Article(id=1217837625252168188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1217837623700275704, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1682006400000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-21, revisedDate=1689523200000, revisedDateStr=2023-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768284716189, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1708358400000, pubDateStr=2024-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768284716189, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768284716189, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284716189, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217837623700275704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='2', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768284715819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768284798574, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217837970871206050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1217837623700275704, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217837970871206051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1217837623700275704, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217837625713541633, articleId=1217837625252168188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on CNN-LSTM, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The state of charge (SOC) of batteries is one of the most important parameters in lithium-ion battery management technology,and high-precision SOC estimation is beneficial for the grid connection and control of energy storage stations. Battery charge and discharge data are not only time-series in nature,but also have certain spatial relationships between feature variables. To improve the accuracy and generality of the estimation method,a SOC estimation method was proposed for lithium-ion batteries based on a joint convolutional neural networks-long short term memory networks(CNN-LSTM) network structure. Firstly,the feature relationships between different dimensions of lithium-ion battery data were obtained through CNN feature extraction,and then the time series relationships were extracted through the LSTM network structure. The joint network fully captures the spatial and temporal characteristics of the battery dataset. The experimental results show that the average error of predicting battery SOC based on the CNN-LSTM joint network model is controlled at 0.65%,which is about 4.4% lower than the average error predicted by a single CNN network and about 0.2% lower than the average error predicted by a single LSTM network. It has good application prospects.

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电池荷电状态(SOC)是锂离子电池管理技术中最重要的参数之一,高精度的SOC估计有利于储能电站的并网和控制。电池充放电数据不仅具有时序性,特征变量之间也存在一定空间关系,为提高估算方法的准确性和通用性,提出一种基于CNN-LSTM联合网络结构的锂离子电池SOC估计方法,先通过CNN特征提取获取了锂离子电池不同维度数据间的特征关系,然后经过LSTM网络结构提取其中的时间序列关系,联合网络充分获取了电池数据集的空间时间特性。实验结果表明,基于CNN-LSTM联合网络模型预测电池SOC平均误差控制在0.65%,较单独的CNN网络预测平均误差降低4.4%左右,较单独的LSTM网络预测的平均误差降低0.2%左右,具有较好的应用前景。

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刘娟(1981—),女,硕士研究生,高级工程师,Email:

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刘娟(1981—),女,硕士研究生,高级工程师,Email:

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刘娟(1981—),女,硕士研究生,高级工程师,Email:

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Meaning of LSTM network parameters

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名称 类型 激活 状态
1 sequenceinput 序列输入 6 -
2 lstm LSTM 16 HiddenState:16*1
CellState:16*1
3 dropout50%丢弃 丢弃 116 -
4 fc 全连接 11 -
5 regressionoutput 回归输出 11 -
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LSTM网络参数含义

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名称 类型 激活 状态
1 sequenceinput 序列输入 6 -
2 lstm LSTM 16 HiddenState:16*1
CellState:16*1
3 dropout50%丢弃 丢弃 116 -
4 fc 全连接 11 -
5 regressionoutput 回归输出 11 -
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Evaluation indicators under three types of network training based on dataset 1

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RMSE MAE R2
CNN 0.050 9 0.042 2 0.025 9
LSTM 0.034 2 0.028 1 0.017 3
CNN-LSTM 0.025 9 0.671 7 0.835 3
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基于数据集1三种网络训练下的评价指标

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RMSE MAE R2
CNN 0.050 9 0.042 2 0.025 9
LSTM 0.034 2 0.028 1 0.017 3
CNN-LSTM 0.025 9 0.671 7 0.835 3
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Evaluation indicators under three types of network training based on dataset 2

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RMSE MAE R2
CNN 0.058 9 0.050 6 0.730 8
LSTM 0.007 2 0.006 5 0.004 1
CNN-LSTM 0.004 9 0.004 1 0.998 2
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基于数据集2三种网络训练下的评价指标

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RMSE MAE R2
CNN 0.058 9 0.050 6 0.730 8
LSTM 0.007 2 0.006 5 0.004 1
CNN-LSTM 0.004 9 0.004 1 0.998 2
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基于CNN-LSTM的锂离子SOC估计
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刘娟 1, 2 , 雷辉 3 , 吕金 1, 2 , 王洋 4 , 徐德树 1, 2
电气传动 | 电力电子 2024,54(2): 26-31
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电气传动 | 电力电子 2024, 54(2): 26-31
基于CNN-LSTM的锂离子SOC估计
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刘娟1, 2 , 雷辉3, 吕金1, 2, 王洋4, 徐德树1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 天津电气科学研究院有限公司,天津 300180
  • 2 电气传动国家工程研究中心,天津 300180
  • 3 陕西龙门钢铁有限责任公司,陕西 韩城 715400
  • 4 天津天传电气传动有限公司,天津 300301
  • 刘娟(1981—),女,硕士研究生,高级工程师,Email:

SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on CNN-LSTM
Juan LIU1, 2 , Hui LEI3, Jin LÜ1, 2, Yang WANG4, Deshu Xu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Tianjin Reseach Institute of Electric Science Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300180,China
  • 2 National Engineering Research Center of Electric Drive,Tianjin 300180,China
  • 3 Shaanxi Longmen Iron & Steel Co.,Ltd.,Hancheng 715400,Shaanxi,China
  • 4 Tianjin Tianchuan Electric Drive Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300301,China
出版时间: 2024-02-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25099
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电池荷电状态(SOC)是锂离子电池管理技术中最重要的参数之一,高精度的SOC估计有利于储能电站的并网和控制。电池充放电数据不仅具有时序性,特征变量之间也存在一定空间关系,为提高估算方法的准确性和通用性,提出一种基于CNN-LSTM联合网络结构的锂离子电池SOC估计方法,先通过CNN特征提取获取了锂离子电池不同维度数据间的特征关系,然后经过LSTM网络结构提取其中的时间序列关系,联合网络充分获取了电池数据集的空间时间特性。实验结果表明,基于CNN-LSTM联合网络模型预测电池SOC平均误差控制在0.65%,较单独的CNN网络预测平均误差降低4.4%左右,较单独的LSTM网络预测的平均误差降低0.2%左右,具有较好的应用前景。

锂离子电池  /  电池荷电状态  /  卷积神经网络  /  长短期记忆网络

The state of charge (SOC) of batteries is one of the most important parameters in lithium-ion battery management technology,and high-precision SOC estimation is beneficial for the grid connection and control of energy storage stations. Battery charge and discharge data are not only time-series in nature,but also have certain spatial relationships between feature variables. To improve the accuracy and generality of the estimation method,a SOC estimation method was proposed for lithium-ion batteries based on a joint convolutional neural networks-long short term memory networks(CNN-LSTM) network structure. Firstly,the feature relationships between different dimensions of lithium-ion battery data were obtained through CNN feature extraction,and then the time series relationships were extracted through the LSTM network structure. The joint network fully captures the spatial and temporal characteristics of the battery dataset. The experimental results show that the average error of predicting battery SOC based on the CNN-LSTM joint network model is controlled at 0.65%,which is about 4.4% lower than the average error predicted by a single CNN network and about 0.2% lower than the average error predicted by a single LSTM network. It has good application prospects.

lithium-ion battery  /  battery state of charge(SOC)  /  convolutional neural networks(CNN)  /  long short term memory networks (LSTM)
刘娟, 雷辉, 吕金, 王洋, 徐德树. 基于CNN-LSTM的锂离子SOC估计. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (2) : 26 -31 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25099
Juan LIU, Hui LEI, Jin LÜ, Yang WANG, Deshu Xu. SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Batteries Based on CNN-LSTM[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (2) : 26 -31 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25099
锂离子电池是储能领域中的研究热点,作为能量单元,锂离子电池的荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估计非常关键,其精度的提高会带来更好的使用效率[1-2]。现在常用的SOC估计方法有:安时积分法、开路电压法、卡尔曼滤波算法、内阻法、深度学习法等。安时积分法应用中传感器的精度受各种因素的影响,且随着传感器的使用年限,最终的累计误差会逐渐增大[3]。通过添加修正因子的方法可以解决初始值以及电池老化因素等问题[4],但是该方法的原始误差无法进行修正,原始累计误差依旧无法得到解决。卡尔曼滤波算法可以较为准确地估计电池SOC。这种算法的弊端在于需要准确的等效电路模型。该方法基于对电池建立的模型,并且计算过程中含有大量的递推过程,在该过程中,会将系统噪声设定高斯白噪声,但是实际上的系统噪声并不能得到,因此会导致一定的误差[5-7]
神经网络可以拟合非线性数据之间的关系[8]。文献[9]使用神经网络通过输入电流和电压来估算电池SOC,为提高精确度在网络后增加无迹卡尔曼滤波。文献[10]使用遗传算法来提高SOC估计精确度。深度学习算法(RNN)中的循环神经网络也被证明可用于电池SOC估计。文献[11]使用RNN估算电池的荷电状态,最终实验表明循环神经网络对电池老化、非线性动态特性及参数的不确定性具有很好的鲁棒性。但需要注意的是,RNN会产生梯度消失以及梯度爆炸等 [12-13]。据此,文献[14]引入了长短期记忆网络(LSTM)估计锂电池SOC,网络适应不同温度条件下的预测,平均绝对误差(MAE)低至1.6%。卷积神经网络(CNN)由Lecun等人[15]提出,它通过卷积和池化操作可以提取数据内部的隐藏特征,卷积神经网络通常用于处理二维图像数据,具备的强大的空间特征捕获能力使得研究者将其也应用在一维数据中[16-20],例如SOC的估计等。实际中,锂电池SOC估计需要通过电压、电流、温度等参数进行推断[21-22],当放电量比较大时,锂电池电压较低,只靠LSTM提取关键参数的时序关系不够全面,而CNN可以有效弥补LSTM的不足。
考虑到电池充放电数据不仅具有时序性,特征变量之间也存在一定空间关系,采取CNN-LSTM联合网络获得更好的拟合效果。实验结果分析表明,所提出网络相比单一的LSTM网络取得的效果更好,也更加稳定。此外,使用更丰富的数据集对网络进行训练,预测性能得以提升。
LSTM是RNN网络的一种变体,相比RNN它多了三个门结构用于判断是否要保存当前信息。其结构图如图1所示。
LSTM三个门的计算式和功能如下:
1)遗忘门用于选择是否丢失历史信息,网络关系式为
f t = σ ( W f [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b f )
式中:ft为遗忘门t时刻状态;Wfbf分别为遗忘门的权值和偏置;ht-1t-1时刻隐藏层的信息;xtt时刻的输入信息;σ为激活函数,是sigmoid函数。
2)输入门用于选择性地更新信息状态,网络关系式如下所示:
i t = σ ( W i [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b i )
c t ' = t a n h ( W i [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b i )
c t = f t · c t - 1 + i t · c t '
式中:it为输入门t时刻状态;Wibi分别为输入门的权重和偏置;c t '为候选细胞状态;ctt时刻细胞单元状态;ct-1为在t-1时刻的细胞状态信息。
3)输出门根据当前状态判断是否输出信息,网络关系式如下所示:
o t = σ ( W o · [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b o )
h t = o t · t a n h ( c t )
式中:ott时刻输出门状态;Wobo分别为输出门的权重和偏置;htt时刻隐藏层的信息。
网络模型的建立是很重要的一步,选择合适的网络可以加快网络结果的收敛,促使预测结构更加准确。LSTM网络在输入层重要的参数有输入数据维度以及时间步长,在训练时的重要参数有学习率和损失函数等。根据以上参数影响因素的实验,建立LSTM时将神经元个数定为300,同时使用Adam优化算法,选取学习率为0.025,批处理设置为10。表1为LSTM网络参数含义。
电池SOC估计是一个非线性回归预测问题,目标是预测值尽可能地贴近真实值,因此,LSTM网络的训练优化算法采用Adam算法,该算法可以动态跟随参数做出改变,适当调节学习率,从而能够降低内存需求,提高运算效率。但是,单一LSTM网络只能捕捉数据的时序关系,并未考虑到已知参数的空间特征。
SOC估计要应用到电压、电流、温度等相关的一些参数,它们之间具有空间关系,仅仅使用LSTM网络是不满足要求的,加入CNN可以准确提取数据不同维度间的空间特征。图2是卷积网络结构简图。
图3是一维卷积神经网络结构与网络设计图,由于CNN在图像特征提取上有很好的效果,研究者们在此基础上提出用于处理时间序列数据的一维卷积神经网络。图中卷积核 ω i R 1 × d作用在数据 x i R τ × d上会得到一个特征向量cij
c i , j = ω i × x i + b i
式中:bi为偏置量。
用于将K个卷积核得到的特征向量进行组合得到输出特征:ct={ct,1ct,2,...,ctK}$\in$Rτ×K
本文是对序列化数据进行卷积池化操作,所以在卷积层进行的是一维卷积,选用的卷积核是1×1大小,通道选择128,该卷积核可以起到升维的作用。1×1卷积核在改变维度的同时进行了通道间的信息交互,实现了跨通道间的信息传递。卷积池化层之后还有个dropout层,该层可以在网络训练过程中,将神经元按一定的比例从网络中丢弃,本文设置0.5,该过程可以使得每批数据都是在训练不同的网络,防止训练过拟合进而提高准确度。
卷积神经网络在图像特征提取领域表现非常优秀[20]。本文将CNN和LSTM结合用于电池SOC估计。如图4所示,模型中显示通过一维的卷积神经网络提取到电池数据中的空间高级特征,而后进入到长短记忆网络作为它的输入。在LSTM网络中可以学习到特征之间的非线性关系和数据间的依赖性。这种网络结构兼顾了CNN能捕捉数据间的空间关系特性和LSTM的时间序列关系,图5为网络流程图与设计图。
图5所示,先将训练数据输入到CNN网络中,一维卷积提取输入数据中的复杂空间特征。卷积神经网络可以接受输入数据的温度、电压、电流等数据。
CNN卷积层使用128个长度为3的滤波器,步长设置为bcnn=1,最大池化层PoolSize设置为2,步长设置为1。从输入层经过前向传播到卷积层输出后的向量hcnn
h c n n = σ ( X t × W c n n + b c n n )
式中:Xt为输入向量;Wcnn为权重;bcnn为偏置量。
长短记忆网络位于循环神经网络之后,LSTM主要用于记忆由CNN经过卷积提取的SOC数据间的时间上的相关信息,通过在LSTM之前进行CNN卷积操作提前捕捉空间上的关联性。
算法实现的平台基于Matlab2021b。处理器使用的是锐龙R5 2600x,显卡是GeForce GTX 1050ti。算法实现上,在选好数据集后,将数据集按照8∶2的比例进行随机划分,其中80%部分用于训练网络,剩余20%用于测试和预测。
深度学习之所以能对非线性数据有着很好的识别和拟合效果,其中更重要的是有海量数据做支撑,在图像识别领域,对海量数据提取特征,最后得到的模型往往准确度很高。为了达到预期效果,实验选用了两份数据集:第一份数据集数据量较少,对于性能较弱的设备较为友好;第二份数据集基于美国马里兰大学公开数据集,适用于设备条件较好的情况。在该数据集中,由于数据信息较多,部分数据对实验没有太大的影响,为提高实验准确度,将数据进行一定的处理,保留其中重要的参数,过滤掉无用信息,提高训练速度。在实验开始前,需要选取电池SOC最重要的影响因素,实验数据是随机选取的不同温度的数据。这样做的好处是网络训练后得到的模型更具泛化性,也能适应不同的应用场景。在数据预处理阶段需要将数据预设好一个区间,从而满足权重分配的要求。
分别使用单独的CNN,LSTM以及本文所提CNN-LSTM进行SOC预测,预测结果如图6图7所示。
分析上面的预测结果图,为了更直观地对比,选取了RMSE(均方根误差)、MAE(平均绝对误差)和R三个具有代表意义的评价指标。其中R2越接近1说明模型准确度越高。在样本数量较少的情况下得到的评价指标表如表2所示,CNN-LSTM网络结构相比单独的CNN和LSTM得到的预测精度要更高。从平均误差来看,一维CNN训练后SOC预测平均误差高达5%,单独的LSTM预测SOC平均误差为2.8%。而两者结合后得到的联合神经网络预测精度有明显提升,平均误差降到1.7%。相比较单独的LSTM网络预测结果,其误差降低了近40%。在样本数量增加到30 000条后得到的评价指标表如表3所示,单独的CNN网络进行预测其平均误差仍然高达5%,而在数据量提升后,LSTM网络结构进行预测其平均误差降到0.65%,而CNN-LSTM网络结构进行预测平均误差仅仅只有0.41%。
综合2份数据,共6轮实验结果,数据量的提升显著提高了LSTM和CNN-LSTM网络的预测精度。文献[23]中运用粒子群优化算法对长短时记忆神经网络的超参数进行调优,有效解决了手动寻优的时耗问题,PSO-LSTM 估计均方根误差为0.295 0%,本文所提出的CNN-LSTM网络的预测精度相比单独的LSTM,以及PSO-LSTM估计SOC都有一定的提升。虽然CNN-LSTM联合增加了网络训练时间,但单个数据点的预测时间仍小于0.5 ms,因此可以满足实时估计,适用于车载电池管理系统,具有很好的应用价值。
1)针对LSTM网络存在的问题,考虑到不同维度数据之间可能存在一定的空间特征,由于CNN的体征提取能力比较强,在数据输入到LSTM网络之前先经过CNN的特征提取,将提取后的数据再经LSTM获取时序上的关系。实验最终结果显示网络预测效果在稳定性和误差上均小于单独的LSTM网络。
2)使用大数据集与使用较小数据集训练的网络相比,预测误差效果有所提升。说明了丰富的数据有助于网络性能的改善,在大数据时代的背景下,所提出的网络有进一步提升效果的潜力。
3)电池老化会导致电池内部化学物质活性降低,会导致电池特性发生改变,模型未考虑电池老化因素,未来将进一步完善模型。
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd25099
  • 接收时间:2023-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2024-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-21
  • 修回日期:2023-07-17
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    1 天津电气科学研究院有限公司,天津 300180
    2 电气传动国家工程研究中心,天津 300180
    3 陕西龙门钢铁有限责任公司,陕西 韩城 715400
    4 天津天传电气传动有限公司,天津 300301
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