,悬垂回波内ZDR和KDP较小,CC随高度下降而减小,表明包含融化的小冰相粒子,有利于冰雹粒子湿增长;“25·3·3”风暴内ZDR柱和KDP柱在5 km之下,高层ZDR和KDP较小,CC较大,深厚干层导致干冷空气大量涌入加速冻结作用,高层冷云中较干的冰相粒子增多,表现为云闪频次显著增多,有利于冰雹粒子干增长。
冰雹的增长机制比较复杂,本文仅通过分析双偏振参量特征对两次入春前超级单体风暴的冰雹增长进行初步探讨,分析干湿增长的有利条件。从两个超级单体湿球温度0°C层以上的双偏振参量分布来看,干湿增长都是存在的,仍无法判断冰雹增长过程是湿增长还是干增长为主,需要利用数值模拟等方法(陈宝君等, 2012; 朱好奇等, 2024; 殷蕾等, 2024; 张昕宇等, 2026)对两次冰雹形成机理进行深入研究,这是我们下一步迫切需要解决的问题。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2508.25067
  • 接收时间:2025-04-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1绍兴市气象台, 绍兴312000
    2浙江省气象数据中心, 杭州31002
    3浙江省气象台, 杭州310002

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罗玲,女,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事强对流等中小尺度天气研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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