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With the growth of renewable energy and the increase of low carbon demand, alumina industry is facing the challenge of optimizing energy consumption. Targeting industrial production at high renewable energy ratios, it is optimized through electric energy substitution and demand response. In this paper, other green power real-time regulation is taken as the object of demand response, and a multi-objective demand response model of alumina production electricity consumption is established on the basis of guaranteeing that the rate of wind and light abandonment is minimized, and with the goal of satisfying the system economy and guaranteeing the output. The normal boundary intersection (NBI) method and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) are used to optimize and solve the model. According to the analysis results of actual cases, the NBI algorithm performs better in reducing the electricity cost and the rate of power abandonment, with a cost reduction of 73% and a rate of power abandonment of 16.65 percentage points, compared to 70% and 15.65 percentage points, respectively, for NSGA-Ⅱ.

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随着可再生能源的发展和低碳需求的增加,氧化铝工业面临着电力消耗优化的挑战。在高比例可再生能源接入的背景下,本文以可再生能源实时功率调节作为需求响应优化对象,通过电能替代和需求响应策略,在最小化弃风弃光率的基础上,以满足系统经济性要求和保证产量为目标,建立多目标需求响应模型,并使用标准边界交叉(NBI)算法和第二代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)分别进行求解。实际算例分析结果表明,NBI算法在降低电力成本和弃电率方面的表现优于NSGA-Ⅱ。在考虑成本时,NBI算法和NSGA-Ⅱ可分别使成本降低73%和70%;在考虑弃电率时,NBI算法和NSGA-Ⅱ可分别使弃电率降低16.65个百分点和15.65个百分点。

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刘宝勇(1975—),男,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源场站优化运行、太阳能风能资源测量与评估。

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刘宝勇(1975—),男,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源场站优化运行、太阳能风能资源测量与评估。

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刘宝勇(1975—),男,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源场站优化运行、太阳能风能资源测量与评估。

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工序名称 工序任务 工序耗时/h 设备
矿浆磨制 制备矿浆 20.29 球磨机
预脱硅 去除硅杂质 9.50 脱硅槽
溶出 去杂 1.00 溶出槽
稀释 降低黏稠度 4.00 稀释后槽
赤泥压滤 回收利用赤泥 1.00 压滤机
叶滤 降低黏稠度 1.00 叶滤机
附聚 富集 6.00 附聚槽
长大 得到氢氧化铝 35.00 长大槽
焙烧 得到氧化铝 21.62 焙烧炉
蒸发 回收利用母液 20.42 多级蒸发器
), ArticleFig(id=1194318937308496404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, articleId=1194266549604287371, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各工序耗时及使用设备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工序名称 工序任务 工序耗时/h 设备
矿浆磨制 制备矿浆 20.29 球磨机
预脱硅 去除硅杂质 9.50 脱硅槽
溶出 去杂 1.00 溶出槽
稀释 降低黏稠度 4.00 稀释后槽
赤泥压滤 回收利用赤泥 1.00 压滤机
叶滤 降低黏稠度 1.00 叶滤机
附聚 富集 6.00 附聚槽
长大 得到氢氧化铝 35.00 长大槽
焙烧 得到氧化铝 21.62 焙烧炉
蒸发 回收利用母液 20.42 多级蒸发器
), ArticleFig(id=1194318937383993877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, articleId=1194266549604287371, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工序 工序任务 设备 数量
电焙烧 获得成品 电锅炉 1
低压蒸汽产生 0.6MPa蒸汽产生 电加热蒸汽发生器 91
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新工序及设备

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工序 工序任务 设备 数量
电焙烧 获得成品 电锅炉 1
低压蒸汽产生 0.6MPa蒸汽产生 电加热蒸汽发生器 91
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参数 数值
蓄热装置容量/(MW∙h) 3 200
蓄热装置最大充放热功率/MW 800
蓄热装置效率/% 95
电负荷最小功率/MW 5
电负荷最大功率/MW 97.74
热负荷最小功率/MW 5
热负荷最大功率/MW 97.74
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某工业过程电负荷、热负荷参数

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参数 数值
蓄热装置容量/(MW∙h) 3 200
蓄热装置最大充放热功率/MW 800
蓄热装置效率/% 95
电负荷最小功率/MW 5
电负荷最大功率/MW 97.74
热负荷最小功率/MW 5
热负荷最大功率/MW 97.74
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典型日 风光
发电量/
(MW∙h)
波动率/% 无需求
响应
NSGA-Ⅱ NBI算法
风电小发季节 1 574 54.03 场景A1 场景A2 场景A3
1 561 29.04 场景A4 场景A5 场景A6
过渡季节 3 530 53.78 场景B1 场景B2 场景B3
3 522 25.89 场景B4 场景B5 场景B6
风电大发季节 4 980 45.02 场景C1 场景C2 场景C3
4 965 25.66 场景C4 场景C5 场景C6
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场景概述

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典型日 风光
发电量/
(MW∙h)
波动率/% 无需求
响应
NSGA-Ⅱ NBI算法
风电小发季节 1 574 54.03 场景A1 场景A2 场景A3
1 561 29.04 场景A4 场景A5 场景A6
过渡季节 3 530 53.78 场景B1 场景B2 场景B3
3 522 25.89 场景B4 场景B5 场景B6
风电大发季节 4 980 45.02 场景C1 场景C2 场景C3
4 965 25.66 场景C4 场景C5 场景C6
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季节 运行场景 外购
电量/
(MW·h)
外购电成本/元 氧化铝
产量/t
吨氧化铝电力成本/
(元/t)
吨氧化铝降低成本(对比无需求响应场景)/% 弃电率/%
风电
小发
季节
场景A1 2 090.64 869 642 2 884 301.54 0
场景A2 425.61 167 970 1 875 89.58 70 0
场景A3 425.58 143 124 1 781 80.36 73 0
场景A4 1 961.51 721 805 2 884 250.28 0
场景A5 438.34 164 432 1 875 87.70 65 0
场景A6 438.33 145 673 1 781 81.79 67 0
过渡
季节
场景B1 742.14 283 928 2 884 98.45 0
场景B2 0 0 3 258 0 100 1.00
场景B3 269.14 89 445 3 385 26.42 73 0
场景B4 779.90 277 227 2 884 96.13 0
场景B5 0 0 2 853 0 100 1.00
场景B6 298.51 99 206 3 385 29.31 70 0
风电
大发
季节
场景C1 537.40 196 382 2 884 68.09 16.65
场景C2 0 0 3 781 0 100 1.00
场景C3 535.84 181 271 4 177 43.40 36 0
场景C4 369.18 130 585 2 884 45.28 13.52
场景C5 2.93 1 174 3 172 0.37 99 1.00
场景C6 537.56 191 695 4 177 45.89 -1 0
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算例结果

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季节 运行场景 外购
电量/
(MW·h)
外购电成本/元 氧化铝
产量/t
吨氧化铝电力成本/
(元/t)
吨氧化铝降低成本(对比无需求响应场景)/% 弃电率/%
风电
小发
季节
场景A1 2 090.64 869 642 2 884 301.54 0
场景A2 425.61 167 970 1 875 89.58 70 0
场景A3 425.58 143 124 1 781 80.36 73 0
场景A4 1 961.51 721 805 2 884 250.28 0
场景A5 438.34 164 432 1 875 87.70 65 0
场景A6 438.33 145 673 1 781 81.79 67 0
过渡
季节
场景B1 742.14 283 928 2 884 98.45 0
场景B2 0 0 3 258 0 100 1.00
场景B3 269.14 89 445 3 385 26.42 73 0
场景B4 779.90 277 227 2 884 96.13 0
场景B5 0 0 2 853 0 100 1.00
场景B6 298.51 99 206 3 385 29.31 70 0
风电
大发
季节
场景C1 537.40 196 382 2 884 68.09 16.65
场景C2 0 0 3 781 0 100 1.00
场景C3 535.84 181 271 4 177 43.40 36 0
场景C4 369.18 130 585 2 884 45.28 13.52
场景C5 2.93 1 174 3 172 0.37 99 1.00
场景C6 537.56 191 695 4 177 45.89 -1 0
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基于电能替代和需求响应的氧化铝工业多目标优化调度方法
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刘宝勇 1 , 林依桐 2 , 唐亮 1 , 史洁 2 , 张昕雪 2
电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025,26(2): 26-34
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电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025, 26(2): 26-34
基于电能替代和需求响应的氧化铝工业多目标优化调度方法
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刘宝勇1, 林依桐2, 唐亮1, 史洁2, 张昕雪2
作者信息
  • 1 山东电力工程咨询院有限公司, 济南 250013
  • 2 济南大学物理科学与技术学院, 济南 250022
  • 刘宝勇(1975—),男,高级工程师,研究方向为新能源场站优化运行、太阳能风能资源测量与评估。

Research on multi-objective optimal scheduling method of green power and low carbon aluminum based synergy considering electric energy substitution and demand response
Baoyong LIU1, Yitong LIN2, Liang TANG1, Jie SHI2, Xinxue ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Shandong Electric Power Engineering Consulting Institute Co., Ltd, Ji’nan 250013
  • 2 School of Physics and Technology, University of Ji’nan, Ji’nan 250022
出版时间: 2025-02-15
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随着可再生能源的发展和低碳需求的增加,氧化铝工业面临着电力消耗优化的挑战。在高比例可再生能源接入的背景下,本文以可再生能源实时功率调节作为需求响应优化对象,通过电能替代和需求响应策略,在最小化弃风弃光率的基础上,以满足系统经济性要求和保证产量为目标,建立多目标需求响应模型,并使用标准边界交叉(NBI)算法和第二代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)分别进行求解。实际算例分析结果表明,NBI算法在降低电力成本和弃电率方面的表现优于NSGA-Ⅱ。在考虑成本时,NBI算法和NSGA-Ⅱ可分别使成本降低73%和70%;在考虑弃电率时,NBI算法和NSGA-Ⅱ可分别使弃电率降低16.65个百分点和15.65个百分点。

需求响应  /  氧化铝  /  多目标优化  /  标准边界交叉(NBI)算法  /  可再生能源  /  第二代非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)

With the growth of renewable energy and the increase of low carbon demand, alumina industry is facing the challenge of optimizing energy consumption. Targeting industrial production at high renewable energy ratios, it is optimized through electric energy substitution and demand response. In this paper, other green power real-time regulation is taken as the object of demand response, and a multi-objective demand response model of alumina production electricity consumption is established on the basis of guaranteeing that the rate of wind and light abandonment is minimized, and with the goal of satisfying the system economy and guaranteeing the output. The normal boundary intersection (NBI) method and nondominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) are used to optimize and solve the model. According to the analysis results of actual cases, the NBI algorithm performs better in reducing the electricity cost and the rate of power abandonment, with a cost reduction of 73% and a rate of power abandonment of 16.65 percentage points, compared to 70% and 15.65 percentage points, respectively, for NSGA-Ⅱ.

demand response  /  alumina  /  multi-objective optimization  /  normal boundary intersection (NBI) method  /  renewable energy  /  nondominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ)
刘宝勇, 林依桐, 唐亮, 史洁, 张昕雪. 基于电能替代和需求响应的氧化铝工业多目标优化调度方法. 电气技术, 2025 , 26 (2) : 26 -34 .
Baoyong LIU, Yitong LIN, Liang TANG, Jie SHI, Xinxue ZHANG. Research on multi-objective optimal scheduling method of green power and low carbon aluminum based synergy considering electric energy substitution and demand response[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2025 , 26 (2) : 26 -34 .
全球变暖导致的气候变化逐渐成为现代社会的重要课题。全球变暖的主要原因是温室气体排放,尤其是来自化石燃料燃烧的人为活动[1]。全球二氧化碳排放量的四分之一以上由工业领域直接产生,化石燃料(煤炭、石油和天然气)直接占其能源结构的73%[2]。在全球范围内,气候变化的影响日益明显,工业能源缺乏演变很大程度上导致了碳排放量的增加[3]。事实上,与温室气体排放、空气污染、石油储量减少、能源安全和人口增长相关的挑战,强调了工业领域能源转型的紧迫性。环境问题促使包括电力工业在内的各行业致力于可持续发展,从依赖化石燃料的传统发电方式向太阳能、风能、水力等清洁可再生能源发电转型[4]
为实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,我国政府推行节能减排政策,光伏发电、风力发电技术应用占比逐年升高,然而,可再生能源发展面临不确定性,且易受反常气候因素与极端天气影响,导致能源经济转型易受冲击。可再生能源在电网中所占份额不断增长,需要平衡电力供应的波动,稳定电网及降低电力成本,并对工业过程进行需求侧管理,从而惠及电网运营商与消费者。
华东、华北和西北地区的风资源和太阳能资源丰富,可再生能源行业发展迅速,当地风电、光伏等可再生能源装机容量较大,许多大型工业企业依赖可再生能源发电。尽管风电和光伏发电比燃煤发电减少了碳排放,但存在波动性和不确定性,因此可采用风光储和需求响应(demand response, DR)协同的方式来满足工业用户的用电需求。
风光储一体化能提供更稳定的清洁能源,但其容量有限,难以解决供需不平衡问题。需求响应作为灵活的调节手段,能够促进清洁能源消纳,优化能源结构,工业用户可调节自身用电负荷以适应电源侧,因而成为维持电力系统稳定和降低电力成本的重要方法[5]。在此背景下,氧化铝生产过程中的电力调度优化成为研究的重点方向。通过氧化铝企业参与优化调度,能够进一步提升电力系统的稳定性。因此,需求响应及其在工业用户(如氧化铝生产企业)中的应用成为国内外学者关注的热点。
文献[6]提出一种考虑准线需求响应的高比例新能源电力系统调度模型,对随机和极端场景进行优化调度;文献[7]提出一种阶梯式碳交易机制下计及电-气-热综合能源系统需求响应的优化运行模型;文献[8]针对园区级电-热综合能源系统,考虑综合需求响应与条件风险价值,建立了相应的日前经济调度模型;文献[9]设计了工业园区的分布式信息交互机制,基于一致性算法和工业园区集中-分布式综合需求响应模型,提出了分布式综合需求响应模型。上述文献大多只考虑电源侧与负荷侧的协调调度,未涉及特定工业生产用电的需求响应优化调度,对某些特定工业生产缺乏参考价值。
氧化铝企业是电力系统的重要用户,其用电负荷具有较大的需求响应潜力,在对电负荷进行优化调度时,通常需考虑多个目标。文献[10]提出一种基于Copula函数与分解的多目标进化算法的负荷区间预测方法;文献[11]建立了区域综合能源系统规划与运行相结合的双层多目标优化配置模型,采用第二代非支配排序遗传算法(nondominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ, NSGA-Ⅱ)求解,考虑了系统经济性和可靠性;文献[12]以改进多目标粒子群算法为基础,建立了一种以电压波动率、网络损耗和配置成本为优化目标的储能优化模型。然而,可再生能源的波动性较强,电力调度较为频繁,因此进化算法难以满足工业生产系统的实时调度需求。
针对上述问题,本文首先对氧化铝工业电能替代原理进行解析,为工业用户使用可再生能源替代传统能源提供理论基础;接着,提出一种基于标准边界交叉(normal boundary intersection, NBI)算法的氧化铝生产用电多目标优化调度策略,以最小电力成本和最大产量为目标,建立氧化铝生产用电多目标需求响应模型,分别使用NSGA-Ⅱ和NBI算法进行求解;其次,针对氧化铝生产的特点及可再生能源的季节变化特性,建立全年氧化铝每日产量优化模型;最后,以某氧化铝工厂为例,进行多场景算例对比分析,以验证使用NBI算法进行优化调度的优越性。
氧化铝工业中利用拜耳法生产氧化铝,拜耳法生产过程主要分为6个能耗步骤:矿浆磨制、高温溶出、赤泥压滤、晶种分解、焙烧与蒸发[13]。拜耳法主要工艺流程及能源消耗种类如图1所示。
1)氧化铝工业电能替代环节
进行电能替代后,各工序的基础用电直接由风电与光电供给。工业电热过程中的低压和高压蒸汽耗能较大,且存在高额间接碳排放,因此需更改用能类型并引入新工序进行电力替代。目前,尚无符合工业用气标准的高压蒸汽,所以只对低压蒸汽进行电能替代。
在电能替代后,焙烧工序改为电焙烧,采用电锅炉进行相关物料加工;同时增加0.6MPa低压蒸汽生产工序供蒸发与赤泥压滤工序使用,设备仪器为电加热蒸汽发生器[14]。这消除了因使用低压蒸汽而产生的间接碳排放。
2)拜耳法工业工艺优化原理
$X=\frac{NA}{24\times 365}$
式中:X为每小时矿浆磨制工序的入料(干铝土矿)量;N为年目标产量,N=100万t;A为生产1t氧化铝所需的铝土矿。
在拜耳法工业中,各工序之间存在连续性关系。已知每小时入料量与每小时成品氧化铝产量有一定的比例关系,2~3.5t铝土矿可以生产1t氧化铝,则生产1t氧化铝所需的铝土矿为2.75t(2t与3.5t的平均值)。以一年(365天)生产100万t氧化铝为年目标,则每小时矿浆磨制工序应入料313.91t,后续工序基于此进行调整。
已知某工厂总规模年产100万t氧化铝,原则上按单线年产100万t氧化铝设计,全厂运转率95%,波动系数1.1,则工厂氧化铝小时产量为
$\frac{1000000\text{t}}{8760\text{h}\times 95\%}=120.16\text{t/h}$
一天的氧化铝生产目标为2 883.84t,根据某氧化铝工厂提供的各子工序主要物料流量比例进行理想时间计算,得到各工序在同一时间内的各种含铝物料的使用情况,如图2所示。各工序耗时及使用设备见表1
电能替代策略在氧化铝工业生产过程中主要应用于三个关键环节:基础耗电环节、低压蒸汽供应环节及焙烧环节。为此将焙烧改为电焙烧,并新增低压蒸汽产生工序用于供给低压蒸汽,因此需要引进新设备来实现电能替代过程。新工序及设备见表2
第一天以每日工序耗时进行排班,在矿浆磨制1h后开始进行预脱硅工序,由于矿浆凝固时间极限值为6h,因此预脱硅工序在5h后进行,高温溶出在预脱硅工序后10h进行,稀释、赤泥压滤与叶滤工序可自由调节,可以同时运行保证物料流通,长大工序维持35h,因此需要全天运行,蒸发与焙烧工序每日运行所需时间即可,低压蒸汽生产需要提前运行,以保证低压蒸汽供应。以此类推,在第五天后工序进入循环。电能替代后24h内电需求量如图3所示,图中每个工序的用电量由设备功率、设备数量和运行时间计算得出。电能替代后,氧化铝日产量为2 884t,对应用电量3 076MW∙h。通过调整设备功率、运行时间可改变用电量,同时也影响产出。由于生产效率没有变化,产量和用电量成正比关系。
实现电能替代的环节均可参与需求响应,从而对氧化铝工业中的关键工序进行调整和优化,实现降低碳排放、提升能源效率和优化生产流程的目的,进而降低生产成本。这不仅符合双碳目标下的可持续发展理念,还有助于提升企业的盈利能力。
需求响应是一种通过主动跟踪供电或快速响应系统突发事件来提高电力系统可靠性的解决方案。通过参与需求响应,组织(通常是大型能源用户)在电网压力时期减少能源需求,帮助电网保持平衡,从而获得报酬,支持电网可靠性并帮助减少对能源“峰值电厂(即电网在需求高峰期利用的发电厂)”的需求[15]。本文“需求响应”是指通过实时调节工厂用电功率,适应可再生能源的波动,在保证弃电率最小化的基础上,以满足系统经济性需求和保证产量为目标。
氧化铝生产用电优化流程如图4所示,首先根据往年风电、光伏发电数据制定全年每日氧化铝目标产量计划,日前根据风电、光伏的预测发电数据,使用多目标优化算法,制定下一日每小时氧化铝生产调度安排,日内根据风电、光伏发电量实时调整优化。本文的贡献在于需求响应模型的搭建和效果评估,风电和光伏发电量预测值作为模型构建时的输入样本,暂未涉及预测算法的描述。故本文将风电、光伏历史值代替预测值,其对构建需求响应模型的效果相同,且节省了计算时间。
氧化铝生产过程能量流向如图5所示,优化变量包括:
1)外购电功率。当风力发电、光伏发电功率不足时,向电网购买的电功率。
2)电锅炉功率。电锅炉将电能转换为热能,提供给生产过程中需要用热的环节。
3)蓄热装置功率。蓄热装置将电能转换为热能并储存起来,为生产环节提供热能。
4)其余用电设备功率。工厂中电锅炉和蓄热装置以外的用电设备的功率。
5)弃电功率。当工厂中电锅炉功率、蓄热装置功率和其余用电设备功率之和小于风力发电、光伏发电功率时,需要放弃的可再生能源功率。
在多目标优化问题中,各个目标函数相互冲突,在满足系统内用电需求的基础上,选择最小电力成本与最大氧化铝产量作为目标函数,以满足系统日产量灵活调节的需求。两目标函数具体描述为
$\mathrm{min}{C}_{1}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{C}_{\text{buy}}(t){P}_{\text{buy}}(t)}$
$\mathrm{max}{C}_{2}={\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}\left({P}_{\text{heat}}(t)+{P}_{\text{elec}}(t)\right)}$
${P}_{\text{heat}}(t)={P}_{\text{boiler}}(t)+{H}_{\text{out}}(t)$
式中:C1为电力成本;C2为氧化铝产量;T为一个调度周期即典型日时长,t =1表示00:00—01:00第一个时段;Cbuy(t)为t时段的电价;Pbuy(t)、Pelec(t)、Pboiler(t)、Hout(t)分别为t时段经用户响应后的外购电功率、其余用电设备功率(电负荷功率)、电锅炉电负载功率、蓄热装置放热功率;Pheat(t)为经用户响应后的热负荷功率。
需要注意的是,为方便计算,式(4)中产量用用电量和用热量表示。根据1.3节,在生产效率不变的情况下,产量与用电量、用热量成正比。因此,可根据某一天的用电量和用热量,计算当日的产量。
1)功率平衡约束
$\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{W}}(t)+{P}_{\text{V}}(t)+{P}_{\text{buy}}(t)-{P}_{\text{throw}}(t)=\\ {P}_{\text{elec}}(t)+{P}_{\text{boiler}}(t)+{H}_{\text{in}}(t)\end{array}$
式中:PW(t)、PV(t)、Pthrow(t)分别为t时段的风力发电功率、光伏发电功率、风电与光伏弃电功率;Hin(t)为t时段经用户响应后的蓄热装置用电功率。
2)负载约束
$\mathrm{min}E\le {\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}\left({P}_{\text{elec}}(t)+{P}_{\text{heat}}(t)\right)}$
${P}_{\text{1min}}\le {P}_{\text{elec}}(t)\le {P}_{\text{1max}}$
${P}_{\text{2min}}\le {P}_{\text{heat}}(t)\le {P}_{\text{2max}}$
式中:minE为每日最低产量对应的电功率和热功率;P1max为电负荷最大功率;P1min为电负荷最小功率;P2max为热负荷最大功率;P2min为热负荷最小功率。
3)蓄热装置荷热状态与功率约束
${H}_{\text{in}}(t),{H}_{\text{out}}(t)\le {H}_{\mathrm{max}}$
${S}_{\text{OC}}{}_{\mathrm{min}}\le {S}_{\text{OC}}(t)\le {S}_{\text{OC}}{}_{\mathrm{max}}$
式中:Hmax为蓄热装置最大充放热功率;SOC(t)为蓄热装置的荷热状态;SOCminSOCmax分别为蓄热装置的最小、最大荷热状态。
NBI算法用于确定非线性多目标优化问题中的均匀分布的帕累托最优解集。该算法通过采用标度化方案,确保参数在解空间内一致分布,从而在帕累托有效边界上实现解的均匀分布。此外,NBI算法不受不同目标函数的不同尺度影响。
标度化方案简述为三个步骤:①目标函数归一化,避免因优化目标量纲不同而出现误差;②在乌托邦线上生成均匀分布的点,将多目标问题转化为多个单目标问题,本文将成本和产量两个优化目标转化为求成本最低的单目标问题,再根据优化后的日产量选择解,目的是实现最优解的均匀分布;③帕累托前沿实现。
在一个目标中,帕累托最优解的任何改进都必须导致至少一个其他目标恶化。所有帕累托最优解的集合称为帕累托集(帕累托前沿)。NBI算法示意图如图6所示,求解目标1、目标2的最小值,A点为目标2的最优解,B点为目标1的最优解,通过均匀分割AB连线,将多目标问题转化为多个单目标问题,从而求解帕累托前沿上均匀分布的解[16]
氧化铝需求响应模型有5个优化变量,优化过程是对一天中每小时的5个变量进行优化求解,且需要得出一组最优解。对于此类计算量巨大的模型,NBI算法将多目标问题转化为多个单目标问题,从而简化计算过程,缩短求解时间,提高优化效果。
多目标优化算法求解所得结果为一组最优解,需要从中选择一个解,因此下面建立氧化铝日产量优化模型,根据优化后的日产量,选择产量最接近优化后日产量的解。
首先,由于不同季节风光发电量差距较大,而工厂的用电量与氧化铝的产量成正比,因此有必要对一年中每天的氧化铝目标产量进行优化,在季节尺度上实现需求响应;其次,多目标优化后的结果是一组最优解,产量从低到高,优化后的日产量是选择解的依据:最后,根据优化后的日产量,选择产量最接近优化后日产量的解。
氧化铝日产量优化流程如图7所示。第一步根据历史风光发电数据拟合风光发电功率曲线,总结一年中风光发电趋势;第二步优化氧化铝日产量,使工厂用电量尽量贴合曲线。
1)定义优化变量
日氧化铝目标产量所需的用电量E(d)。
2)定义优化目标函数
$\mathrm{min}C={\displaystyle \sum _{d=1}^{D}\left|{P}_{\text{V}}(d)+{P}_{\text{W}}(d)-E(d)\right|}$
式中:C为系统的净发电量;D为一个调度周期即典型年时长,d=1表示一年中的第一天;PV(d)、PW(d)、E(d)分别为第d天的光伏发电量、风力发电量、优化后的日氧化铝目标产量所需的用电量。需要注意的是,这里的光伏发电量、风力发电量均为历史数据。
3)定义优化约束
${E}_{\text{year}}={\displaystyle \sum _{d=1}^{D}E(d)}$
${E}_{\mathrm{min}}\le E(d)\le {E}_{\mathrm{max}}$
式中:Eyear为年氧化铝目标产量所需的用电量;EminEmax分别为日氧化铝最小产量与最大产量所需的用电量。
本文采用某氧化铝工厂生产过程进行算例仿真,此工业过程电负荷与热负荷参数见表3。当地执行峰谷分时电价,谷电价为0.332 332元/(kW∙h)、平电价为0.400 225元/(kW∙h)、峰电价为0.555 409元/(kW∙h)。
本文设置18个运行场景进行对比,风电、光伏发电数据来自中国西北某个以风力发电为主的风光互补发电站,场景概述见表4,风电、光伏发电的波动率参考数学中的标准差,定义为
${s}_{T}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{T}{\displaystyle \sum _{t=1}^{T}{\left[{\left({P}_{\text{V}}+{P}_{\text{W}}\right)}_{t}-\overline{\left({P}_{\text{V}}+{P}_{\text{W}}\right)}\right]}^{2}}}$
式中:PV为光伏发电功率;PW为风力发电功率;$\overline{\left({P}_{\text{V}}+{P}_{\text{W}}\right)}$为${P}_{\text{V}}+{P}_{\text{W}}$的平均值。本文定义0~30%为低波动率,30%~100%为高波动率。
18个场景的运行结果见表5
1)运行结果分析
表5可知,与场景A1相比,场景A2、场景A3的吨氧化铝电力成本分别降低了70%和73%,与场景A4相比,场景A5、场景A6的吨氧化铝电力成本分别降低了65%和67%,验证了需求响应对降低氧化铝工厂电力成本的积极作用。与场景C1相比,场景C2、场景C3的吨氧化铝电力成本分别降低了100%和36%,这是由于在风电大发季节,风电功率远大于氧化铝工厂用电功率,因此需要特别注意弃电率;与场景C1相比,场景C2、场景C3的弃电率分别降低了15.65个百分点和16.65个百分点,由于使用NSGA-Ⅱ进行优化的场景C2只是小幅提高日产量,无需外购电,电力成本为0,但弃电率比场景C3高,而使用NBI算法进行优化的场景C3对比场景C1,不仅提高了产量,而且降低了吨氧化铝电力成本和弃电率。波动率较高的情况下,场景B3比场景B1的吨氧化铝电力成本降低了73%;波动率较低的情况下,场景B6比场景B4的吨氧化铝电力成本只降低了70%。风电小发季节和风电大发季节与过渡季节情况类似,NBI算法在高波动率的情况下降低电力成本的效果更明显。
上述结果表明,需求响应对降低弃电率和电力成本都有积极作用,多目标优化算法可降低可再生能源波动性对工业生产的影响,使电力成本更低。
NSGA-Ⅱ与NBI算法帕累托解集对比如图8所示,可以看出NBI算法的解集较NSGA-Ⅱ的解集更分散,这是由于NBI算法在最高产量与最低产量之间寻找解,而且求解过程对帕累托解集进行均匀分割,相比之下,NSGA-Ⅱ的解集分布在某个产量附近,因为在这一产量下可使成本最低,但是无法满足工厂对不同产量的要求,可能导致全年氧化铝产量不足。在模型运行过程中,NBI算法的求解时间更短。
从NBI算法得出的一组最优解中选择某一个最优解的方法是,先设定一个电力成本的可接受上限及氧化铝产量的可接受下限,通过这一筛选条件得到满足要求的一部分最优解,之后进一步按照成本从小到大对这些解进行排序,选择排在首位的解作为最终选择的最优解。
2)优化情况分析
本文选择的发电站以风力发电为主,因此主要考虑风力发电的季节性变化。风力发电的特点是中午时段发电功率较低,而中午时段的分时电价较高,对优化调度有较大的挑战性。场景A6风电小发季节典型日功率曲线如图9所示。风电小发季节典型日特点是风力发电量较低,需要购入较多外电;对比场景A4,使用NBI算法的场景A6的优化主要体现在减少日产量、在谷电时刻大量购入外电对蓄热装置进行充热,从而降低电力成本。
在过渡季节典型日,对比场景B4,使用NBI算法的场景B6的优化主要体现在谷电时刻大量购入外电对蓄热装置进行充热,从而降低电力成本。场景B6过渡季节典型日功率曲线如图10所示。
风电大发季节典型日与秋季气候特征较为相似,其特点是风力发电量较高,弃电量较大;对比场景C4,使用NBI算法的场景C6的优化主要体现在增加日产量,从而降低弃电率。场景C6风电大发季节典型日功率曲线如图11所示。
为验证本文氧化铝日产量优化模型在降低弃电率及外购电量等方面的优化效果,设置以下2个运行场景进行对比。
1)未优化场景:氧化铝年产量为100万t,日产量为2 884t。
2)优化场景:氧化铝年产量为100万t,日产量使用优化模型进行优化。
氧化铝日产量优化前后用电量对比如图12所示。图12中灰色柱状图为风光历史发电数据,虚线为根据风光历史发电数据拟合的曲线,此拟合曲线可反映风力发电、光伏发电的季节性变化,因此可作为日产量优化的电量依据,工厂根据此曲线优化产量,使其用电量贴合曲线。
经过模型运算得出:未优化场景年外购电量为201 556MW∙h,弃电率为16.46%;优化场景年外购电量为124 998MW∙h,弃电率为9.24%。由图12可以看出,对比未优化场景,优化场景在夏季风力发电出力较小时降低产量,在冬季风力发电出力较大时提高产量,使外购电量和弃电率分别降低了37.98%和7.22个百分点,验证了氧化铝日产量优化模型在降低弃电率及外购电量方面的优化效果。
在可再生能源发展和国家节能减排政策的背景下,增强需求响应能力成为用户节省电力成本及减少碳排放的重要路径,而氧化铝企业是电力系统的重要用户,其用电负荷具有较大的需求响应潜力。为了揭示在氧化铝工业中引入需求响应、多目标优化调度可能产生的影响(包括降低用电成本、碳排放),本文综合考虑氧化铝工业生产用电特性及其调节能力,进一步挖掘其电能替代潜力,提出了一种基于NBI算法的氧化铝生产用电多目标优化调度策略,并通过算例仿真验证了该策略的有效性,得出如下结论。
1)氧化铝生产过程的电能替代潜力巨大,电能替代后可有效降低碳排放,提高工厂生产灵活性。
2)一年中夏季与冬季风力发电量差距较大,使用日产量优化模型进行优化后,可在满足总产量的基础上使弃电率降低7.22个百分点,用电成本降低37.98%。
3)建立多目标优化模型进行求解,取得最小电力成本与最大产量的协调优化方案;在相同的计算复杂度和迭代次数下,与NSGA-Ⅱ相比,NBI算法能够对可行域中的更多范围进行搜索,从而更容易获取全局最优解。
后续可进一步研究季节性需求响应策略,以及不同电力来源与用电模式的结合,评估其对降低碳排放量的贡献。
  • 济南市“高校20条”项目(2021GXRC113)
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-02-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
  • 修回日期:2024-11-28
基金
济南市“高校20条”项目(2021GXRC113)
作者信息
    1 山东电力工程咨询院有限公司, 济南 250013
    2 济南大学物理科学与技术学院, 济南 250022
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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