Article(id=1206314809914642605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1206314797411418409, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24607, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1662307200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-05, revisedDate=1670428800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765537462928, onlineDateStr=2025-12-12, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765537462928, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765537462928, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765537462928, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1206314797411418409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='3', pageEnd='96', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765537459937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765766624077, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207275981480477057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1206314797411418409, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207275981480477058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1206314797411418409, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1206314810531205299, articleId=1206314809914642605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=The Complex Power Quality Disturbance Recognition Method Based on Deep Learning, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accurate recognition of power quality disturbance(PQD) is one of the main problems to be solved after PQD occurrence, which is of great importance for responsibility dividing and power market reform process accelerating. Massive quantities of power quality monitoring data prepare the ground for the recognition of PQD. Since the electrical characteristic is different for different PQD, the waveform difference between different power quality disturbances can be employed for the recognition of PQD. Combing the deep learning, the method for the recognition of complex PQD via bidirectional independently recurrent neural network(Bi-IndRNN)was proposed. In this way, the intrinsic characteristic of PQD was extracted, the internal correspondence between the input sequence and the output sequence was established, the dependence of the analysis result on the physical characteristic quantity was overcome, and the recognition accuracy of PQD was improved. The results illustrate that the diversity of complex PQD can be effectively responded, where the intrinsic characteristic hidden in complex PQD signal can be extracted directly, resulting in high accuracy.

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精准的电能质量扰动识别是对电能质量扰动事件发生后需要解决的主要问题之一,这对划分责任和加快电力市场化进程均具有重要意义,而海量的电能质量监测数据则为电能质量扰动识别提供了条件与机遇。不同的电能质量扰动类型,其电气特征上也存在区别,故可利用不同电能质量扰动波形之间的差异来区分电能质量扰动类型。结合深度学习理论,建立一种基于双向独立循环神经网络的复合电能质量扰动识别方法,通过提取电能质量扰动信号的本质特征量,建立输入序列与输出序列之间的内在对应关系,克服了分析结果对物理特征量的依赖性,提升了电能质量扰动识别准确率。实验结果表明,所提方法可以有效应对复合电能质量扰动的多样性问题,可以直接从原始的底层数据中自主学习复合电能质量扰动信号中所隐藏的本质特征量,识别准确率高。

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张晓晖(1973—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机器人控制与机器视觉、基于网络的控制系统,Email:
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邓亚平(1984—),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为电能质量的测量、分析与控制,Email:

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邓亚平(1984—),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为电能质量的测量、分析与控制,Email:

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邓亚平(1984—),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为电能质量的测量、分析与控制,Email:

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, 15(8):4481-4493., articleTitle=A sequence-to-sequence deep learning architecture based on bidirectional GRU for type reco-gnition and time location of combined power quality disturbance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207275585655619790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, awardId=62103328, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62103328), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207275579112506358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207275579141866488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, companyId=1207275579112506358, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Electrical Engineering,Xi'an University of Technology,Xi'an 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figureFileSmall=W/z1ADn8bRYV7bfFPKll9w==, figureFileBig=4sVw39eayr0nH8PPZ9Oq5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207275583763988652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, language=CN, label=图4, caption=某复合PQD波形图, figureFileSmall=W/z1ADn8bRYV7bfFPKll9w==, figureFileBig=4sVw39eayr0nH8PPZ9Oq5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207275583940149424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The basic PQD mathematical model

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方程形式 参数取值范围
正常 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) ω o = 2 π· 50   r a d / s
暂降 s t = { 1 - α [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] } s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.9 ,     T t 2 - t 1 9 T
暂升 s t = { 1 + α [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] } s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.8 ,     T t 2 - t 1 9 T
谐波 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) + i = 2 n α i s i n ( 2 π f h t ) 0.05 α i 0.15 ,     ( α i ) 2 = 1 ,     100   H z f h 2   500   H z
中断 s t = { 1 - α [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] } s i n ( ω o t ) 0.9 < α 1 ,     T t 2 - t 1 9 T
波动 s t = [ 1 + α s i n ( 2 π β t ) ] s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.2 ,     5   H z β 20   H z
振荡 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) + α e - ( t - t 1 ) / τ [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.8 ,     0.5 T t 2 - t 1 3 T 300   H z f n 900   H z ,     8   m s τ 40   m s
脉冲 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) + s i g n [ s i n ( ω o t ) ] × { n = 0 9 K × { u [ t - ( t 1 + 0.02 n ) ] - u [ t - ( t 2 + 0.02 n ) ] } } 0.1 K 0.4 ,     0.01 T t 2 - t 1 0.05 T ,     0 t 1 , t 2 0.5 T
), ArticleFig(id=1207275584040812727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基本PQD数学模型

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方程形式 参数取值范围
正常 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) ω o = 2 π· 50   r a d / s
暂降 s t = { 1 - α [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] } s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.9 ,     T t 2 - t 1 9 T
暂升 s t = { 1 + α [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] } s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.8 ,     T t 2 - t 1 9 T
谐波 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) + i = 2 n α i s i n ( 2 π f h t ) 0.05 α i 0.15 ,     ( α i ) 2 = 1 ,     100   H z f h 2   500   H z
中断 s t = { 1 - α [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] } s i n ( ω o t ) 0.9 < α 1 ,     T t 2 - t 1 9 T
波动 s t = [ 1 + α s i n ( 2 π β t ) ] s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.2 ,     5   H z β 20   H z
振荡 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) + α e - ( t - t 1 ) / τ [ u ( t - t 1 ) - u ( t - t 2 ) ] s i n ( ω o t ) 0.1 α 0.8 ,     0.5 T t 2 - t 1 3 T 300   H z f n 900   H z ,     8   m s τ 40   m s
脉冲 s t = s i n ( ω o t ) + s i g n [ s i n ( ω o t ) ] × { n = 0 9 K × { u [ t - ( t 1 + 0.02 n ) ] - u [ t - ( t 2 + 0.02 n ) ] } } 0.1 K 0.4 ,     0.01 T t 2 - t 1 0.05 T ,     0 t 1 , t 2 0.5 T
), ArticleFig(id=1207275584137281723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The accuracy on test set

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复合PQD中所包含的基本PQD类型数目
1 2 3 4 5
暂降
(100%,100%)
谐波
(100%,100%)
振荡(99%,
98%)
脉冲(98%,
97%)
波动(98%,97%)
波动(98%,97%) --
脉冲(98%,
98%)
波动(98%,98%) --
波动(99%,
98%)
-- --
振荡
(100%,99%)
脉冲(99%,
98%)
波动(98%,98%) --
波动(100%,99%) -- --
脉冲
(100%,98%)
波动(99%,
97%)
-- --
波动
(100%,99%)
-- -- --
暂升
(100%,100%)
谐波
(100%,99%)
振荡(99%,
98%)
脉冲(98%,97%) 波动(97%,97%)
波动(99%,98%) --
脉冲(100%,98%) 波动(99%,97%) --
波动(99%,
98%)
-- --
振荡
(100%,98%)
脉冲(100%,99%) 波动(99%,98%) --
波动(100%,98%) -- --
脉冲
(99%,98%)
波动(99%,
98%)
-- --
波动
(100%,99%)
-- -- --
波动
(100%,100%)
谐波
(99%,99%)
振荡(99%,
98%)
脉冲(99%,97%) --
脉冲(99%,
98%)
-- --
振荡
(99%,98%)
脉冲(98%,98%) -- --
脉冲
(99%,98%)
-- -- --
谐波
(100%,100%)
振荡
(99%,99%)
脉冲(98%,97%) -- --
脉冲
(100%,99%)
-- -- --
振荡
(100%,99%)
脉冲
(100%,98%)
-- -- --
脉冲
(100%,99%)
-- -- -- --
中断
(100%,100%)
-- -- -- --
), ArticleFig(id=1207275584267305155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1206314809914642605, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

测试集识别准确率

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复合PQD中所包含的基本PQD类型数目
1 2 3 4 5
暂降
(100%,100%)
谐波
(100%,100%)
振荡(99%,
98%)
脉冲(98%,
97%)
波动(98%,97%)
波动(98%,97%) --
脉冲(98%,
98%)
波动(98%,98%) --
波动(99%,
98%)
-- --
振荡
(100%,99%)
脉冲(99%,
98%)
波动(98%,98%) --
波动(100%,99%) -- --
脉冲
(100%,98%)
波动(99%,
97%)
-- --
波动
(100%,99%)
-- -- --
暂升
(100%,100%)
谐波
(100%,99%)
振荡(99%,
98%)
脉冲(98%,97%) 波动(97%,97%)
波动(99%,98%) --
脉冲(100%,98%) 波动(99%,97%) --
波动(99%,
98%)
-- --
振荡
(100%,98%)
脉冲(100%,99%) 波动(99%,98%) --
波动(100%,98%) -- --
脉冲
(99%,98%)
波动(99%,
98%)
-- --
波动
(100%,99%)
-- -- --
波动
(100%,100%)
谐波
(99%,99%)
振荡(99%,
98%)
脉冲(99%,97%) --
脉冲(99%,
98%)
-- --
振荡
(99%,98%)
脉冲(98%,98%) -- --
脉冲
(99%,98%)
-- -- --
谐波
(100%,100%)
振荡
(99%,99%)
脉冲(98%,97%) -- --
脉冲
(100%,99%)
-- -- --
振荡
(100%,99%)
脉冲
(100%,98%)
-- -- --
脉冲
(100%,99%)
-- -- -- --
中断
(100%,100%)
-- -- -- --
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基于深度学习的复合电能质量扰动识别方法
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邓亚平 1 , 贾颢 2 , 张晓晖 2 , 同向前 1 , 王璐 3
电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024,54(3): 76-83
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电气传动 | 可靠性与诊断 2024, 54(3): 76-83
基于深度学习的复合电能质量扰动识别方法
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邓亚平1 , 贾颢2, 张晓晖2 , 同向前1, 王璐3
作者信息
  • 1 西安理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2 西安理工大学 自动化与信息工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
  • 3 滑铁卢大学 电子与计算机工程学院,加拿大 滑铁卢 N2L3G1
  • 邓亚平(1984—),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为电能质量的测量、分析与控制,Email:

通讯作者:

张晓晖(1973—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机器人控制与机器视觉、基于网络的控制系统,Email:
The Complex Power Quality Disturbance Recognition Method Based on Deep Learning
Yaping DENG1 , Hao JIA2, Xiaohui ZHANG2 , Xiangqian TONG1, Lu WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering,Xi'an University of Technology,Xi'an 710054,Shaanxi,China
  • 2 School of Automation and Information Engineering,Xi'an University of Technology,Xi'an 710048,Shaanxi,China
  • 3 School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Waterloo,Waterloo N2L3G1,Canada
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24607
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精准的电能质量扰动识别是对电能质量扰动事件发生后需要解决的主要问题之一,这对划分责任和加快电力市场化进程均具有重要意义,而海量的电能质量监测数据则为电能质量扰动识别提供了条件与机遇。不同的电能质量扰动类型,其电气特征上也存在区别,故可利用不同电能质量扰动波形之间的差异来区分电能质量扰动类型。结合深度学习理论,建立一种基于双向独立循环神经网络的复合电能质量扰动识别方法,通过提取电能质量扰动信号的本质特征量,建立输入序列与输出序列之间的内在对应关系,克服了分析结果对物理特征量的依赖性,提升了电能质量扰动识别准确率。实验结果表明,所提方法可以有效应对复合电能质量扰动的多样性问题,可以直接从原始的底层数据中自主学习复合电能质量扰动信号中所隐藏的本质特征量,识别准确率高。

电能质量扰动识别  /  双向独立循环神经网络  /  深度学习

The accurate recognition of power quality disturbance(PQD) is one of the main problems to be solved after PQD occurrence, which is of great importance for responsibility dividing and power market reform process accelerating. Massive quantities of power quality monitoring data prepare the ground for the recognition of PQD. Since the electrical characteristic is different for different PQD, the waveform difference between different power quality disturbances can be employed for the recognition of PQD. Combing the deep learning, the method for the recognition of complex PQD via bidirectional independently recurrent neural network(Bi-IndRNN)was proposed. In this way, the intrinsic characteristic of PQD was extracted, the internal correspondence between the input sequence and the output sequence was established, the dependence of the analysis result on the physical characteristic quantity was overcome, and the recognition accuracy of PQD was improved. The results illustrate that the diversity of complex PQD can be effectively responded, where the intrinsic characteristic hidden in complex PQD signal can be extracted directly, resulting in high accuracy.

power quality disturbance(PQD) recognition  /  bidirectional independently recurrent neural network(Bi-IndRNN)  /  deep Learning
邓亚平, 贾颢, 张晓晖, 同向前, 王璐. 基于深度学习的复合电能质量扰动识别方法. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (3) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24607
Yaping DENG, Hao JIA, Xiaohui ZHANG, Xiangqian TONG, Lu WANG. The Complex Power Quality Disturbance Recognition Method Based on Deep Learning[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (3) : 76 -83 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24607
电能质量直接关系到电力系统的安全高效运行[1-2]。近年来,电能质量问题已备受关注,成为学术界及工业界的研究热点[3-4]。随着全球能源互联网建设的稳步推进以及智能电网的全面建设,新一代电力系统的电源及负荷均发生了重大变化,导致当代电网电能质量也相应地展现出一些新现象和新规律。从电源的角度看,可再生能源发展势头迅猛,其并网必然导致暂态电能质量扰动尤其突出[5];从负荷的角度看,大规模电力电子设备接入到电网,必然导致复合电能质量扰动日渐凸显[6]。正是在上述暂态电能质量扰动和复合电能质量扰动的共同作用下,现代电网的电能质量扰动形式呈现复杂多样性,这给电力系统的安全可靠运行带来了新的挑战。
精准的电能质量扰动(power quality disturbance,PQD)识别对厘清事件责任、改善电网电能质量均具有重要意义[7-8]。总体上看,PQD可划分为基本PQD和复合PQD。基本PQD包括谐波/间谐波、波动、暂降、暂升、中断、振荡暂态及脉冲暂态;复合PQD则是由多种不同扰动类型、不同起止时刻的基本PQD复合而成。事实上,随着高压长距离跨区域输电工程的全面发展、分布式电源的大规模并网,现代电网的电能质量扰动往往并非理想的基本PQD,而多数都是以复合PQD的形式出现[9-10]。相对于基本PQD而言,复合PQD有着其自身的特点:复合PQD特征量中,各基本PQD的时频域特征之间相互重叠、交叉和影响,这给复合PQD的分析带来了极大的困难。因此,亟待探索适用于复合PQD的分析方法。
目前关于PQD识别分析方法可归纳总结为两大类:基于物理特征的PQD识别和基于数据特征的PQD识别。
基于物理特征的PQD识别问题主要可归结为“物理特征量提取”+“模式识别”两个环节[11]。其中,如何提取精确有效、必要最优的特征量用以对PQD信号进行全面描述是整个扰动识别过程中的难点所在,也是影响模式识别效率和准确率的关键技术[12-13]。文献[14]首先利用补充经验模态分解方法得到本征模态函数,进而利用皮尔逊相关系数和能量熵对本征模态函数进行筛选,获得优化筛选后的特征向量,而后利用双层前馈神经网络对PQD进行分类识别。但是,如何构造具有清晰可分性的辨识指标,还有待研究,难以应对复合PQD的多样性问题。文献[15]提出一种基于改进Kaiser窗快速S变换和轻梯度提升机的PQD识别方法实现了对9种单一扰动、9类双重复合扰动和6类三重复合扰动的识别,提升了PQD的识别性能。然而,上述研究仍然存在着如下问题:选择什么特征、如何选取特征均需深入理解信号特性或者依据本领域专家的丰富工程实践经验去尝试,难以应对复合PQD的多样性。随着电网运行环境复杂性的增加,复合PQD现象加剧。然而,复合PQD所对应的特征量绝非是各单一扰动特征量的简单组合或叠加,故难以应对复合PQD的多样性。
区别于上述物理特征方法,基于数据特征的方法则不依赖于物理特征量,为PQD的识别提供了新的研究视角。深度学习正是对数据特征进行学习的方法,可以解决上述物理特征方法所存在的问题。因此,需要结合深度学习的特点与优势,对PQD进行识别。主要有以下方面的原因:深度学习能够通过多层非线性变换,使得一个学习系统摆脱了对人工经验的依赖[16-17]。所以,深度学习可以直接从原始的底层数据中自主学习信号特征量,最大程度上保证了信息的完整性。文献[18]基于侧输出融合卷积神经网络实现了对5种单一的PQD进行识别。文献[19]基于可视化轨迹圆和深度残差网络,实现了对复合PQD的识别。结果表明,与前述基于物理特征的方法相比较,深度学习可以有效应对单一与复合PQD的识别,但卷积网络中,序列数据转换图像的过程增加了算法的复杂程度,不仅在图像化的过程中易导致数据特征的丢失,而且只能对扰动信号特征进行提取,提取到的特征并不具备时间依赖性,故分类准确率低。
实际上,基本PQD与复合PQD均属于典型的时间序列信号,而循环神经网络可以通过隐藏状态来存储之前时间步信息。因此,相较于卷积神经网络,基于循环神经网络的深度学习模型更适用于解决PQD的识别问题。文献[20-21]分别采用契合了时序信号特点的长短期记忆(long short-term memory,LSTM)循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN),提升识别准确率,但无法避免LSTM梯度爆炸/消失问题。独立循环神经网络(independently recurrent neural network,IndRNN)可以跨层连接,实现高效的多层堆叠,避免梯度爆炸/消失问题。为了进一步提升复合PQD的识别准确率,本文进一步采用双向独立循环神经网络(bidirectional independently recurrent neural network,Bi-IndRNN),即将正向和反向两个具有相反时序的IndRNN进行配合,从而达到充分利用输入信息的目的。
综上,随着大规模分布式电源接入配电网后,PQD随机性增强、作用机理复杂,电气特征量亦发生深刻变化。本文提出一种基于Bi-IndRNN深度学习模型的复合PQD识别方法,通过提取信号特征量,建立输入序列与输出序列之间的对应关系,克服分析结果对物理特征量的依赖性,应对复合PQD的多样性,提升识别准确率。
IndRNN属于循环神经网络的一种变体。t时刻IndRNN的具体计算表达式[22]如下式所示:
h t = σ ( W x t + U h t - 1 + b )
式中:⊙为Hadamard算子;W为与输入xt连接的权重矩阵;U为与前一单元状态 h t - 1连接的权重矩阵;b为偏置矩阵;σ为激活函数。
IndRNN作为一种新型的循环神经网络,能够有效地避免长期依赖所产生的梯度爆炸或梯度消失问题,适合处理更长的序列数据,在堆叠多层时仍然能够快速收敛。其根本原因在于:1)IndRNN结构在反向传播求导时能消除矩阵的连积操作,并去掉激活函数的导数与循环权重系数,从而可以使用Relu或其变体leaky Relu等非饱和函数作为激活函数,避免了使用双曲正切函数和Sigmoid函数作为激活函数而导致的梯度衰减;2)同一IndRNN层中的神经元彼此独立,神经元之间的连接可以通过堆叠两层或更多层的IndRNNs来实现跨层连接,避免了传统循环神经网络中循环权重不断相乘而面临的梯度消失和梯度爆炸问题。
然而,基于式(1)所示IndRNN构成的单向深度神经网络中,当前时间步的隐含状态仅仅是由历史时间序列决定的,即信息通过隐含状态从前往后单向传递,也就是对t时刻的时间序列数据分析仅关联处理t时刻之前的信息。因此,在时间序列数据发生变化时刻,识别准确率仍有待进一步提升。
图1给出了基于Bi-IndRNN的双向深度神经网络,即将两个单向IndRNN进行反向堆叠,可以同时考虑从前往后的正向隐含状态以及从后往前的反向隐含状态信息。
t时刻的Bi-IndRNN的具体计算表达式如下:
h t = h t - 1 + h t + 1
式中: h t - 1为正向IndRNN的计算结果; h t + 1为反向IndRNN计算结果; h t为Bi-IndRNN的计算结果。
图2为模型的整体框架结构,包括输入层部分、隐含层部分、输出层部分和网络训练部分。
输入层部分在对原始的PQD数据进行归一化预处理后,通过规则化优化数据分布,进而为后级的隐含层部分提供数据接口。为了能够满足批处理与运算效率,预处理后的PQD数据需要转换为矩阵形式,矩阵的形状需要满足隐含层要求。
隐含层部分属于模型的核心部分,采用Bi-IndRNN与批归一化(batch normalization,BN)构成,进行特征的由低维到高维的提取,自主学习PQD数据中的非线性、深层特征量。其中,Bi-IndRNN的原理与计算过程分别如图2、式(2)所示。BN的计算过程如下式所示[23]
μ β = 1 m t = 1 m h t
σ β 2 = 1 m t = 1 m h t - μ β 2
h ^ = h t - μ β σ β 2 + ζ
y i = γ h ^ + β
式中: h tt时刻时Bi-IndRNN层的隐含状态; μ β为平均值; σ β 2为方差值; γ β为待优化参数;m为每批次的训练样本个数; h ^为以0为中心的归一化处理后的值;ζ为为了避免分母为0而增加的值,通常取10-3yi为BN计算的最后输出值。
输出层部分结合隐含层提取到的特征量,经过全连接层后,对其依次进行SoftMax和Top_K Sampling计算后,得到与输入PQD相对应的扰动识别结果。
网络训练部分利用“预训练+参数微调”方法训练网络模型,采用交叉熵作为损失函数,结合亚当优化器或梯度下降优化器算法来进行训练。由于本文所研究的复合PQD识别属于单标签多分类任务,故采用了由负对数似然损失函数与SoftMax组合成的交叉熵损失函数,具体如下式所示:
H ( p , q ) = - x p ( x ) l o g q ( x )
式中:概率分布p为期望输出;概率分布q为实际输出; H ( p , q )为交叉熵;x为离散型随机变量; p ( x ) q ( x )分别为两个单独的概率分布。
显然,式(7)可以被用来衡量概率之间的距离从而判断其差距的大小。
具体训练过程描述如下:1)预训练过程。分层训练各层参数,每次单独训练一层,并在当前一层训练完成后,将训练结果作为更高一层的输入,完成模型的预训练过程,帮助模型有效挖掘复合PQD信号的扰动特征。2)参数微调过程。在每层参数训练完成后,利用有监督方式微调整各多层模型的网络参数,调整层与层之间的权重,优化模型参数,进一步提高网络对复合PQD信号特征的表达能力,提升扰动类型识别准确率。3)采用TensorFlow中的可视化工具TensorBoard监控训练学习过程中各指标随着时间的变化趋势,掌握模型的具体训练情况。
在完成整个网络训练后,还需要利用验证样本数据集对上述训练完成的模型进行测试。当验证集上的模型识别准确率下降超过3%,则上述模型出现了过拟合现象,需要调整模型参数后进行重新训练。当验证集上的模型识别准确率持续5个回合没有上升时,为了防止模型过拟合程度加深,则结束训练并保存最优模型,确定网络权值。
为了对复合PQD进行建模,结合IEEE Std 1159—2019标准[24-25],建立包含暂升、暂降、中断、振荡暂态、脉冲暂态、谐波、波动的基本PQD数学模型,如表1所示。
图3进一步给出了各基本PQD的波形示意图。显然,对于不同的PQD,其在电气特征上存在区别,故可利用不同PQD波形之间的差异来区分PQD。图4为一个由电压波动、谐波、振荡构成的三重复合PQD。显然,随着复合PQD中所包含基本PQD类型的增加,复合PQD所对应的特征量绝非是各单一PQD特征量的简单组合或叠加,也必然会导致特征量之间的交叉耦合现象严重。
本文充分利用IndRNN提取扰动信号的时序特征,将人工设定特征提取转变为自动生成特征提取,集特征提取器与分类器于一体,既解决了人工提取特征过度依赖专家经验、受未知特征影响较大不具备一般性的问题,又摆脱了基于先验知识构建物理模型再进行特征提取的方式,精简了模型结构框架。
进一步,模型还采用了Bi-IndRNN,对采集到的PQD序列同时提取正向和反向两个具有相反时序的IndRNN进行配合,从而达到充分利用所有输入信息的目的。通过堆叠多层Bi-IndRNN,下一层中的每个神经元独立地处理前一层中所有神经元的输出,增强特征提取能力,解决复合PQD特征量之间的交叉耦合现象严重问题。
本文实验验证所采用的平台为:双GTX 1080 Ti GPU计算平台,CPU为I7 8700K,32 GB内存。使用Tensorflow人工智能框架、Python语言来搭建深度学习模型,使用Jupyter Notebook来作为编程环境。
为了确保Bi-IndRNN层能够有效提取特征,本文使用混淆矩阵工具,以交叉熵损失函数值和识别准确率作为Bi-IndRNN深度学习网络的评价函数。网络模型的交叉熵损失函数值越小,识别准确率越高,则说明网络模型精度越高,性能越好。其中,准确率的定义如下式所示:
= N c o r r e c t N t o t a l × 100 %
式中:Ncorrect为识别正确样本数目;Ntotal为所有样本数目。
结合表1所示的7种基本PQD模型,对其进行组合可构成共计41种复合PQD:双重PQD扰动14种、三重PQD扰动16种、四重PQD扰动9种、五重PQD扰动2种。本文采用Matlab对上述48种PQD进行仿真,生成数据集。
结合表1中各PQD持续时间、幅值等参数值约束条件,每类PQD信号生成2 000组数据集,并将数据集进一步分别以70%的比例划分为数据训练集,20%的比例划分为数据验证集,10%的比例划分为数据测试集。其中,数据训练集主要用来对本文所提出的Bi-IndRNN深度学习模型进行训练;数据验证集主要用来对模型的过拟合程度进行验证;数据测试集则主要用来对模型性能进行测试。
在无噪声和叠加信噪比为20 dB的噪声两种工况下,表2分别给出了基于Bi-IndRNN深度学习模型的48种PQD识别结果。
表2中,第1列数据表示7种单一的基本PQD识别准确率;第2列表示由2种单一基本PQD构成的双重PQD识别准确率(其中一重扰动源于第1列所示基本PQD;另一种扰动源于第2列所示基本PQD)。依次类推,第3列数据表示由3种基本PQD构成的三重复合PQD扰动;第4列数据表示由4种基本PQD构成的四重复合PQD扰动;第5列数据表示5种基本PQD构成的五重复合PQD扰动。每一种PQD所对应的括号中内容为模型识别结果,前面项表示的是在无噪声工况下的识别准确率,后面项表示的是在信噪比为20 dB工况下的扰动类型识别准确率。
表2结果进行总结分析,可得如下结论:
1)基于Bi-IndRNN深度学习模型的PQD识别方法,避免了传统的基于物理特征分析法过度依赖物理特征量及阈值选取的不足,可以自主提取非线性特征量。
2)复合PQD中所包含基本PQD类型的数目对扰动识别准确率影响很小,识别准确率也得到了极大的提高,在无噪声情况下复合PQD扰动类型识别准确率均高于98%。
3)叠加信噪比为20 dB的背景噪声时,复合PQD扰动类型识别准确率均高于97%,因此该扰动类型识别方法具有强抗噪能力,无需对原始信号进行噪声消除预处理。
新一代电力系统的电源及负荷均发生了重大变化,直接导致了PQD的复杂多样性。复合PQD所对应的特征量绝非是各单一PQD特征量的简单组合或叠加,也必然会导致特征量之间的交叉耦合现象严重。为此,本文提出了一种基于Bi-IndRNN深度学习模型的复合PQD识别方法。所提方法既可以提取到信号的本质特征量,又可以应对复合PQD的多样性,克服了分析结果对物理特征量及阈值选取量的依赖。通过对7种基本PQD及41种复合PQD(双重PQD 14种、三重PQD 16种、四重PQD 9种、五重PQD 2种)进行扰动识别,其结果表明:在无噪声环境下,每一类的PQD识别准确率均达到98%以上;在信噪比为20 dB的噪声环境下,每一类的PQD识别准确率均达到97%以上。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62103328)
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24607
  • 接收时间:2022-09-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-12
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-05
  • 修回日期:2022-12-08
基金
国家自然科学基金(62103328)
作者信息
    1 西安理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
    2 西安理工大学 自动化与信息工程学院,陕西 西安 710048
    3 滑铁卢大学 电子与计算机工程学院,加拿大 滑铁卢 N2L3G1

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张晓晖(1973—),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为机器人控制与机器视觉、基于网络的控制系统,Email:
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