Article(id=1311998390142071682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1790734391961, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790734391961, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790734391961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790734391961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1311998371833934610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, year='2026', volume='50', issue='4', pageStart='1017', pageEnd='1326', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790734387596, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739443587, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019578272702985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, issueId=1311998371833934610, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1061, endPage=1076, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1311998391941428099, articleId=1311998390142071682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=EN, title=Characteristics of Convective-Scale Updrafts in the Outer Core of Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclones under Vertically Varying Environmental Wind Shear, columnId=1311998374337934099, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The characteristics of convective-scale updrafts in the outer core of tropical cyclones (TCs) simulated under lower- and upper-layer vertical wind shear are compared in this study. The results reveal notable differences between the two experiments. (1) The lower-layer shear experiment features a larger proportion of deep updrafts with top heights above 12 km; vertical mass transport and the maximum vertical velocity associated with outer core updrafts are statistically significantly larger in the lower-layer sheared TC than in the upper-layer sheared TC; this difference is related to the larger convective effective potential energy, equivalent temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio in the boundary layer. Furthermore, interactions among the lower-layer vertical wind shear, local wind shear induced by the circulation of the TC, and surface cold pools are conducive to the initiation and development of updrafts. (2) The radial tilts of updrafts are associated with the updraft top height and asymmetric radial flows. Deep-penetrating updrafts are prevalent in the lower-layer shear experiment, tilting radially outward with height in the downshear quadrants under upper-level radial outflow and inward in the upshear quadrants under upper-level radial inflow. However, in the upper-layer shear experiment, most updrafts tend to tilt radially inward with height, primarily driven by asymmetric radial inflow at upper levels in the downshear-right and upshear quadrants and at lower-to-middle levels in the downshear-left quadrant. (3) In the lower-layer shear experiment, relatively symmetric low-level radial inflow prevails, driving most updrafts to migrate inward toward the TC eye across all quadrants. However, in the upper-layer shear experiment, updrafts in the upshear quadrants tend to move radially outward under the influence of radial outflow in the lower levels, whereas those in the downshear quadrants tend to move radially inward under the radial inflow in the lower levels. (4) In the lower-layer sheared TC, most updrafts exhibit large positive thermal buoyancy, large negative water loading, and large negative dynamic buoyancy; hence, the total buoyancy ranges from negative to positive. In comparison, in the upper-layer sheared TC, most updrafts exhibit smaller positive thermal buoyancy, smaller positive dynamic buoyancy, and smaller negative water loading, resulting in smaller positive total buoyancy.

, authors=Qiaoxian FANG1, Qingqing LI2, 3, 4, authorsList=Qiaoxian FANG, Qingqing LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingqing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1311998403668702122, articleId=1311998390142071682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, language=CN, title=不同高度垂直风切变环境下模拟的热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动特征, columnId=1311998374501511957, journalTitle=大气科学, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用理想数值模式资料,对比分析了不同高度垂直风切变(简称风切变)影响下热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动的特征。结果表明,上升运动在高层和低层风切变环境中呈现不同的特征:(1)低层风切变试验顶高达到12 km以上的上升运动的比例更高,上升运动的垂直质量输送和最大垂直速度更大,与较大的对流有效位能、边界层相当位温和边界层水汽混合比有关。此外,低层风切变、热带气旋主环流诱发的局地风切变和地面冷池之间的相互作用对上升运动的发生发展也产生积极影响。(2)上升运动的径向倾斜与上升运动的顶高和非对称径向流场有关。低层风切变试验穿透性对流上升运动占比较大,顺着风切变象限(简称顺风切)的上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向出流的影响随高度径向向外倾斜,逆着风切变象限(简称逆风切)的上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向入流的影响随高度径向向眼区倾斜;高层风切变试验大部分上升运动受到顺风切右侧和逆风切对流层高层非对称径向入流及顺风切左侧对流层中低层非对称径向入流的影响随高度径向向眼区倾斜。(3)低层风切变试验对流层低层以相对对称的径向入流为主,大部分上升运动向眼区移动;高层风切变试验顺风切对流层低层为径向入流,上升运动径向向眼区移动,逆风切对流层低层为径向出流,上升运动径向向外移动。(4)低层风切变试验上升运动的正热力浮力和降水拖曳作用较大,动力浮力以负值为主,导致总浮力从负值到正值分布;高层风切变试验上升运动的正热力浮力和降水拖曳作用较小,动力浮力和总浮力以较小的正值为主。

, authors=方俏娴1, 李青青2, 3, 4, authorsList=方俏娴, 李青青, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李青青, authorNote=

方俏娴,女,硕士、工程师,主要从事灾害性天气特征和机理研究。E-mail:

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李青青,男,博士、研究员,主要从事台风动力学和中尺度强对流发生发展机理研究。E-mail:
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(in Chinese), 36(3): 54−61. doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2010.3.008, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1311998404738249643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998404750832556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998404738249643, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Guangdong Climate Centre, Guangzhou 510641), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998404759221165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998404738249643, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1广东省气候中心, 广州510641)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998405379978158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998405388366767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998405379978158, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998405396755376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998405379978158, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998405572916145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998405581304754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998405572916145, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998405589693363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998405572916145, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1311998405677773748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998405686162357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998405677773748, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Pacific Typhoon Research Center and Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1311998405694550966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, companyId=1311998405677773748, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4南京信息工程大学太平洋台风研究中心和气象灾害教育部重点实验室, 南京210044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1311998407854617547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=(a) Time (48 h) series of minimum sea level pressure (units: hPa) of TC (Tropical Cyclone) under LLS (Lower Layer Shear) experiment and ULS (Upper Layer Shear) experiment, radar reflectivity (shadings, units: dBZ) for (b) LLS experiment, (c) ULS experiment at the 30th hour at 3-km height after vertical wind shear are imposed simulated by TCM4 model. The inset in Fig. a shows the vertical profiles of zonal winds in LLS experiment and ULS experiment. In Figs. b, c, the arrows represent easterly wind shear., figureFileSmall=xq7wJwKUe/cY3UEmWRlJAg==, figureFileBig=ZWm5v660WPxfmw8gse70QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998407917532108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图1, caption=加入风切变后TCM4模式模拟的(a)低层风切变(LLS)、高层风切变(ULS)条件下TC海平面最低气压(单位:hPa)随时间(48 h)的变化曲线,(b)LLS试验和(c)ULS试验第30小时3 km高度的雷达反射率(填色,单位:dBZ)水平分布。图a中,小图表示加入的10 m s−1纬向风廓线。图b、c中,箭头表示东风切变。, figureFileSmall=xq7wJwKUe/cY3UEmWRlJAg==, figureFileBig=ZWm5v660WPxfmw8gse70QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998408152413133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Percentage in each quadrant for updraft top height in TC outer-core for (a) LLS experiment and (b) ULS experiment. UL, UR, DL, and DR denote upshear left, upshear right, downshear left, and downshear right, respectively., figureFileSmall=V7Rbmm7V2uMMXFSTggKtIA==, figureFileBig=daz7BqpNY6Yq/NV5bMiSkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998409783997390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图2, caption=(a)LLS、(b)ULS试验TC外核区不同顶高的上升运动在各象限的比例。UL、UR、DL、DR分别代表逆风切左侧、逆风切右侧、顺风切左侧、顺风切右侧象限。, figureFileSmall=V7Rbmm7V2uMMXFSTggKtIA==, figureFileBig=daz7BqpNY6Yq/NV5bMiSkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998409897243599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The 25th–75th percentiles of (a, b) TC outer-core updraft vertically average vertical mass transport (VMT), (c, d) maximum updraft speed, and (e, f) height of maximum upward velocity over a normalized updraft lifetime for LLS experiment (left column) and ULS experiment (right column). CBs denote convective bursts, while Non-CBs denote the other updrafts. The bottom and top of pink, green, and blue shadings represent the 25th and 75th percentiles for CBs, Non-CBs, and all updrafts, respectively, with the solid lines denote the median values., figureFileSmall=t8pm51y7RX55icPerNbeMw==, figureFileBig=dpsoVfHOPFW5Cp59PG3kvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998409968546768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LLS(左列)、ULS(右列)试验TC外核区上升运动的(a、b)垂直平均垂直质量输送、(c、d)最大上升速度和(e、f)最大上升速度高度在其标准化生命史内第25%~75%分位数分布。CBs为对流爆发,Non-CBs为其他上升运动。粉色、绿色、蓝色阴影区底部和顶部分别表示CBs、Non-CBs、所有上升运动第25%和第75%分位数,实线表示中位数。, figureFileSmall=t8pm51y7RX55icPerNbeMw==, figureFileBig=dpsoVfHOPFW5Cp59PG3kvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410044044241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=KDEs (Kernel Density Estimations) plotted by quadrant (left column) and radius (right column) of azimuthal tilts of TC outer-core updrafts for (a, b) LLS experiment and (c, d) ULS experiment., figureFileSmall=05QPQ/AOPHMtOMWLXUUalw==, figureFileBig=+kmxLZLnZzTJnmLipoGwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410119541714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a、b)LLS和(c、d)ULS试验TC外核区上升运动的方位角倾斜在方位角(左列)和半径(右列)上的KDEs分布。, figureFileSmall=05QPQ/AOPHMtOMWLXUUalw==, figureFileBig=+kmxLZLnZzTJnmLipoGwpQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410186650579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=KDEs plotted by quadrant (left column) and radius (right column) of radial tilts of TC outer-core updrafts for (a, b) LLS experiment and (c, d) ULS experiment., figureFileSmall=PI22a8WuLcUUDor//+jwGA==, figureFileBig=H4qdqFVBKB7pTnHvMA7E/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410266342356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图5, caption=(a、b)LLS和(c、d)ULS试验TC外核区上升运动的径向倾斜在方位角(左列)和半径(右列)上的KDEs分布。, figureFileSmall=PI22a8WuLcUUDor//+jwGA==, figureFileBig=H4qdqFVBKB7pTnHvMA7E/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410341839829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=KDEs plotted by quadrant of radial (left column) and azimuthal (right column) movement speed (units: m s−1) of TC outer-core updrafts for (a, b) LLS experiment and (c, d) ULS experiment., figureFileSmall=Bm9dIMyOR8Y42D21F0BhIg==, figureFileBig=5a2firb0TnnPZBP/dlcSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410408948694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a、b)LLS和(c、d)ULS试验TC外核区不同方位角的上升运动的径向(左列)和切向(右列)移动速度的KDEs分布。, figureFileSmall=Bm9dIMyOR8Y42D21F0BhIg==, figureFileBig=5a2firb0TnnPZBP/dlcSsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410480251863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=KDEs plotted by radius of radial (left column) and azimuthal (right column) movement speed (units: m s−1) of TC outer-core updrafts for (a, b) LLS experiment and (c, d) ULS experiment., figureFileSmall=b86X9vfzF1wOIPS6r6KbRA==, figureFileBig=+482ra7Qs3YRe2I5hz7ZWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410564137944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a、b)LLS和(c、d)ULS试验TC外核区不同半径的上升运动的径向(左列)和切向(右列)移动速度的KDEs分布。, figureFileSmall=b86X9vfzF1wOIPS6r6KbRA==, figureFileBig=+482ra7Qs3YRe2I5hz7ZWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410631246809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=KDEs plotted by quadrant of vertically averaged (a, e) total buoyancy, (b, f) dynamic buoyancy (DB), (c, g) thermal buoyancy (TB), and (d, h) water loading (WL) of TC outer-core updrafts for LLS experiment (left column) and ULS experiment (right column)., figureFileSmall=tkrVjefquzRWcGXHCy51EA==, figureFileBig=HySjiMA7+8F+4r0Axtbm6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410702549978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图8, caption=LLS(左列)、ULS(右列)试验TC外核区不同方位角的上升运动的(a、e)总浮力、(b、f)动力浮力(DB)、(c、g)热力浮力(TB)和(d、h)降水拖曳作用(WL)KDEs分布。, figureFileSmall=tkrVjefquzRWcGXHCy51EA==, figureFileBig=HySjiMA7+8F+4r0Axtbm6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410773853147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=KDEs plotted by radius of vertically averaged (a, e) total buoyancy, (b, f) dynamic buoyancy (DB), (c, g) thermal buoyancy (TB), and (d, h) water loading (WL) of TC outer-core updrafts for LLS experiment (left column) and ULS experiment (right column)., figureFileSmall=98Rw/SbjqCxpEwN31WMGng==, figureFileBig=t9hCCsgupiXX1DYhbddBaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410845156316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图9, caption=LLS(左列)、ULS(右列)试验TC外核区不同半径的上升运动的(a、e)总浮力、(b、f)动力浮力(DB)、(c、g)热力浮力(TB)和(d、h)降水拖曳作用(WL)KDEs分布。, figureFileSmall=98Rw/SbjqCxpEwN31WMGng==, figureFileBig=t9hCCsgupiXX1DYhbddBaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410903876573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Temporally averaged within 48 h after the imposition of easterly wind shear of (a, b) CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy, units: J kg−1), boundary-layer (0.1–0.96 km) vertically averaged (c, d) equivalent potential temperature (EPT, units: K) and (e, f) water vapor mixing ratio (QV, units: g kg−1) in TC outer-core for LLS experiment (left column) and ULS experiment (right column). The black arrow indicates easterly wind shear., figureFileSmall=NszYLgfGXKrcYnLG2Ekf+A==, figureFileBig=JnqMkknQCl6N7E8LDCVwlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998410975179742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=图10, caption=LLS(左列)、ULS(右列)试验TC外核区加入东风切变后48 h内时间平均的(a、b)CAPE(单位:J kg−1),边界层(0.1~0.96 km)垂直平均(c、d)相当位温EPT(单位:K)和(e、f)水汽混合比QV(单位:g kg−1)的水平分布。黑色箭头表示东风切变。, figureFileSmall=NszYLgfGXKrcYnLG2Ekf+A==, figureFileBig=JnqMkknQCl6N7E8LDCVwlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1311998411029705695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

TCM4 (Tropical Cyclone Model version 4) model configuration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数说明
水平格点数241×201(第一层,分辨率为54 km)
127×127(第二层,分辨率为18 km)
163×163(第三层,分辨率为6 km)
313×313(第四层,分辨率为2 km)
垂直层数32
积分步长6 min
边界层方案湍流闭合方案(Langland and Liou, 1996)
云微物理方案显式混合相态云微物理方案(Wang, 2001)
), ArticleFig(id=1311998411105203168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TCM4模式参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数说明
水平格点数241×201(第一层,分辨率为54 km)
127×127(第二层,分辨率为18 km)
163×163(第三层,分辨率为6 km)
313×313(第四层,分辨率为2 km)
垂直层数32
积分步长6 min
边界层方案湍流闭合方案(Langland and Liou, 1996)
云微物理方案显式混合相态云微物理方案(Wang, 2001)
), ArticleFig(id=1311998411163923425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

User-specified parameters for the identification of convective-scale updrafts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数说明阈值
最低层SPOUT算法扫描的最低层模式第六层(高度为0.96 km)
总垂直层数SPOUT算法扫描的总垂直层数18(最高到14.7 km)
最小上升速度垂直速度识别阈值1.0 m s−1
最大水平距离连续两个高度层的最大垂直速度所在格点的最大水平距离2个格点(4 km)
最小厚度上升运动在垂直方向上的最小厚度4层(1.4~3.1 km)
最大水平移动距离连续两个时次的三维上升运动的最大水平移动距离5个格点(10 km)
最小垂直层数连续两个时次的三维上升运动的最小垂直层数6层
最短生命史SPOUT算法输出的上升运动的最短生命史3个时次(18 min)
), ArticleFig(id=1311998411235226594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385791232049272, articleId=1311998390142071682, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

识别对流尺度上升运动的参数阈值设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数说明阈值
最低层SPOUT算法扫描的最低层模式第六层(高度为0.96 km)
总垂直层数SPOUT算法扫描的总垂直层数18(最高到14.7 km)
最小上升速度垂直速度识别阈值1.0 m s−1
最大水平距离连续两个高度层的最大垂直速度所在格点的最大水平距离2个格点(4 km)
最小厚度上升运动在垂直方向上的最小厚度4层(1.4~3.1 km)
最大水平移动距离连续两个时次的三维上升运动的最大水平移动距离5个格点(10 km)
最小垂直层数连续两个时次的三维上升运动的最小垂直层数6层
最短生命史SPOUT算法输出的上升运动的最短生命史3个时次(18 min)
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不同高度垂直风切变环境下模拟的热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动特征
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方俏娴 1 , 李青青 2, 3, 4
大气科学 | 论文 2026,50(4): 1061-1076
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大气科学 |论文 2026 , 50 (4) : 1061 -1076
不同高度垂直风切变环境下模拟的热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动特征
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方俏娴,女,硕士、工程师,主要从事灾害性天气特征和机理研究。E-mail:

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方俏娴1 , 李青青2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1广东省气候中心, 广州510641
  • 2南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044
  • 3南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京210044
  • 4南京信息工程大学太平洋台风研究中心和气象灾害教育部重点实验室, 南京210044
通讯作者:
李青青,男,博士、研究员,主要从事台风动力学和中尺度强对流发生发展机理研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

方俏娴,女,硕士、工程师,主要从事灾害性天气特征和机理研究。E-mail:

Characteristics of Convective-Scale Updrafts in the Outer Core of Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclones under Vertically Varying Environmental Wind Shear
Qiaoxian FANG1 , Qingqing LI2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Climate Centre, Guangzhou 510641
  • 2Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
  • 3School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
  • 4Pacific Typhoon Research Center and Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of the Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25013
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利用理想数值模式资料,对比分析了不同高度垂直风切变(简称风切变)影响下热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动的特征。结果表明,上升运动在高层和低层风切变环境中呈现不同的特征:(1)低层风切变试验顶高达到12 km以上的上升运动的比例更高,上升运动的垂直质量输送和最大垂直速度更大,与较大的对流有效位能、边界层相当位温和边界层水汽混合比有关。此外,低层风切变、热带气旋主环流诱发的局地风切变和地面冷池之间的相互作用对上升运动的发生发展也产生积极影响。(2)上升运动的径向倾斜与上升运动的顶高和非对称径向流场有关。低层风切变试验穿透性对流上升运动占比较大,顺着风切变象限(简称顺风切)的上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向出流的影响随高度径向向外倾斜,逆着风切变象限(简称逆风切)的上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向入流的影响随高度径向向眼区倾斜;高层风切变试验大部分上升运动受到顺风切右侧和逆风切对流层高层非对称径向入流及顺风切左侧对流层中低层非对称径向入流的影响随高度径向向眼区倾斜。(3)低层风切变试验对流层低层以相对对称的径向入流为主,大部分上升运动向眼区移动;高层风切变试验顺风切对流层低层为径向入流,上升运动径向向眼区移动,逆风切对流层低层为径向出流,上升运动径向向外移动。(4)低层风切变试验上升运动的正热力浮力和降水拖曳作用较大,动力浮力以负值为主,导致总浮力从负值到正值分布;高层风切变试验上升运动的正热力浮力和降水拖曳作用较小,动力浮力和总浮力以较小的正值为主。

热带气旋  /  外核区  /  垂直风切变  /  上升运动

The characteristics of convective-scale updrafts in the outer core of tropical cyclones (TCs) simulated under lower- and upper-layer vertical wind shear are compared in this study. The results reveal notable differences between the two experiments. (1) The lower-layer shear experiment features a larger proportion of deep updrafts with top heights above 12 km; vertical mass transport and the maximum vertical velocity associated with outer core updrafts are statistically significantly larger in the lower-layer sheared TC than in the upper-layer sheared TC; this difference is related to the larger convective effective potential energy, equivalent temperature, and water vapor mixing ratio in the boundary layer. Furthermore, interactions among the lower-layer vertical wind shear, local wind shear induced by the circulation of the TC, and surface cold pools are conducive to the initiation and development of updrafts. (2) The radial tilts of updrafts are associated with the updraft top height and asymmetric radial flows. Deep-penetrating updrafts are prevalent in the lower-layer shear experiment, tilting radially outward with height in the downshear quadrants under upper-level radial outflow and inward in the upshear quadrants under upper-level radial inflow. However, in the upper-layer shear experiment, most updrafts tend to tilt radially inward with height, primarily driven by asymmetric radial inflow at upper levels in the downshear-right and upshear quadrants and at lower-to-middle levels in the downshear-left quadrant. (3) In the lower-layer shear experiment, relatively symmetric low-level radial inflow prevails, driving most updrafts to migrate inward toward the TC eye across all quadrants. However, in the upper-layer shear experiment, updrafts in the upshear quadrants tend to move radially outward under the influence of radial outflow in the lower levels, whereas those in the downshear quadrants tend to move radially inward under the radial inflow in the lower levels. (4) In the lower-layer sheared TC, most updrafts exhibit large positive thermal buoyancy, large negative water loading, and large negative dynamic buoyancy; hence, the total buoyancy ranges from negative to positive. In comparison, in the upper-layer sheared TC, most updrafts exhibit smaller positive thermal buoyancy, smaller positive dynamic buoyancy, and smaller negative water loading, resulting in smaller positive total buoyancy.

Tropical cyclone  /  Outer-core  /  Vertical wind shear  /  Updraft
方俏娴, 李青青. 不同高度垂直风切变环境下模拟的热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动特征. 大气科学, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1061 -1076 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25013
Qiaoxian FANG, Qingqing LI. Characteristics of Convective-Scale Updrafts in the Outer Core of Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclones under Vertically Varying Environmental Wind Shear[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2026 , 50 (4) : 1061 -1076 . DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2506.25013
成熟的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone, TC)可大致分为内核区和外核区两个部分。内核区主要包括眼、眼壁和内雨带。外核区(定义为三倍最大风半径以外区域,Wang, 2009)主要为外雨带的活跃区域,该区域比内雨带具有更大的对流有效位能(Convective Available Potential Energy, CAPE; Molinari et al., 2012),存在许多对流尺度系统(Houze, 2010; Li and Wang, 2012),这些对流尺度系统常带来强降水(李欣和张璐, 2022)、雷暴(张志伟等, 2023)、龙卷风(李兆慧等, 2017)等灾害性天气。
研究表明,TC外核区的对流尺度系统具有复杂的动力学结构,通常包含对流尺度上升运动(简称上升运动;Barnes et al., 1983; Hence and Houze, 2008)和下沉运动(Cheng and Li, 2020)。上升运动通过倾斜和低层辐合拉伸作用,促进垂直涡度的发展(Hence and Houze, 2008; 罗辉等, 2020),同时将低层的动量、热量和水汽向上输送,有利于对流尺度系统的发展和维持以及TC外核区次级水平风速大值的形成。此外,TC外核区对流尺度上升运动造成的凝结潜热可引起TC的热力—动力场的调整,进而影响TC的结构和强度的变化(Wang, 2009; 王珍等, 2023)。
垂直风切变(简称风切变)除了影响TC结构和强度变化以外,对TC对流活动也有重要影响(Corbosiero and Molinari, 2002, 2003; Chen et al., 2006; Kilroy et al., 2014; Kilroy and Smith, 2015)。研究表明,风切变通常引起TC对流的非对称发展,使强对流集中在顺着风切变方向(简称顺风切)的左侧(Corbosiero and Molinari, 2003; 王佳琪和李英, 2019),且风切变越强,对流的非对称性越显著(Chen et al., 2006; Li and Fang, 2018)。由于外核区距离TC中心较远,该区域的对流尺度系统更容易受到风切变的影响,其活动特征不仅与风切变的强度有关(Li and Fang, 2018),还与风切变的垂直分布有关(Gao et al., 2020; Cheng and Li, 2020)。以往的研究通常采用200~850 hPa的风切变表征TC所处的环境,但环境风场往往具有复杂的垂直结构,仅依据200 hPa与850 hPa两个特定高度层之间的风矢量差异来表征环境风切变,无法有效评估风切变对TC对流活动产生的影响。研究表明,在TC外雨带的活跃阶段,相较于高层风切变试验,低层风切变试验外雨带具有更高比例的对流云,且不同高度的环境风切变能够引发地面冷池活动的差异,从而影响TC外雨带的对流活动(戴宇凡, 2023)。沈上骐等(2025)对2006~2019年西北太平洋具有非典型对流特征的快速增强台风进行了统计分析,发现在高层垂直东风切变影响下,台风强对流由顺风切一侧向逆着风切变(简称逆风切)一侧移动,不同于典型台风对流集中发生在顺风切象限。国外也有学者通过理想数值模拟试验研究了局地风切变对TC深对流特征的影响。Kilroy et al.(2014)发现局地风切变影响下,TC上升运动使得水平涡度倾斜,可能导致垂直涡度呈现偶极子结构,上升运动随高度反转,导致对流单体分裂。边界层风切变的增强可造成垂直涡度极大值增大,垂直速度极大值减小(Kilroy and Smith, 2015)。在不同高度的风切变中,TC外核区具有不同的对流尺度结构(Gao et al., 2020),对流尺度下沉运动的特征也呈现明显差异(Cheng and Li, 2020)。对流尺度上升运动作为对流尺度系统的重要结构之一,其垂直速度大小可指示TC外核区对流强度大小(Barnes et al., 1983; Hence and Houze, 2008; 周海光, 2010)。不同高度的环境风切变可能对TC外核区对流尺度上升运动的动力学和热力学特征产生显著影响,进而引发对流尺度系统的强度和发生发展机制的差异,最终导致TC结构和强度发生变化。因此,不同高度的环境风切变影响下TC外核区对流尺度上升运动的动热力特征值得进一步探讨。
以往的研究大多基于有限的观测资料进行TC外核区上升运动特征的个例分析(Hence and Houze, 2008; 周海光, 2010),缺乏对不同高度风切变影响下TC外核区对流尺度上升运动特征的系统性分析。故本文利用理想数值模拟资料,对比分析高层和低层风切变影响下TC外核区对流尺度上升运动特征的差异,并进一步讨论造成这种差异的可能物理机制,以期加深对TC对流发生发展物理过程的认知,为不同高度风切变环境下TC对流活动特征和预报预警提供理论指导。
模拟试验采用完全可压的非静力平衡的热带气旋模式(Tropical Cyclone Model version 4, TCM4)。研究表明,TCM4模式占用空间小,包含了全物理参数化方案,能够合理地模拟TC的结构和强度(Wang, 2007; Li and Wang, 2012)以及TC对流活动(Li and Fang, 2018)。模拟试验采用四层双向嵌套网格,各层嵌套网格的分辨率分别为54 km、18 km、6 km和2 km,相应的网格点数分别为241×201、127×127、163×163和313×313。在垂直方向上,模式共32层,层顶高度为27 km。时间分辨率为6 min。控制试验不包含大尺度环境风场,即在没有环境风切变的条件下,控制试验在29°C的海表温度、18°N的f平面(f表示科氏参数)上启动,初始涡旋的最大风半径为90 km,最大切向风速约为18 m s−1,切向风速在垂直方向上以正弦曲线递减,至100 hPa减小为0 m s−1。采用Wang(2001)的非线性平衡方程求取初始涡旋质量场和热力场,Dunion(2011)的湿环境场作为初始热力环境场。模式的主要参数设置见表1,关于TCM4模式的详细说明可参见Wang(2007)。
控制试验经过60 h的模式调整后,模拟的TC中心最低海平面气压为966 hPa(图1a),此时(设为敏感性试验的初始时刻,即t=0 h)加入环境风切变。为对比高层和低层风切变对TC外核区上升运动特征的影响,设计了两组敏感性试验(图1a),两组试验均在同等强度的东风切变(10 m s−1)条件下进行,但通过调整风速变化的垂直分布来模拟不同高度的风切变环境,即风速变化分别被设定在1.5~5.0 km和7.3~13.5 km高度,分别表征低层风切变(Lower Layer Shear, LLS)和高层风切变(Upper Layer Shear, ULS)环境。由图1a可见,在东风切变加入后的48 h内LLS试验模拟的TC强度逐渐增强,海平面最低气压从965 hPa降低至933 hPa,期间TC强度发生明显振荡。在东风切变加入后ULS试验中TC也逐渐增强,但变化较平缓,TC强度较弱,至48小时海平面最低气压降低至946 hPa。由图1b、c可见,外核区存在大量的对流尺度系统,上升运动中心对应着雷达反射率大值区。
为识别和追踪TC环流内大量的对流尺度上升运动,本文采用一种可统计和目标导向设计的对流尺度上升运动识别追踪算法(Statistical and Programmable Objective Updraft Tracker, SPOUT; Terwey and Rozoff, 2014)。该算法能够提取TC环流内大量上升运动的关键运动学特征,且不依赖于上升运动的微物理特性。表2为SPOUT算法各参数的阈值设置,该阈值设置能够合理识别TC外核区的对流尺度上升运动(Li and Fang, 2018)。
在研究时段内(加入风切变0~48 h),两个试验TC外核区均位于大约90 km半径之外(图略),外核区出现许多对流尺度上升运动(图1b、c),LLS和ULS试验的TC外核区上升运动个数分别为4066和5984,LLS试验识别到的上升运动个数偏少,可能与对流尺度系统的合并有关(将在第3.5节讨论)。
两个试验均显示,上升运动的顶高存在两个峰值,分别集中在4~6 km和12 km以上,且顺风切象限明显大于逆风切象限。顺风切包括顺风切左侧(Downshear Left,DL)和顺风切右侧(Downshear Right,DR),逆风切包括逆风切左侧(Upshear Left,UL)和逆风切右侧(Upshear Right,UR)。相较于ULS试验,LLS试验穿透性对流上升运动(顶高>12 km)的比重较大(图2a、b)。部分穿透性对流上升运动可发展成对流爆发(Convective Bursts, CBs)。CBs定义为2~12 km高度的垂直速度大于95%分位数(约为7.5 m s−1)的上升运动(Rogers et al., 2013; Hazelton et al., 2017; Li and Fang, 2018)。经统计,LLS中CBs的比重为45%,而ULS中CBs比重低于40%。
研究表明,CBs具有强烈的垂直速度和垂直质量输送(Vertical Mass Transport,VMT;定义为贯穿于上升运动底高至顶高之间的气柱内上升运动中心及周围8个格点的垂直质量输送的垂直平均值,计算公式为$ \text{VMT}=\rho w $,$ \rho $为空气密度,w为垂直速度)(Li and Fang, 2018)。通过分析标准化生命史内上升运动的垂直质量输送和最大上升速度的分布特征,发现LLS试验的上升运动的垂直质量输送(图3a)和最大上升速度(图3c)明显较大,较大的垂直质量输送和最大上升速度主要由CBs贡献(图3a、c)。相较而言,ULS试验CBs的垂直质量输送和最大上升速度较小,导致整体的垂直质量输送和最大上升速度也较小(图3b、d)。图3e、f显示,在上升运动生命史前半段,两个试验的最大上升速度高度差别不大;但在上升运动生命史的后半段,最大上升速度高度显著抬升,其中,CBs的最大上升速度高度较高。由于LLS试验CBs的占比较高,导致整体的最大上升速度高度也略微偏高(图3e)。可见LLS试验的对流活动较为活跃,上升运动强度较强,与较大的CAPE、边界层相当位温和边界层水汽混合比有关(将在第3.5节讨论)。在有利的环境下,上升运动得到强烈发展,垂直速度和垂直质量输送持续增强,其顶高不断向上延伸甚至穿透对流层顶,使得LLS试验具有更多的穿透性对流。相较而言,ULS试验TC外核区的CAPE、边界层相当位温和边界层水汽混合比较小,不利于上升运动的发生发展,上升运动的垂直质量输送和垂直速度较小,CBs占比相对较小,最大上升速度高度偏低。
不同高度的环境风切变条件下TC具有不同的结构和强度变化(图1),不同结构和强度的TC中上升运动的倾斜特征可能不同。由于上升运动处于TC气旋式环流内,在柱坐标系中将上升运动的倾斜分解为方位角倾斜(定义为上升运动最高层中心和最低层中心的方位角坐标之差与两点之间的垂直高度的比值)和径向倾斜(定义为上升运动最高层中心和最低层中心的径向坐标之差与两点之间的垂直高度的比值)分别讨论。图4、图5为上升运动的倾斜核密度估计(Kernel Density Estimations,KDEs)分布。由图4可见,两个试验的上升运动的方位角倾斜特征相似,60%以上的上升运动随高度向切向风的下游方向倾斜,与TC外核区的气旋式风场有关。但通过对比两个试验,LLS试验上升运动的方位角倾斜较大(图4a、b),尤其是顺风切象限和较小半径(90~120 km)处,与较大的切向风速有关(图略),而ULS试验切向风速较小(图略),因此上升运动的方位角倾斜也较小(图4c、d)。
相较而言,两个试验的上升运动的径向倾斜特征存在明显差异(图5),与上升运动的顶高和非对称径向流场有关。尽管LLS试验中TC涡旋强度较ULS试验更强(图1a),非对称次级环流相对较弱(图略),但该试验顺风切象限对流层中高层(3~15 km)存在非对称径向出流,逆风切象限对流层中高层(3~15 km)存在非对称径向入流(图略)。由于LLS试验存在更多顶高大于12 km的穿透性对流上升运动(图2a),这些上升运动容易受对流层高层风场的影响,顺风切象限的上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向出流的影响随高度径向向外(远离TC眼区一侧)倾斜(图5a),且主要集中在半径90~120 km和250~350 km(图5b);逆风切象限的上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向入流的影响随高度径向向眼区倾斜(图5a),且主要位于半径120~250 km(图5b)。
图5c显示,ULS试验61.5%的上升运动随高度径向向眼区倾斜,这部分上升运动主要来自于DR象限和逆风切象限,且主要位于半径较大处(150~320 km;图5d)。通过分析ULS试验的非对称径向流场,发现该试验除了DL象限对流层高层存在强的非对称径向出流以外,其他象限对流层高层为强的非对称径向入流(图略),受到此高层强的非对称径向入流的影响,逆风切象限和DR象限的大部分上升运动随高度径向向眼区倾斜(图5c)。由于DL象限对流层高层存在强的非对称径向出流,对应对流层中低层存在深厚的径向入流,该径向入流厚度甚至可达到8 km(图略)。由图2b可见,DL象限的上升运动仅占27.1%,其中顶高小于8 km的上升运动的比例高达12.4%,这些顶高较低的上升运动受到对流层中低层的非对称径向入流的影响随高度径向向眼区倾斜;而顶高大于8 km的上升运动受到对流层高层强的非对称径向出流的影响随高度径向向外倾斜且主要位于半径较小处(90~120 km;图5d)。可见,61.5%随高度径向向眼区倾斜的上升运动除了来自于DR象限和逆风切象限以外,还有小部分来自于DL象限顶高小于8 km的上升运动。
研究表明,TC外核区对流尺度系统的移动与TC非对称流场有关(Sawada and Iwasaki, 2010; Li and Wang, 2012),而非对称流场与环境风切变密切相关。在极坐标系中,将上升运动的移动速度矢量分解为径向移动速度和切向移动速度分别讨论。径向移动速度定义为单位时间内上升运动中心的垂直平均位置在径向方向上产生的位移;切向移动速度定义为单位时间内上升运动中心的垂直平均位置在方位角方向上产生的位移(单位时间的方位角偏移乘以当前时次上升运动中心所在半径的垂直平均值)。
在不同高度的环境风切变影响下,上升运动的径向移动特征不同。低层风切变环境下,TC强度较强(图1a),非对称次级环流较弱,对流层低层整体以相对对称的入流为主(图略),受到低层入流的影响,大部分上升运动径向向眼区移动(图6a)。在高层风切变环境下,TC强度较弱(图1a),非对称次级环流较强,顺风切象限对流层低层(0~3 km)存在径向入流,UR象限对流层低层(0~4 km)存在较强的径向出流(图略),导致不同方位角的上升运动径向移动方向不同,即顺风切象限的上升运动主要径向向眼区移动,UR象限的上升运动主要径向向外移动(图6c)。两个试验不同半径上对流层低层均存在非对称径向入流(图略),上升运动主要径向向眼区移动(图7a、c)。
在TC气旋式风场的影响下,两个试验的上升运动均发生气旋式移动(图6b、d),由于两个试验TC外核区的切向风速随半径的增大而减小(图略),因此上升运动的切向移动速度也随半径的增大呈减小趋势(图7b、d),但两个试验的上升运动也呈现一些不同的切向移动特征。相较于ULS试验,LLS试验的上升运动切向移动速度明显较大,尤其是DL象限(图6b)。通过分析发现该象限的上升运动集中分布在半径较小处(90~120 km),此处较大的切向风速(图略)引起上升运动快速切向移动(图7b)。相较而言,ULS试验上升运动集中在半径较大处(150~300 km),此处切向风速较小(图略),因此上升运动的切向移动速度较小(图7d)。
以上分析可知,强上升运动倾向于发生在低层风切变环境,表明不同高度的风切变影响下,上升运动可能表现出不同的浮力特征。浮力的计算采用以下公式(Zhang et al., 2000; Houze, 2014):
$ B=g\left(\frac{{\theta }_{\text{v}}'}{\overline{{\theta }_{\text{v}}}}\right)+g(\kappa -1)\left(\frac{p'}{\overline{p}}\right)-g\left({q}_{\text{c}}+{q}_{\text{r}}+{q}_{\text{i}}+{q}_{\text{s}}+{q}_{\text{g}}\right), $
其中,B为总浮力,g为重力加速度,$ \kappa $=0.286,$ \overline{{\theta }_{\text{v}}} $和$ \overline{p} $分别为虚位温和气压的平均参考态,$ {\theta }_{\text{v}}' $和$ p' $分别为虚位温和气压的扰动,qc、qr、qi、qs、qg分别为云、雨、冰晶、雪、霰的混合比。方程(1)左侧为总浮力项,右侧分别为热力浮力、动力浮力和降水拖曳作用。
图8和图9为上升运动的浮力(定义为贯穿于上升运动底高至顶高之间的气柱内上升运动中心格点及相邻8个格点的浮力的垂直平均值)空间分布。对比两个试验,发现LLS试验部分比例的上升运动的总浮力为较大的正值,部分比例的上升运动的总浮力为较大的负值(图8a、9a)。总浮力正值与较大的正热力浮力(图8c、9c)有关,总浮力负值与较大的负动力浮力(图8b、9b)和降水拖曳作用(图8d、9d)有关,而较大的负动力浮力可能与下沉运动和冷池活动有关,较大的降水拖曳作用与较强的降水有关(将在第3.5节讨论)。相较而言,ULS试验上升运动的热力浮力较小(图8g、9g),但大部分上升运动具有正的动力浮力(图8f、9f),降水拖曳作用为较小的负值(图8h、9h),因此,ULS试验上升运动的总浮力以正值为主(图8e、9e),且顺风切象限上升运动的总浮力大于逆风切象限,表明在风切变影响下TC外核区的上升运动活跃于顺风切象限,与Li and Fang(2019)的研究结果一致。
上述分析结果显示,在不同高度的风切变影响下,TC外核区对流尺度上升运动呈现不同的特征,低层风切变较高层风切变环境更有利于TC外核区深厚的强上升运动的发生发展,造成这种差异与不同的物理过程有关。
研究表明,深厚湿对流的发生需要不稳定层结、充足水汽、抬升触发机制及有利的风切变等条件(Doswell III, 2001; 俞小鼎等, 2012; 郑永光等, 2017)。相较于ULS试验,LLS试验具有较大的CAPE(图10a)和较高的边界层相当位温(图10c);较大的CAPE提供了充足的不稳定能量,较高的边界层相当位温反映了低层大气具有高温高湿的特点,使得LLS试验的正热力浮力较大(图8c、9c),向上的浮力加速度有利于大气的扰动和对流上升运动的触发。较大的边界层水汽混合比(图10e)为对流提供充足水汽,水汽随着上升运动向上输送,在对流层中高层凝结释放潜热,进一步增大热力浮力,促进上升运动的加强和维持。低层较大的风切变(图1a)一方面通过动力抬升作用,触发低层大气的垂直上升运动,同时促使水平涡度向垂直涡度转化,形成倾斜上升运动,使得上升运动与下沉运动在空间上分离,两者能够共存并维持更长时间(寿绍文, 2003)。另一方面,较大的低层风切变有利于对流尺度系统的组织化(Johnson et al., 2005; 张建军等, 2016),使得周围的上升运动不断合并到强对流系统中,这可能是LLS试验上升运动个数偏少的原因之一。强而持久的上升运动有利于雨滴的持续增长,促进降水增强。由于空气的质量补偿作用,较强的上升运动可强迫形成下沉运动,较大的降水拖曳作用(图8d、9d)也促进下沉运动发生发展。较强的降水蒸发冷却使空气变得干冷,干冷空气随着下沉运动向下输送,有利于形成地面冷池(Sawada and Iwasaki, 2010; Schlemmer and Hohenegger, 2014; 程晶晶等, 2023)。活跃的冷池活动引起正的气压扰动(程晶晶等, 2023),造成上升运动的动力浮力以负值为主(图8b、9b)。地面冷池前缘的辐散气流和低层入流辐合上升,不断激发新的上升运动(Eastin et al., 2012; Yu and Tsai, 2013),有利于CBs的发展和维持,CBs使得该试验的上升运动的垂直质量输送和最大上升速度较大(图3a、c),顶高较高(图2a)。冷池动力学在低层风切变条件下对TC外核区的深对流活动具有重要影响,即地面冷池、低层环境风切变和TC主环流引起的局地风切变三者之间更容易建立起一种最优的相互作用机制(戴宇凡, 2023),增强对流系统的线状组织性,使得低层风切变环境更有利于外核区上升运动的发生发展。在有利的热力和动力条件的协同作用下,LLS试验深对流活跃(图2a),上升运动强度大(图3a、c),具有更大比例的穿透性对流上升运动和CBs。
相较而言,在ULS试验中,CAPE(图10b)、边界层相当位温(图10d)、边界层水汽混合比(图10f)以及低层风切变(图1a)均处于较低水平,大气不稳定能量和热力浮力(图8g、9g)较小,水汽不够充足,低层的动力抬升作用较弱,不利于深对流上升运动的发展和维持。DL象限的对流层高层非对称出流更强(图略),有利于TC内核区的水汽和水凝物粒子(如,冰晶、雪、霰等)向外输送,使得外核区存在较大比例的层状云,深对流云的比例较小(Gao et al., 2020),相应地,CBs的比例较少,导致上升运动的垂直质量输送和最大上升速度较小(图3b、d)。
利用TCM4理想数值模拟资料,对高层和低层风切变影响下热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动的动力和热力特征的差异进行了对比分析,并进一步讨论造成这种差异的可能物理机制,得到以下结论:
(1)相较于高层风切变试验,低层风切变试验上升运动的垂直质量输送和最大上升速度较大,顶高大于12 km的上升运动的比例更高,表明深对流上升运动倾向于在低层风切变环境中形成和发展,与较大的CAPE、边界层相当位温和边界层水汽混合比有关。较强的上升运动可强迫形成下沉运动,有利于地面冷池的发生发展。地面冷池、低层环境风切变和热带气旋主环流引起的局地风切变三者之间的相互作用进一步促进上升运动的发生发展。
(2)上升运动的径向倾斜与上升运动的顶高和非对称径向流场有关。低层风切变试验穿透性对流上升运动占比较大,逆风切象限上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向入流的影响随高度径向向眼区倾斜,顺风切象限上升运动受到对流层高层非对称径向出流的影响随高度径向向外倾斜;高层风切变试验大部分上升运动随高度径向向眼区倾斜,主要来自于逆风切和顺风切右侧象限,小部分来自于顺风切左侧部分顶高小于8 km的上升运动,分别与逆风切和顺风切右侧对流层高层非对称径向入流以及顺风切左侧对流层中低层的非对称径向入流有关。
(3)低层风切变试验对流层低层以相对对称的径向入流为主,大部分上升运动径向向眼区移动;在高层风切变试验中,顺风切象限的上升运动受到对流层低层径向入流的影响径向向眼区移动,逆风切象限的上升运动受到对流层低层径向出流的影响径向向外移动。
(4)在低层风切变环境中,上升运动的正热力浮力和降水拖曳作用较大,动力浮力以负值为主,导致总浮力从负值到正值分布;在高层风切变环境中,上升运动的热力浮力和降水拖曳作用较小,动力浮力以正值为主,因此总浮力整体表现为弱正值。
上述研究结果为加深理解不同高度风切变对热带气旋外核区对流尺度上升运动的动热力特征的影响提供了新的视角,加深了对不同高度风切变环境下TC对流结构和强度变化物理过程的理解,但本研究仅是基于理想数值模拟试验得到的结果,与实际的热带气旋所处的风切变环境存在一定偏差,实际场景下热带气旋外核区的对流尺度上升运动可能呈现更复杂的特征,有待进一步开展精细化观测和数值模拟研究。此外,风切变方向的差异也会对热带气旋强度变化产生一定影响(Wei et al., 2018; 王伟和余锦华, 2013),例如,同等强度下,西风切变比东风切变更容易使得热带气旋强度减弱(Fu et al., 2019),而热带气旋对流活动与热带气旋强度息息相关,未来将进一步揭示不同方向的风切变条件对热带气旋对流活动特征的影响。

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2026年第50卷第4期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-15
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  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1广东省气候中心, 广州510641
    2南京信息工程大学气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 南京210044
    3南京信息工程大学大气科学学院, 南京210044
    4南京信息工程大学太平洋台风研究中心和气象灾害教育部重点实验室, 南京210044

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李青青,男,博士、研究员,主要从事台风动力学和中尺度强对流发生发展机理研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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