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In order to solve the problem of high redundancy and low positioning accuracy of traditional cable fault location spectrum data, this paper proposes a high precision cable fault location method based on chirp-Z transform (CZT). Firstly, according to the transmission line theory, the distribution parameters and reflection coefficient characteristics of the fault cable are analyzed. Then, CZT is performed on the real part of the reflection coefficient. Finally, iterative filtering is used to denoise and obtain the cable fault location spectrum. The results show that the fault point recognition error of the proposed method is 0.025%~0.275%. Compared with fast Fourier transform (FFT), the proposed method has the advantages of refined location spectrum, high resolution, low redundancy and high fault location accuracy.

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为了解决传统的电缆故障定位谱数据冗余度高且定位精度低的问题,本文提出一种基于线性调频Z变换(CZT)的电缆故障高精度定位方法。首先根据传输线理论,分析故障电缆的分布参数和反射系数特征,然后对反射系数实部进行CZT,最后采用迭代式滤波进行去噪,得到电缆故障定位谱。结果表明,本文所提方法的故障点识别误差为0.025%~0.275%。相较于快速傅里叶变换(FFT),本文所提方法具有定位谱细化、分辨率高、冗余度低、故障定位精度高的优点。

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吴美胜(1998—),男,江西省九江市人,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力设备状态监测与故障诊断。

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吴美胜(1998—),男,江西省九江市人,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力设备状态监测与故障诊断。

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编号 故障类型 Rf 故障点
位置/m
电缆
总长度/m
1号 开路故障 10 40
2号 开路故障 30 40
3号 短路故障 0 10 40
4号 短路故障 0 30 40
5号 过渡电阻接地故障 50 10 40
6号 过渡电阻接地故障 50 30 40
), ArticleFig(id=1194259162533167305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, articleId=1194204265905357118, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验电缆设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 故障类型 Rf 故障点
位置/m
电缆
总长度/m
1号 开路故障 10 40
2号 开路故障 30 40
3号 短路故障 0 10 40
4号 短路故障 0 30 40
5号 过渡电阻接地故障 50 10 40
6号 过渡电阻接地故障 50 30 40
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基于线性调频Z变换的电缆故障高精度定位
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吴美胜 1 , 袁超 2 , 胡力文 1 , 宾峰 1
电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025,26(1): 40-44
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电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025, 26(1): 40-44
基于线性调频Z变换的电缆故障高精度定位
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吴美胜1, 袁超2, 胡力文1, 宾峰1
作者信息
  • 1 长沙理工大学物理与电子科学学院, 长沙 410114
  • 2 湖南大学电气与信息工程学院, 长沙 410082
  • 吴美胜(1998—),男,江西省九江市人,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力设备状态监测与故障诊断。

High precision location of cable faults based on chirp-Z transform
Meisheng WU1, Chao YUAN2, Liwen HU1, Feng BIN1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Physics and Electronic Science, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114
  • 2 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hu’nan University, Changsha 410082
出版时间: 2025-01-15
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为了解决传统的电缆故障定位谱数据冗余度高且定位精度低的问题,本文提出一种基于线性调频Z变换(CZT)的电缆故障高精度定位方法。首先根据传输线理论,分析故障电缆的分布参数和反射系数特征,然后对反射系数实部进行CZT,最后采用迭代式滤波进行去噪,得到电缆故障定位谱。结果表明,本文所提方法的故障点识别误差为0.025%~0.275%。相较于快速傅里叶变换(FFT),本文所提方法具有定位谱细化、分辨率高、冗余度低、故障定位精度高的优点。

频域反射法  /  电缆故障定位  /  反射系数  /  线性调频Z变换(CZT)

In order to solve the problem of high redundancy and low positioning accuracy of traditional cable fault location spectrum data, this paper proposes a high precision cable fault location method based on chirp-Z transform (CZT). Firstly, according to the transmission line theory, the distribution parameters and reflection coefficient characteristics of the fault cable are analyzed. Then, CZT is performed on the real part of the reflection coefficient. Finally, iterative filtering is used to denoise and obtain the cable fault location spectrum. The results show that the fault point recognition error of the proposed method is 0.025%~0.275%. Compared with fast Fourier transform (FFT), the proposed method has the advantages of refined location spectrum, high resolution, low redundancy and high fault location accuracy.

frequency domain reflection method  /  cable fault location  /  reflection coefficient  /  chirp-Z transform (CZT)
吴美胜, 袁超, 胡力文, 宾峰. 基于线性调频Z变换的电缆故障高精度定位. 电气技术, 2025 , 26 (1) : 40 -44 .
Meisheng WU, Chao YUAN, Liwen HU, Feng BIN. High precision location of cable faults based on chirp-Z transform[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2025 , 26 (1) : 40 -44 .
电缆在电网输配电建设中扮演着至关重要的角色,电缆故障可能引发严重后果。随着电缆规模不断扩大、应用范围日益增广,电缆故障的检修难度逐渐上升,若故障未被及时发现,则可能导致生产和生活供电中断、工厂及企业停产、产品报废等严重后果[1]。此外,电缆故障时可能引发火灾,造成经济损失及人员伤亡。据统计,全国各类火灾中有1/3是电气火灾,而由电线电缆故障造成的火灾又占其中的1/2以上[2],因此研究电缆故障定位对于电网的稳定运行具有重大意义[3]
目前,常见的电缆故障检测方法有时域反射法和频域反射法。其中,时域反射法[4-5]是在电缆首端注入脉冲信号,当信号遇到阻抗不匹配点时会进行折反射,反射信号沿相反路径回到电缆首端,通过测量反射信号传输时间差来实现电缆故障定位,但是此方法频域分量单一、高频成分少,导致其故障定位效果不理想。频域反射法[6-7]则是在电缆首端注入扫频信号,由于该方法频率范围广、高频成分多、精准度高,近年来逐渐成为电缆故障定位研究的热点。
基于频域反射法衍生出的宽频阻抗谱法和反射系数谱法得到广泛应用。日本OHKI Y. 院士研究组提出利用快速傅里叶反变换对阻抗谱进行处理,实现了热老化故障电缆定位[8]。四川大学谢敏等提出利用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)对反射系数谱进行处理,并引入Kaiser窗,实现了电缆物理结构性故障定位[9]。李蓉等利用离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform, DFT)对宽频阻抗谱进行处理,实现了10kV配电电缆中间接头受潮故障定位[10]。周志强通过积分变换分析法,对阻抗谱数据进行处理,实现了电缆缺陷定位[11]。传统的频域反射法虽然可以实现电缆故障定位,但故障定位函数分辨率较低且数据冗余度较高,因此容易造成故障点的误判、漏判。
针对当前电缆故障定位存在的问题,本文依据频域反射法,运用首端反射系数,提出基于线性调频Z变换(chirp-Z transform, CZT)的电缆故障定位方法,利用实验来验证该方法在不同故障(开路故障、短路故障、过渡电阻接地故障)下进行电缆故障定位的准确性和优越性。
根据传输线理论,高频下的电缆等效分布参数电路如图1所示。图1中,R0L0G0C0分别为电缆单位长度下的电阻、电感、电导、电容,$\Delta l$为电缆单位长度[10]
单位长度电缆的分布电阻、分布电感[10]近似为
${R}_{0}\approx \frac{1}{2\text{π}}\sqrt{\frac{{\mu }_{0}\omega }{\text{2}}}\left(\frac{1}{{r}_{\text{c}}}\sqrt{{\rho }_{\text{c}}}+\frac{1}{{r}_{\text{s}}}\sqrt{{\rho }_{\text{s}}}\right)$
${L}_{0}\approx \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{2\text{π}}\mathrm{ln}\frac{{r}_{\text{s}}}{{r}_{\text{c}}}+\frac{1}{4\text{π}}\sqrt{\frac{2{\mu }_{0}}{\omega }}\left(\frac{1}{{r}_{\text{c}}}\sqrt{{\rho }_{\text{c}}}+\frac{1}{{r}_{\text{s}}}\sqrt{{\rho }_{\text{s}}}\right)$
式中:$\omega $为输入角频率;${\mu }_{0}$为真空磁导率;${r}_{\text{c}}$为缆芯半径;${\rho }_{\text{c}}$为缆芯电阻率;${r}_{\text{s}}$为屏蔽层半径;${\rho }_{\text{s}}$为屏蔽层电阻率。
单位长度电缆的分布电容和分布电导[10]分别为
${C}_{\text{0}}=\frac{\text{2π}\epsilon }{\text{ln}\frac{{r}_{\text{s}}}{{r}_{\text{c}}}}$
${G}_{\text{0}}=\frac{\text{2π}\sigma }{\text{ln}\frac{{r}_{\text{s}}}{{r}_{\text{c}}}}$
式中:$\epsilon $为绝缘层介电常数;$\sigma $为绝缘层电导率。
假设电缆长度为l,电缆首端为原点,负载端为终点,电缆任意位置距原点x处的电压U(x)和电流I(x)表示为[11]
$U\text{(}x\text{)}={U}_{\text{i}}{\text{e}}^{\gamma \text{(}l-x\text{)}}\text{+}{U}_{\text{r}}{\text{e}}^{-\gamma \text{(}l-x\text{)}}$
$I\text{(}x\text{)}=\frac{{U}_{\text{i}}}{{Z}_{\text{0}}}{\text{e}}^{\gamma \text{(}l-x\text{)}}-\frac{{U}_{\text{r}}}{{Z}_{\text{0}}}{\text{e}}^{-\gamma \text{(}l-x\text{)}}$
式中:UiUr分别为负载端的入射、反射电压;$\gamma $为传播系数;Z0为特性阻抗。$\gamma $、Z0是电缆在高频条件下的固有特性,其表达式可由(7)~式(9)得到[10]
$\gamma =\sqrt{\left({R}_{\text{0}}\text{+j}\omega {L}_{\text{0}}\right)\left({G}_{\text{0}}\text{+j}\omega {C}_{\text{0}}\right)}=\alpha +\text{j}\beta $
${Z}_{\text{0}}=\sqrt{\frac{{R}_{\text{0}}\text{+j}\omega {L}_{\text{0}}}{{G}_{\text{0}}\text{+j}\omega {C}_{\text{0}}}}$
$\beta =\frac{\omega }{v}=\frac{\text{2π}}{\lambda }=\frac{\text{2π}f}{v}$
式中:$\alpha $为衰减常数;$\beta $为相位常数;$v$为电缆中电磁波波速;$\lambda $为电缆中电磁波波长;f为输入频率。
在高频下,$\omega {L}_{0}\gg {R}_{0}$、$\omega {C}_{0}\gg {G}_{0}$,特性阻抗可近似为
${Z}_{\text{0}}=\sqrt{\frac{{L}_{\text{0}}}{{C}_{\text{0}}}}$
反射系数通常表征电磁波在电缆内部传播过程中的衰减情况。反射系数越小,代表电磁波在电缆内部传播时的衰减越小,信号传输效果越好。反射系数可以通过计算电缆反射信号与入射信号幅值之比得到。
根据式(5),电缆任意位置距原点x处的反射系数$\Gamma \text{(}x\text{)}$为
$\Gamma \text{(}x\text{)}=\frac{{U}_{\text{r}}}{{U}_{\text{i}}}{\text{e}}^{-\text{2}\gamma \text{(}l-x\text{)}}=\frac{{Z}_{\text{L}}-{Z}_{\text{0}}}{{Z}_{\text{L}}\text{+}{Z}_{\text{0}}}{\text{e}}^{-\text{2}\gamma \text{(}l-x\text{)}}$
式中,ZL为负载阻抗。
当电缆末端开路,正常电缆首端反射系数为
$\Gamma \text{(0)}={\text{e}}^{-\text{2}\gamma l}$
结合式(7)和式(12),进行欧拉公式展开,并取其实部可得
$\text{Real}\left(\Gamma \text{(0)}\right)={\text{e}}^{-\text{2}\alpha l}\text{cos}\left(\text{2π}\frac{\text{2}l}{v}f\right)$
根据式(13),反射系数谱的实部呈指数衰减。余弦函数部分以频率为自变量,表现出周期性变化,其振荡频率分量fa为2l/v。当电缆发生开路、短路、接地等故障时,故障点处由于阻抗不匹配会产生不同的fa。通过CZT提取振荡频率分量,并在已知电缆波速的前提下,可以实现对电缆故障的高精度 定位。
DFT是将时域序列映射到频域序列的经典方法。DFT最常见的实现方法是使用FFT。FFT具有更快的速度和更小的计算复杂度,但FFT要求两个序列(时间和频域)具有相同数量的样本和样本均匀分布。因此,通过FFT对电缆首端反射系数进行故障分析时,所得结果冗余度高,分辨率低,存在伪波峰,影响故障定位精度,故本文采用CZT算法进行电缆故障定位。
CZT的主要思想是沿单位圆的螺旋线对Z平面进行等间隔采样,其基本原理是对离散信号进行变换,从而得到信号在特定频率范围内的特征。
已知离散信号x(n),CZT的变换表达式可以表示为
$z_{k}=A W^{-k} \quad k=0,1, \cdots, M-1$
$\begin{array}{c}X\left({z}_{k}\right)=\text{CZT}\left(x\text{(}n\text{)}\right)={\displaystyle \sum _{n=\text{0}}^{N-\text{1}}x\text{(}n\text{)}{z}_{k}^{-n}}\\ \text{=}{\displaystyle \sum _{n=\text{0}}^{N-\text{1}}x\text{(}n\text{)}\left({A}_{\text{0}}^{-n}{\text{e}}^{-\text{j}{\theta }_{\text{0}}n}\right)\left({W}_{\text{0}}^{nk}{\text{e}}^{-\text{j}{\varphi }_{\text{0}}nk}\right)}\end{array}$
式中:zk为等角采样点;A为起始点位置;W为螺旋线采样特征参数;Mzk的数据点数;X(zk)为线性调频Z变换的结果;Nx(n)的数据点数;A0为起始半径;${\theta }_{\text{0}}$为起始相位;W0为螺旋线的伸展率;${\varphi }_{\text{0}}$为两相邻采样点之间的角频率差。
CZT采样原理如图2所示。
A=1、M=NW=${\text{e}}^{-\text{j}\frac{\text{2π}}{N}}$时,CZT退化为DFT。通过式(15)分析,CZT具有更高的频率分辨率和更少的频谱泄漏,这使它在频谱分析中表现出色。与传统的Z变换相比,CZT能够在特定频率范围内灵活采样,从而更准确地捕捉信号的频域特征。这种优势使CZT在处理复杂信号时,能够提供更清晰的频谱信息。
利用CZT进行电缆故障定位之前,需要首先确定待测电缆的长度。设定定位区间[xmin, xmax]和分辨率$\Delta x$,由式(13)可知,对应的时域范围为$\left[\frac{\text{2}{x}_{\text{min}}}{v}\text{, }\frac{\text{2}{x}_{\text{max}}}{v}\right]$。通过式(16)~式(19)确定参数${\theta }_{\text{0}}$、${\varphi }_{\text{0}}$、MW0值,A0设为1。
${\theta }_{\text{0}}=\frac{\text{4π}{x}_{\text{min}}}{v{f}_{\text{s}}}$
${\varphi }_{\text{0}}=\frac{\text{4π}\Delta x}{v{f}_{\text{s}}}$
$M=\text{floor}\left(\frac{{x}_{\text{max}}-{x}_{\text{min}}}{\Delta x}\right)$
${W}_{\text{0}}{\text{=4}}^{-\frac{\text{1}}{MN}}$
式中:fs为离散信号采样频率;floor(∙)表示向下取整。
由于电缆故障的产生原因复杂多样,导致产生的阻抗失配程度不同。反射波大小与阻抗失配程度成正比。当故障产生的阻抗变化比较微弱时,频域反射系数谱所含的振荡频率分量过小,导致CZT处理后的故障定位谱无法正确呈现故障位置。此外,CZT的数据截断效应产生的高旁瓣与故障点处产生的回波信号叠加,导致故障定位误判或无法识别。因此,CZT对阻抗失配程度大的故障定位效果好,但对阻抗失配程度微弱的故障的定位效果有待提高。为解决上述问题,本文采用峰值检测和Savitzky- Golay迭代式滤波对变换结果进行去噪。具体流程为:首先,针对CZT后的信号,采用阈值法进行峰值检测,以提取信号中的波峰特征;随后,对非波峰点的部分进行适当滤除,保留关键波峰特征以提高信号处理的准确性;接着,采用Savitzky-Golay平滑信号,设置滤波器的阶数、窗口大小和多项式拟合次数,确保平滑处理的有效性;最后,对滤波后的信号进行包络处理。
为了验证本文方法的实际效果,运用如图3所示的实验平台对电缆进行测试,其中Rf为故障点等效电阻。矢量网络分析仪为SIGLENT公司生产,型号为SVA1015X,设置频率范围为100MHz~1.5GHz,采样点数为5 000。
实验电缆设置见表1,本文选用两根不同长度的同轴电缆(型号为SYV50—5—3)为测试对象,电缆总长度为40m,并对电缆设置3类故障,采用SIGLENT公司生产的F503ME校准件进行故障模拟,如图4所示。
为了验证本文所提方法对电力电缆故障定位同样有效,选取总长度为200m,型号为YJLV22—3×25的交联聚乙烯电缆作为测试对象,参考文献[12]的故障模拟方法,在距离电缆首端100m的位置分别制造开路故障、短路故障、经50Ω 过渡电阻接地故障。依托实验平台,开展电力电缆故障检测。
实验步骤为:首先,利用矢量网络分析仪测量不同故障下的S11参数史密斯圆图;然后,提取实部数据进行CZT或FFT,并结合待测电缆中电磁波波速v,得到初步定位谱;最后,将初步定位谱进行峰值检测和Savitzky-Golay迭代式滤波,得到电缆故障定位谱。
基于FFT的同轴电缆开路故障定位结果如图5所示,横轴表示距电缆首端的距离,纵轴代表FFT的归一化幅值。在定位谱中,分别在10.16m、39.99m、291.93m和321.75m处识别到波峰。其中,10.16m的位置为识别到的电缆故障点,其相对实际位置的误差为1.6%,这表明该算法基本能够准确识别开路故障点的位置。同时,39.99m处的峰值最大,表示的是电缆末端位置。从图5可见,定位谱呈现对称分布,而291.93m和321.75m处的波峰代表冗余干扰峰。这是由FFT在处理时间和频域样本时的一致性所导致。因此,基于FFT的电缆故障定位谱显示出分辨率较低和数据冗余度较高的问题。在研究电缆故障时,冗余干扰峰也可能导致故障点的误判。
基于CZT的同轴电缆故障定位结果如图6所示,横轴为距电缆首端的距离,纵轴为CZT的归一化幅值。由图6可知,3种类型的故障点和电缆末端均被准确识别,故障点识别误差为0.025%~0.275%。对比图6(a)~图6(c)可以发现,当电缆故障点的Rf越小时,故障点处的归一化幅值越大,表明电缆出现接地故障后,大部分信号直接流向大地,通过电缆故障点的信号被严重衰减,反射回来的信号也更加微弱。此外,故障点距离电缆首端越远,由于信号在传输过程不断衰减,故障识别难度越大。因此,根据实验结果分析,本文所提方法的故障(开路故障、短路故障、经50Ω 过渡电阻接地故障)定位效果较好,数据冗余度低。
基于CZT的电力电缆故障定位结果如图7所示,开路故障点和短路故障点的位置识别结果均为100.04m,过渡电阻接地故障点的位置识别结果为99.95m,相对实际故障点位置存在0.04%或0.05%的误差。此外,电缆末端识别误差在0.08%以内。实验结果表明,本文所提方法对于电力电缆同样有效,且测量精度高。
针对传统基于频域反射定位方法的不足,本文提出了一种基于线性调频Z变换的电缆故障高精度定位方法。与快速傅里叶变换相比,利用线性调频Z变换可以实现对电缆开路故障、短路故障及经50Ω 过渡电阻接地故障下的故障定位谱进行任意位置的细化。这种方法具有更高的分辨率,且定位谱中的干扰峰较少,数据冗余度低。此外,本文还采用峰值检测和Savitzky-Golay迭代滤波对变换结果进行去噪,既有效消除了反射系数谱中的噪声,也保留了原始信号的特征,从而显著提升了故障定位的效果。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52307157)
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2025年第26卷第1期
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  • 接收时间:2024-08-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-09
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-08
  • 修回日期:2024-08-24
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国家自然科学基金(52307157)
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    1 长沙理工大学物理与电子科学学院, 长沙 410114
    2 湖南大学电气与信息工程学院, 长沙 410082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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