Article(id=1217837627789726423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1217837623700275704, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24845, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670342400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-07, revisedDate=1672761600000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284716793, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284716793, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284716793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284716793, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217837623700275704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284715819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284798574, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217837970871206050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1217837623700275704, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217837970871206051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1217837623700275704, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217837628041384668, articleId=1217837627789726423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on Trajectory Control System of Flexible Manipulator Based on DCS Inertia Weight Combination, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to effectively adjust and control the motion amplitude of the flexible manipulator and avoid large deviation between the actual motion track of the flexible manipulator and the target track,a flexible manipulator motion track control system based on the combination of distributed control system (DCS) and inertial weight was designed. It is a computer system that integrates computer,communication,display and control and is controlled by process control and process monitoring. The DCS algorithm was used to control the behavior amplitude of the monitored object and calculate the inertia weight of the flexible manipulator. The DCS-inertia weight combination was used to solve the specific value of the prime control index. The software design of the flexible manipulator motion trajectory control system was realized. The experimental results show that the motion amplitude of the end coordinates of the manipulator in the horizontal,vertical and spatial axes under the action of the DCS-inertia weight combination algorithm can be controlled within 10 units of length,and the optimal control state of the manipulator's motion trajectory can be entered within 0.52 s,with the maximum difference of the motion trajectory being only 0.01 rad,which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the system.

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为了有效调控机械臂运动幅度,避免柔性机械臂实际运动轨迹与目标轨迹发生较大的偏差,设计一种基于分散控制系统(DCS)-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统,它是一个集合了计算机、通信、显示和控制的计算机系统,该系统由过程控制和过程监控。通过DCS算法控制监测对象行为幅度并计算柔性机械臂惯性权重,利用DCS-惯性权重组合求解素数控制指标的具体数值,实现了对柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统的软件设计。实验结果表明,DCS-惯性权重组合算法作用下的机械臂末端坐标在横轴、纵轴、空间轴方向上的运动幅值均可以被控制在10个单位长度之内,并且在0.52 s 内进入机械臂运动轨迹最佳控制状态,运动轨迹差值最大仅为0.01 rad,验证了该系统具备可行性和有效性。

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陈天佑(1985—),男,本科,讲师,主要研究方向为机械设计与制造,Email:
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唐爱武(1980—),男,本科,副教授,主要研究方向为机械设计制造及自动化,Email:

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唐爱武(1980—),男,本科,副教授,主要研究方向为机械设计制造及自动化,Email:

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Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2021, 19(2):117-122., articleTitle=Research on motion control of redundant degree-of-freedom manipulator based on type II fuzzy genetic controller, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217882109667103160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217882109675491769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, companyId=1217882109667103160, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Yongzhou Vocational and Technical College,Yongzhou 425000,Hunan,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217882109683880378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, companyId=1217882109667103160, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=永州职业技术学院,湖南 永州 425000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217882112393400802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=DC motor drive circuit connection structure, figureFileSmall=nD/9kL2KVaEY7kBuiy8PPg==, figureFileBig=tLuigtC5V3lQORMbPmAlqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112452121060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=图1, caption=直流电机驱动回路连接结构, figureFileSmall=nD/9kL2KVaEY7kBuiy8PPg==, figureFileBig=tLuigtC5V3lQORMbPmAlqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112527618534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Robotic arm controller connection closed loop, figureFileSmall=XU1lyTFJXAQyv8lnnHO0OA==, figureFileBig=6UJmw2iloCzMEe30gdFedA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112607310314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=图2, caption=机械臂控制器连接闭环, figureFileSmall=XU1lyTFJXAQyv8lnnHO0OA==, figureFileBig=6UJmw2iloCzMEe30gdFedA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112666030572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Schematic diagram of initial trajectory and expected trajectory, figureFileSmall=ayrUbnSeNuVq2Iy8SPp+Bg==, figureFileBig=V4cHueuGCl1Fth1cpt6PqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112733139438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=图3, caption=初始轨迹与期望轨迹原理图, figureFileSmall=ayrUbnSeNuVq2Iy8SPp+Bg==, figureFileBig=V4cHueuGCl1Fth1cpt6PqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112808636914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Robotic arm motion scene, figureFileSmall=jq3hQ65cnm2+niOXEWylWA==, figureFileBig=KnRaGAjTYF/pg1rpzPI+Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112867357172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=图4, caption=机械臂运动场景, figureFileSmall=jq3hQ65cnm2+niOXEWylWA==, figureFileBig=KnRaGAjTYF/pg1rpzPI+Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112921883126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Joint trajectory tracking of flexible manipulator under the combined method of DCS-inertia weight, figureFileSmall=6H6lTtXuiVL9iEljkY1P5Q==, figureFileBig=HPb0QqWk4/vJ83xKMI4Saw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882112980603386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DCS-惯性权重组合方法下柔性机械臂关节轨迹跟踪, figureFileSmall=6H6lTtXuiVL9iEljkY1P5Q==, figureFileBig=HPb0QqWk4/vJ83xKMI4Saw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882113060295163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Spot welding operation of motorcycle body, figureFileSmall=illRU08ZDIUlnq8l2veeIg==, figureFileBig=+bWe11Q3hL+/VCWhNNrF9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882113127404029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=图6, caption=摩托车车体点焊作业图, figureFileSmall=illRU08ZDIUlnq8l2veeIg==, figureFileBig=+bWe11Q3hL+/VCWhNNrF9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882113202901505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Welding motion track of mechanical arm, figureFileSmall=WQyPgvpKWo/YqXNI6FumJw==, figureFileBig=Fd3pG+HHFaqhoZBFjDx1Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882113278398979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=图7, caption=机械臂焊接运动轨迹图, figureFileSmall=WQyPgvpKWo/YqXNI6FumJw==, figureFileBig=Fd3pG+HHFaqhoZBFjDx1Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217882113362285061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Selection of experimental equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 实验设备 型号
1 柔性机械臂元件 UR16e型机械设备
2 控制主机 ECB-MH84计算机
3 电动机 ECI-430驱动设备
4 机械连杆 GQ40/50型钢制连杆
), ArticleFig(id=1217882113433588233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验设备选型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 实验设备 型号
1 柔性机械臂元件 UR16e型机械设备
2 控制主机 ECB-MH84计算机
3 电动机 ECI-430驱动设备
4 机械连杆 GQ40/50型钢制连杆
), ArticleFig(id=1217882113513280011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Horizontal axis coordinate statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m 实验组/个单位长度 对照组/个单位长度
目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量 目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量
2 5 12 7 5 13 8
4 5 10 5 7 15 8
6 7 13 6 6 14 8
8 9 15 6 6 13 7
10 4 10 6 5 12 7
12 7 14 7 8 17 9
14 6 15 9 6 14 8
16 7 11 4 4 11 7
18 4 9 5 5 13 8
20 5 12 7 7 15 8
均值 / / 6 / / 8
), ArticleFig(id=1217882113580388877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

横轴坐标统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m 实验组/个单位长度 对照组/个单位长度
目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量 目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量
2 5 12 7 5 13 8
4 5 10 5 7 15 8
6 7 13 6 6 14 8
8 9 15 6 6 13 7
10 4 10 6 5 12 7
12 7 14 7 8 17 9
14 6 15 9 6 14 8
16 7 11 4 4 11 7
18 4 9 5 5 13 8
20 5 12 7 7 15 8
均值 / / 6 / / 8
), ArticleFig(id=1217882113651692046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Vertical axis coordinate statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m 实验组/个单位长度 对照组/个单位长度
目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量 目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量
2 3 9 6 3 10 7
4 4 5 1 5 12 7
6 3 5 2 6 12 6
8 3 6 3 5 12 7
10 4 8 4 3 11 8
12 5 9 4 3 10 7
14 3 8 5 3 11 8
16 5 10 5 4 9 5
18 3 7 4 5 12 7
20 3 6 3 5 13 8
均值 / / 4 / / 7
), ArticleFig(id=1217882113739772432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

纵轴坐标统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m 实验组/个单位长度 对照组/个单位长度
目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量 目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量
2 3 9 6 3 10 7
4 4 5 1 5 12 7
6 3 5 2 6 12 6
8 3 6 3 5 12 7
10 4 8 4 3 11 8
12 5 9 4 3 10 7
14 3 8 5 3 11 8
16 5 10 5 4 9 5
18 3 7 4 5 12 7
20 3 6 3 5 13 8
均值 / / 4 / / 7
), ArticleFig(id=1217882113823658514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Statistics of spatial axis coordinates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m 实验组/个单位长度 对照组/个单位长度
目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量 目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量
2 1 3 2 1 10 9
4 1 2 1 2 13 11
6 2 2 0 2 12 10
8 1 3 2 3 12 11
10 1 3 2 1 13 12
12 1 2 1 1 12 11
14 1 1 0 2 10 8
16 3 3 0 3 11 8
18 1 2 1 1 11 10
20 2 3 1 3 10 7
均值 / / 1 / / 10
), ArticleFig(id=1217882113941099028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1217837627789726423, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

空间轴坐标统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
距离/m 实验组/个单位长度 对照组/个单位长度
目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量 目标
坐标
实际
坐标
变化量
2 1 3 2 1 10 9
4 1 2 1 2 13 11
6 2 2 0 2 12 10
8 1 3 2 3 12 11
10 1 3 2 1 13 12
12 1 2 1 1 12 11
14 1 1 0 2 10 8
16 3 3 0 3 11 8
18 1 2 1 1 11 10
20 2 3 1 3 10 7
均值 / / 1 / / 10
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基于DCS-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统研究
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唐爱武 , 陈天佑
电气传动 | 运动控制 2024,54(2): 74-81
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电气传动 | 运动控制 2024, 54(2): 74-81
基于DCS-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统研究
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唐爱武 , 陈天佑
作者信息
  • 永州职业技术学院,湖南 永州 425000
  • 唐爱武(1980—),男,本科,副教授,主要研究方向为机械设计制造及自动化,Email:

通讯作者:

陈天佑(1985—),男,本科,讲师,主要研究方向为机械设计与制造,Email:
Research on Trajectory Control System of Flexible Manipulator Based on DCS Inertia Weight Combination
Aiwu TANG , Tianyou CHEN
Affiliations
  • Yongzhou Vocational and Technical College,Yongzhou 425000,Hunan,China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24845
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为了有效调控机械臂运动幅度,避免柔性机械臂实际运动轨迹与目标轨迹发生较大的偏差,设计一种基于分散控制系统(DCS)-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统,它是一个集合了计算机、通信、显示和控制的计算机系统,该系统由过程控制和过程监控。通过DCS算法控制监测对象行为幅度并计算柔性机械臂惯性权重,利用DCS-惯性权重组合求解素数控制指标的具体数值,实现了对柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统的软件设计。实验结果表明,DCS-惯性权重组合算法作用下的机械臂末端坐标在横轴、纵轴、空间轴方向上的运动幅值均可以被控制在10个单位长度之内,并且在0.52 s 内进入机械臂运动轨迹最佳控制状态,运动轨迹差值最大仅为0.01 rad,验证了该系统具备可行性和有效性。

DCS-惯性权重组合  /  柔性机械臂  /  运动轨迹  /  素数控制  /  电机驱动回路  /  运动幅度

In order to effectively adjust and control the motion amplitude of the flexible manipulator and avoid large deviation between the actual motion track of the flexible manipulator and the target track,a flexible manipulator motion track control system based on the combination of distributed control system (DCS) and inertial weight was designed. It is a computer system that integrates computer,communication,display and control and is controlled by process control and process monitoring. The DCS algorithm was used to control the behavior amplitude of the monitored object and calculate the inertia weight of the flexible manipulator. The DCS-inertia weight combination was used to solve the specific value of the prime control index. The software design of the flexible manipulator motion trajectory control system was realized. The experimental results show that the motion amplitude of the end coordinates of the manipulator in the horizontal,vertical and spatial axes under the action of the DCS-inertia weight combination algorithm can be controlled within 10 units of length,and the optimal control state of the manipulator's motion trajectory can be entered within 0.52 s,with the maximum difference of the motion trajectory being only 0.01 rad,which verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the system.

DCS-inertial weight combination  /  flexible mechanical arm  /  motion track  /  prime number control  /  motor drive circuit  /  range of motion
唐爱武, 陈天佑. 基于DCS-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统研究. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (2) : 74 -81 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24845
Aiwu TANG, Tianyou CHEN. Research on Trajectory Control System of Flexible Manipulator Based on DCS Inertia Weight Combination[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (2) : 74 -81 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24845
柔性机械臂由杆件柔性、关节柔性两种类型组成,由于设计过程中机械关节结构的自由度水平较高,所以搭载柔性机械臂元件的机器人在单位作用空间内具有无限自由的运动能力[1]。但随着电量驱动作用能力的增强,机械臂元件末端坐标的运动幅度也会不断增大,这不但会导致机械关节角度出现过度偏转的情况,还有可能造成机械臂关节反转的问题,从而导致柔性机械臂的实际运动轨迹与目标轨迹发生较大的偏差[2]
针对机械臂运动轨迹控制效果差的问题,朱大昌等人[3]提出了基于轮廓误差补偿的机械臂自适应非奇异终端滑模控制系统,采用Lyapunov函数设计的终端滑模控制律,根据机械臂末端坐标差值的预测结果建立动态窗口表达式,又联合伪密钥判别标准,确定主机元件对于机械臂设备的异步控制能力,引入自适应技术估计系统集总不确定性,有效提升终端滑模控制系统的有效性。然而此系统的应用能力有限,并不能将横轴、纵轴、空间轴方向上的坐标运动幅值均控制在既定单位长度标准之内。李永超等人[4]提出一种基于LabVIEW的柔性机械臂减振控制系统,采用拉格朗日方程构建柔性机械臂控制模型,根据LabVIEW技术进行柔性机械臂运动分解,获取柔性机械臂的振动固有周期,通过梯形速度曲线控制柔性机械臂电机,有效降低柔性机械臂减振控制,此方法能够大幅减少系统残余振动的抑制量,但是运动轨迹跟踪差值过大。
为解决上述问题,设计基于DCS-惯性权重组合的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统。该方法根据实际需求引入DCS和惯性权重算法,通过两种算法相结合的方式组成DCS-惯性权重算法,首先通过DCS算法控制监测对象行为幅度,计算柔性机械臂惯性权重,然后采用DCS-惯性权重组合求解出素数控制指标的具体数值,可迅速进入最佳的轨迹控制状态,实现了对高精度柔性机械臂运动轨迹的控制。
直流电机驱动回路是柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统的重要组成部分,其在系统中起到驱动作用,具体结构如图1所示。
图1的直流电机驱动回路借助CAN总线结构,将MC56F83XX主机与Motor电感设备相连接,并根据高压端节点、低压端节点之间的电压数值配比关系,确定机械臂元件的当前运动状态。MC56F83XX主机作为直流电机驱动回路中的核心作用设备,直接与总控电源元件相连,可以调节机械臂机械关节的角度偏转情况。随着电信号输出量的增大,该元件的调节能力也会不断增强。当实际电压与总控电源的额定负载电压数值相等时,主机设备的调节能力也达到最大值。Motor电感设备负载于直流电机驱动回路的高压端侧,负责监测DCS装置、PWM检测设备等元件两端的电压数值,能够较好控制电气驱动作用的表现强度[5],总控电源直接与RS232装置相连,由于负载于直流电机驱动回路的低压端侧,因此支路两端的电压水平相对较低。随着柔性机械臂元件运动幅度不断增大,支路内电信号的累积总量也会增大,此时主机元件对于机械臂设备的控制能力增强,传感器设备内的电量交换行为逐渐趋于稳定状态[6]
机械臂控制器由闭环控制器、速度限制器、电流限制器、电气驱动器和滤波器组成,机械臂控制器连接闭环如图2所示。
根据图2可知,在柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统中,各个限制器和控制器分别组成了电流闭环、速度闭环和电气驱动闭环,三者之间存在相互转化作用。由于机械臂控制器设备可以直接接收直流电机驱动回路输出的电信号参量,所以高压端节点与低压端节点之间的电压差越明显,主控制器元件对于机械臂末端节点运动步幅的控制能力也就越强[7]
在完成柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统硬件设计之后,再开始对系统软件的设计。考虑到需要有效调控柔性机械臂运动幅度的要求,必须实现对机械臂运动轨迹的准确控制。本文系统软件引入DCS算法和惯性权重算法,DCS算法灵活性强,可以实现多个控制站共享数据,但对数字量控制和时序控制不是很强大,因此引入惯性权重算法,能够平衡算法,弥补DCS算法不足之处,且可加快收敛速度,有较高的局部开发能力,以提高收敛精度。将两者结合,求解素数控制指标,实现DCS算法-惯性权重的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制。
在运动轨迹控制系统中,监测对象行为幅度是指柔性机械臂机械关节的偏转程度,由于机械臂末端节点的运动范围并不一定在同一位移区间内,所以相邻节点坐标之间的间隔距离越远,表示机械臂监测对象的行为幅度越大[8],因此,为了有效监测其行为幅度,通过引入DCS算法监测并实现对系统精准控制柔性机械臂的运动轨迹,监测对象行为幅度的定义表达式为
b 1 = - β × ( α 1 / α 2 )
式中: α 1 α 2为两个不重合节点坐标的定义项; β为DCS算法定义系数。
控制指令集散程度是指DCS算法作用下与机械臂末端节点匹配的坐标分布平衡度。对于柔性机械臂元件而言,为避免其末端坐标的运动幅度过大,应将集散程度表达式求解结果控制在 ( 0,1 ]的区间范围内。DCS算法对于控制指令集散程度的定义表达式为
b 2 = χ α 1 α 2 - ( | Δ α | )
式中: Δ α为节点坐标定义项的单位变化量; χ为DCS算法集散度量系数。
综合考虑监测对象行为幅度与控制指令集散程度,既可以判断出DCS算法的约束作用能力,也能够确定机械臂末端节点在空间坐标系内的间隔距离。
在完成上述计算后,引入惯性权重参数,将DCS和惯性权重相结合构建DCS-惯性权重算法,从而促使高精度控制柔性机械臂的运动轨迹。本文采用惯性权重中的线性递减惯性权重,其惯性权重 ω ( t )表达式为
ω ( t ) = ω m a x - ( ω m a x - ω m i n ) × T N × π 4
式中: ω m a x ω m i n分别为所设置的初始惯性权重系数的最大值和结束迭代时惯性权重系数的最小值; T为当前迭代次数; N为最大迭代次数。
所以在算法初期即迭代次数 T较小时,粒子随机性大,则分散程度高,需要采取较大的 ω ( t )此时接近 ω m a x来增大全局搜索能力,才能够在其范围内快速找到较好位置。随着迭代次数的增加,惯性权重值不断以线性方式递减,算法后期随着粒子群趋同性增大,需要采取较小的 ω ( t ),此时接近 ω m i n时,才有利于粒子在局部范围内寻找最好位置。
可以得知算法初期 ω ( t )更靠近 ω m a x,算法后期 ω ( t )更靠近 ω m i n,此时惯性权重 ω ( t )表达式为
$\omega(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{l} \omega_{\max }-\left(\omega_{\max }-\omega_{\min }\right) \times \tan \left(\frac{f-f_{\min }}{f_{\mathrm{arg}}-f_{\min }}\right) \times \frac{\pi}{4} \quad f \leqslant f_{\mathrm{avg}} \\ \omega_{\max } \quad f>f_{\mathrm{avg}} \end{array}\right.$
式中: ω m a x ω m i n分别为惯性权重的最大值和最小值,分别常取 0.9 和 0.4; f为当前适应度值; f m i n为最小适应度值; f a v g为平均适应度值。
素数控制指标的选取具有一定的随机性,特别是在运动轨迹的控制系统中。由于柔性机械臂元件本身具有较强的运动能力,并且末端节点坐标所在的区间并不固定,所以在求解素数控制指标时,除了要遵循DCS-惯性权重组合算法,还要参考机械臂设备在单位指令空间内的运动趋向性。规定由大于零坐标指向小于零坐标的方向为机械臂设备的正运动方向,由小于零坐标指向大于零坐标的方向为机械臂设备的负运动方向[9]。设 ϕ 1为正向运动趋向系数, ϕ 2为负向运动趋向系数, k为机械臂运动行为度量值, γ为DCS-惯性权重组合算法作用向量, s 1 s 2 s n n个不重合的末端节点坐标取值系数。联立上述物理量可将机械臂设备的运动趋向性表达式定义为
L = ϕ 1 + ϕ 2 v 1 v 2 k = 1 + γ 2 ( s 1 2 + s 2 2 + + s n 2 n ! - 1 )
在运动趋向性保持恒定的情况下,求解素数控制指标,此时要求两个运动趋向系数绝对值之间的差值水平不能超过自然数“1”。素数控制指标求解结果为
h = φ L f + d 0 2
式中: f为基于DCS-惯性权重组合的机械臂运动向量; φ为电气驱动作用下的运动特征; d 0为控制指令传输步长的初始赋值。
对于系统主机而言,需要根据素数控制指标的取值结果调节各级设备元件的执行能力,既可以保障机械臂结构的运动能力,也能够将机械臂末端坐标运动幅度控制在既定数值范围之内[10]
在上节的基础上,进行柔性机械臂运动轨迹优化控制,获得激发柔性机械臂残余振动的期望轨迹 ( θ d ),关节角度位移的初始值 θ ( t 0 )与终止值 θ ( t f )。期望轨迹如图3虚线所示,其初始和终止位置与初始给定轨迹的起始和终止位置相同。
对于优化控制,期望轨迹可以减少残余振动的期望的控制输入,公式表达为
u f = θ d
i个关节角度的期望轨迹定义为
θ d d ( t ) = j = 0 N 1 b i j ( t t f - t 0 ) j         i { 1,2 }
式中: b i j为常数值系数; t 0 t f分别为运动的起始和终止时刻。
期望轨迹的边界条件为
θ d d ( t 0 ) = θ a i ( t 0 ) θ d i ( t f ) = θ o i ( t f )
每一个期望轨迹有6个边界条件,因此优化计算中假设一个期望轨迹函数的常值系数个数超过6个是合理的。前6个常值系数可由后 n个系数表示,其中 n = N 1 - 5,所以后 n个独立的常值系数可由作为优化计算中的设计变量,记为一个向量如下:
B i = [ b i 6 b i 7 . . . b i N 1 ]         i { 1 2 }
整理以上公式,可以得到一个含有设计变量 B的新状态方程如下:
Z = H ( Z ,   B ,   t )
式中: B = [ B 1 B 2 ]为设计变量; H ( Z ,   B ,   t )为函数 F = [ Z ,   u f ,   t ]的复合函数。
通过式(11)作正向数值积分计算得到状态变量Z,采用优化设计确定设计变量 B,与运动终止时刻系统弹性能量相关的目标函数定义为
m i n : J ( B ) = 1 2 [ Z ( t f ) - Z ( t f ) ] T W e [ Z ( t f ) - Z d ( t f ) ]
式中: W e为一个正定的权重矩阵; Z d为期望状态向量; B为设计向量,可由满足弹性能量最小而求得。
期望轨迹是设计变量的一个映射,所以设计变量的解相当于期望轨迹的解。
选择UR16e型柔性机械臂元件作为实验对象。将起始置物桩、目标置物桩摆放在同一直线上,二者间隔20 m;将机械臂元件放置于起始置物桩侧面,二者间距以机械臂设备能够刚好将待搬运货物放置在置物桩中部为宜,具体实验原理如图4所示。选择ECB-MH84主机作为主控设备,分别将DCS-惯性权重组合控制程序、稳态视觉诱发电位控制程序输入实验主机之中,其中前者作为实验组,后者作为对照组。为避免实验结果出现偏差,柔性机械臂元件每次搬运货物重量均为10 kg。
表1记录了本次实验过程中,相关实验设备的选型情况。
为避免外界障碍对实验结果造成影响,要求起始置物桩和目标置物桩之间不能出现滑动摩擦情况。
在完成实验所需的设备设施后,开始设计实验参数,具体设置如下:额定电压38 V,机械臂功率0.4 kW,运动距离20 m,货物重量10 kg,惯权重最大值和最小值分别为0.9和0.4,最大迭代次数150,集散程度(0,1]。
在完成实验设备选型和实验参数设置后,以机械臂末端坐标在横轴、纵轴以及空间轴方向上的运动幅值变化量和柔性机械臂关节运动轨迹位置为性能指标,前者的数值要越小越好,后者的运动轨迹位置与目标位置的差距则越小越好[11-12]
本次实验主要是对机械臂末端坐标在横轴、纵轴以及空间轴方向上的运动幅值进行测试。在纯电力驱动作用下,机械臂末端坐标运动幅值可以反映机械关节角度的偏转情况。在没有明显滑动摩擦作用效果的情况下,如果机械臂末端坐标运动幅值越大,则机械关节角度的偏转量也就越大[13]。规定坐标差值为“1”代表1个单位长度,当机械臂末端坐标运动幅值不超过10个单位长度时,则可说明其运动幅值处于理想范围之内,即当前情况下机械关节角度的偏转程度始终处于可控范围内[14]
实验过程中分别统计机械臂末端坐标在横轴、纵轴、空间轴方向上的目标坐标数值与实际坐标数值之间的运动幅值变化量,具体统计结果如表2~表4所示。
分析表2可知,实验组、对照组横轴坐标变化量均处于10个单位长度之内,满足了实际需求,并且实验组、对照组横轴坐标变化量最大值均为9个单位长度。但是,实验组的运动振幅变化量均值仅为6个单位长度;而对照组的数据达到了8个单位长度,高于实验组2个单位长度。因此,本文控制系统在横坐标上的运动幅值变化更加稳定。
分析表3可知,实验组、对照组纵轴坐标变化量也处于10个单位长度之内,但实验组变化量最大值仅为6个单位长度,最低运动幅值变化量达到了1;而对照组变化量最大值达到了8个单位长度,最低数值仅为5个单位长度。由此可知,本文系统可以将运动幅值变化量大幅度降低,并且实验组的均值为4个单位长度,而对照组的均值为7个单位长度。两者相比,本文系统降低了3个单位长度,证明了本文系统在纵轴上的运动幅值控制效果较好。
分析表4可知,实验组空间轴坐标变化量依然处于10个单位长度之内,其变化量最大值仅能达到3个单位长度之内;当运动距离等于2 m,14 m,16 m,20 m时,对照组空间轴坐标变化量处于10个单位长度之内,其余实验结果均大于10个单位长度,其变化量最大值达到了12个单位长度,远高于实验组数值,无法满足实际需求。并且实验组的均值仅为1个单位长度,而对照组的均值达到了10个单位长度,两者相差9个单位长度。由此可知,本文系统在空间轴上的控制效果更好。
为了验证柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统的控制效果,以机械臂关节运动轨迹跟踪效果为性能指标,该指标可以有效反映控制效果,其运动轨迹跟踪出的效果越好,即跟踪轨迹与目标轨迹误差小,则表明系统控制效果好[15]。实验在Matlab/Simulink软件测试,采用正弦轨迹作为机械臂的跟踪轨迹,测试柔性机械臂关节1和关节2位置的跟踪轨迹,得出关节1和关节2的运动轨迹跟踪效果如图5所示。
图5为DCS-DES组合方法下柔性机械臂关节轨迹跟踪,通过图5可知,本文运动轨迹控制系统在0.52 s达到了最佳控制状态,表明在DCS-惯性权重组合方法控制下,0.52 s 后可以较好地进入机械臂运动轨迹控制状态。详细分析图5可知,仅关节1位置存在较小的轨迹跟踪误差,该误差值最大仅为0.01 rad;而关节2位置的轨迹跟踪在0.52 s后,基本与目标轨迹一致,吻合效果较好。因此,通过柔性机械臂关节1、关节2位置的轨迹跟踪效果可知,本文设计的运动轨迹控制系统有效控制了机械臂运动轨迹,从而使实际轨迹与目标轨迹一致,提高了柔性机械臂的工作质量。
接下来将其应用在实际作业项目中,来观察其应用效果。利用机械臂夹持焊钳,对摩托车车体进行了点焊作业。随机选取车体6个点位进行焊接,如图6所示。
设置其焊接轨迹路线为1—2—3—4—5—6,按顺序依次进行点焊作业。以0点为原点,建立三维坐标,其目标焊接轨迹及其实际运动轨迹如图7所示。
根据图7运动轨迹结果可知,在DCS-DES组合方法下柔性机械臂关节轨迹跟踪,其实际作业运动轨迹与预期目标运动轨迹一致,具有较好的应用性能,可完成对摩托车车体架构的点焊工作,控制精度极佳。因此,本文设计的运动轨迹控制系统能够有效提高柔性机械臂的工作质量,可将其应用在实际作业项目中,代替人工操作,高质量完成作业工作。
为有效解决机械臂末端坐标运动幅度过大,与目标轨迹存在较大偏差的问题,文章设计的柔性机械臂运动轨迹控制系统,通过DCS-惯性权重组合算法原则求解出素数控制指标的实值范围,利用联合直流电机驱动回路及自动化传感器元件的方式,可以实现调节机械臂控制器结构的作用能力,与稳态视觉诱发电位的控制系统相比,文中所涉及的控制系统,控制效果更好,可有效将机械臂末端坐标运动幅值控制在理想范围内,且运动轨迹与目标轨迹一致,具有较强的实际应用效果。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24845
  • 接收时间:2022-12-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-07
  • 修回日期:2023-01-04
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作者信息
    永州职业技术学院,湖南 永州 425000

通讯作者:

陈天佑(1985—),男,本科,讲师,主要研究方向为机械设计与制造,Email:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dqcd/CN/10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24845
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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