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This study aims to effectively identify abnormal or non-compliant electricity consumption behaviors in electric vehicle charging stations, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of electricity management for these stations. Initially, the study analyzes the electricity consumption behavior characteristics of low-voltage charging stations, determining the differences in load characteristic curves between normal and abnormal electricity consumption states. Based on this, a clustering analysis algorithm is employed to extract load curve characteristics from operational charging stations and compare them with standard load curves to assess the presence of abnormal electricity consumption behaviors. Additionally, considering potential misjudgments arising from the “fast charging” and “slow charging” phases during the charging process, the concept of sliding difference linear fitting is introduced. This involves calculating the slope between each pair of 96-point load data points and using the number of slope changes to assist in the judgment of clustering analysis results. Through the aforementioned methods, users exhibiting abnormal electricity consumption behaviors have been successfully identified, providing technical support for the management of electricity consumption in charging stations.

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为有效甄别充电桩的异常用电或违约用电行为,从而提高充电桩用电管理的效率和准确性,本文首先对低压充电桩的用电行为特征进行分析,确定正常用电和异常用电状态下的负荷特性曲线差异,在此基础上,采用聚类分析算法对在运充电桩的负荷曲线特征进行提取,并与标准负荷曲线进行对比,以判断是否存在异常用电行为。此外,考虑到充电过程中“快充”和“慢充”两个阶段可能导致的误判,引入“滑差线性拟合”概念,对96点负荷数据两两计算斜率,并通过斜率的变化次数对聚类分析结果进行辅助判断。通过上述方法,成功识别出存在异常用电行为的充电桩用户,为充电桩用电管理提供了技术支持。

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魏海斌(1990—),男,福建莆田人,硕士,主要从事低压台区线损管理及反窃电技术研究工作。

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魏海斌(1990—),男,福建莆田人,硕士,主要从事低压台区线损管理及反窃电技术研究工作。

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魏海斌(1990—),男,福建莆田人,硕士,主要从事低压台区线损管理及反窃电技术研究工作。

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基于聚类分析的充电桩异常用电行为甄别研究
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魏海斌 , 郭清华 , 黄宇楠 , 方晓临
电气技术 | 技术与应用 2025,26(6): 64-67
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电气技术 | 技术与应用 2025, 26(6): 64-67
基于聚类分析的充电桩异常用电行为甄别研究
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魏海斌, 郭清华, 黄宇楠, 方晓临
作者信息
  • 国网福建省电力有限公司莆田供电公司,福建 莆田 351100
  • 魏海斌(1990—),男,福建莆田人,硕士,主要从事低压台区线损管理及反窃电技术研究工作。

Research on the identification of abnormal electricity consumption behavior of charging piles based on cluster analysis
Haibin WEI, Qinghua GUO, Yu’nan HUANG, Xiaolin FANG
Affiliations
  • Putian Electric Power Supply Company, Fujian Electric Power Co., Ltd, Putian, Fujian 351100
出版时间: 2025-06-15
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为有效甄别充电桩的异常用电或违约用电行为,从而提高充电桩用电管理的效率和准确性,本文首先对低压充电桩的用电行为特征进行分析,确定正常用电和异常用电状态下的负荷特性曲线差异,在此基础上,采用聚类分析算法对在运充电桩的负荷曲线特征进行提取,并与标准负荷曲线进行对比,以判断是否存在异常用电行为。此外,考虑到充电过程中“快充”和“慢充”两个阶段可能导致的误判,引入“滑差线性拟合”概念,对96点负荷数据两两计算斜率,并通过斜率的变化次数对聚类分析结果进行辅助判断。通过上述方法,成功识别出存在异常用电行为的充电桩用户,为充电桩用电管理提供了技术支持。

充电桩  /  聚类分析  /  线性拟合  /  典型实例

This study aims to effectively identify abnormal or non-compliant electricity consumption behaviors in electric vehicle charging stations, thereby enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of electricity management for these stations. Initially, the study analyzes the electricity consumption behavior characteristics of low-voltage charging stations, determining the differences in load characteristic curves between normal and abnormal electricity consumption states. Based on this, a clustering analysis algorithm is employed to extract load curve characteristics from operational charging stations and compare them with standard load curves to assess the presence of abnormal electricity consumption behaviors. Additionally, considering potential misjudgments arising from the “fast charging” and “slow charging” phases during the charging process, the concept of sliding difference linear fitting is introduced. This involves calculating the slope between each pair of 96-point load data points and using the number of slope changes to assist in the judgment of clustering analysis results. Through the aforementioned methods, users exhibiting abnormal electricity consumption behaviors have been successfully identified, providing technical support for the management of electricity consumption in charging stations.

charging pile  /  cluster analysis  /  linear fitting  /  typical examples
魏海斌, 郭清华, 黄宇楠, 方晓临. 基于聚类分析的充电桩异常用电行为甄别研究. 电气技术, 2025 , 26 (6) : 64 -67 .
Haibin WEI, Qinghua GUO, Yu’nan HUANG, Xiaolin FANG. Research on the identification of abnormal electricity consumption behavior of charging piles based on cluster analysis[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2025 , 26 (6) : 64 -67 .
近年来,随着电动汽车市场的不断升温,低压充电桩立户数量快速增长,充电桩作为电动汽车充电的重要基础设施,其建设和运营已成为电力市场的重要组成部分[1-3]。新兴用电设备的出现伴随着系列业务管控风险问题发生,家用低压充电桩执行居民合表电价,导致部分日常用电量较大的用户将充电桩线路私自接为家用或生产用电,直接影响了电力企业的经济效益,还给社会用电环境带来严重的安全隐患[4]
目前,学术领域对用户窃电类问题有较为广泛的研究,涌现出多种反窃电检测算法。文献[5]和文献[6]对现有常见的一些窃电技术进行总结,在充电桩违约用电领域的研究相对匮乏。文献[7]从电价执行异常的角度,利用聚类算法对异常问题进行识别,提高了电价执行的准确性和效率。文献[8]和文献[9]通过聚类算法构建不同用户的典型电量轨迹曲线,在此基础上将待查样本数据与典型数据进行比较,识别出疑似异常用户,该方法受限于聚类算法的“均值”理念,在提取特征曲线时会存在较大偏差。文献[10]从用户日电量角度出发,利用主成分分析与K最近邻(k-nearest neighbor, KNN)分类算法构建充电桩电价执行异常识别模型,但该方法需要较长时间维度的日电量数据参与模型计算。
鉴于此,本文利用用户一天内的用电功率曲线,提出一种基于“聚类+滑差拟合”的异常数据识别方法,实现对违约用电充电桩的有效识别,并通过工程实际案例进行分析。
低压充电桩将交流电转换为直流电,再为电动汽车的电池充电。电动汽车通常采用恒流-恒压充电模式进行充电。在恒流阶段,电池电压未达到充电的最高点,其充电功率一般保持在额定功率,实现快速充电;当电池电压达到预设的终止电压时,充电桩切换到恒压模式,充电功率逐渐减小,防止过充对电池造成损害。
上述过程体现在负荷特性曲线方面,充电桩的负荷特性(有功功率/有功电流)曲线呈现为近似标准方波的形状,由于在恒流-恒压充电模式之间转换,故方波存在多个峰值,如图1所示。
当充电桩计量点接入其他用电负载时,由于其他用电负载具有随机性,例如照明灯、烧水壶等,导致充电桩负荷曲线出现畸变,如图2所示。
通过上述对充电桩负荷特性的分析可以发现:对于正常充电桩负荷曲线,采用聚类分析对96点负荷数据进行聚类计算时,所得到的类别组数应为2~3组,即簇中心近似为0的组及簇中心在额定充电电流附近的组,且96点负荷曲线两两间的斜率仅出现几次正负值变化的情况,这与一天内的充电次数有关,正负变化一般不超过6次;对于非正常充电桩负荷曲线,由于其负荷波动存在随机性,在聚类时会呈现出多个组的情况,同时96点负荷曲线两两间的斜率会出现多次正负值反复变化的情况。依据这一特征,本文提出“聚类分析+曲线拟合”特征曲线识别方法。
聚类分析作为经典的数据分析方法,被广泛应用于各行业。在电力行业中,聚类分析多用于接地故障区段定位[11-12]、负荷预测[13-14]等。随着电力数据的不断丰富,聚类分析在电力系统其他专业分支的应用也不断拓展,文献[15]对经典聚类方法和混合型聚类方法在电力系统中的应用进行总结概括。
1)算法原理
聚类分析属于无监督学习方法,不需要事先对待处理数据进行标记,其基本原理是:根据待处理样本数据之间的接近程度或相似程度,将样本数据分类成不同簇。聚类分析通过计算距离来评判样本的接近程度或相似程度,其代价函数为
$J=\sum_{i=1}^{N} \sum_{k=1}^{M} r_{i, k}\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{\mu}_{k}\right\|^{2}$
式中:J为代价函数;N为样本总数量;M为簇中心总数量;$x_{i}$为第i个样本数据的特征向量;$\mu_{k}$为第k个簇的簇中心向量;$r_{i, k}$为指示量,若样本数据$x_{i}$属于k簇,则$r_{i, k}=1$,否则$r_{i, k}=0$。为使样本数据相接近,代价函数应最小化。
2)算法步骤
聚类分析的算法实现主要包括以下步骤。
初始化:随机生成k个簇的簇中心向量,k可以为指定值,即将样本数据分成指定的组数。
分配簇:通过距离公式(欧氏距离、曼哈顿距离等)计算样本数据与每个簇中心之间的距离,并将该样本数据分配至与之距离最小的簇内,指示量更新公式为
$r_{i, k}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 k=\arg \min _{j}\left\|\boldsymbol{x}_{i}-\boldsymbol{\mu}_{j}\right\|^{2} \\ 0 \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right.$
更新簇中心:计算每个簇内所有样本数据的平均值,并将其作为该簇的新的簇中心,簇中心更新公式为
$\boldsymbol{\mu}_{k}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} r_{i, k} \boldsymbol{x}_{i}}{\sum_{i=1}^{N} r_{i, k}}$
重复“分配簇”和“更新簇中心”两个步骤,直至簇中心不再变化或变化很小为止,输出每个簇中心向量及分类后每个簇的样本数据。
为计算负荷曲线的斜率变化情况,引入“滑差一次曲线拟合”分析方法。曲线拟合法是一种重要的数值分析方法,常用于近似表示数据随自变量变化的变化趋势。
线性拟合假设数据点之间存在线性关系,即用一条直线来拟合数据,其核心是利用最小二乘法,通过最小化实际值与观测值之间的平方差来确定最佳拟合直线的斜率和截距,与本文所期望的求解曲线斜率相符。
Matlab软件中的曲线拟合一般采用最小二乘法对多项式系数进行计算,函数命令为
$p=\operatorname{polyfit}(\boldsymbol{x}, \boldsymbol{y}, n)$
式中:xy分别为自变量和因变量向量矩阵;n为所拟合函数的次数,此处取1。
基于“聚类分析+曲线拟合”的非正常充电桩特征曲线识别方法主要步骤如下:
1)批量获取某地区一天所有低压充电桩充电电流(有功功率)数据,并输入模型。
2)对充电桩数据进行清洗,主要包含两步,一是对一天内数据点缺失30%以内的用户数据,采用三次样条插值法进行插值补全,数据缺失超过30%的用户数据直接剔除,避免数据因插值而失真;二是对全天曲线数据接近0的用户数据,直接剔除。
3)利用聚类分析算法逐户对充电桩数据进行聚类,从1簇聚类至k簇(k值视数据波动情况而定,一般取10),并分别计算不同簇情况下所有数据点与各自簇中心的距离之和。
4)以不同簇情况下所有数据点与各自簇中心的距离之和判断某一用户充电曲线聚类最优簇数。本文中,距离和不超过L就认为进入最优簇数,L值视同一簇内数据方差而定,本文取1。
5)由于充电桩采用恒流-恒压充电模式,此时充电负荷曲线可能呈现出多“阶梯”的方波形状,使聚类得到的簇数超过3。为解决该问题,引入“滑差线性拟合”的概念,对96点负荷曲线按照滑窗长度为3的方式进行斜率计算,判断负荷曲线是否出现多次跳变的情况,正常用电充电桩斜率变化一般不超过6次。
6)决策并输出结果,对负荷数据最优聚类簇数超过3且斜率变化超过6次的用户标记为疑似非正常用电充电桩用户,并输出结果。
甄别流程如图3所示。
基于Matlab对本文所提模型进行验证,并通过工程实例进行验证。
本文通过Matlab搭建所提充电桩异常用电行为甄别模型。正常充电情况下的仿真结果如图4所示。对于图4(a)所示正常充电曲线,聚类分析后各数据点与所对应的簇中心距离总和在2簇时收敛至接近0的状态,如图4(b)所示,同时一次拟合后的滑差斜率曲线随实际充电曲线的方波边缘呈现出正负值突变点,如图4(c)所示。
非正常充电情况下的仿真结果如图5所示。对于图5(a)所示非正常充电曲线,在聚类分析后可以发现,当簇数达到较高值时(以此户为例,簇数达到6簇),各数据点与所对应的簇中心距离总和逐渐趋近于0,如图5(b)所示。同时,一次拟合后的滑差斜率曲线随实际充电曲线变化出现不规则的正负突变,如图5(c)所示,且突变次数超过正常用户一日内可能充电次数的2倍,正常用户一日内充电次数一般不超过3次。
基于以上实验结果,对3 119户存量充电桩用户的充电电流进行批量甄别计算,共识别出218户疑似存在非正常充电用电情况。现场核实后确认213户存在违约用电情况,甄别模型准确率为97.71%。部分疑似非正常用电充电桩现场核实结果如图6所示。
本文对充电桩的充电负荷特性进行分析,发现当充电桩电能表接入居民、商业、施工等随机用电负荷时,充电桩负荷曲线会出现严重“畸变”。通过对比正常和非正常充电情况下负荷曲线所体现的不同特征,可以识别出非正常用电。基于此,本文提出了一种充电桩异常用电行为甄别方法,实现了对非正常用电充电桩的快速辨识,提高了现场识别和处理低压充电桩违约用电的效率。通过工程实例验证了本文所提方法的可行性。目前,本文研究成果已成功部署于省级电力企业营销在线稽查系统,在全省范围内对充电桩违约用电问题进行常态化在线稽查,促进了充电桩违约用电问题的滚动清理。
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2025年第26卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2025-01-24
  • 首发时间:2025-10-30
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-24
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
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    国网福建省电力有限公司莆田供电公司,福建 莆田 351100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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