Article(id=1190666337274966445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, issueId=1190666336603877802, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1736870400000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-15, revisedDate=1740412800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761806576316, onlineDateStr=2025-10-30, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761806576316, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761806576316, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761806576316, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190666336603877802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, year='2025', volume='26', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='84', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1761806576157, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813245383, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190694309549719784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, issueId=1190666336603877802, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190694309549719785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, issueId=1190666336603877802, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190666337933472178, articleId=1190666337274966445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, language=EN, title=Peer-to-peer trading of integrated electricity-heat energy considering network utilization cost, columnId=1190338913429459072, journalTitle=Electrical Engineering, columnName=Research & Development, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Considering that the network utilization cost in peer-to-peer (P2P) integrated energy transactions often accounts for more than 25% of the transaction costs, which significantly impacts the transaction benefits for prosumers, a P2P transaction strategy for the integrated electricity-heat energy system, which accounts for the network utilization cost, is proposed. Electrical distances in transaction path for electrical energy, and thermal resistances and lengths of pipelines in transaction path for thermal energy, are modeled to calculate the network utilization cost for both electricity and heat networks. By using the reputation index to assess the willingness of both parties participating in transactions, the optimization problem of P2P energy transaction strategy is constructed. Furthermore, a distributed solution method based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed. A P2P integrated energy simulation system comprising a 15-node electrical grid and an 8-node thermal network is established and further extended to a 33-node electrical grid and a 23-node thermal network system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and its scalability in P2P energy trading. Simulation results show that electricity-heat integrated energy P2P transactions with considering the network utilization cost are helpful to reducing energy transaction costs, promoting local energy consumptions, and increasing social welfares.

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在端对端(P2P)综合能源交易中,网络服务费达交易费用的25%以上,严重影响产消者的交易效益,因此本文提出一种计及网络服务费的电-热综合能源系统P2P交易策略。基于电能交易路径中的电气距离和热能交易路径中的管道热阻与长度,对电-热网络服务费分别建模,通过声誉指数计及双方的交易意愿,构建电-热综合能源P2P交易策略的优化问题,并提出一种基于交替方向乘子法(ADMM)的分布式求解方法。构建一个由15节点配电网和8节点供热网组成的P2P综合能源仿真系统,并扩展为33节点配电网-23节点供热网系统,以验证所提方法的有效性及其在P2P交易中的可扩展性。仿真结果表明,考虑网络服务费的电-热综合能源P2P交易策略有助于降低能源交易成本,促进当地能源消纳和提高社会福利。

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陈俞邑(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力市场、分布式能源系统优化。

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陈俞邑(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力市场、分布式能源系统优化。

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陈俞邑(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力市场、分布式能源系统优化。

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参数 数值
$\eta_{i}^{\mathrm{dch}}, \eta_{i}^{\mathrm{ch}}, \eta_{t}^{\mathrm{SC}} / \%$ 90[21]
$\bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}}, \bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}} / \mathrm{kW}$ 12[21]
$E_{i, t}^{\min }, E_{i, t}^{\max } /(\mathrm{kW} \cdot \mathrm{~h})$ 0, 55[22]
$c_{\mathrm{drp}}, c_{\mathrm{drq}}, c_{\mathrm{pv}}, c_{\mathrm{SC}}, c_{\mathrm{ess}}$ 0.1[23]
$p_{i, t}^{\min }, p_{i, t}^{\max } / \mathrm{kW}$ 0, 50
$q_{i, t}^{\min }, q_{i, t}^{\max } / \mathrm{kW}$ 0, 20
), ArticleFig(id=1190716261567972052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, articleId=1190666337274966445, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
$\eta_{i}^{\mathrm{dch}}, \eta_{i}^{\mathrm{ch}}, \eta_{t}^{\mathrm{SC}} / \%$ 90[21]
$\bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}}, \bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}} / \mathrm{kW}$ 12[21]
$E_{i, t}^{\min }, E_{i, t}^{\max } /(\mathrm{kW} \cdot \mathrm{~h})$ 0, 55[22]
$c_{\mathrm{drp}}, c_{\mathrm{drq}}, c_{\mathrm{pv}}, c_{\mathrm{SC}}, c_{\mathrm{ess}}$ 0.1[23]
$p_{i, t}^{\min }, p_{i, t}^{\max } / \mathrm{kW}$ 0, 50
$q_{i, t}^{\min }, q_{i, t}^{\max } / \mathrm{kW}$ 0, 20
), ArticleFig(id=1190716261693801173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, articleId=1190666337274966445, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产消者序号 案例1 案例2
A 1 958.48 1 642.55
B 2 115.56 1 826.19
C 2 548.39 2 034.20
D 1 659.73 1 452.89
E 2 186.43 1 732.82
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产消者交易总成本 单位:元

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产消者序号 案例1 案例2
A 1 958.48 1 642.55
B 2 115.56 1 826.19
C 2 548.39 2 034.20
D 1 659.73 1 452.89
E 2 186.43 1 732.82
), ArticleFig(id=1190716261882544855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, articleId=1190666337274966445, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 网络1 网络2
产消者数量 5 8
案例2求解时间/s 406.51 615.32
案例2迭代次数 46 71
), ArticleFig(id=1190716262041928408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190235702286704641, articleId=1190666337274966445, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两种不同的多能源网络计算性能分析

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项目 网络1 网络2
产消者数量 5 8
案例2求解时间/s 406.51 615.32
案例2迭代次数 46 71
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A.1 33节点配电网阻抗参数

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A.2 23节点供热网参数

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考虑网络服务费的电-热综合能源端对端交易策略
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陈俞邑 , 刘健辰
电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025,26(6): 17-28
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电气技术 | 研究与开发 2025, 26(6): 17-28
考虑网络服务费的电-热综合能源端对端交易策略
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陈俞邑, 刘健辰
作者信息
  • 辽宁工程技术大学电气与控制工程学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
  • 陈俞邑(1999—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为电力市场、分布式能源系统优化。

Peer-to-peer trading of integrated electricity-heat energy considering network utilization cost
Yuyi CHEN, Jianchen LIU
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Huludao, Liaoning 125105
出版时间: 2025-06-15
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在端对端(P2P)综合能源交易中,网络服务费达交易费用的25%以上,严重影响产消者的交易效益,因此本文提出一种计及网络服务费的电-热综合能源系统P2P交易策略。基于电能交易路径中的电气距离和热能交易路径中的管道热阻与长度,对电-热网络服务费分别建模,通过声誉指数计及双方的交易意愿,构建电-热综合能源P2P交易策略的优化问题,并提出一种基于交替方向乘子法(ADMM)的分布式求解方法。构建一个由15节点配电网和8节点供热网组成的P2P综合能源仿真系统,并扩展为33节点配电网-23节点供热网系统,以验证所提方法的有效性及其在P2P交易中的可扩展性。仿真结果表明,考虑网络服务费的电-热综合能源P2P交易策略有助于降低能源交易成本,促进当地能源消纳和提高社会福利。

端对端(P2P)能源交易  /  产消者  /  分布式能源  /  网络服务费  /  交替方向乘子法(ADMM)

Considering that the network utilization cost in peer-to-peer (P2P) integrated energy transactions often accounts for more than 25% of the transaction costs, which significantly impacts the transaction benefits for prosumers, a P2P transaction strategy for the integrated electricity-heat energy system, which accounts for the network utilization cost, is proposed. Electrical distances in transaction path for electrical energy, and thermal resistances and lengths of pipelines in transaction path for thermal energy, are modeled to calculate the network utilization cost for both electricity and heat networks. By using the reputation index to assess the willingness of both parties participating in transactions, the optimization problem of P2P energy transaction strategy is constructed. Furthermore, a distributed solution method based on alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is proposed. A P2P integrated energy simulation system comprising a 15-node electrical grid and an 8-node thermal network is established and further extended to a 33-node electrical grid and a 23-node thermal network system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and its scalability in P2P energy trading. Simulation results show that electricity-heat integrated energy P2P transactions with considering the network utilization cost are helpful to reducing energy transaction costs, promoting local energy consumptions, and increasing social welfares.

peer-to-peer (P2P) energy transaction  /  prosumer  /  distributed energy resources (DERs)  /  network utilization cost  /  alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM)
陈俞邑, 刘健辰. 考虑网络服务费的电-热综合能源端对端交易策略. 电气技术, 2025 , 26 (6) : 17 -28 .
Yuyi CHEN, Jianchen LIU. Peer-to-peer trading of integrated electricity-heat energy considering network utilization cost[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2025 , 26 (6) : 17 -28 .
随着能源革命与数字技术的深度融合,传统电力系统逐渐演变为涵盖多能源生产、传输、消费和交易的综合能源系统[1]。作为减少碳排放的重要手段,分布式能源正以大规模、高度分散的趋势迅速发展。分布式能源通常配置在需求端,这使传统的能源生产者和消费者“合二为一”,成为兼具能源生产和消费功能的“产消者(prosumer=producer+ consumer)”。然而,产消者的空间分散性和分布式能源的波动性增加了交易策略的复杂性[2],同时本地灵活交易市场的发展尚处于起步阶段,仍面临诸多挑战,如信息共享困难和高效交易模式等[3]。因此,在能源网络自身调节能力有限、市场机制尚未完善的背景下,如何促进分布式能源的本地交易成为亟须解决的问题。
为了提升发电、产热和用能的区域内协调能力,近年来有关人员对可再生/不可再生能源的交易机制进行了广泛研究,其中端对端(peer-to-peer, P2P)能源市场是一种具有良好应用前景的灵活交易方案[4]。除此之外,P2P能源交易平台还具有如下优势:首先,P2P平台的去中心化结构,适于集成分布式能源,实现产消者的本地能源供需平衡;其次,由于能量传输距离短,能量损耗更低,市场出清更容易,投资成本更少;再次,虚拟交易平台为市场参与者提供了安全的通信链接,使P2P能源交易的安全性和隐私性远优于传统电网[5];最后,由于产消者地理位置相近,有利于优先消纳本地剩余能源[6]
近期,国内外学者提出了多种针对分布式电源的P2P交易方法。刘任等基于产消者社区微电网,提出了拍卖机制的P2P能源交易模型[7]。文献[8]建立了一种双层P2P交易能源管理框架,允许产消者通过分布式定价参与本地电力市场。然而,现有研究大多集中于电力交易模式[9],对多能源系统在能源交易中的潜力挖掘不足,而P2P电-热能源交易市场为我国能源交易体系提供了一种新模式。文献[10]讨论了涵盖电、天然气的多能源交易系统,但未将多能源交易与P2P能源交易相结合。文献[11]构建了一个含分布式供热的综合电力交易框架,利用本地剩余热能减少热量损失。文献[12]验证了用户向热力网络反馈热能的可行性。文献[13]提出了一种P2P能量交易代理平台,用于在源荷不确定性条件下,促进热电联产系统中的电-热协调。但是,上述研究并未考虑综合能源交易中的网络服务费和产消者的交易意愿。
在P2P能源交易市场中,网络服务成本约占交易费用的25%[14],对产消者的经济效益有不可忽视的影响。网络服务费通常由能源网运营商决定,产消者在进行能源交易时必须遵守这些收费规定,并在制定交易策略时纳入考虑。已有的网络服务费制定和收取策略包括平均分摊给所有市场参与者[15]、分时差异定价策略[16-17]、基于交易路径电气距离制定网络服务费[18],以及购能方单向收费策略[19]等。然而,这些研究均针对供电网络服务费,未探讨供热网络服务费问题。
此外,产消者的交易意愿需要通过双边关系进行量化,并将其纳入P2P能源定价模型中,以确保交易的公平性和有效性。
综上所述,本文构建一种包含分布式电/热源的综合能源系统,研究计及电-热网络服务费和交易意愿的电-热综合能源P2P交易策略问题。主要工作如下:
1)不同于现有研究仅关注单纯电力能源交易,本文提出一种电-热综合能源P2P交易模型。该模型不仅配置电-热分布式能源,还考虑电-热产消者的交易意愿,能够保护交易双方的隐私,同时充分实现区域内能源消纳和最大化社会福利。
2)借鉴供电网服务费制定方法,从管道热阻和管道长度角度,首次提出一种供热网服务费定价机制。结合基于电气距离的供电网服务费,制定电-热综合能源网络服务费定价策略。
在P2P产消者社区中,电-热综合能源系统交易结构如图1所示,不同产消者通过供电网和供热网实现互联与能源共享。在日常生活中,商业和住宅建筑的能源消耗占总能源需求的比例相当大[11]。因此,本文考虑代表商业和住宅建筑的电-热产消者,它们配备了多种分布式电-热能源和负荷,包括太阳能集热器(solar collector, SC)和光伏发电系统(photovoltaic, PV)、刚性/柔性电-热负荷和储能系统(energy storage system, ESS)。这些分布式能源设备不仅可以为建筑物自身提供电力和热能,还能在网络中实现能源的双向流动和优化配置。通过这种结构,不同产消者之间能够有效利用多余的电-热能,促进能源的高效使用和整体碳排放的减少。对于能源交易,假设产消者知道自身的能源生产和消费,并可以共享交易信息。产消者之间传递的信息真实可靠,且无需独立与主网或其他运营商交易。
假设综合能源社区中产消者集合为$\mathcal{N}= \{1,2, \cdots, N\}$,交易时段集合为$\mathcal{T}=\{1,2, \cdots, T\}$,每个产消者都以独立卖方或买方身份参与能源交易市场。
产消者i的运行目标是最小化综合成本,即
$\min C_{i}=\sum_{t=1}^{T} C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{DR}}+C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SF}}-U_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ET}}$
其中,对于$\forall t \in \mathcal{T}$,
$C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{DR}}=c_{\mathrm{drp}}\left(P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}-P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{pre}}\right)^{2}+c_{\mathrm{drq}}\left(Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}-Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{pre}}\right)^{2}$
$\begin{aligned} C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SF}}= c_{\mathrm{pv}} P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{pv}}+c_{\mathrm{SC}} Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SC}}+c_{\mathrm{eSS}}\left(P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}}+P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}}\right)+ \\ c_{i, j}^{\mathrm{serv}, \mathrm{p}}+c_{i, j}^{\mathrm{serv}, \mathrm{q}} \end{aligned}$
$U_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ET}}=\sum_{i=1, i \neq j}^{N}\left(\lambda_{i, t}^{\mathrm{p}} P_{i, j, t}^{2}+\lambda_{i, t}^{\mathrm{p}} P_{i, j, t}+\lambda_{i, t}^{\mathrm{q}} Q_{i, j, t}^{2}+\lambda_{i, t}^{\mathrm{q}} Q_{i, j, t}\right)$
$P_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{b}}=\sum_{j=1, j \neq i}^{N} P_{i, j, t}$
$Q_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{b}}=\sum_{j=1, j \neq i}^{N} Q_{i, j, t}$
式中:Ci为产消者i的综合成本;$C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{DR}}$为用二次函数描述的柔性负荷与分布式能源引起的能源消耗成本;$C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SF}}$为包括PV、SC和ESS的设备成本和网络服务费用;$U_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ET}}$为产消者的效用值(“效用”指个体从某种商品、服务或行为中获得的满足程度或价值。此处用来衡量产消者能源偏好或选择的重要概念);$c_{\mathrm{drp}}$和$c_{\mathrm{drq}}$分别为电/热分布式能源成本系数;$P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}$和$Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}$分别为产消者的实际电/热能消耗;$P_{i, t}^{\text {pre }}$和$Q_{i, t}^{\text {pre }}$为产消者的预测电/热消耗;常数$c_{\mathrm{pv}}$、$c_{\mathrm{SC}}$和$c_{\mathrm{ess}}$分别为光伏、太阳能集热器和储能电池的成本系数;$P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{pv}}$为光伏发电的产能;$Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SC}}$为单位时段内SC的产热量;$P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}}$和$P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}}$为储能电池的充电和放电功率;$c_{i, j}^{\text {serv, } \mathrm{p}}$和$c_{i, j}^{\text {serv, } \mathrm{q}}$分别为电/热力网络服务费;$\lambda_{i, t}^{p} \geqslant 0$和$\lambda_{i, t}^{q} \geqslant 0$分别为产消者的电能和热能效用函数系数;$P_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{b}}$和$Q_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{b}}$分别为产消者电力和热力买卖之和;$P_{i, j, t}$和$Q_{i, j, t}$分别为产消者交易的电功率/热功率,下标的含义将在产消者的能量交易平衡约束中说明。
产消者i应该满足以下约束。
1)产消者能耗约束
产消者的电/热能量消耗需要满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \sum_{t=1}^{T} P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}=\sum_{t=1}^{T} P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{pre}} \\ \sum_{t=1}^{T} Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}=\sum_{t=1}^{T} Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{pre}} \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} p_{i, t}^{\min } \leqslant P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}} \leqslant p_{i, t}^{\max } \\ q_{i, t}^{\min } \leqslant Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{EC}} \leqslant q_{i, t}^{\max } \end{array} \quad \forall t \in \mathcal{T}\right.$
式中,$p_{i, t}^{\min } 、 p_{i, t}^{\max } $和$q_{i, t}^{\min } 、 q_{i, t}^{\max }$分别为电/热能源消耗的下、上限。
2)储能电池约束
对于$ \forall t \in \mathcal{T}$,储能电池的充/放电功率和储能余量应满足
$E_{i, t}=E_{i, t-1}+\eta_{i}^{\mathrm{ch}} P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}}-\frac{P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}}}{\eta_{i}^{\mathrm{dch}}}$
$E_{i, t}^{\min } \leqslant E_{i, t} \leqslant E_{i, t}^{\max }$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 \leqslant P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}} \leqslant \bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}} \\ 0 \leqslant P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}} \leqslant \bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:Ei,t为储能电池的电量;$\eta_{i}^{\mathrm{ch}}$和$\eta_{i}^{\mathrm{dch}}$为储能电池的充/放电效率;$E_{i, t}^{\min }$和$E_{i, t}^{\max }$为储能电池的储能余量下、上限;$\bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}}$和$\bar{P}_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}}为储能电池的充/放电功率上限。
为了避免储能电池同时充电和放电,引入以下约束,即
$P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}} P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}}=0 \quad \forall t \in \mathcal{T}$
约束式(12)为非线性互补约束,难以直接求解。但是,可以通过大M方法引入0-1变量$\delta_{i, t}$,将其线性化为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \delta_{i, t} \leqslant P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ch}} \leqslant \delta_{i, t} M \\ 1-\delta_{i, t} \leqslant P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}} \leqslant\left(1-\delta_{i, t}\right) M \end{array} \quad \forall t \in \mathcal{T}\right.$
式中,M为足够大的正数。
3)能量交易平衡约束
在产消者ij进行交易时,为了避免重复共享能源,应确保若产消者i作为生产者,则产消者j必须作为消费者,反之亦然。以电力交易为例,应该考虑当产消者i向产消者j出售电力时,交易电功率$P_{i, j, t}$在时段t中为正;当产消者i向产消者j购买电力时,交易电功率$P_{j, i, t}$在时段t中为负,即$P_{i, j, t}$和$P_{j, i, t}$大小相等而符号相反,热力交易同理。这样,参与交易的产消者ij应该满足以下耦合约束,即
$P_{i, j, t}+P_{j, i, t}=0 \quad \forall t \in \mathcal{T}$
$Q_{i, j, t}+Q_{j, i, t}=0 \quad \forall t \in \mathcal{T}$
4)太阳能集热器模型
对于$\forall t \in \mathcal{T}$,太阳能集热器模型[11]
$\eta_{t}^{\mathrm{SC}}=c_{1}\left[\left(\frac{S_{\mathrm{I} t}}{S_{\mathrm{I} 0}}\right)^{c_{2}}+c_{3} \frac{S_{\mathrm{I} t}}{S_{\mathrm{I} 0}}\right]\left[1+c_{4}\left(\frac{T_{t}}{T_{0}}\right)^{c_{2}}+c_{5} \frac{A_{\mathrm{M} t}}{A_{\mathrm{M} 0}}\right]$
$Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SC}}=A_{\mathrm{SC}, i} \eta_{t}^{\mathrm{SC}} S_{\mathrm{I} t}$
$0 \leqslant Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SC}} \leqslant Q_{i, t, \max }^{\mathrm{SC}}$
式中:$\eta_{t}^{\mathrm{SC}}$为SC的产热效率;SIt为实际太阳辐射指数(W/m2);$S_{\mathrm{I} 0}$为标准太阳辐射指数(W/m2);Tt为实际环境温度;$T_{0}$为固定环境温度;AMt为实际空气质量指数;$A_{\mathrm{M} 0}$为空气质量;c1~c5为SC的设备系数;$A_{\mathrm{SC}, i}$为SC板面积(m2);$Q_{i, t, \max }^{\mathrm{SC}}$为单位时段内SC的最大产热量。
5)能量平衡约束
对于$\forall t \in \mathcal{T}$,产消者的能量输出和输入都应该保持平衡,即
$P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{pv}}+P_{i, t}^{\mathrm{dch}}+P_{i, t}=P_{j, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}+P_{j, t}^{\mathrm{ch}}+P_{j, t}$
$Q_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SC}}+Q_{i, t}=Q_{j, t}^{\mathrm{EC}}+Q_{j, t}$
式中:$P_{i, t} 、 Q_{i, t}$和$P_{j, t}, Q_{j, t}$分别为产消者每次交易中购买和售卖的电/热功率;等式两边下标ij的含义与式(14)和式(15)相同。
对于$\forall t \in \mathcal{T}$,产消者不能同时购买或出售电/热能量,因此需要满足
$\left\langle P_{i, t}, P_{j, t}\right\rangle=0$
$\left\langle Q_{i, t}, Q_{j, t}\right\rangle=0$
式中,$\langle\cdot, \cdot\rangle$表示内积。
1)在使用电力/热力网络和基础设施进行电/热能量交易时,将带来网络损耗、网络拥塞等附加交易成本,因此主网需要对参与交易的产消者收取网络服务费。为了提高市场效率和透明度,避免网络服务费被滥用,本文引入事前网络服务定价(ex-ante network utilization cost, ex-NUC)机制,电网在P2P市场清算之前设置电力网络服务费(power-network utilization cost, P-NUC)。该机制旨在于能源交易开始前分配网络服务成本,提前为市场参与者提供明确的网络服务费信息,使之能够在制定交易策略时将其考虑在内。事前定价不仅有助于促进本地能源交易,减少系统总损耗,还可以防止因过高的服务费导致市场参与度下降。
已有的网络服务费制定和收取策略有平均分摊法、分时差异定价和交易路径定价[15-19]等。其中,基于交易路径定价法,可使市场参与者在与电气或地理上较近的交易伙伴进行交易时,所支付的网络服务费较低,从而促进本地能源交易。交易路径定价法通过预定义的电力路径进行能量交易,无需潮流计算,比较简便易用。依据不同的路径距离计算方法,目前已经有多种交易路径定价法,其中基于路径阻抗的电气距离方法[18],由于具有明确的物理意义且计算简单,最为实用。本文采用基于电气距离的交易路径定价法,设置电力网络服务费为
$c_{i, j}^{\text {serv,p }}=\gamma d_{i, j}$
式中:$\gamma$为单位电气距离对应的电力网络服务费;$d_{i, j}$为参与交易的产消者ij之间的电气距离,为产消者ij之间交易路径上的总支路阻抗。
$d_{i, j}=\sum_{l \in \mathcal{L}_{i, j}}\left|z_{l}\right|$
式中:$\mathcal{L}_{i, j}$为电力交易路径上的支路集合;$z_{l}$为支路l的阻抗。当产消者ij之间有多条路径时,优先考虑总支路阻抗最小的路径[18]
2)关于网络服务费的已有研究均针对电力网络,因此本文首次提出一种热网服务费定价方法。受文献[18]启发,类似基于电气距离的交易路径定价法,基于平均管道热阻和管道长度,将热力网络服务费(heat network utilization cost, H- NUC)定义为
$c_{i, j}^{\text {serv, } \mathrm{q}}=\theta h_{i, j}$
式中;$\theta$为单位热力距离对应的热力网络服务费;$h_{i, j}$为产消者ij之间交易路径上的总管道热阻 之和。
$h_{i, j}=\kappa T_{\mathrm{a}} \sum_{k \in \mathcal{H}_{i, j}}\left|L_{k}\right|$
式中:K为平均管道热阻(kW/(km·℃));$T_{\mathrm{a}}$为管道平均温度(℃);$\mathcal{H}_{i, j}$为节点间热力交易路径上的管道集合;$L_{k}$为管道k的长度(km)。通过不同节点之间的管道长度之和计算交易路径。例如,在图2所示的8节点热网中,节点7处的产消者A和节点2处的产消者B进行交易时,两者之间的交易路径为$h_{7,2}=h_{7,1}+h_{1,2}$,在图中用红色虚线段标出。
双边交易在很大程度上受交易双方过往积累的人脉、声誉关系和经验的影响。基于能源交易历史记录,产消者倾向于与声誉更高的贸易伙伴进行交易。为此,本文引入交易者之间的声誉指数(mutual reputation index, MRI),交易双方能够通过分布式方式对该指数进行计算。
时段t内产消者ij之间交易的MRI为
$\sigma_{i, j, t}=\sigma_{i, j, t-1}+\varphi \frac{\pi_{i, j, t-1}\left|\frac{P_{i, j, t-1}}{Q_{i, j, t-1}}\right|}{\sum_{y=1}^{Y} \pi_{i, j, y}\left|\frac{P_{i, j, y}}{Q_{i, j, y}}\right|}$
式中:$\varphi$为一个与MRI有关的小正比例因子;Y为从初始时段1到时段t-1的交易总数;$\sigma_{i, j, t-1}$为上一个时段的MRI;$\pi_{i, j, t}$为能源交易价格。式(27)等号右侧第二项的分子代表最后一笔交易的支付金额,分母则代表截至前一个时段的总支付金额。这意味着对于任何能源价格$\pi_{i, j, t}$或交易量$P_{i, j, t} / Q_{i, j, t}$,每次交易都会向MRI添加一个非负值,并且支付金额越高,MRI也越高。MRI初始值应设置为0,并在成功交易之前保持为0。在任何交易中都有$\sigma_{i, j, t}=\sigma_{j, i, t}$。
综上所述,本文将产消者的声誉成本函数量化为
$r_{i, t}=\sum_{j \in \mathcal{N}} c \sigma_{i, j, t} \frac{P_{i, j, t}}{Q_{i, j, t}} \quad \forall t \in \mathcal{T}$
式中,C为单位时段内能源交易的声誉收益参数。同时,参与交易的产消者的买卖价格应相等,即满足
$\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P} / \mathrm{Q}}=\pi_{j, i, t}^{\mathrm{P} / \mathrm{Q}} \quad \forall t \in \mathcal{T}$
式中,$\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P} / \mathrm{Q}}$和$\pi_{j, i, t}^{\mathrm{P} / \mathrm{Q}}$为产消者ij买/卖的电/热能价格。
从社会角度来看,本地化的电-热综合能源P2P交易应最大化产消者的声誉成本函数$r_{i, t}$,同时最小化其总成本函数,来实现社会福利最大化,从而达到市场均衡。基于式(1)~式(29),电-热综合能源P2P交易策略可以表述为如下优化问题,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \min \sum_{t=1}^{T}\left(C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{DR}}+C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SF}}-U_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ET}}-r_{i, t}\right) \\ \text { s.t. 式 }(1) \sim \text { 式 }(29) \end{array}\right.$
最优化问题式(30)是一个混合整数线性规划(mixed-integer linear programming, MILP)问题,可以使用商用解算器求解。然而,在求解过程中,产消者需要分享各自的成本函数系数及能源生产和消耗状况等不愿意披露的敏感信息,因此存在隐私泄露问题。为此,本文提出一种基于交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers, ADMM)的电-热综合能源P2P交易策略的分布式求解方法。
ADMM是一种求解耦合约束优化问题的有效方法。标准ADMM的收敛速度为O(1/k)[18],其中k为迭代次数。在目标函数为混合整数线性规划的情况下,ADMM稳定收敛。
从式(14)、式(15)可以看出,产消者ij在时段t内存在功率耦合。为此,$\forall t \in \mathcal{T}, i, j \in \mathcal{N}$,将耦合约束式(14)、式(15)重述为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}=P_{i, j, t} \\ \rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}=Q_{i, j, t} \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \rho_{j, i, t}^{\mathrm{P}}=P_{j, i, t} \\ \rho_{j, i, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}=Q_{j, i, t} \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}+\rho_{j, i, t}^{\mathrm{P}}=0 \\ \rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}+\rho_{j, i, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}=0 \end{array}\right.$
式中,$\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}$和$\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}$分别为电/热功率的辅助变量。
令$\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}$和$\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}$为等式约束式(31)对应的对偶变量,可以构建问题式(30)的增广拉格朗日函数为
$\begin{array}{c} \mathcal{L}\left(P_{i, j, t}, \pi_{i, j, t}, \rho_{i, j, t}\right)=\sum_{t=1}^{T}\left(C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{DR}}+C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SF}}-U_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ET}}-r_{i, t}\right)+ \\ \sum_{t=1}^{T}\left[\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}-P_{i, j, t}\right)+\frac{\eta}{2}\left\|\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}-P_{i, j, t}\right\|_{2}^{2}+\right. \\ \left.\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}-Q_{i, j, t}\right)+\frac{\eta}{2}\left\|\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}-Q_{i, j, t}\right\|_{2}^{2}\right] \end{array}$
式中,$\eta$为正惩罚参数。
这样,可以将优化问题式(30)分解为3个子问题,在第k次迭代中,进行如下求解更新。
1)交易功率更新
给定当前对偶变量$\pi_{i, j, t}^{k}$和辅助变量$\rho_{i, j, t}^{k}$,产消者i求解以下优化问题,更新电/热交易功率$P_{i, j}^{k+1}$和$Q_{i, j}^{k+1}$。
$\left\{\begin{aligned} \min \sum_{t=1}^{T}\left(C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{DR}}+C_{i, t}^{\mathrm{SF}}-U_{i, t}^{\mathrm{ET}}-r_{i, t}\right)+ \\ \sum_{t=1}^{T}\left[\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k}\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k}-P_{i, j, t}\right)+\frac{\eta}{2}\left\|\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k}-P_{i, j, t}\right\|_{2}^{2}+\right. \\ \left.\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k}\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k}-Q_{i, j, t}\right)+\frac{\eta}{2}\left\|\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k}-Q_{i, j, t}\right\|_{2}^{2}\right] \\ \text { s.t. } \text { 式 }(1) \sim \text { 式 }(29) \end{aligned}\right.$
2)辅助变量更新
根据交易功率更新子问题的解,求解以下优化问题,更新辅助变量$\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k+1}$和$\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k+1}$。
$\left\{\begin{aligned} \min _{\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}, \rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}} \sum_{i, j \in \mathcal{N}}\left[\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k}\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}-P_{i, j, t}^{k+1}\right)+\frac{\eta}{2}\left\|\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}}-P_{i, j, t}^{k+1}\right\|_{2}^{2}+\right. \\ \left.\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k}\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}-Q_{i, j, t}^{k+1}\right)+\frac{\eta}{2}\left\|\rho_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}}-Q_{i, j, t}^{k+1}\right\|_{2}^{2}\right] \\ \text { s.t. } \text { 式 }(33) \end{aligned}\right.$
3)对偶变量更新
根据交易功率更新子问题和辅助变量更新子问题的解,求解以下优化问题,更新对偶变量$\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P} / \mathrm{Q}, k+1}$。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k+1}=\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k}+\eta\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{k+1}-P_{i, j, t}^{k+1}\right) \\ \pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k+1}=\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k}+\eta\left(\rho_{i, j, t}^{k+1}-Q_{i, j, t}^{k+1}\right) \end{array}\right.$
产消者ij在每次迭代中仅共享交易的能源量和对应的价格信息,不会向其他产消者公开总体能源交易量或价格数据,从而有效保护了产消者的隐私。
产消者P2P能源交易策略的ADMM求解流程如图3所示。
为了证明所提P2P电-热综合能源交易框架的有效性,本文基于修改的IEEE 15节点配电网[18]和8节点热网[12]构建电-热综合能源系统,如图4所示,以下简称网络1。网络1中共有5个产消者A~E,根据产消者类型的不同,进一步分为纯电力产消者节点和电-热产消者节点。纯电力产消者节点配备光伏发电和储能电池,电-热产消者节点额外配备太阳能集热器。电-热产消者同时具有电能和热能的需求和生产。
分布式能源出力和负荷预测数据源自中国南方电网的示范项目[11]。产消者的效用函数系数在区间$\lambda_{i, t}^{\mathrm{p}} \in[0.26,0.78]$和$\lambda_{i, t}^{\mathrm{q}} \in[0.20,0.55]$内随机生成。功率和价格的初始值设置为$P_{i, j, t}^{k}=Q_{i, j, t}^{k}=0$和$\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{P}, k}=\pi_{i, j, t}^{\mathrm{Q}, k}=0$。假设不同时段的购电价格分别为0.443元/(kW∙h)、0.728元/(kW∙h)和1.095元/(kW∙h),电能出售价格为0.370元/(kW∙h)[9],购热价格为0.490元/(kW∙h)[20]。单位能源交易声誉收益参数取为C=0.001[18],平均管道热阻为$\kappa=0.018 \mathrm{~kW} /\left(\mathrm{km} \cdot{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)$[12],管道平均温度为$T_{\mathrm{a}}=65^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$[12],电网和热网的单位服务费的初始值分别设定为Y=0.01元/(kW∙h)和$\theta$=元/(kW∙h),其他系统参数见表1。本文采用Matlab 2021调用CPELX求解器进行求解。
为了证明所提综合能源交易模型的优点和评估其有效性,本文基于产消者的数量和种类设置2个研究案例。在所有研究案例中,除目标函数中的网络服务费参数外,所有产消者及其分布式能源拥有相同的参数。
1)案例1:纯电力P2P交易
案例1不考虑电-热综合能源系统中的热网部分,仅存在电力产消者之间的交易。整个能源系统的产消者总发电量和总耗电量如图5所示,可见26次迭代后即可达到收敛。产消者在24h之内的P2P总交易量如图6所示,其中正值表示买入,负值表示卖出,总交易量为498.6kW·h。
图6可见,在10:00—18:00,光伏电源产能较高,最大增幅达到19.8%;在其他时段,光伏电源产能降低,特别是在20:00晚用电高峰时段,电能交易也处于较高水平。这样,产消者根据电能价格优化能源交易,实现电能的本地生产和消费,主网仅收取由产消者之间交易产生的网络服务费,从而达成P2P交易的核心要求。
2)案例2:电-热P2P交易
案例2考虑同时拥有分布式电源和热源的电-热产消者之间的P2P交易捆绑出清,图4中的产消者A、C和D同时具有分布式电-热源。引入热源并增加耦合约束后,整个能源系统的产消者的总发电量和总耗电量如图7所示,可见46次迭代后达到收敛。
P2P总交易量如图8所示。由图8可见,在24h内,所有产消者的P2P交易量表现出波动性,总交易量为752.9kW·h,正值代表能源购买,负值代表能源出售。在10:00—18:00,分布式能源(尤其是太阳能发电设备)产能较高,最大增幅达到35.3%(单个时段波动上限为20%)。在其他时段,产消者根据电价动态优化其能源买卖策略。尤其是在20:00晚高峰时段,尽管发热产能有所下降,但由于热力需求增加,热能交易量依然保持较高水平。通过这种调节机制,区域内的电能和热能能够自我平衡,实现了自给自足,主网仅收取由产消者之间交易产生的网络服务费,达成了P2P交易的核心要求。
以上两个案例中产消者的交易总成本见表2表2中,网络1中的产消者总成本平均降低了20.4%;同时案例1比案例2的总交易量增加了51%。这个结果说明相比于纯电力P2P交易,电-热综合能源P2P交易策略更能提高区域能源利用效率,减少产消者总成本。
3)产消者声誉指数与社会福利分析
下面探讨声誉指数对P2P交易结果和社会福利的影响。MRI对P2P交易的影响如图9所示。针对相同时段内不同MRI下的能量交易进行两种情况的讨论。场景1表示节点2与节点5之间的电气产消者B与E的交易,场景2表示节点1与节点3之间的多能产消者A与C的交易,其中交易量为热能与电能的总和,交易价格分别为电能价格和热能价格。以上场景均设定在交易高峰期的10:00—11:00。
图9可以看出,较高的MRI可以提升市场参与者在P2P能源交易中的积极性;在相同时段内的场景1和场景2中,随着MRI从0增加到1,交易的能源量分别上升了71.3%和75.1%,产消者之间的电能交易价格分别下降了35.7%和43.5%,热能交易价格分别下降了36.3%和20.4%。必须注意的是,虽然在交易中引入MRI会显著提升产消者参与交易的积极性,但对整体社会福利的影响较小。从图9(d)可以看出,两种场景下社会总福利的下降幅度均不足0.5元,几乎可以忽略不计。同时,网络1的社会福利平均提升了5.19元。
4)网络服务费分析
为了研究单位服务费和能源传输距离对交易结果产生的影响,对目标函数中的参数$c_{i, j}^{\text {serv, } \mathrm{p}}, c_{i, j}^{\text {serv, } \mathrm{q}}$进行灵敏性分析。电能和热能的网络服务费根据交易能源类型分别计算。在相同时段内,产消者A-E和产消者B-E之间的电力P2P交易结果分别如图10(a)图10(b)所示。由图10(a)图10(b)可见,在相同时段内,当单位电/热服务费从0元增加到1元时,产消者A和E之间的交易量降低了48.3%,交易价格提高了68.1%;同理,产消者B和E之间的交易量降低了26.4%,交易价格提高了34.6%。随着单位服务费的增加,交易量减少,交易价格上升,这符合本文提出的基于交易路径的服务费定价机制,当产消者与电气距离或管道距离较近的其他产消者进行交易时,需支付的网络服务费相对较低。该机制能够激活本地能源交易,并促进当地能源消纳。从产消者A和产消者E之间的交易与产消者B和产消者E之间的交易对比来看,产消者A和产消者E之间的交易量和交易价格的变化率更高。
对于电-热P2P交易,产消者A-C、产消者A-D(分别对应节点1与3、节点1与4)的交易结果如图10(c)图10(d)所示。产消者A和C之间的交易量减少了58.6%,交易价格上升了146.7%;同理,产消者A和D之间的交易量下降了65.4%,交易价格上升了154.5%。通过对比产消者A和C与产消者A和D的交易同样可以看出,产消者A和D之间的交易量和交易价格变化率更高。这种情况可以从交易双方的电气距离和管道距离来解释。根据图4的电-热网络拓扑结构,产消者B和产消者E之间的电气距离小于产消者A和产消者E之间的电气距离;同样,产消者A和产消者C之间的管道距离小于产消者A和产消者D之间的管道距离。因此,距离越远,交易量和交易价格的变化率越大。
以上分析表明,能源输送距离越远,导致电/热服务费越高,引起交易量减少。产消者更倾向于与距离较近的其他产消者进行能源交易,意味着更多的能源能够就近消费,从而有效促进了能源的本地消纳。
5)P2P交易可扩展性分析
为了验证P2P能源交易的可扩展性,本文进一步在较大规模的多能源网络2中进行测试。网络2基于扩展后的33节点配电网[24]和23节点供热网构建,拓扑如图11所示,图中注释与图4相同,电-热产消者位置已在图中标出。网络2详细参数列于附录A,部分仿真结果列于附录B。网络2中总成本平均降低了18.31%,社会福利提升了5.24元,总交易量提升了44%。
两种不同的多能源网络计算性能分析见表3,两个网络的收敛精度、最大迭代次数、罚函数相同。由表3可知,对比网络1,网络2迭代次数增加54.35%,求解时间增加51.37%,大致呈线性增长,表明ADMM具有良好的可扩展性。仿真结果表明,ADMM在不同规模的多能源网络中均表现出良好的计算效率。基于表3结果可以得出结论:ADMM在P2P能源交易问题中的计算效率较高,且在较大规模的多能源网络中依然具有良好的可扩展性。
本文针对电-热综合能源系统,提出了一种以产消者为中心的P2P交易策略,综合考虑网络服务费和参与者交易意愿,并通过不同网络配置下的仿真验证了其有效性。主要结论如下:
1)增强能源共享与降低成本。该P2P交易策略有效协调了产消者之间的能源共享,降低了个体产消者和系统整体的能源成本,网络1中总成本平均降低了20.4%。
2)基于网络服务费机制激活本地市场。所提网络服务费定价机制能够激励本地能源交易,促进当地能源消纳,网络1中总交易量提升了51%。
3)提升社会福利与市场活跃度。该P2P交易策略提高了交易量,优化了资源分配,提升了社会福利,展现出构建高效去中心化能源市场的潜力,网络1中社会福利提升了5.19元。
4)为进一步验证方法的可扩展性,仿真系统由网络1扩展至网络2,网络2中总成本平均降低了18.31%,社会福利提升了5.24元,总交易量提升了44%,表明该策略适用于更大规模的能源系统。
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    辽宁工程技术大学电气与控制工程学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
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