Article(id=1205533799598784866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24909, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673539200000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-13, revisedDate=1706803200000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765351255558, onlineDateStr=2025-12-10, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765351255558, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765351255558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351255558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1205533795375113021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, year='2024', volume='54', issue='12', pageStart='3', pageEnd='93', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765351254552, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765351619801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1205535327520817993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, issueId=1205533795375113021, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=71, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1205533799850443109, articleId=1205533799598784866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, language=EN, title=Research on Energy Dispatching Strategy of Micro-grid Based on Peak-valley Price and SOC State of Energy Storage, columnId=null, journalTitle=Electric Drive, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The micro-grid solves the problem that the intermittent and fluctuating power generation has adverse effects on the stable operation of the distribution network when the distributed generation is connected to the distribution network. In order to meet the economic operation of micro-grid under grid connected mode and improve power supply reliability,a micro-grid energy dispatching strategy based on peak-valley price and energy storage state of charge (SOC) was proposed. The strategy divided the whole day into three periods:peak,average and valley. During the real-time scheduling cycle,different scheduling strategies were applied based on different time interval and the SOC of energy storage. Reasonable energy storage charging and discharging penalty functions were designed in different time interval,and the maximum energy storage charging and discharging constraint factor was introduced to further improve the charging and discharging of the energy storage device. The minimum operating cost of micro-grid was took as the objective function and solved it through particle swarm optimization algorithm. The effectiveness of the strategy was verified by an example analysis.

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微电网的提出解决了分布式发电在接入配电网时由于发电的间歇性和波动性对配电网的稳定运行带来不利影响的问题。为了充分发挥储能系统在配电网中的调节作用,提出了一种基于峰谷电价与储能荷电状态(SOC)的微电网能量调度策略,该策略将全天划分为峰、平、谷3个时段,在实时调度周期内根据所处不同时段及储能SOC运用不同调度策略,并在不同时段设计储能充/放电惩罚函数的同时引入储能最大充/放电约束因子进一步改善储能装置充/放电。以微电网运行成本最低作为目标函数,通过粒子群优化算法求解,通过算例分析验证了该模型及算法的有效性。

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刘亚伟(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,Email:

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刘亚伟(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,Email:

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刘亚伟(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,Email:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Discharge penalty function varies with the discharge of SOC in the normal time or valley time, figureFileSmall=mNtRH5Djlf3wef1bQhEpOg==, figureFileBig=QrxWaYBEyae5ST0mXnqSHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544441500131537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=图7, caption=平、谷时段放电惩罚函数随SOC变化趋势图, figureFileSmall=mNtRH5Djlf3wef1bQhEpOg==, figureFileBig=QrxWaYBEyae5ST0mXnqSHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544441600794835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Charge penalty function varies with the charge of SOC in the normal time or valley time, figureFileSmall=x7EyfMkhefIcO8xQixMy0A==, figureFileBig=fm6MsVqxLXMizhYESYFLJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544441718235352, 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power output of PV and WT generation systems for a day, figureFileSmall=eE17vA3Td+BODkI6pGjW8A==, figureFileBig=KCLA55afjdbp76g5ryA8kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442095722724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=图10, caption=光伏发电系统和风力发电系统全天有功功率输出, figureFileSmall=eE17vA3Td+BODkI6pGjW8A==, figureFileBig=KCLA55afjdbp76g5ryA8kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442179608804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Load distribution curve for a day, figureFileSmall=bmUl9oxfZBOd5L9a7Ls2Jg==, figureFileBig=ry0UcRC2DjR60bjMdarEPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442267689193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=图11, caption=负荷全天分布曲线, figureFileSmall=bmUl9oxfZBOd5L9a7Ls2Jg==, figureFileBig=ry0UcRC2DjR60bjMdarEPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442355769577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Trend comparison diagram of SOC, figureFileSmall=eiidthLE7hhibQL1AJ3W5A==, figureFileBig=dmdwmH8i/XDuNKrt1pSvJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442439655661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=图12, caption= SOC趋势对比图, figureFileSmall=eiidthLE7hhibQL1AJ3W5A==, figureFileBig=dmdwmH8i/XDuNKrt1pSvJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442561290481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Active power output of micro-sources battery and distribution grid for a day, figureFileSmall=ytpxwB6GFiwKWdxjZ40xqQ==, figureFileBig=AXP0kZCEpjWImuuncRHXNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442691313910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=图13, caption=微电源、蓄电池及配电网的全天有功功率输出, figureFileSmall=ytpxwB6GFiwKWdxjZ40xqQ==, figureFileBig=AXP0kZCEpjWImuuncRHXNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442775199993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Perating cost of micro-grid for a day, figureFileSmall=UHcRmN+8CPip+StF/KUAjg==, figureFileBig=29ZJDEg4oT8PrTwmQTh4HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442930389243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=图14, caption=全天微电网运行成本, figureFileSmall=UHcRmN+8CPip+StF/KUAjg==, figureFileBig=29ZJDEg4oT8PrTwmQTh4HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1205544442993303806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic information of DG micro power supply

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电类型 容量
下限/kW
容量
上限/kW
运行维护系数/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
启动
成本/元
光伏单元PV 0 150 0 0
风力单元WT 0 150 0 0
蓄电池组Bat 0 150 0 0
柴油发电DE 5 60 0.085 9 1.5
发电类型 发电成本/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
最小连续
运行时间/h
最小连续
停运时间/h
光伏单元PV 0
风力单元WT 0
蓄电池组Bat 0
柴油发电DE 1.05 2 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1205544443068801280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分布式微电源基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发电类型 容量
下限/kW
容量
上限/kW
运行维护系数/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
启动
成本/元
光伏单元PV 0 150 0 0
风力单元WT 0 150 0 0
蓄电池组Bat 0 150 0 0
柴油发电DE 5 60 0.085 9 1.5
发电类型 发电成本/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
最小连续
运行时间/h
最小连续
停运时间/h
光伏单元PV 0
风力单元WT 0
蓄电池组Bat 0
柴油发电DE 1.05 2 1.5
), ArticleFig(id=1205544443211407621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Period purchasing and selling prices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 购电电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
售电电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
峰时段 1.31 1.11
平时段 0.86 0.73
谷时段 0.43 0.36
), ArticleFig(id=1205544443303682312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

分时购电与售电电价表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 购电电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
售电电价/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
峰时段 1.31 1.11
平时段 0.86 0.73
谷时段 0.43 0.36
), ArticleFig(id=1205544443391762700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Data of node loads in micro-grid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷节点号 有功功率/kW 负荷功率因数
1 15 0.954 5
2 16 0.948 7
3 20 0.975 1
4 24 0.974 0
5 12 0.978 1
6 8 0.977 2
7 10 0.972 8
), ArticleFig(id=1205544443467260174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189987059142926344, articleId=1205533799598784866, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

微电网各节点负荷信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷节点号 有功功率/kW 负荷功率因数
1 15 0.954 5
2 16 0.948 7
3 20 0.975 1
4 24 0.974 0
5 12 0.978 1
6 8 0.977 2
7 10 0.972 8
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基于峰谷电价与储能SOC状态的微电网能量调度策略研究
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刘亚伟 , 关朋 , 孙陆楠 , 王春辉 , 王淏
电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024,54(12): 71-78
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电气传动 | 综合能源与现代电网 2024, 54(12): 71-78
基于峰谷电价与储能SOC状态的微电网能量调度策略研究
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刘亚伟 , 关朋, 孙陆楠, 王春辉, 王淏
作者信息
  • 天津电气科学研究院有限公司,天津 300301
  • 刘亚伟(1987—),男,硕士,高级工程师,Email:

Research on Energy Dispatching Strategy of Micro-grid Based on Peak-valley Price and SOC State of Energy Storage
Yawei LIU , Peng GUAN, Lunan SUN, Chunhui WANG, Hao WANG
Affiliations
  • Tianjin Research Institute of Electric Science Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin 300301,China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24909
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微电网的提出解决了分布式发电在接入配电网时由于发电的间歇性和波动性对配电网的稳定运行带来不利影响的问题。为了充分发挥储能系统在配电网中的调节作用,提出了一种基于峰谷电价与储能荷电状态(SOC)的微电网能量调度策略,该策略将全天划分为峰、平、谷3个时段,在实时调度周期内根据所处不同时段及储能SOC运用不同调度策略,并在不同时段设计储能充/放电惩罚函数的同时引入储能最大充/放电约束因子进一步改善储能装置充/放电。以微电网运行成本最低作为目标函数,通过粒子群优化算法求解,通过算例分析验证了该模型及算法的有效性。

微电网  /  储能  /  峰谷电价  /  实时调度  /  荷电状态

The micro-grid solves the problem that the intermittent and fluctuating power generation has adverse effects on the stable operation of the distribution network when the distributed generation is connected to the distribution network. In order to meet the economic operation of micro-grid under grid connected mode and improve power supply reliability,a micro-grid energy dispatching strategy based on peak-valley price and energy storage state of charge (SOC) was proposed. The strategy divided the whole day into three periods:peak,average and valley. During the real-time scheduling cycle,different scheduling strategies were applied based on different time interval and the SOC of energy storage. Reasonable energy storage charging and discharging penalty functions were designed in different time interval,and the maximum energy storage charging and discharging constraint factor was introduced to further improve the charging and discharging of the energy storage device. The minimum operating cost of micro-grid was took as the objective function and solved it through particle swarm optimization algorithm. The effectiveness of the strategy was verified by an example analysis.

micro-grid  /  energy storage  /  peak-valley price  /  real-time scheduling  /  state of charge (SOC)
刘亚伟, 关朋, 孙陆楠, 王春辉, 王淏. 基于峰谷电价与储能SOC状态的微电网能量调度策略研究. 电气传动, 2024 , 54 (12) : 71 -78 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24909
Yawei LIU, Peng GUAN, Lunan SUN, Chunhui WANG, Hao WANG. Research on Energy Dispatching Strategy of Micro-grid Based on Peak-valley Price and SOC State of Energy Storage[J]. Electric Drive, 2024 , 54 (12) : 71 -78 . DOI: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24909
分布式发电(distributed generation,DG)是利用太阳能、风能等可再生能源以及柴油、燃气等燃料进行发电。在国家倡导环境保护的政策下,光伏(PV)发电和风力(WT)发电得到了快速发展。分布式发电具有位置灵活、分散、就近发电、就近并网等优点,但分布式发电在接入配电网后,由于其发电的间歇性和波动性,因此频繁的接入和退出给配电网的稳定运行带来了安全隐患[1]。为了消除隐患和充分利用分布式发电,配备储能的微电网为分布式发电的综合利用提供了一种有效的技术手段,不仅能实现局部能量平衡还可以灵活并网,具有很强的可调度性,能够有效地补充配电网。
针对微电网的能量调度优化问题,特别是经济调度问题[2-5],国内外已经做了大量的研究工作:文献[6]以家庭用户用电成本最小和净负荷曲线平坦度最优为目标建立了家庭能量管理优化调度模型,并采用二进制粒子群算法对模型进行求解;文献[7]研究了微电网实时能量调度的原理和控制策略,建立了基于遗传算法的微电网能量模型,但没有考虑到当电网的功率需求与调度的要求偏差较大时柴油发电机的数学模型建立;文献[8]基于分时电价建立光、柴、储微电网模型,并设计不同时段的储能充/放电惩罚函数,取得一定的效果,但并未考虑风机发电对电网的影响。
本文在现有的研究成果基础上,研究了基于光伏、风能、柴油发电机、储能蓄电池和配电网为一体的微电网储能系统,在并网运行模式下,通过峰谷电价以及储能不同时刻的SOC状态进行微电网能量实时调度,以微电网整体运行成本最低构建能量调度模型,本文的主要工作如下:
1)将能量调度策略根据峰谷平时段电价和储能SOC状态划分为4种能量调度模型,并给出每种模型的目标函数及约束条件。
2)在能量调度过程中,重点引入储能充/放电惩罚函数和储能蓄电池最大充/放电功率约束因子,有效防止储能电池过充和过放现象,进而延长储能蓄电池使用寿命。
3)通过具体算例,利用粒子群优化算法进行模型求解,并绘制出光伏、风机、储能、配电网24 h不同时刻下的出力曲线图。
4)根据算例求解结果进行分析,在调度响应方面储能蓄电池起到“削峰填谷”功效;对比引入储能充/放电惩罚函数和储能最大充/放电功率约束因子后对储能蓄电池SOC变化曲线产生的不同影响。
微电网能量调度管理系统分为配电网调度层、微电网集中控制层、就地控制层三层架构,进行集中式管理[3]。能量调度管理系统架构图如图1所示。
配电网调度层位于系统架构最顶层。微电网集中控制层位于系统架构中间层,由中央控制器和能量管理系统共同实现能量管理调度策略的制定和下达。中央控制器通过实时监测微电网各单元装置的历史数据、实时运行数据、气象数据等传递给能量管理系统;能量管理系统根据接收的实时数据对PV,WT发电进行功率预测以及此时负荷功率预测,并制定调度策略,由中央控制器下发调度指令。就地控制层位于系统架构最底层,由各发电电源控制器、光伏控制单元、储能控制单元和保护装置等组成,实现微电网内元器件和负荷等单元的保护和控制。
本文设计的能量调度管理策略流程图如图2所示,具体步骤如下:
1)根据当地配电网峰谷分时电价将全天分为峰时段、平时段以及谷时段3种时段。
2)实时采集光伏发电预测数据、负荷功率预测数据、储能蓄电池当前SOC
3)判断当前时刻储能蓄电池SOC所处范围,若SOC高于其所允许能量状态的上限值 S O C m a x,即 S O C S O C m a x,则调度储能蓄电池放电,使其放电到 S O C m a x之下,此时对应求解能量优化模型1;若储能蓄电池SOC低于其所允许能量状态下限 S O C m i n,即 S O C S O C m i n,则调度储能蓄电池充电,以使储能装置充电达到 S O C m i n以上,此时对应求解能量优化模型4。
4)若 S O C m i n S O C S O C m a x,此时储能蓄电池既可充电也可放电,则确定当前时刻所处的时段,若当前时刻为峰时段,则求解能量优化模型2;若当前时刻处于平、谷时段,则求解能量优化模型3。
5)根据上述步骤,系统计算得出相应的调度指令,输出调度指令并下发,即完成一次能量调度,循环执行以上步骤,直到接收到停止调度指令。
当储能蓄电池能量状态SOC高于 S O C m a x状态时,调用能量调度模型1进行模型求解,以微电网运行成本最低作为优化目标函数。
能量调度模型1的目标函数主要考虑储能蓄电池频繁充/放电引起的损耗成本、柴油发电机的燃料成本、运维成本、开机成本、与配电网电能量交互产生的成本,忽略光伏和风机发电的运行成本,如下式所示:
F m i n = i = 1 n [ S d i t C r i t ( P d i t ) + S d i t C o m i t ( P d i t ) + S d i t ( 1 - S d i t ) C s i t ] - S s g r i d t P s g r i d t c p t + S p g r i d t P p g r i d t c p t
其中
C r i t ( P d i t ) = a i ( P d i t ) 2 + b i ( P d i t ) + c i
C o m i t ( P d i t ) = K o m i P d i t
式中:t为当前时刻;n为微网中柴油发电机数量;i为第i台柴油发电机; S d i t为柴油发电机的启停状态,0表示停运状态,1表示运行状态; P d i t为柴油发电机功率; C r i t为柴油发电机的能耗成本; C o m i t为柴油发电机的运行维护成本; C s i t为柴油发电机的开机成本; S s g r i d t为微电网向配电网功率售电状态,1表示售电,0表示不售电; P s g r i d t为微电网向配电网售电功率; S p g r i d t为微电网向配电网购电状态,1表示购电,0表示不购电; P p g r i d t为微电网向配电网购电功率; c p t为微电网与配电网交互购售电单价成本; a i b i c i分别为柴油发电机组燃料成本的二次项系数、一次项系数和常数项[9],其数值分别取0.044,1.4,2.6; K o m i为发电机运行维护系数。
1)功率平衡约束:
              P l t = i = 1 n S d i t P d i t + P P V t - S s g r i d t P s g r i d t + S p g r i d t P p g r i d t + S D b a t t P D b a t t
式中: P l t为系统运行中t时刻总负荷功率; S D b a t t为储能装置是否放电,1表示放电,0表示不放电; P D b a t t为储能装置放电功率; P P V t为光伏发电功率。
2)柴发输出功率约束:
S d i t P d i m i n P d i t S d i t P d i m a x
式中: P d i m i n P d i m a x分别为柴油发电机输出功率的下限和上限。
3)柴发上升和下降功率约束:
P d i ( t ) - P d i ( t - 1 ) Δ t × R U P d i ( t - 1 ) - P d i ( t ) Δ t × R D
式中: R U R D分别为柴油发电机功率允许的最大上升和最大下降速率。
4)微电网与配电网交互的最大容量约束:
0 P s g r i d t S s g r i d t P s g r i d m a x 0 P p g r i d t S p g r i d t P p g r i d m a x
式中: P s g r i d m a x为微电网售电功率允许最大值; P p g r i d m a x为微电网购电功率允许的最大值。
5)微电网售购电互斥约束:
S s g r i d t + S p g r i d t 1
6)储能蓄电池SOC约束:
S O C m i n S O C S O C m a x
7)储能蓄电池放电功率约束:
0 P D b a t t S D b a t t P D b a t m a x λ d i s
其中
λ d i s = α d i s S O C 2 + β d i s S O C + γ d i s
式中: λ d i s为储能蓄电池最大放电功率约束因子; α d i s β d i s γ d i s均为储能装置最大放电功率约束因子相关系数,取 α d i s=-0.52, β d i s=1.82, γ d i s=-0.32。
储能蓄电池放电过程中,最大放电功率约束因子 λ d i sSOC成正相关性,如图3所示。从图中看出,在SOC较高时放电功率范围大;SOC较低时放电功率范围小。
若当前时刻处于峰时段并且储能蓄电池SOC能量状态值处于 S O C m i n S O C m a x之间,此时储能蓄电池既可以充电也可以放电,此时调用能量优化调度模型2进行求解。
能量优化模型2在模型1的基础上,考虑储能装置由于放电深度、放电速率以及频繁充/放电所引起的储能装置折旧成本,以微电网运行成本最低为优化目标,目标函数如下:
F m i n = i = 1 n [ S d i t C r i t ( P d i t ) + S d i t C o m i t ( P d i t ) + S d i t ( 1 - S d i t ) C s i t ] + S D b a t t C D b a t t ( P D b a t t ) + S C b a t t C C b a t t ( P C b a t t ) - S s g r i d t P s g r i d t c p t + S p g r i d t P p g r i d t c p t
其中
C D b a t t = δ D b a t P D b a t t
C C b a t t = δ C b a t P C b a t t
式中: S C b a t t为储能装置是否充电,1表示充电,0表示不充电; C D b a t t为储能装置放电所引起的折旧成本; C C b a t t为储能装置充电引起的折旧成本; P C b a t t为储能装置充电功率; δ D b a t为储能装置放电惩罚函数; δ C b a t为储能装置充电惩罚函数。
峰时段放电惩罚函数随SOC变化趋势如图4所示,当SOC处于低位时,放电惩罚函数较高,对储能装置放电起抑制作用;当SOC处于高位时,放电惩罚函数较低,对储能装置放电起促进作用。储能装置放电惩罚函数计算如下:
δ D b a t = 0.6 ( 1 - S O C ) 1.4 e 0.2 1 - S O C + 0.15
峰时段充电惩罚函数随SOC变化趋势如图5所示,SOC值越高其充电惩罚函数也越大,对储能装置充电抑制作用越大;反之,则促进储能装置充电。储能装置蓄电池充电惩罚函数计算如下:
δ C b a t = - 1.6 ( 1 - S O C ) 0.2 e - 0.14 ( 1 - S O C ) + 1.65
能量优化模型2相对于能量优化模型1在储能蓄电池功率约束方面有所不同,而且增加了储能蓄电池充电与放电状态互斥约束。
1)功率平衡约束:
P l t = i = 1 n S d i t P d i t + P P V t - S s g r i d t P s g r i d t + S p g r i d t P p g r i d t + S D b a t t P D b a t t - S C b a t t P C b a t t
2)储能装置充电与放电状态互斥约束:
S D b a t t + S C b a t t 1
3)储能装置充电和放电功率约束:
0 P D b a t t λ d i s S D b a t t P D b a t m a x 0 P C b a t t λ c h S C b a t t P C b a t m a x
其中
λ c h = α c h S O C 2 + β c h S O C + γ c h
式中: λ c h为储能装置最大充电功率约束因子; α c h β c h γ c h均为储能装置最大放电功率约束因子相关系数,取 α c h=-0.62, β c h=-0.36, γ c h=1.02。
最大充电功率约束因子随SOC变化趋势图如图6所示。观察图6发现,与能量调度优化模型1中储能蓄电池最大放电功率约束因子变化趋势相反,当SOC处于低位时,约束因子较大,可以以较大充电功率促进储能装置尽快充电;随着SOC值不断增大,充电功率的速率也将越来越小。
能量优化模型3对应储能蓄电池能量状态为 S O C m i n S O C S O C m a x,且当前时刻处于平、谷时段。
能量优化模型3的目标函数与能量优化模型2基本相同,不同之处在于储能装置充电与放电惩罚函数设计有所变化。在分时电价机制下,平、谷时段较峰时段时大电网电价便宜且负荷较小,系统鼓励储能蓄电池多充少放,以储备较多的电能在峰时段与大电网共同为负荷供电,平、谷时段储能装置放电惩罚函数如下:
δ D b a t = 1.15 [ 0.4 ( 1 - S O C ) 1.4 e 0.2 1 - S O C + 0.3 ]
图7所示,处于平、谷时段的储能装置放电惩罚函数随SOC增大而减小,但在相同SOC条件下,较峰时段时的放电惩罚函数更大。
在介绍能量优化模型2时,设计了峰时段储能装置充电惩罚函数,在模型3中设计平、谷时段储能装置充电惩罚函数如下:
δ C b a t = 0.9 [ - 1.6 ( 1 - S O C ) 0.2 e - 0.14 1 - S O C + 1.65 ]
平、谷时段充电惩罚函数随SOC变化趋势如图8所示,观察发现,与能量优化模型2中储能蓄电池充电惩罚函数相比,在相同SOC条件下,平、谷时段充电惩罚函数较峰时段时较小,引导储能装置多充电。
能量优化模型3的约束条件与能量优化模型2完全相同,不再赘述。
储能装置此时能量状态 S O C S O C m i n,需要储能装置充电至 S O C m i n之上,此时段无需引入惩罚函数。能量优化调度模型4的目标函数与调度模型1的目标函数相同,不再赘述。
能量优化模型4的约束条件与模型1基本相同,不同之处在于功率平衡约束条件和储能装置功率约束条件有所变化。
1)功率平衡约束:
            P l t = i = 1 n S d i t P d i t + P P V t - S s g r i d t P s g r i d t + S p g r i d t P p g r i d t - S C b a t t P C b a t t
2)储能蓄电池充电功率约束:
0 P C b a t t S C b a t t P C b a t m a x λ c h
参照文献[9]中的算例系统形式,设计本文的微电网算例系统,将PV发电单元、WT发电单元、柴油机DE发电单元、储能蓄电池Bat以及设定的负荷组成一个微电网系统模型,其中PV和WT均以最大功率点跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)模式运行,并通过公共连接点 P C C接入配电网。算例系统结构图如图9所示。其中,PV发电单元容量为150 kW;WT单元容量为150 kW;蓄电池Bat的最大充、放电功率均为150 kW,容量为300 kW·h;选用60 kW柴油机DE发电机组, S O C m i n设置为0.3, S O C m a x设置为0.9;蓄电池SOC初始值为0.4;与电网交互的最大功率为80 kW。光伏 P V系统发电、风力 W T系统发电、蓄电池Bat和柴油机组DE的基本信息如表1所示。
以天津市某年配电网大工业用电1~10 kV电压等级销售电价作为参考,对峰、平、谷时段的划分如下:1)峰时段:08:00—11:00,18:00—23:00;2)平时段:07:00—08:00,11:00—18:00;3)谷时段:23:00—07:00。由于向配电网售电电价受政策影响较大,为了计算方便,售电电价以相应时段的购电电价的85%进行计算,分时购电与售电电价如表2所示。
光伏 P V发电单元和风力 W T发电单元均工作在MPPT模式以得到最大的功率输出,最大限度地利用可再生能源。本文光伏和风力发电输出功率遵循图10所示的典型输出功率曲线进行模拟计算。
表3列出了本文算例系统中7个负荷节点以及各负荷节点的功率因数,并假定系统运行过程中各负荷节点功率因数恒定不变。
图11是基于正太分布的典型负荷日拟合办法拟合出全天负荷分布曲线,本文设定的负荷节点按照此负荷的全天24 h分布曲线进行算例计算。
本文以15 min作为一个实时调度周期,根据目标函数和约束条件,通过粒子群优化算法进行求解,通过算例进行模拟计算,描绘出全天光伏、风电、柴油机、蓄电池及配电网输出的有功功率曲线。
在算例求解过程中加入和未加入惩罚函数及约束因子两种情况下SOC趋势变化曲线如图12所示。分析发现,未加入充/放电惩罚函数以及最大充/放电功率约束因子的情况下,会出现短暂时刻的过充和过放,如在00:00—8:00充电过程中,出现了短时超过 S O C m a x的值;在08:00—11:00期间,电价处于峰时段,蓄电池在放电过程中,也出现了低于 S O C m i n 的值;而反观加入充/放电惩罚函数以及最大充/放电功率约束因子的情况,整个过程中未出现过充和过放现象,且能量状态SOC曲线相对平缓。
微电源、蓄电池及配电网的全天有功功率输出曲线如图13所示。
图11可见,在00:00—07:00时段,微电网的负荷较小,程序优先通过配电网购电供电,并未启动柴油机发电,同时风机WT发电出力,此时段由图10观察,光伏基本不出力,此时蓄电池功率一直为正值,代表充电,因为此时处于谷电价,蓄电池SOC未达到最大值,蓄电池优先充电;在08:00—11:00时段,配电网电价处于峰时段,通过图11发现此时的负荷也达到顶峰,光伏和风能发电不能满足负荷要求,并且向配电网购电功率也达到最大值80 kW,此时柴油发电机组启动进行电力补充,根据约束条件柴油发电机组每次启动需要最小运行2 h,由图13观察柴油发电机组运行大约4 h,而蓄电池在谷时段已经完成充电,此时段蓄电池功率为负值,进行放电,随着运行,此时段的配电网功率由正值变为负值,微电网开始向配电网进行售电,并取得收益;在12:00—17:00时段,电价处于平时段,由于蓄电池在峰时段持续放电,SOC已接近最小值,此时段在惩罚函数作用下,蓄电池进行充电(功率值为正值),此时光伏发电也达到峰值,此时段配电网、光伏、风机配合进行出力以满足负荷要求,在此时段柴油发电机处于停止状态;在18:00—20:00时段,电网电价又处于峰时段,但此时负荷在逐渐下降,由于柴油发电机组发电与峰时段电网购电存在成本差,此时段由柴油发电机组作为主要出力单元,此时蓄电池SOC未到达最小值,蓄电池在惩罚函数引导下放电,此时的配电网功率为负,微电网向配电网进行售电。配电网在一天整体模拟运行下达到了 “削峰填谷”的效果。图14反映了微电网全天24 h的总体运行成本,其中与配电网交换成本曲线为正时表示向配电网购电成本,为负时表示向配电网售电获取的收益,符合在用电平、谷时段向配电网购电、在峰时段微电网向配电网售电的情况。
本文提出了基于峰谷电价与储能SOC的微电网能量调度策略,该策略将全天划分为峰、平、谷3个时段,在实施调度周期内监测储能蓄电池的SOC,并根据当前调度周期所在的不同时段和SOC所处的不同范围采用不同的调度策略。本文在不同时段设计不同的储能装置充/放电惩罚函数,以引导储能装置对电网削峰填谷;此外,在储能装置充/放电过程中设计最大充电功率约束因子和最大放电功率约束因子,防止储能装置过度充电和深度放电。通过建立微电网运行调度模型,以最小运行成本作为目标函数,使用粒子群优化算法对算例进行模拟计算,根据计算结果绘制出微电网不同维度的曲线图,通过算例分析验证了所提策略的有效性。
  • 天津电气科学研究院有限公司创新基金(GE2023ZL002)
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2024年第54卷第12期
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doi: 10.19457/j.1001-2095.dqcd24909
  • 接收时间:2023-01-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-10
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-13
  • 修回日期:2024-02-02
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天津电气科学研究院有限公司创新基金(GE2023ZL002)
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    天津电气科学研究院有限公司,天津 300301
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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