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Under pressure, the magnetic field outside the ferromagnetic cavity is more complex under the influence of the background magnetic field, which reduces the accuracy of magnetic detection. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the influence of background magnetic fields on spatial magnetic fields is of great significance. In this paper, a magneto-mechanical coupling model for an oxygen tank is developed based on the improved Jiles-Atherton theory, and the composition of the spatial magnetic field is classified. The influence of the background magnetic field on each component of the spatial magnetic field is simulated and calculated. By establishing the relationship between the induced magnetic field and the background magnetic field, and analyzing the influence of the background magnetic field on the magneto-mechanical coupling effect under specified pressure, references are provided for the magnetic detection.

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在压力作用下,背景磁场对铁磁腔体外部空间磁场的影响较为复杂,降低了磁探测的精确性,因此全面研究背景磁场对空间磁场的影响具有重要意义。本文建立基于改进Jiles-Atherton理论的铁磁腔体力磁耦合模型,并对空间磁场的组成进行分类,利用仿真计算得到了背景磁场对空间磁场各组分的影响。通过建立感应磁场与背景磁场之间的关系并分析指定压力下背景磁场对力磁耦合效应的影响,为磁探测领域提供了参考依据。

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王作帅(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为电磁场防护与应用。

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王作帅(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为电磁场防护与应用。

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王作帅(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为电磁场防护与应用。

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背景磁场对铁磁体感应磁场及力磁耦合效应的影响
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王作帅 1, 2 , 左超 1, 2 , 肖涵琛 1, 2 , 王雅钰 3 , 周芸姝 3
电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025,26(4): 13-19
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电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025, 26(4): 13-19
背景磁场对铁磁体感应磁场及力磁耦合效应的影响
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王作帅1, 2, 左超1, 2, 肖涵琛1, 2, 王雅钰3, 周芸姝3
作者信息
  • 1 海洋电磁探测与控制湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430064
  • 2 武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064
  • 3 强电磁工程与新技术国家重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院),武汉 430074
  • 王作帅(1990—),男,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为电磁场防护与应用。

Influence of background magnetic field on the induced magnetic field and magneto-mechanical coupling effect of ferromagnets
Zuoshuai WANG1, 2, Chao ZUO1, 2, Hanchen XIAO1, 2, Yayu WANG3, Yunshu ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Marine Electromagnetic Detection and Control, Wuhan 430064
  • 2 Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430064
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074
出版时间: 2025-04-15
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在压力作用下,背景磁场对铁磁腔体外部空间磁场的影响较为复杂,降低了磁探测的精确性,因此全面研究背景磁场对空间磁场的影响具有重要意义。本文建立基于改进Jiles-Atherton理论的铁磁腔体力磁耦合模型,并对空间磁场的组成进行分类,利用仿真计算得到了背景磁场对空间磁场各组分的影响。通过建立感应磁场与背景磁场之间的关系并分析指定压力下背景磁场对力磁耦合效应的影响,为磁探测领域提供了参考依据。

背景磁场  /  铁磁腔体  /  感应磁场  /  力磁耦合效应  /  空间磁场

Under pressure, the magnetic field outside the ferromagnetic cavity is more complex under the influence of the background magnetic field, which reduces the accuracy of magnetic detection. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the influence of background magnetic fields on spatial magnetic fields is of great significance. In this paper, a magneto-mechanical coupling model for an oxygen tank is developed based on the improved Jiles-Atherton theory, and the composition of the spatial magnetic field is classified. The influence of the background magnetic field on each component of the spatial magnetic field is simulated and calculated. By establishing the relationship between the induced magnetic field and the background magnetic field, and analyzing the influence of the background magnetic field on the magneto-mechanical coupling effect under specified pressure, references are provided for the magnetic detection.

background magnetic field  /  ferromagnetic cavity  /  induced magnetic field  /  magneto- mechanical coupling effect  /  spatial magnetic field
王作帅, 左超, 肖涵琛, 王雅钰, 周芸姝. 背景磁场对铁磁体感应磁场及力磁耦合效应的影响. 电气技术, 2025 , 26 (4) : 13 -19 .
Zuoshuai WANG, Chao ZUO, Hanchen XIAO, Yayu WANG, Yunshu ZHOU. Influence of background magnetic field on the induced magnetic field and magneto-mechanical coupling effect of ferromagnets[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2025 , 26 (4) : 13 -19 .
在深海资源磁勘探中,主要通过安装于水下航行器上的磁探测器结合相关算法获取资源的空间坐标[1]。然而,背景磁场从3个方面对铁磁腔体外部的空间磁场产生影响,从而降低深海资源磁勘探的准确性:①改变铁磁材料的磁化强度,使铁磁腔体感应磁场发生变化;②影响铁磁腔体的力磁耦合效应,导致铁磁腔体在相同的受力下呈现不同的固定磁场变化;③背景磁场的直接作用导致空间磁场变化。因此,研究背景磁场对空间磁场的影响十分必要。
在铁磁体力磁耦合研究中,需要准确获得铁磁体的剩磁。然而,通过实验手段直接测量剩磁不可行。目前,主要采用以下方法估计或计算铁磁体的剩磁:①经验估计,剩磁通常被认为是饱和磁感应强度的20%~80%[2];②电压积分法,利用变压器截止时间的电压积分来计算剩磁[3];③电流峰值预测法,通过与涌入电流的第一个峰值建立函数关系并采用变压器合闸角控制来测量铁磁体剩磁[4-5];④漏磁法,使用磁传感器测量漏磁,通过建立漏磁和剩磁之间的关系来获得剩磁[6-7];⑤基于能量变化的方法,通过测量响应电流来确定电源的正能量变化和负能量变化,将其进行比较以确定剩磁方向,并使用经验公式计算剩余通量的大小[8];⑥转换矩阵法,通过计算剩磁与空间磁场之间的转换矩阵来确定剩磁[9]
Jiles-Atherton理论目前被广泛用于描述铁磁体的力磁耦合效应。力磁耦合效应的研究起源于1945年,该研究发现磁化是一个具有不可逆成分的磁滞过程[10]。起初认为在弱磁场下可忽略旋转磁化,外力作用可看作与施加在磁畴壁上的外部磁场等效。然而,后续实验表明,应力对磁畴的影响是不连续的,这与早期理论相矛盾[11-13]。因此,根据实验结果,引入了接近原理[14]。基于接近原理,Jiles-Atherton理论、Smith均匀能量模型和Stoner-Wohlfarth模型成为描述力磁耦合效应的理论模型[15-16]。传统Jiles- Atherton理论仅适用于描述铁磁材料的磁滞回线,无法描述力磁耦合效应,故须对其进行改进[17-22]。然而,背景磁场对铁磁体力磁耦合效应的影响尚未被提及。
本文基于改进Jiles-Atherton理论的力磁耦合建模方法[17],在COMSOL Multiphysics中建立铁磁腔体力磁耦合模型,并成功复现参考文献[17]的仿真结果。通过改变背景磁场,研究其对铁磁体感应磁场和力磁耦合效应的影响。
在外部磁场存在的情况下,铁磁体的磁化可分为可逆磁化和不可逆磁化。可逆磁化是磁畴壁弯曲的结果,不会导致任何能量耗散。相反地,不可逆磁化由磁畴壁运动产生,会导致能量耗散。应力的施加通过磁致伸缩效应引起铁磁材料有效场的变化。因此,应力对铁磁体磁化强度的影响可视为引入了额外的磁场。
有效场在数学上被定义为能量对磁化强度的导数,可表示为
${{H}_{\text{e}}}=\frac{1}{{{\mu }_{0}}}\cdot \frac{\text{d}A}{\text{d}M}=H+\alpha M+\frac{3}{2}\cdot \frac{\sigma }{{{\mu }_{0}}}\cdot \frac{\text{d}\lambda }{\text{d}M}$
式中:He为有效场磁场强度;${{\mu }_{0}}$为真空磁导率;A为系统的能量;M为磁化强度;H为磁场强度;$\alpha $为平均场效应参数;$\sigma $为应力;$\lambda $为磁致伸缩系数。
由于磁致伸缩系数是磁化强度的偶函数,故可用泰勒公式进行展开,即
$\lambda =\sum\limits_{i=1}^{\infty }{{{\gamma }_{i}}{{M}^{2i}}}$
式中,${{\gamma }_{i}}$为与材料有关的系数,在本文中i=1[17]。因此,磁致伸缩系数和磁化强度之间的关系可修改为
$\lambda ={{\gamma }_{1}}{{M}^{2}}$
${{\gamma }_{i}}$$\sigma $之间的关系可用泰勒公式展开,即
${{\gamma }_{i}}(\sigma )={{\gamma }_{i}}(0)+\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac{{{\sigma }^{n}}}{n!}\gamma _{i}^{\text{(}n\text{)}}(0)}$
式中:${{\gamma }_{i}}(0)$$\sigma $=0时对应的${{\gamma }_{i}}$$\gamma _{i}^{\text{(}n\text{)}}(0)$$\sigma $=0时对应的${{\gamma }_{i}}$n阶导数。对于铁磁体,取n=1,故磁致伸缩系数可表示为
$\lambda =\left( {{\gamma }_{1}}(0)+{{{{\gamma }'}}_{1}}(0)\sigma \right){{M}^{2}}$
结合式(1)和式(5)可得
${{H}_{\text{e}}}=H+\left[ \alpha +\frac{3\sigma \left( {{\gamma }_{1}}(0)+{{{{\gamma }'}}_{1}}(0)\sigma \right)}{{{\mu }_{0}}} \right]M=H+{{\alpha }_{\sigma }}M$
式中,${{\alpha }_{\sigma }}$为考虑力磁耦合效应的等效平均场参数。力磁耦合效应是通过应力对${{\alpha }_{\sigma }}$的影响来实现的,${{\alpha }_{\sigma }}$由施加应力的大小和铁磁材料的特性决定。
在外部磁场和应力作用下的非磁滞磁化可表示为
${{M}_{\text{an}}}={{M}_{\text{s}}}\left[ \coth \left( \frac{{{H}_{\text{e}}}}{a} \right)-\frac{a}{{{H}_{\text{e}}}} \right]$
式中:Man为非磁滞磁化强度;Ms为饱和磁化强度;a为材料常数。
磁化强度可分为两个部分:由磁畴壁运动引起的不可逆磁化和由磁畴壁弯曲引起的可逆磁化。具体地,可表示为
$M={{M}_{\text{rev}}}+{{M}_{\text{irr}}}$
式中:Mirr为不可逆磁化强度;Mrev为可逆磁化强度。非磁滞磁化、不可逆磁化和可逆磁化之间的关系可描述为
${{M}_{\text{rev}}}=c\left( {{M}_{\text{an}}}-{{M}_{\text{irr}}} \right)$
式中,c为可逆系数。参数c的取值范围为0~1,且c越接近1,磁滞回线的宽度越小。
描述磁化强度和有效场之间关系的微分方程可表示为
${{M}_{\text{irr}}}={{M}_{\text{an}}}-k\delta \frac{\text{d}{{M}_{\text{irr}}}}{\text{d}{{H}_{\text{e}}}}$
式中:k为钉扎中心的体积密度;参数$\delta $在磁场增加时取+1,在磁场减少时取-1。
在背景磁场的作用下,铁磁体的磁化强度发生变化,导致周围空间产生感应磁场。
对于铁磁体,其磁化强度包括剩余磁化强度和背景磁场作用产生的感应磁化强度,可表示为
$M={{M}_{\text{res}}}+{{M}_{\text{ind}}}$
式中:Mres为剩余磁化强度;Mind为感应磁化强度。Mind受各种因素影响,包括铁磁材料的性质、背景磁场的大小和铁磁体的空间位置等。
因此,当考虑背景磁场和铁磁体同时存在的综合作用时,空间中铁磁体外部给定点的磁场包括以下分量:背景磁场、铁磁体的剩余磁化强度产生的固定磁场及由铁磁体的感应磁化强度产生的感应磁场。具体地,可描述为
$B={{B}_{\text{bac}}}+{{B}_{\text{sta}}}+{{B}_{\text{ind}}}$
式中:Bbac为背景磁场磁感应强度;Bsta为剩余磁化强度产生的固定磁场磁感应强度;Bind为感应磁化强度产生的感应磁场磁感应强度。
由于铁磁体的力磁耦合效应,施加力会改变材料的磁化强度,进而导致空间磁场变化。因此,考虑背景磁场、铁磁体和施加力同时存在的综合作用时,特定空间点处磁场的磁感应强度可表示为
$B={{B}_{\text{bac}}}+{{B}_{\text{sta}}}+{{B}_{\text{ind}}}+\Delta {{B}_{\text{sta}}}+\Delta {{B}_{\text{ind}}}$
式中:ΔBsta为应力对固定磁场的影响,固定磁场由铁磁材料的固有特性、剩余磁化强度和施加力的大小决定,不受背景磁场的影响;ΔBind为应力对感应磁场的影响,也反映了背景磁场对力磁耦合效应的影响。因此,本文的研究重点是背景磁场对Bind和ΔBind的影响。
基于改进Jiles-Atherton理论的力磁耦合建模方法,在COMSOL Multiphysics中建立铁磁腔体力磁耦合模型,其建模方法如图1所示。
图1可知,本文的有限元模型使用了COMSOL内置的Jiles-Atherton模块,将铁磁材料的Jiles- Atherton参数、等效场效应参数及铁磁腔体的初始磁化强度输入模型,以准确计算受力过程中铁磁腔体的磁化强度变化。本文中铁磁腔体的几何模型、磁场数据读取线和初始磁化强度与参考文献[17]中的模型相同。
在参考文献[17]的有限元模型中,铁磁腔体由37Mn制成。由于37Mn磁滞回线的特殊性,背景磁场对Bind和ΔBind的影响并不显著。因此,本文模型中的Jiles-Atherton参数更新如下:材料饱和磁化强度Ms=1.46×106A/m,α =9.8×10-3a=5 291A/m,k= 3 200A/m,c=0.3,更新后的磁滞回线如图2所示。
在本文有限元模型中,铁磁腔体的外壁承受0.1MPa的恒定压力,内壁承受10.1MPa的恒定压力。使用COMSOL固体力学模块计算铁磁腔体的应力分布,并将其耦合代入Jiles-Atherton模块,以准确地实现力磁耦合效应的计算。铁磁腔体置于变化的背景磁场中,背景磁场通过模型中的自定义函数进行设置。
本文基于更新Jiles-Atherton参数的有限元模型,研究背景磁场的变化对压力作用下铁磁体周围磁场分布的影响。
对于弱磁性材料,感应磁化强度与背景磁场成正比,由于感应磁场与感应磁化强度成正比,故感应磁场与背景磁场也成正比。
然而,对于铁磁性材料,由于其B-M曲线为磁滞回线,故感应磁化强度与背景磁场不严格成线性关系。因此,有必要研究感应磁场在不同背景磁场下的变化,以建立这两个变量之间的关系。考虑到资源勘探船的实际工作背景磁场量级,将有限元模型中的背景磁场设置为地磁场水平。
以龙骨线上的感应磁场为例进行研究。根据式(12),感应磁场可描述为
${{B}_{\text{ind}}}=B-{{B}_{\text{bac}}}-{{B}_{\text{sta}}}$
本文研究xyz方向的单向背景磁场与感应磁场之间的关系。以x方向上的单向背景磁场为例,在有限元模型中,背景磁场的x分量在0到40 000nT之间均匀变化,变化率为1 000nT/s,此时背景磁场的yz分量设置为0。
通过读取龙骨线的磁场数据并结合式(14),可得到龙骨线的感应磁场。随后,将背景磁场的方向分别修改为yz方向,以确定不同方向背景磁场下龙骨线上的感应磁场。
单向背景磁场作用下沿龙骨线的感应磁场如图3所示。感应磁场与材料的几何形状、背景磁场和材料性质有关。由图3可知,当背景磁场在x方向时,感应磁场的x分量的分布近似于偶函数,而yz分量的分布近似于奇函数。当背景磁场在y方向时,感应磁场y分量的分布近似于偶函数,而xz分量约为0,可忽略。当背景磁场在z方向时,感应磁场x分量的分布近似于奇函数,yz分量的分布近似于偶函数。此外,对于由铁磁材料制成的铁磁腔体,在地磁场水平上,感应磁场仍与背景磁场成正比。
基于在地磁场水平上得到的背景磁场和铁磁材料感应磁场之间的线性关系,可由式(15)描述空间中任意给定点的感应磁场和背景磁场的线性关系。
$\left[ \begin{matrix} {{B}_{\text{ind}x}} \\ {{B}_{\text{ind}y}} \\ {{B}_{\text{ind}z}} \\\end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix} {{g}_{xx}} & {{g}_{xy}} & {{g}_{xz}} \\ {{g}_{yx}} & {{g}_{yy}} & {{g}_{yz}} \\ {{g}_{zx}} & {{g}_{zy}} & {{g}_{zz}} \\\end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix} {{B}_{x\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{y\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{z\text{bac}}} \\\end{matrix} \right]$
式中:BindxBindyBindz为感应磁场的xyz分量;BxbacBybacBzbac为背景磁场的xyz分量,对于空间中确定时间的任意给定点,其背景磁场恒定,即Bbac只与时间和空间位置有关;gxx~gzz为由材料性质、磁场测量点和铁磁体的空间位置决定的9个参数。由于当背景磁场在y方向上时,感应磁场的xz分量几乎为零,故gxygzy都为零。例如,对于空间点(300mm, 0, -380mm),该点的感应磁场与背景磁场之间的关系可以表示为
$\left[ \begin{matrix} {{B}_{\text{ind}x}} \\ {{B}_{\text{ind}y}} \\ {{B}_{\text{ind}z}} \\\end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix} -0.0396 & 0 & -0.0035 \\ -0.0127 & -0.0023 & 0.0256 \\ -0.0281 & 0 & 0.0499 \\\end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix} {{B}_{x\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{y\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{z\text{bac}}} \\\end{matrix} \right]$
由于地磁场的大小为104nT级,感应磁场为102nT级,故感应磁场在深海磁探测中不可忽略。
背景磁场会影响铁磁体的力磁耦合效应。当背景磁场为零且铁磁体受到外力时,空间磁场可表示为
$B={{B}_{\text{sta}}}+\Delta {{B}_{\text{sta}}}$
根据式(13),当背景磁场非零时,力对空间磁场的影响由两部分组成:对固定磁场的影响和对感应磁场的影响,分别可用ΔBsta和ΔBind表示。其中,ΔBsta与背景磁场无关,ΔBind随背景磁场变化而变化。本文研究不同方向、不同大小的背景磁场对铁磁腔体的力磁耦合效应的影响。
当内部压力为10.1MPa时,单向背景磁场作用下ΔBind的分量如图4所示。由图4可知,当背景磁场在x方向上时,ΔBindx分量的分布近似于偶函数,而yz分量的分布近似于奇函数。当背景磁场在y方向上时,ΔBindy分量的分布近似于偶函数,而xz分量约为0,可忽略。当背景磁场在z方向上时,ΔBindx分量的分布近似于奇函数,yz分量的分布近似于偶函数。
此外,对于由铁磁性材料制成的铁磁腔体,在地磁场水平上,ΔBind仍与背景磁场成正比。对比图3图4可知,ΔBind和感应磁场的方向正好相反。
基于背景磁场与ΔBind的三个分量之间的线性关系,式(18)可用于描述任意空间点的ΔBind与背景磁场之间的线性关系。
$\left[ \begin{matrix} \Delta {{B}_{\text{ind}x}} \\ \Delta {{B}_{\text{ind}y}} \\ \Delta {{B}_{\text{ind}z}} \\\end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix} {{G}_{xx}} & {{G}_{xy}} & {{G}_{xz}} \\ {{G}_{yx}} & {{G}_{yy}} & {{G}_{yz}} \\ {{G}_{zx}} & {{G}_{zy}} & {{G}_{zz}} \\\end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix} {{B}_{x\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{y\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{z\text{bac}}} \\\end{matrix} \right]$
式中:ΔBindx、ΔBindy和ΔBindz为ΔBindxyz分量;Gxx~Gzz为由材料的性质、压力大小、磁场测量点和铁磁体的空间位置决定的9个参数。由于当背景磁场在y方向上时,ΔBindxz分量几乎为零,因此GxyGzy都为零。例如,对于空间点(300mm, 0, -380mm),该点的ΔBind与背景磁场之间的关系可表示为
$\left[ \begin{matrix} \Delta {{B}_{\text{ind}x}} \\ \Delta {{B}_{\text{ind}y}} \\ \Delta {{B}_{\text{ind}z}} \\ \end{matrix} \right]=\left[ \begin{matrix} 0.0092 & 0 & 0.0023 \\ 0.0034 & 0.0002 & -0.0054 \\ 0.0082 & 0 & -0.0106 \\ \end{matrix} \right]\left[ \begin{matrix} {{B}_{x\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{y\text{bac}}} \\ {{B}_{z\text{bac}}} \\ \end{matrix} \right]$
对比式(16)和式(19)可知,矩阵系数的符号完全相反,与图3图4的对比结果互相印证。同样地,ΔBind在地磁场量级的背景磁场作用下,大小为102nT级,故背景磁场对ΔBind的影响不可忽略。
总之,背景磁场通过产生感应磁场并影响铁磁体的力磁耦合效应改变铁磁体外部空间的磁场,Bind、ΔBind与背景磁场Bbac之间的关系可由式(15)与式(18)描述。
本文基于参考文献[17]中的建模方法,在COMSOL中建立了铁磁腔体的力磁耦合模型,研究了背景磁场对铁磁体外部磁场的影响,包括3个因素:背景磁场对感应磁场的影响、背景磁场对力磁耦合效应的影响,以及背景磁场的直接作用。
1)在地磁场水平的背景磁场下,感应磁场与背景磁场之间的关系可通过线性方程组来描述。感应磁场的量级水平为背景磁场的1%。因此,在进行与深海资源有关的磁性勘探工作时,不能忽略背景磁场的干扰。
2)ΔBind反映了背景磁场对力磁耦合效应的影响。在地磁场水平的背景磁场下,ΔBind与背景磁场之间的关系可用线性方程组描述。ΔBind的量级水平为背景磁场的1%,在深海资源勘探中也不可忽略。
3)感应磁场的分布与ΔBind几乎相同,方向正好相反,这表明应力的作用有使感应磁场逐渐减小至零的趋势。
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  • 接收时间:2024-09-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-02
  • 出版时间:2025-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-19
  • 修回日期:2024-12-01
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    1 海洋电磁探测与控制湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430064
    2 武汉第二船舶设计研究所,武汉 430064
    3 强电磁工程与新技术国家重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院),武汉 430074
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