Article(id=1311998428368957477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741449600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734401075, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734401075, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734401075, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734401075, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1135, endPage=1151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998428729667622, articleId=1311998428368957477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Impact of Increased Horizontal Resolution in the Global Atmospheric Circulation Model FAMIL on the Simulation of Global Cloud Radiative Effects, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Uncertainties in cloud simulations can affect key physical processes in climate modelling. Using satellite data from CloudSat/CALIPSO and CERES, together with ERA5 reanalysis data, this study analyzes the distribution characteristics of global climatological cloud fraction and cloud radiative effects (CREs) simulated by the atmospheric component FAMIL in the climate system model FGOALS-f3 at resolutions of 100, 25, and 12.5 km. Moreover, the study investigates the potential sources of simulation errors based on the Xu–Randall cloud diagnostic scheme. The results show that at different resolutions, cloud fraction is underestimated in low-latitude areas and overestimated in high-latitude areas and that the simulation performance changes nonlinearly with increasing resolution. On the global scale, the deviation in the 25 km model increases compared with the 100 km model, and the cloud fraction deviation of the 12.5 km model is approximately 4% higher than that of the 25 km model in regions such as the Western Pacific Warm Pool. As model resolution increases, the simulated CRE decreases in association with a reduction in cloud fraction. In the Xu–Randall scheme, relative humidity (RH) is the dominant factor controlling climatological cloud fraction. Resolution enhancement further changes RH by affecting variables such as temperature and vertical velocity, thereby indirectly affecting cloud fraction bias. The weak vertical velocity in the 100 km model indirectly leads to underestimation of middle- and high-level cloud fractions in low-latitude areas. The higher temperature in the 25 km model compared with the 100 km model increases the cloud fraction bias. Furthermore, the lower temperature in the 12.5 km model compared with the 25 km model decreases the cloud fraction bias.

, authors=Hailan YAO1, 2, 3, Bian HE1, 2, authorsList=Hailan YAO, Bian HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bian HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998438301069393, articleId=1311998428368957477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=全球大气环流模式FAMIL水平分辨率提高对全球云辐射效应模拟的影响, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

云模拟的不确定性会影响气候模式中的关键物理过程。本文利用CloudSat/CALIPSO和CERES卫星资料及ERA5再分析资料,分析了LASG/IAP开发的气候系统模式FGOALS-f3中的大气分量FAMIL在100 km、25 km、12.5 km分辨率下对全球气候态云量和云辐射效应(CRE)模拟的分布特征;并基于Xu-Randall云量诊断方案,讨论了模式偏差的可能来源。结果表明,不同分辨率下,云量模拟结果均呈现低(高)纬地区均被低(高)估的特征,而随分辨率增加,模拟技巧呈非线性变化。在全球尺度上,25 km模式云量模拟偏差较100 km模式增大,12.5 km模式较25 km模式在西太平洋暖池等区域云量偏差改善了约4%。模式分辨率增加后,模拟的CRE随云量的减少而偏低。在Xu-Randall方案中,相对湿度(RH)是气候态云量形成的主导因子,因此分辨率的提升会通过影响温度和垂直速度等变量进一步改变RH,间接影响云量偏差。在低纬度对流层中高层,100 km模式垂直速度偏弱,间接导致云量被低估;25 km模式较100 km模式温度偏高,导致云量偏差增大;12.5 km模式较25 km模式温度偏低,致使云量偏差减小。

, authors=姚海兰1, 2, 3, 何编1, 2, authorsList=姚海兰, 何编, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何编, authorNote=

姚海兰,女,博士研究生,主要从事气候模式云模拟研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
何编,男,研究员,主要从事青藏高原和亚洲季风动力学,全球气候变化,大气环流模式研发、评估及应用等方面的研究。E-mail:
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姚海兰,女,博士研究生,主要从事气候模式云模拟研究。E-mail:

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姚海兰,女,博士研究生,主要从事气候模式云模拟研究。E-mail:

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In figures, M represents the global spatial mean of the observations, RMSE denotes the root mean square error between the model and observations, MB represents the mean bias between the model and observations, MB’ indicates the mean bias between different model configurations, the same below., figureFileSmall=ZcvqWituJU4d9FbaWtVhdA==, figureFileBig=9PpMjIlNZVmSCKTcm1kGqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998443690750074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2007~2010年(a)CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测和(b–d)国际大气环流模式比较计划(AMIP)不同分辨率模拟的全球年平均总云量空间分布及其(e–g)偏差:(b)100 km模式;(c)25 km模式;(d)12.5 km模式;(e)100 km模式与观测的差值;(f)25 km模式与100 km模式的差值;(g)12.5 km模式与25 km模式的差值。图中M表示观测的全球空间平均,RMSE表示模式与观测的均方根误差,MB表示模式与观测的平均偏差,MB’表示模式与模式的平均偏差,下同。, figureFileSmall=ZcvqWituJU4d9FbaWtVhdA==, figureFileBig=9PpMjIlNZVmSCKTcm1kGqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998443753664635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Zonal mean vertical structure of the global annual average cloud fraction and (e–g) biases during 2007–2010 by (a) CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite observations and (b-d) AMIP simulations with different resolution: (b) 100 km model; (c) 25 km model; (d) 12.5 km model; (e) 100 km model minus observations; (f) 25 km model minus 100 km model; (g) 12.5 km model minus 25 km model., figureFileSmall=ieL5PfpYGGYQKc4boG+sfw==, figureFileBig=tCo2rQqpjSbt/ONqyO8jGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998445422997628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2007~2010年(a)CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测和(b–d)AMIP不同分辨率模拟的全球年平均云量纬向平均垂直结构及其(e–g)偏差:(b)100 km模式;(c)25 km模式;(d)12.5 km模式;(e)100 km模式与观测的差值;(f)25 km模式与100 km模式的差值;(g)12.5 km模式与25 km模式的差值。。, figureFileSmall=ieL5PfpYGGYQKc4boG+sfw==, figureFileBig=tCo2rQqpjSbt/ONqyO8jGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998445523660925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Global annual mean spatial distributions of all-sky upward shortwave radiation (top line), clear-sky upward shortwave radiation (second line), and shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE, third line) during 2007–2010 as observed by CERES satellite (first column), and as simulated by AMIP 100 km model (second column), AMIP 25 km model (third column), and AMIP 12.5 km model (fourth column) resolutions. Panels (n-o) show the SWCRE differences for: AMIP 100 km model minus observations, AMIP 25 km model minus 100 km model results, and AMIP 12.5 km model minus 25 km model results, respectively., figureFileSmall=X0jtSELJcWyzcidN5AmdzA==, figureFileBig=hSvD8GNU0HJ8XjK78iK5Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998445607547006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2007~2010年CERES卫星观测(第一列)以及AMIP 100 km模式(第二列)、AMIP 25 km模式(第三列)和AMIP 12.5 km模式(第四列)模拟的全球年平均全天空向上短波辐射(第一行)、晴空向上短波辐射(第二行)和短波云辐射效应(第三行)的空间分布,(n–o)分别是AMIP 100 km模式减观测、AMIP 25 km模式减去100 km模式结果以及AMIP 12.5 km模式减去25 km模式结果的短波云辐射效应偏差分布。, figureFileSmall=X0jtSELJcWyzcidN5AmdzA==, figureFileBig=hSvD8GNU0HJ8XjK78iK5Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998445674655871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Global annual mean spatial distributions of all-sky outgoing longwave radiation (top line), clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation (second line), and longwave cloud radiative effect (LWCRE, third line) during 2007–2010 as observed by CERES satellite (first column), and as simulated by AMIP 100 km (second column), AMIP 25 km (third column), and AMIP 12.5 km (fourth column) models. Panels (n–o) show the LWCRE differences for: AMIP 100 km model minus observations, AMIP 25 km minus 100 km models, and AMIP 12.5 km minus 25 km models, respectively., figureFileSmall=ctUfHbVixiKtKnUx2k60Iw==, figureFileBig=jbLc+M2//8LDR3TByyT43A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998445741764736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2007~2010年CERES卫星观测(第一列)以及AMIP 100 km模式(第二列)、AMIP 25 km模式(第三列)和AMIP 12.5 km模式(第四列)模拟的全球年平均全天空输出长波辐射(第一行)、晴空输出长波辐射(第二行)和长波云辐射效应(第三行)的空间分布。(n–o)分别是AMIP 100 km模式减观测、AMIP 25 km模式减100 km模式结果、AMIP 12.5 km模式减25 km模式结果的长波云辐射效应偏差分布。, figureFileSmall=ctUfHbVixiKtKnUx2k60Iw==, figureFileBig=jbLc+M2//8LDR3TByyT43A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998445892759681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Same as Fig. 3, butfor the zonal mean vertical structure of relative humidity and their biases., figureFileSmall=NMxw6Bs27yNmvfVsxRrePQ==, figureFileBig=gkcb63CM8mod837WqWACnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998445964062850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图6, caption=同图3,但为相对湿度纬向平均的垂直结构及其偏差。, figureFileSmall=NMxw6Bs27yNmvfVsxRrePQ==, figureFileBig=gkcb63CM8mod837WqWACnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998446043754627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Scatter relationships between annual mean relative humidity and cloud fraction at 200 hPa (top line), 500 hPa (second line), and 925 hPa (third line) over the Western Pacific region during 2007–2010 from CloudSat/CALIPSO satellite observations (first column) and AMIP simulations with resolutions of 100 km (second column), 25 km (third column), and 12.5 km (fourth column). In figures, the red lines represent linear fitting curves., figureFileSmall=eFk0WrsAndpqhD/2uiRTIA==, figureFileBig=PYhxYp4TaSQehaoV0JfK9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998446270247044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2007~2010年西太平洋区域CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测(第一列)及AMIP 100 km(第二列)、25 km(第三列)、12.5 km(第四列)模式模拟的200 hPa(第一行)、500 hPa(第二行)、925 hPa(第三行)年平均相对湿度与云量的散点关系。图中红色线为线性拟合曲线。, figureFileSmall=eFk0WrsAndpqhD/2uiRTIA==, figureFileBig=PYhxYp4TaSQehaoV0JfK9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998446328967301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Same as Fig. 3, but for the zonal mean vertical structure of temperature and their biases (units: K)., figureFileSmall=rXcGDdvI2d0lxDiyzbEMWQ==, figureFileBig=Z7JvW+oxDrx/lURB+yJwxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998446404464774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图8, caption=同图3,但为温度纬向平均的垂直结构及其偏差(单位:K)。, figureFileSmall=rXcGDdvI2d0lxDiyzbEMWQ==, figureFileBig=Z7JvW+oxDrx/lURB+yJwxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998446471573639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Same as Fig. 3, but for the zonal mean vertical structure of the vertical circulation and their biase (units: 10−2 m s−1)., figureFileSmall=ifkehttEjqiUJpta6VBHQQ==, figureFileBig=1xoyk95B8cGhg3/3PhKTSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998446521905288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998428368957477, language=CN, label=图9, caption=同图3,但为垂直环流纬向平均的垂直结构及其偏差(单位:10−2 m s−1)。, figureFileSmall=ifkehttEjqiUJpta6VBHQQ==, figureFileBig=1xoyk95B8cGhg3/3PhKTSg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1311385095715782771, 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全球大气环流模式FAMIL水平分辨率提高对全球云辐射效应模拟的影响
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姚海兰 1, 2, 3 , 何编 1, 2
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1135-1151
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1135 -1151
全球大气环流模式FAMIL水平分辨率提高对全球云辐射效应模拟的影响
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姚海兰1, 2, 3 , 何编1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院大气物理研究所地球系统数值模拟与应用全国重点实验室(LabESM), 北京100029
  • 2中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG), 北京100029
  • 3中国科学院大学, 北京100049
通讯作者:
何编,男,研究员,主要从事青藏高原和亚洲季风动力学,全球气候变化,大气环流模式研发、评估及应用等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

姚海兰,女,博士研究生,主要从事气候模式云模拟研究。E-mail:

Impact of Increased Horizontal Resolution in the Global Atmospheric Circulation Model FAMIL on the Simulation of Global Cloud Radiative Effects
Hailan YAO1, 2, 3 , Bian HE1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1National Laboratory for Earth System Modeling and Application (LabESM), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25042
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云模拟的不确定性会影响气候模式中的关键物理过程。本文利用CloudSat/CALIPSO和CERES卫星资料及ERA5再分析资料,分析了LASG/IAP开发的气候系统模式FGOALS-f3中的大气分量FAMIL在100 km、25 km、12.5 km分辨率下对全球气候态云量和云辐射效应(CRE)模拟的分布特征;并基于Xu-Randall云量诊断方案,讨论了模式偏差的可能来源。结果表明,不同分辨率下,云量模拟结果均呈现低(高)纬地区均被低(高)估的特征,而随分辨率增加,模拟技巧呈非线性变化。在全球尺度上,25 km模式云量模拟偏差较100 km模式增大,12.5 km模式较25 km模式在西太平洋暖池等区域云量偏差改善了约4%。模式分辨率增加后,模拟的CRE随云量的减少而偏低。在Xu-Randall方案中,相对湿度(RH)是气候态云量形成的主导因子,因此分辨率的提升会通过影响温度和垂直速度等变量进一步改变RH,间接影响云量偏差。在低纬度对流层中高层,100 km模式垂直速度偏弱,间接导致云量被低估;25 km模式较100 km模式温度偏高,导致云量偏差增大;12.5 km模式较25 km模式温度偏低,致使云量偏差减小。

全球大气环流模式  /  高分辨率  /  数值模拟  /  云量  /  云辐射效应

Uncertainties in cloud simulations can affect key physical processes in climate modelling. Using satellite data from CloudSat/CALIPSO and CERES, together with ERA5 reanalysis data, this study analyzes the distribution characteristics of global climatological cloud fraction and cloud radiative effects (CREs) simulated by the atmospheric component FAMIL in the climate system model FGOALS-f3 at resolutions of 100, 25, and 12.5 km. Moreover, the study investigates the potential sources of simulation errors based on the Xu–Randall cloud diagnostic scheme. The results show that at different resolutions, cloud fraction is underestimated in low-latitude areas and overestimated in high-latitude areas and that the simulation performance changes nonlinearly with increasing resolution. On the global scale, the deviation in the 25 km model increases compared with the 100 km model, and the cloud fraction deviation of the 12.5 km model is approximately 4% higher than that of the 25 km model in regions such as the Western Pacific Warm Pool. As model resolution increases, the simulated CRE decreases in association with a reduction in cloud fraction. In the Xu–Randall scheme, relative humidity (RH) is the dominant factor controlling climatological cloud fraction. Resolution enhancement further changes RH by affecting variables such as temperature and vertical velocity, thereby indirectly affecting cloud fraction bias. The weak vertical velocity in the 100 km model indirectly leads to underestimation of middle- and high-level cloud fractions in low-latitude areas. The higher temperature in the 25 km model compared with the 100 km model increases the cloud fraction bias. Furthermore, the lower temperature in the 12.5 km model compared with the 25 km model decreases the cloud fraction bias.

Global atmospheric circulation model  /  High resolution  /  Numerical simulation  /  Cloud fraction  /  Cloud radiative effect
姚海兰, 何编. 全球大气环流模式FAMIL水平分辨率提高对全球云辐射效应模拟的影响. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1135 -1151 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25042
Hailan YAO, Bian HE. Impact of Increased Horizontal Resolution in the Global Atmospheric Circulation Model FAMIL on the Simulation of Global Cloud Radiative Effects[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1135 -1151 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25042
云在气候系统中扮演着重要角色,其通过调节辐射和能量平衡、参与水循环过程,对全球气候有着决定性影响(Ramanathan et al., 1989; GEWEX Cloud System, Science Team, 1993)。云量、云状、云高和云水含量等云参数的细微变化,都可能改变气候系统的辐射和能量平衡,进而对天气和气候产生显著影响(汪宏七和赵高祥, 1994; 赵高祥和汪宏七, 1994; 张华等, 2022)。根据一维辐射对流模式的研究,当云量、云光学厚度以及云高均增加3%时,可以导致地气系统的太阳短波辐射强迫与红外长波辐射强迫之和为−4.78 W m−2,足以抵消大气CO2浓度倍增所引起的辐射强迫(刘玉芝等, 2007)。云高的变化影响短波和长波云辐射效应,低云反射太阳短波辐射,减少地表能量输入,表现为冷却效应;高云吸收地面长波辐射,增强大气层内能量滞留,表现为温室效应(张华等, 2009; 吕巧谊等, 2017; Berry et al., 2020)。政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC)多次评估报告指出,云仍是未来气候预测中不确定性极高的因素,不同气候模式间云量模拟的差异是气候不确定性的重要来源,因而改进模式对云的描述和相应辐射的表示,是提高气候预测准确性的首要任务(IPCC, 2007, 2014, 2023)。
过去数十年来,提高气候模式对云的模拟能力一直是研究的重点和难点。在耦合模式比较计划(the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project,简称CMIP)各阶段中,云和云辐射效应的模拟始终存在明显偏差,例如CMIP3阶段对云的模拟偏差主要体现在云量、液态水含量和云辐射效应的方面(Lauer and Hamilton, 2013)。Jiang et al.(2012)通过NASA-Train卫星观测评估了模式中云的模拟情况,指出CMIP5在全球范围内模拟总云量、云水路径和云冰路径较CMIP3有明显改善。与CMIP5相比,CMIP6进一步改进了模拟效果,但也表现出更高的气候敏感性(Zelinka et al., 2020)。CAMS-CSM在CMIP6调整了积云对流方案中云水向降水的转换率,但其模拟的热带太平洋仍存在系统性降水高估和热带辐合带偏差(Rong et al., 2021)。Lauer et al.(2023)利用卫星数据评估并比较了CMIP6和CMIP5历史模拟结果,对于总云量、云水路径和云辐射效应等参数,CMIP6多模式集合均值在均值偏差(mean bias)、空间型相关系数(pattern correlation)和相对均方根偏差(relative root-mean square deviation)方面略优于CMIP5集合均值,但与CMIP5相比,CMIP6模式间的差异并未显著减少。
在全球大气模式发展过程中,提高模式水平分辨率是国际前沿的研究热点(俞永强等, 2024)。但在气候模拟领域,水平分辨率的提高对云和辐射等过程的影响十分复杂。研究表明,在低分辨率下,模式无法区分次网格尺度和网格尺度的云特征,而倾向于将多个独立小对流云团合并为大云团,使得云量增加;随着分辨率提高到中等水平,模式解析能力提高,能够分辨出部分云结构,减少了低分辨率下因小对流云团合并造成的虚假云量,但仍无法充分解析云结构;当分辨率进一步提高,能够更准确地捕捉对流云的结构和分布时,云量通常增加(Glotfelty et al., 2020; Zhang and Zhang, 2022)。高分辨率模式能够更准确地模拟云的分布和类型,从而改善大气中的辐射传输过程,包括太阳辐射和长波辐射的吸收与反射(Davini et al., 2022)。但研究指出,水平分辨率的提升对辐射偏差的影响因模式而异,如CESM2模式在较高水平分辨率下表现出更好的辐射模拟能力;但在特定条件下,某些低分辨率模式的模拟结果可能优于高分辨率模式(Lin and Yu, 2022)。
中国科学院(CAS)大气物理研究所(IAP)大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG)开发了全球耦合气候系统模式FGOALS-f3(The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model Finite Volume version 3)。多项评估研究表明,该模式的云量模拟偏差依赖于分辨率的改进。在低分辨率版本(FGOALS-f3-L)中,模式显著低估白天低云量并高估高云量,影响了云辐射效应偏差评估的准确性(Yang et al., 2025)。在高分辨率版本(FGOALS-f3-H)中,对流过程和云结构得到更好解析,热带气旋模拟随之改进(Li et al., 2021);但CERES(Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy Systems)数据显示短波云辐射效应的日变化偏差仍达观测值的30%(Bao et al., 2020)。当前FGOALS-f3-L/H下,云量垂直结构特征是否被准确刻画,云量和云辐射效应偏差随分辨率如何变化,这些问题尚不清楚,还需要进一步发展更高分辨率模式,并系统比较不同分辨率下的模拟差异。
因此,本文旨在通过对比CloudSat/CALIPSO和CERES卫星观测资料,从云的空间分布和垂直结构角度,评估FGOALS-f3全球大气环流模式FAMIL在不同分辨率(100 km、25 km和12.5 km)下全球云分布和云辐射效应的模拟能力,并结合ERA5再分析资料,从相对湿度和垂直环流等方面,探究水平分辨率提升的影响以及模拟误差的可能来源。
CloudSat和CALIPSO卫星于2006年发射,是A-Train卫星的组成部分。两颗卫星轨道高度约为705 km,倾斜角为98.26°,在几乎相同的轨道平面上运行,因而能够对同一区域进行准同步观测,提供互补的云和气溶胶垂直剖面信息(Stephens et al., 2002)。在CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的R04版本数据产品中,2B-GEOPROF提供CloudSat云廓线雷达探测的云信息,2B-GEOPROF-LIDAR提供CALIPSO激光雷达探测的云信息。为便于比较,本文使用了产品原始轨道资料格点化并做月平均处理后的数据,其水平分辨率为2.5°×2.5°,垂直层从1000~0 hPa,共41层;使用的单层变量有总云量、高云量、中云量、低云量,多层变量仅总云量。
CERES是搭载于TRMM、Terra和Aqua卫星上的地球辐射能量系统探测器,CERES-EBAF是该计划发布的关键数据产品,旨在对地球的辐射能量收支进行精确估算(数据网站:https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/ceres-ebaf-clouds-and-earths-radiant-energy-systems-ceres-energy-balanced-and-filled [2025-07-20])。本研究使用了CERES EBAF Ed4.2产品(水平分辨率1°×1°)提供的大气层顶月平均辐射通量数据,包括全天空和晴空下的短波辐射通量、长波辐射通量,以及短波云辐射效应、长波云辐射效应。
ERA5是欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的全球再分析资料,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,垂直方向从地表延伸至1 hPa,共37层。本文选取该资料的相对湿度、温度、经向风、垂直速度等变量。为保证数据的一致性和可比性,本研究统一以上数据资料均采用2007年1月至2010年12月这一时间段,并且将云量插值到2.5°×2.5°,将辐射通量、相对湿度、温度、经向风和垂直速度等数据插值到1°×1°,以匹配卫星观测数据。
由LASG/IAP发展的FGOALS-f3目前有三种分辨率:FGOALS-f3-L(“L”表示100 km的低水平分辨率)、FGOALS-f3-H(“H”表示25 km的高水平分辨率)以及FGOALS-f3-HH版本(目前发展中的更高分辨率12.5 km)。
FGOALS-f3-L包含五个组成部分:大气模式FAMIL2.2(He et al., 2019; Bao et al., 2020; Li et al., 2021)、海洋模式LICOM3.0(Li et al., 2020)、陆面模式CLM4.0(Lawrence et al., 2011)、海冰模式CICE4.0(Hunke and Lipscomb, 2010)以及NCAR开发的耦合器CPL7(Craig et al., 2012)。FGOALS-f3-L大气分量FAMIL2.2(version 2.2 of the Finite-volume Atmospheric Model)的动力框架采用了有限体积的立方球面网格(Bao et al., 2010, 2013; Zhou et al., 2015),水平分辨率约为1°×1°。在垂直方向上,模式采用了32层的混合坐标,最顶层到2.16 hPa。主要物理参数化方案包括云微物理方案(Lin et al., 1983; Harris and Lin, 2014)、边界层参数化方案(Park and Bretherton, 2009)、重力波拖曳参数化方案(Palmer et al., 1986)、显示对流计算方案(Bao and Li, 2020)、云量参数化方案(Xu and Randall, 1996)、辐射传输参数化方案(Clough et al., 2005)。
FGOALS-f3-H和FGOALS-f3-HH模式的组成和模式物理过程与FGOALS-f3-L相同,三个模式版本唯一区别就是水平分辨率的不同。FGOALS-f3-H中的FAMIL2.2水平分辨率约为0.25°×0.25°,而FGOALS-f3-HH的约为0.125°×0.125°。FGOALS-f3-L/H目前已参与了多个CMIP6项目,包括气候的诊断、评估和表征(the Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima,简称DECK)试验(He et al., 2019, 2020b),历史气候模拟试验(Bao et al., 2020),以及一些CMIP6批准的MPIs,如全球季风模式比较计划(GMMIP;He et al., 2020a)、高分辨率模式比较计划(HighResMIP;Bao et al., 2020)等。
国际大气环流模式比较计划(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project,AMIP)是CMIP6 DECK试验之一,其利用1979年以来的观测海温和海冰数据作为边界条件,开展大气环流模拟,以评估模式在受观测海洋条件约束下的表现(Eyring et al., 2016)。在AMIP试验中,外强迫场均使用了月平均观测值:海温和海冰观测数据由PCMDI(The program for Climate Model Diagnosis & Inte-rcomparison)提供;温室气体采用了Meinshausen et al.(2017)的全球平均浓度;太阳辐射来自于Matthes et al.(2017)的太阳辐照度变化;臭氧来自于CCMI(Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative);气溶胶包括五类(硫酸盐、海盐、黑碳、有机碳和沙尘),来自于NCAR CAM-Chem模式(Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry;Lamarque et al., 2012);土地利用数据是平均气候态(Hurtt et al., 2011)。
AMIP试验包含三个集合成员(r1i1p1f1、r2i1p1f1和r3i1p1f1),所有成员使用的物理参数和外部强迫均相同,仅通过起始时间差异生成初始条件扰动(He et al., 2019)。本研究三个分辨率模式均使用了r1i1p1f1输出了2007~2010年的云量、辐射通量、温湿风等变量数据,用于讨论不同分辨率下云辐射效应的模拟评估。为方便展示和描述,本文简称CMIP6 AMIP试验的低分辨率模式为100 km模式、高分辨率模式为25 km模式,基于AMIP试验设计的更高分辨率为12.5 km模式。
CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的2007~2010年全球年平均云量空间分布如图1所示。总云量空间分布(图1a)呈现赤道附近区域总云量普遍在70%以上,特别是非洲中部、西太暖池、南美北部,总云量达80%以上。赤道地区为Hadley环流上升区,对流旺盛,有利于形成高云,如图1b赤道附近高云量大多在60%以上;中云量较少(图1c),仅20%左右;低云(图1d)受到海洋表面的水汽和温度的影响,东太平洋低云量能达50%左右,其余区域低云量均少于40%。因而赤道及其附近地区总云量的大值区主要由高云量贡献。在副热带地区,Hadley环流的下沉气流抑制了云量的垂直发展,在南北纬30°附近,高云量相比于赤道地区减少了约30%,大部分区域中云量低于10%,低云量在海洋上普遍在50%左右、陆地则为20%左右。可见副热带地区总云量较赤道地区的偏少,且总云量主要是由高云量和低云量贡献。中高纬度地区总云量大值区主要在分布太平洋北部、大西洋北部以及南大洋等海域,云量达80%,且云量大值区主要集中在低层。
图2a为CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的总云量(同图1a),右上角M表示全球平均值。图2b–d为全球大气环流模式FAMIL中三组不同分辨率试验模拟的2007–2010年年平均总云量,右上角RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)为均方根误差,数值越小表明空间分布模拟得越好;MB(Mean Bias)表示该模式与CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的全球平均偏差,负值表示模式云量整体偏少。对比图2b–d,随着模式分辨率的提高,RMSE数值变小,更高分辨率模式模拟云量的空间分布特征更准确,但MB绝对值随分辨率增大,整体云量持续偏低,即总云量模拟在数值上仍有明显偏差。以100 km模式与观测相比较(图2e)为例,整体上模式在低纬度地区模拟偏少、高纬度地区模拟偏多,偏差程度普遍达12%以上,尤其是低纬度和高纬度地区。对比模式不同分辨率之间的差异发现,25 km模式相比于100 km模式总云量在大部分区域仍是偏少的(图2f),尤其是在赤道及附近地区,低估程度仍达10%左右。而相比于25 km模式,更高分辨率的12.5 km模式(图2g)在大部分陆地区域出现了明显的改善,大多有4%左右;而在西太暖池区域的模拟改善最为突出,甚至达到10%。可见,随着分辨率100 km、25 km到12.5 km的变化,总云量的模拟并未呈现简单的单调递减变化,尤其是从25 km到12.5 km的提升,这种变化是非线性的。
图1表明不同高度的云量对总云量的贡献不同。为了更直观地了解云量在垂直结构上的情况,图3a给出CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的云量纬向平均的垂直结构,赤道及其附近地区处于Hadlay环流上升支,存在明显的深对流结构,且云量大值区主要集中于高层100~300 hPa左右;副热带地区盛行下沉气流,云量较少,以低云量为主;而中高纬度地区Ferrel环流与极地环流相遇,形成极锋,中低层云量发展旺盛。云量的垂直结构与图1b–d云量空间分布匹配。然而,三种分辨率模式均不能再现深对流结构(图3b–d),并且随着分辨率的提高,高层云量大值中心位置稍低、范围缩减。模式模拟的副热带地区云量一致低估,高纬度地区则为高估,与图2空间分布结果匹配。图3e 100 km模式与卫星观测的偏差显示,云量低估从925 hPa延伸到400 hPa,尤其是925~700 hPa,负偏差达8%以上;对流层顶也表现为云量低估,尤其是低纬度上。云量高估主要分布于对流层200~400 hPa附近,正偏差在2%~5%左右;以及高纬度地区700 hPa以下,正偏差甚至达16%以上。因此,100 km分辨率下,低纬度地区云量在空间分布上大范围的低估主要来源于其垂直方向上中低层(925~400 hPa)云量的模拟不足,高纬度地区云量的高估主要是高纬度上整层云量的过度模拟。当分辨率提高到25 km时,相比于100 km模式云量模拟仍是低估的,在垂直结构上整体偏少了2%~5%(图3f),赤道附近700~200 hPa负偏差达5%以上,即中高层大气中25 km分辨率的云量模拟效果并没有得到明显改善。而与25 km模式相比,更高分辨率的12.5 km模式模拟的云量不再持续减少。如图3g所示,12.5 km模式在850~200 hPa的中低纬度地区云量模拟改善,较25 km模式的偏多1%左右。尽管改善数值较小,但在一定程度上缓解了100 km模式和25 km模式下的严重低估。
图4第一列为CERES卫星观测的短波辐射,其余三列是模式模拟结果。参考Wild(2020),短波云辐射效应(SWCRE,图4i)定义为向上短波辐射(图4a)减去晴空向上短波辐射(图4e)。其中,向上短波辐射包含被云层阻挡并反射回太空的太阳短波辐射和地表反射的太阳短波辐射,晴空向上短波辐射是指无云时主要由气溶胶粒子散射和地表反射的太阳短波辐射。取向下辐射为正值,则向上短波辐射和晴空向上短波辐射均为负值,且晴空向上短波辐射的绝对值更小。
结合图1a和图4a,在云量多的地区(如赤道地区),到达地表的短波辐射减少,向上短波辐射增多,导致其辐射变强,绝对值增大,因而计算得到的SWCRE绝对值增大,冷却效应增强;在云量少的地区(如副热带地区),向上短波辐射减少,因而SWCRE绝对值减小,冷却效应减弱。从模式模拟的情况来看,三种不同分辨率模式模拟的辐射分布结构与CERES观测结果基本一致,总云量多的地区向上短波辐射强,SWCRE绝对值更大;云量偏少的地区向上短波辐射弱,SWCRE绝对值更小。图4n–o是将SWCRE两两计算差值的结果,差值为正值表示作为减数的模式在该区域SWCRE绝对值更小。需要说明的是,由于卫星观测的总云量和辐射通量使用不同的数据资料,CERES结果仅作空间分布的参考,不深入讨论模式与其之间的偏差,本文主要关注不同分辨率模式之间的差异。
由图2f可知,与100 km模式相比,25 km模式模拟的云量在大部分地区低估加剧。对应的图4m显示了25 km与100 km模式之间SWCRE的差值,大部分地区25 km模式模拟的SWCRE绝对值比100 km模式更小,冷却效应减弱,在低纬度对流旺盛区域差异可达20 W m−2。随着分辨率提高到12.5 km,图2g显示部分地区总云量相对于25 km并未持续减少,对应的图4o显示12.5 km模式SWCRE绝对值在低纬度地区高于25 km模式,尤其在西太暖池区域甚至偏高10~20 W m−2。因此,高分辨率25 km模式在低纬度对流区域低估了云量的模拟,导致对应区域模拟的SWCRE偏低、冷却效应减弱;而在更高分辨率12.5 km模式下,云量低估和由此造成的冷却效应在部分对流区域有所改善。
图5展示了长波云辐射效应(LWCRE)的结果,与图4的分析类似,LWCRE定义为输出长波辐射减去晴空输出长波辐射,两者均为负值。由于没有云层阻挡,晴空输出长波辐射更强,即绝对值更大,因而计算得到的LWCRE为正值。
CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星观测的总云量(图2a)与CERES卫星观测的辐射(图5a)结合分析表明,在云量较多的地区,云层阻挡长波向外辐射,即输出长波辐射弱,计算得到的LWCRE值更高(图5i),保温效应强。与短波辐射结果类似,三种分辨率模式同样较好再现了CERES卫星观测的辐射空间分布结构。随着分辨率的提高,模式中输出长波辐射(图5b–d)和晴空输出长波辐射(图5f–h)发生明显变化,尤其在低纬度地区,其范围均呈现先扩大后略有缩小。随着输出长波辐射的变化,LWCRE明显先变低后变高(图5j–l),西太暖池区域最为明显。图2中模式模拟的总云量随分辨率的变化具有非线性特征,该特征同样体现在LWCRE中。图5m显示,在低纬度地区,25 km模式模拟的LWCRE值比100 km模式偏低约10 W m−2(保温效应减弱),在西太暖池等对流旺盛区域甚至偏低18 W m−2以上,这与25km模式模拟的总云量比100 km模式偏少相吻合(图2f)。从图5o可见,12.5 km模式模拟的LWCRE值相对于25 km模式偏高(保温效应增强),在西太暖池与南美北部等区域最为显著,普遍偏高3%以上。这与图2e低纬度地区12.5 km模式模拟的总云量比25 km模式偏多相一致。
云的形成与水汽的多寡密切相关,而大气中的水汽含量常用相对湿度RH(Relative Humidity)来衡量。RH定义为大气中水汽压与同温度下饱和水汽压的百分比,其主要由比湿和饱和水汽压决定:
$ \text{RH}=\frac{e}{{e}_\text{s}}\times 100\% =\frac{q\cdot P}{{e}_\text{s}}\times 100\text{%} \text{,} $
其中,$ e $为水汽压,$ {e}_\text{s} $为饱和水汽压,$ q $为比湿,$ P $为气压。RH越高,水汽越接近饱和状态,空气越湿润,反之空气越干燥(刘俊红等, 2023)。而$ {e}_\text{s} $又是温度T的函数,则有:
$ {e}_{s}(T) = \begin{cases} 610.78\cdot \exp \left[\dfrac{17.67(T-273.15)}{T-29.65}\right],T\geqslant 268.15 \text{K}\text{,}\\610.78\cdot \exp \left[\dfrac{22.514(T - 273.15)}{T}\right],T \leqslant 233.15 \text{K}\text{,}\end{cases} $
式中,T≥268.15 K时计算得到水面饱和水汽压,T≤233.15 K时计算为冰面饱和水汽压。因此RH与q和T相关联。
在FAMIL中,云量诊断参数化应用了Xu and Randall(1996)方案(以下简称Xu-Randall方案)。该方案是一种基于大尺度变量的半经验诊断方法,通过建立RH和云水混合比与云量的统计关系来估算云量。Xu-Randall方案将云分为层状云和积云两类,并认为在上对流层(300~230 hPa)的层状云在整个三维云中占主导,尤其是深对流活跃时,因此在该方案中主要考虑了层状云的模拟:
$ {C}_{\text{s}}=\begin{cases} {\text{RH}}^{0.25}\left[1-\exp \left(-\dfrac{100\cdot \overline{{q}_{l}}}{{\left[{q}^{*}\left(1-\text{RH}\right)\right]}^{0.49}}\right)\right],\text{RH} \lt 1\text{,}\\1,\text{RH} \gt 1\text{,}\end{cases} $
其中,$ {C}_{s} $为总云量中的层状分量,$ {\overline{q}}_{l} $为大尺度平均凝结水(云水和云冰)混合比,$ {q}^{*} $为饱和水汽混合比,公式中的系数(0.25、100和0.49)是通过对模拟数据的统计拟合和物理约束优化得到的。
对于云量重叠假设的处理,模式中采用最大随机重叠假设(Iacono et al., 2000),既考虑了云量在垂直方向上的连续性,又考虑了被晴空层分离的云层间的随机重叠。而各层云量是基于气压范围对高、中、低云进行划分,高云气压范围为50~400 hPa,中云为400~700 hPa,低云为700 hPa到近地表。
图6为ERA5再分析资料(图6a)与模式模拟(图6b–d)的相对湿度纬向平均垂直结构及其差异(图6e–g)。图6a中RH与云量垂直结构(图3a)类似,低纬度地区RH大值区从地表延伸到500 hPa左右;副热带地区因下沉气流抑制,饱和水汽主要集中在850 hPa以下;中高纬度地区温度低,水汽易达到饱和,故RH大值区范围向上空扩展。模式三种分辨率的RH垂直结构(图6b–d)与ERA5再分析资料(图6a)总体形态一致,但存在系统性偏差。低分辨率下,RH整体上比ERA5再分析资料偏高(图6e),尤其是南半球中高纬度地区的925~700 hPa。结合图3e云量垂直结构偏差,100 km模式模拟的云量在925~400 hPa偏少,与RH的偏高并不对应。不同分辨率模式间的RH差异(图6f–g)与云量差异(图3f–g)垂直结构也并非完全匹配。25 km模式较100 km模式在400~200 hPa的RH偏低(图6f),且负值区随着纬度增高向中低层扩展;400 hPa以下的RH普遍偏高,其中RH差异在副热带地区最大,向赤道和高纬度递减。图6f的RH差异结构与图3f云量差异有相似之处,但RH的低估比云量的低估明显范围更窄、高度层更高。12.5 km模式较25 km模式模拟的RH一致偏低(图6g),而图3g显示云量在中低纬度地区850~200 hPa明显偏多。
当前模式使用的云量诊断方案以RH作为关键因子,但全球尺度分析表明,RH偏差与总云量偏差存在结构上的不匹配,这种不一致性突显了云量对区域环境的敏感性。取西太平洋暖池作散点图量化区域RH和总云量的统计关系(图7),该区域是全球对流最旺盛、云过程最复杂的典型区域之一,具有极强的代表性。观测显示(图7左列),中高层RH和云量呈显著正相关(相关系数R>60%),但低层RH均值超75%时云量并未同步增加。模式中RH和云量呈现过度线性化现象,相关系数甚至达到96%(图7b–c),远超观测。各分辨率模式的垂直方向上(对比同一分辨率),亦表现为中高层RH—云量相关性高,低层RH>50%但云量骤降至25%以下,相关性显著降低。不同分辨率间对比显示,100 km模式和25 km模式的RH和云量的敏感性较强,12.5 km模式的数据点离散度增大、但敏感性更趋近观测。因此云量和RH区域敏感度在对流层中高层偏高,而更高分辨率模式下诊断云量与气候态云量差异有所改善。
根据公式(1)和(3),RH与比湿q和温度T密切相关。由于q变化量级小(约10−3 kg kg−1),对RH变动的贡献不显著,因而RH偏差可主要追溯至温度异常。图8为温度纬向平均的垂直结构及偏差情况。在100 km模式下(图8e),低纬度地区的中高层温度较ERA5的偏低。根据克拉珀龙-克劳修斯关系,温度偏低导致饱和水汽压减小,促使水汽析出凝结成云,云量增加。但100 km模式对应高度的模拟云量反而减少(图3e),这表明该分辨率下两者物理关系存在不一致性。当分辨率提高到25 km时(图8f),200 hPa以下温度普遍偏高,饱和水汽压增大抑制凝结,云量减少(图3f),温度与云量关系的一致性得到改善。更高分辨率12.5 km下(图8g),低纬度850~200 hPa温度偏低,对应云量增加(图3g)。综上,随着分辨率的提升,温度与云量关系的物理一致性有所改善,并呈现出非线性特征。
尽管模式中对流运动为诊断量,但其通过水汽垂直输送、温度平流和云水转换率显著影响云的生成(刘屹岷等, 2007; 刘琨等, 2010)。图9展示了垂直环流纬向平均分布及偏差。垂直速度中定义负值表示上升运动,因而模式与观测偏差分析时需注意,上升运动正偏差表示模式上升气流偏弱,下沉运动正偏差表示下沉气流偏强。图9e显示热带和中高纬度地区上升运动为正偏差,表明100 km模式上升运动偏弱,抑制云的形成,与图3a云量偏少一致;副热带地区下沉运动为负偏差,即100 km模式下沉气流较弱,云量应偏多,但实际模式中副热带地区云量被低估。25 km模式相比于100 km模式上升运动偏强(图9f),本应促进云量增加,但图3f中25 km模式云量偏少,模式可能低估了上升运动中水汽凝结成云的效率;同时,25 km模式的下沉运动偏强未能抑制云量发展,模式可能低估了副热带地区边界层过程(如湍流混合、逆温层等)对低云的影响。更高分辨率的12.5 km相比于25 km模式垂直运动均偏弱(图9g),与云量偏差无显著关联(图3g)。在模式参数化方案中,垂直运动由对流参数化方案诊断得到,而气候态下垂直运动与云量通过辐射—环流反馈形成稳定关联。由上述分析可知,模式模拟的垂直运动偏差与云量偏差并不完全对应,这种不一致性与参数化方案的选择有关。
本文通过与CloudSat/CALIPSO和CERES卫星观测资料对比,分析FGOALS-f3全球大气环流模式FAMIL 100 km、25 km和12.5 km的云量和云辐射效应分布特点,并与ERA5再分析资料对比,基于云量参数化方案,从相对湿度、温度、环流场等方面探究模拟误差的可能来源。主要结论有:
(1)不同分辨率模式模拟的总云量空间分布一致呈现低纬度地区被低估、高纬度地区被高估的特征,这种偏差主要来源于云垂直结构的模拟差异。例如,低纬度地区的低估来源于925~400 hPa云量的模拟不足。随着分辨率的提升,25 km模式偏差加剧,12.5 km模式相比25 km模式云量模拟改善4%左右,尤其是西太暖池等区域。短波云辐射效应和长波云辐射效应均随总云量的减少而偏低,并且随分辨率的提升呈现非线性变化。
(2)基于Xu-Randall云量诊断方案,相对湿度是模拟云量的关键基本量。在对流旺盛区域的中高层,相对湿度与云量敏感度最高;100 km和25 km模式区域敏感度高于12.5 km模式,但后者相关系数更接近于观测。模式中相对湿度和云量的偏差在范围、高度和程度上并非完全匹配的,其通过温度和垂直速度的偏差影响相对湿度,间接作用于云量偏差。例如,100 km模式垂直速度偏弱间接影响低纬度地区中高层云量被低估;25 km模式相比于100 km模式温度偏高,水汽凝结效率低,中高层云量偏差增大;更高分辨率12.5 km模式较25 km模式在中层出现显著的低温,促使水汽饱和,云量偏差减小。
由于本文诊断方法本质上是讨论了气候态总云量和大尺度温度和相对湿度的关系,相当于在模式外构建一个简化模型,利用物理意义明确且易于获取的气候态大尺度变量(相对湿度、温度、垂直速度)作为切入点,分析云量偏差的环境场驱动因子,这与模式内部实际的云物理计算过程存在差异。尽管云—辐射—环流存在相互作用,但在气候平均态下,环境场与云量形成了动态平衡,且统计关系显著(Houze, 1997)。然而,在副热带层云区和高纬地区,Xu-Randall方案未充分表征低层静力稳定度的非线性影响,当层云云量的控制因素从大尺度条件转移到低层局地静力稳定度或相关的湍流混合、夹卷过程时,主导物理机制的权重偏移并不清楚,需进一步开展数值试验明确相关关系。
目前,本研究评估的FAMIL模式的100 km和25 km并未打开云模拟器,也未参与CFMIP(Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project)计划,因而无法深入理解云反馈机制及其不确定性。Wang et al.(2014)评估了均应用了CFMIP云模拟器(COSP)的BCC_AGCM两个版本,COSP的应用提升了评估的准确性,解释了模式在云垂直结构及辐射反馈中边界层云缺陷等问题。在未来研究工作中,需要进一步考虑参与CFMIP计划,利用其云模拟器及反诊断试验,深化分辨率对云过程与反馈响应的机制研究。

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doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2507.25042
  • 接收时间:2025-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-09
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    1中国科学院大气物理研究所地球系统数值模拟与应用全国重点实验室(LabESM), 北京100029
    2中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG), 北京100029
    3中国科学院大学, 北京100049

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何编,男,研究员,主要从事青藏高原和亚洲季风动力学,全球气候变化,大气环流模式研发、评估及应用等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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